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Nogueira LT, Costa DVS, Gomes AS, Martins CS, Silva AMHP, Coelho-Aguiar JM, Castelucci P, Lima-Júnior RCP, Leitão RFC, Moura-Neto V, Brito GAC. The involvement of mast cells in the irinotecan-induced enteric neurons loss and reactive gliosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:79. [PMID: 28388962 PMCID: PMC5384042 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0854-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The irinotecan (CPT-11) causes intestinal mucositis and diarrhea that may be related to changes in the enteric nervous system (ENS). In inflammatory condition, mast cells release a variety of pro-inflammatory mediators that can interact with the ENS cells. It has not been explored whether CPT-11 is able to alter the enteric glial and neuronal cell, and the role of mast cells in this effect. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of CPT-11 on the enteric glial and neuronal cells, as well as to study the role of mast cells in the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis. Methods Intestinal mucositis was induced in Swiss mice by the injection of CPT-11 (60 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 4 days following by euthanasia on the fifth day. To investigate the role of mast cells, the mice were pretreated with compound 48/80 for 4 days (first day, 0.6 mg/kg; second day, 1.0 mg/kg; third day, 1.2 mg/kg; fourth day, 2.4 mg/kg) to induce mast cell degranulation before the CPT-11 treatment. Results Here, we show that CPT-11 increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100β gene and S100β protein expressions and decreased HuC/D protein expression in the small intestine segments. Concomitantly, CPT-11 enhanced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, associated with an increase in the total number macrophages (positive cells for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule, Iba-1) and degranulated mast cells in the small intestine segments and caused significant weight loss. The pretreatment with compound 48/80, an inductor of mast cells degranulation, significantly prevented these CPT-11-induced effects. Conclusions Our data suggests the participation of mast cells on the CPT-11-induced intestinal mucositis, macrophages activation, enteric reactive gliosis, and neuron loss. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0854-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila T Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Deiziane V S Costa
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Antoniella S Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Conceição S Martins
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Angeline M H P Silva
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Coelho-Aguiar
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto C P Lima-Júnior
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata F C Leitão
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Paulo Niemeyer Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerly A C Brito
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Farias Delmiro street, Fortaleza, CE, 60430170, Brazil.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological and morphometric alterations produced by raloxifene in the mammary epithelium of female rats in persistent estrus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one female Wistar-Hannover rats in persistent estrus induced by 1.25 mg of testosterone propionate were randomly divided into two groups: Group I (n = 10), receiving only water and used as control; Group II (experimental, n = 11), treated with 3 mg of raloxifene daily for 21 days. The first abdominoinguinal pair of mammary glands was extirpated and processed for morphological and morphometric evaluation. The data were statistically analysed using Student's t-test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Morphology revealed signs of epithelial atrophy, and morphometry showed a significant reduction in the mean number of ducts and alveoli in the experimental group (12.82 +/- 0.42 and 2.91 +/- 0.53, respectively) when compared with the control group (28.70 +/- 1.15 and 7.20 +/- 0.57, respectively). This difference was statistically significant, both for the ducts and for the alveoli (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The present results indicate that, at the dose and during the time of treatment used, raloxifene induced atrophy of the mammary epithelium of rats in persistent estrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila T Nogueira
- Departments of Morphology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
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