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Salvati GGS, Santos WP, Silveira JM, Gritti VC, Arthur BAV, Salvo PAR, Fachin L, Ribeiro AP, Morais Júnior NN, Ferraretto LF, Daniel JLP, Beauchemin KA, Santos FAP, Nussio LG. Effect of kernel processing and particle size of whole-plant corn silage with vitreous endosperm on dairy cow performance. J Dairy Sci 2020; 104:1794-1810. [PMID: 33309382 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Kernel processing and theoretical length of cut (TLOC) of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) can affect feed intake, digestibility, and performance of dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate for lactating dairy cows the effects of kernel processing and TLOC of WPCS with vitreous endosperm. The treatments were a pull-type forage harvester without kernel processor set for a 6-mm TLOC (PT6) and a self-propelled forage harvester with kernel processor set for a 6-mm TLOC (SP6), 12-mm TLOC (SP12), and 18-mm TLOC (SP18). Processing scores of the WPCS were 32.1% (PT6), 53.9% (SP6), 49.0% (SP12), and 40.1% (SP18). Twenty-four Holstein cows (139 ± 63 d in milk) were blocked and assigned to six 4 × 4 Latin squares with 24-d periods (18 d of adaptation). Diets were formulated to contain 48.5% WPCS, 15.5% citrus pulp, 15.0% dry ground corn, 9.5% soybean meal, 6.8% low rumen degradability soybean meal, 1.8% calcium soap of palm fatty acids (FA), 1.7% mineral and vitamin mix, and 1% urea (dry matter basis). Nutrient composition of the diets (% of dry matter) was 16.5% crude protein, 28.9% neutral detergent fiber, and 25.4% starch. Three orthogonal contrasts were used to compare treatments: effect of kernel processing (PT6 vs. SP6) and effect of TLOC (particle size; SP6 vs. SP12 and SP12 vs. SP18). Cows fed SP6 produced 1.2 kg/d greater milk yield with no changes in dry matter intake, resulting in greater feed efficiency compared with PT6. Cows fed SP6 also produced more milk protein (+36 g/d), lactose (+61 g/d), and total solids (+94 g/d) than cows fed PT6. The mechanism for increased yield of milk and milk components involved greater kernel fragmentation, starch digestibility, and glucose availability for lactose synthesis by the mammary gland. However, cows fed SP6 had lower chewing time and tended to have greater levels of serum amyloid A compared with PT6. Milk yield was similar for SP6 and SP12, but SP12 cows tended to have less serum amyloid A with greater chewing time. Cows fed SP18 had lower total-tract starch digestibility and tended to have lower plasma glucose and produce less milk compared with cows fed SP12. Compared with PT6, feeding SP6 raised linear odd-chain FA concentration in milk. Similarly, a reduction of these same FA occurred for SP12 compared with SP6. Cows fed SP6 had greater proportion of milk C14:1 and C16:1 compared with PT6 and SP12. Lesser trans C18:1 followed by greater C18:0 concentrations were observed for SP12 and PT6 compared with SP6, which is an indication of more complete biohydrogenation in the rumen. Under the conditions of this study, the use of a self-propelled forage harvester with kernel processing set for a 12-mm TLOC is recommended for WPCS from hybrids with vitreous endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G S Salvati
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - W P Santos
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - J M Silveira
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - V C Gritti
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - B A V Arthur
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - P A R Salvo
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - L Fachin
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - A P Ribeiro
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Itapina Campus, Colatina, ES 29717-000, Brazil
| | - N N Morais Júnior
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Itapina Campus, Colatina, ES 29717-000, Brazil
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53718
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR 87020900, Brazil
| | - K A Beauchemin
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - F A P Santos
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - L G Nussio
- Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture - University of São Paulo Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
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Gomes ALM, Bueno AVI, Jacovaci FA, Donadel G, Ferraretto LF, Nussio LG, Jobim CC, Daniel JLP. Effects of processing, moisture, and storage length on the fermentation profile, particle size, and ruminal disappearance of reconstituted corn grain. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5921232. [PMID: 33045037 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the effects of processing, moisture, and anaerobic storage length of reconstituted corn grain (RCG) on the fermentation profile, geometric mean particle size (GMPS), and ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD). Dry corn kernels were ground (hammer mill, 5-mm screen) or rolled, then rehydrated to 30%, 35%, or 40% moisture, and stored for 0, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 180 d in laboratory silos. Rolled corn had an increased GMPS compared with ground corn (2.24 and 1.13 mm, respectively, at ensiling). However, there was a trend for an interaction between processing and moisture concentration to affect particle size, with GMPS increasing with increased moisture concentration, especially in ground corn. Longer storage periods also slightly increased GMPS. Processing, moisture, and storage length interacted to affect the fermentation pattern (two- or three-way interactions). Overall, pH decreased, whereas lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, and NH3-N increased with storage length. RCG with 30% moisture had less lactic acid than corn with 35% and 40% moisture, indicating that fermentation might have been curtailed and also due to the clostridial fermentation that converts lactic acid to butyric acid. Ensiling reconstituted ground corn with 30% of moisture led to greater concentrations of ethanol and butyric acid, resulting in greater DM loss than grain rehydrated to 35% or 40% of moisture. Ammonia-N and in situ ruminal DMD were highest for reconstituted ground corn with 35% or 40% of moisture, mainly after 60 d of storage. Therefore, longer storage periods and greater moisture contents did not offset the negative effect of greater particle size on the in situ ruminal DMD of rolled RCG. Nonetheless, RCG should be ensiled with more than 30% moisture and stored for at least 2 mo to improve the ruminal DMD and reduce the formation of ethanol and butyric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L M Gomes
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio V I Bueno
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Jacovaci
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Donadel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Luiz F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Luiz G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Clóves C Jobim
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - João L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Adesogan AT, Auerbach H, Bernardes TF, Bolsen KK, Borreani G, Cai Y, Coblentz WK, Daniel JLP, Davies DR, Driehuis F, Ferraretto LF, Grant RJ, Huhtanen P, Kung L, McAllister TA, Muck RE, Nadeau EMG, Nishino N, Nussio LG, Rinne M, Shaver RD, Südekum KH, Tabacco E, Vyas D, Weinberg Z, Weiß K. Letter to the Editor: Silage manuscripts in the Journal of Dairy Science. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6737-6738. [PMID: 32690207 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Adesogan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
| | - H Auerbach
- International Silage Consultancy, Brachwitz 06193, Germany
| | - T F Bernardes
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - K K Bolsen
- Silage Safety Foundation, 6106 Tasajillo Trail, Austin, TX 78739; Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66502
| | - G Borreani
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - Y Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, Japan
| | - W K Coblentz
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Marshfield, WI 54449
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, 87020-900, Brazil
| | - D R Davies
- Rothamstead Research, North Wyke, EX20 2SB, United Kingdom
| | - F Driehuis
- NIZO Food Research, PO Box 20, NL-6710 BA Ede, the Netherlands
| | - L F Ferraretto
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - R J Grant
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - P Huhtanen
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, S-90183, Sweden
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - T A McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1J 4B1
| | - R E Muck
- US Dairy Forage Research Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI 53706
| | - E M G Nadeau
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 532 23 Skara, Sweden
| | - N Nishino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - L G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - M Rinne
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Animale, FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - R D Shaver
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - K H Südekum
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - E Tabacco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA), University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco (Turin), Italy
| | - D Vyas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Z Weinberg
- Department of Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel
| | - K Weiß
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr.42 (Hauptgebäude), 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Goulart RS, Vieira RAM, Daniel JLP, Amaral RC, Santos VP, Toledo Filho SG, Cabezas-Garcia EH, Tedeschi LO, Nussio LG. Effects of source and concentration of neutral detergent fiber from roughage in beef cattle diets on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa107. [PMID: 32386225 PMCID: PMC7344115 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of source and concentration of α-amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) from roughage on feed intake, ingestive behavior, and ruminal kinetics in beef cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Six ruminally cannulated Nellore steers (408 ± 12 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six diets: 10% aNDF from corn silage (10CS); 20% aNDF from corn silage (20CS); or four diets containing 10% aNDF from corn silage and 10% aNDF from one of the following sources: sugarcane (SC), sugarcane bagasse (SCB), soybean hulls (SH), or low oil cottonseed hulls (LOCH). The parameters of passage and degradation kinetics were estimated based on a two-compartmental model with gamma- and exponential-distributed residence times. The nonlinear models were fitted by nonlinear least squares, and a linear mixed-effects model was fitted to all variables measured from the Latin square design that were related to intake, digestibility, digestion kinetic parameters, and residence times. Mean particle size (MPS) between roughage sources (CS, SCB, and SC) and coproducts (SH and LOCH) was affected (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SC, SH, or LOCH. Steers fed 20CS or LOCH diets had 16% and 20% greater DMI, respectively, (P < 0.05) than steers fed 10CS diet. Steers fed SCB consumed the least dry matter (DM). The SH and LOCH diets had lower MPS values (about 8.77 mm) in comparison to 20CS, SCB, and SC diets (about 13.08 mm) and, consequently, affected (P < 0.05) rumen content, ruminal in situ disappearance, nutrient digestibility, and solid fractional passage rate. Chewing time was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage sources and concentration. Lower values of distance travel inside the rumen (min/cm) were observed (P < 0.05) for the SCB and SC diets in comparison with any other diet. Except for SCB, there was no difference (P > 0.05) in rumen fill, among other treatments. Mean daily ruminal pH was not affected (P > 0.05) by 20CS, SCB, SC, and LOCH diets, and it ranged from 6.1 to 6.23. Total short-chain fatty acids concentration was affected (P < 0.05) by roughage source and concentration. Based on our results, we recommend that under Brazilian finishing diets, replacing roughage sources, except for SCB, based on aNDF concentration of the roughage in high-concentrate diets containing finely ground flint corn does not affect DMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo S Goulart
- Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A M Vieira
- Laboratório de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, CEP, Brazil
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joao L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Amaral
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio G Toledo Filho
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edward H Cabezas-Garcia
- Department of Agricultural Research for Northern Sweden, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden
| | - Luis O Tedeschi
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Luiz G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Campos FP, Nussio LG, Sarmento P, Daniel JLP, Lima CG. Effects of addition of different sources and doses of sugars on in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, fibre and cell wall monosaccharides of corn silage in ruminants. Animal 2020; 14:1667-1675. [PMID: 32156319 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731120000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In ruminant diets, soluble sugar is an important factor in the digestive process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the source and dose of soluble sugars, under controlled pH conditions, on the in vitro digestibility of DM, fibre fractions (NDF and ADF) and cell wall neutral monosaccharides of corn silage. Silage was collected from several points in a silage mass from a bunker silo, oven-dried at 55°C and ground through a 1-mm screen. Sub-samples were combined with sugars to compose the treatments, in a 5 × 5 factorial arrangement, as a combination of five soluble sugar sources (glucose, fructose, arabinose, xylose and sucrose) and five sugar doses (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 g/kg sugar in DM corn silage), respecting the following proportions of sugar : corn silage, 0 : 100, 10 : 90, 20 : 80, 30 : 70, 40 : 60 represented by the sugar doses, respectively. An in vitro test was performed to determine the true digestibility (D) of the chemical entities (DM, NDF and ADF) and cell wall monosaccharides (glucose = gluc, arabinose = arab and xylose = xyl). During the first 12 h of incubation, the pH was maintained above 6.0 by the addition of 2.5 N NaOH. The concentrations of neutral monosaccharides (arabinose, xylose and glucose) were determined by GLC. The soluble sugars decreased the digestibility of corn silage followed by pH reduction, especially at doses higher than 200 g/kg sugar. Overall, xylose, followed by sucrose, fructose and arabinose, had greater impacts on DM digestibility, whereas fibre digestibility was impaired by sucrose at all doses. Xylose and fructose had greater impacts on NDF digestibility at 300 and 400 g/kg sugar. Although xylose impaired the Dgluc in the cell wall in all doses. All doses of glucose improved the Dgluc and Dxyl in the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Campos
- Instituto de Zootecnia/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia do Agronegócio/ Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento, Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP13380.011, Brazil
| | - L G Nussio
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP13418.900, Brazil
| | - P Sarmento
- Instituto de Zootecnia/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia do Agronegócio/ Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento, Rua Heitor Penteado, 56, Nova Odessa, SP13380.011, Brazil
| | - J L P Daniel
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, Bloco J45, Zona 7, Maringá, PR87020.900, Brazil
| | - C G Lima
- Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Avenida Duque de Caxias 225, Jardim Elite, Pirassununga, SP13635.900, Brazil
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Santos WP, Salvati GGS, Silveira JM, Salvo PAR, Arthur BAV, Gritti VC, Oliveira KS, Ferraz MV, Daniel JLP, Nussio LG. The effect of length of storage and sodium benzoate on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:9028-9038. [PMID: 31421881 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Twenty Holstein cows at 168 ± 87 d in milk (mean ± SD) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the effects of 2 storage lengths (30 or 90 d) and the presence of sodium benzoate (control or 0.2% as fed) on the nutritive value of reconstituted sorghum grain silages (RSGS). For each treatment, dry ground sorghum grain was rehydrated to 35% moisture and ensiled in 200-L plastic drums. The treatments were RSGS stored for 30 d without sodium benzoate (30 CON), RSGS stored for 30 d with sodium benzoate (30 BEN), RSGS stored for 90 d without sodium benzoate (90 CON) and RSGS stored for 90 d with sodium benzoate (90 BEN). Diets contained 16.3% RSGS. Silages stored for 90 d had higher concentrations of 1,2-propanediol, soluble protein, and ammonia nitrogen than did those stored for 30 d. Sodium benzoate reduced ethanol and ethyl-ester formation. Silages stored for 90 d had higher starch (89.3 vs. 86.9%) and protein (57.1 vs. 54.0%) digestibility compared with silages stored for 30 d. The ruminal acetate-to-propionate ratio tended to be lower in RSGS stored for 90 d than in RSGS stored for 30 d (3.75 vs. 3.34). Milk yield increased from 30.0 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 30 d to 31.2 kg/d in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d, without a change in dry matter intake (23.5 kg/d on average). Hence, feed efficiency and milk N efficiency also had tendencies to increase in cows fed RSGS stored for 90 d. Sodium benzoate did not alter cow performance but slightly increased plasma glucose (65.2 vs. 63.6 mg/dL). In conclusion, increasing the storage period of RSGS from 30 to 90 d improved starch and protein digestibility, milk yield, and feed efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Santos
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900.
| | - G G S Salvati
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - J M Silveira
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - P A R Salvo
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - B A V Arthur
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - V C Gritti
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - K S Oliveira
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
| | - M V Ferraz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Amazonas, Parintins, Brazil, 69152240
| | - J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Brazil, 87020900
| | - L G Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, Brazil, 13418900
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Daniel JLP, Amaral RC, Goulart RS, Zopollatto M, Santos VP, Toledo Filho SG, Cabezas-Garcia EH, Lima JR, Santos MC, Nussio LG. Short-term effects of silage volatile compounds on feed intake and digestion in beef cattle. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2321-31. [PMID: 23478815 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate whether fermentation end products in silage affect intake and digestion in beef cattle. Six rumen-cannulated Nellore steers were randomly assigned to a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Each period consisted of 9 d for adaptation and 5 d for sample collection. Steers were housed in a tie-stall barn and individually fed once daily at 0800 h. The dietary treatments in Exp. 1 were as follows: 60% corn silage plus 40% concentrate (CON), 60% corn silage with added ethanol (2.8% on a DM basis) and 40% concentrate (ET), and 60% corn silage with added lactic acid (5.4% on a DM basis) and 40% concentrate (LA). The DMI was similar (P = 0.41) across treatments (average 11.7 kg/d); however, the LA treatment increased the ruminal pH (P = 0.01) and decreased the acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.01). Diet digestibility decreased by 2.2 to 2.5 percentage units when the DM content was determined by oven drying (at 105°C) rather than by toluene distillation. The treatments in Exp. 2 were as follows: 75% sugarcane silage with no volatile fraction (oven dried at 60°C and rehydrated) and 25% concentrate (75D), 75% sugarcane silage (original moisture content) and 25% concentrate (75W), and 40% sugarcane silage and 60% concentrate (40W). Approximately 21% of the DM content of sugarcane silage consisted of volatile compounds. The presence of these compounds did not alter the DMI (P = 0.36) but did increase both the acetate:propionate ratio (P < 0.01) and the fractional absorption rates of valerate (P < 0.01) and ethanol (P = 0.02) in the empty reticulorumen. The 40W diet led to a greater DMI (40W = 9.79 vs. 75W = 6.19 kg/d; P < 0.01), which altered most of the measured variables traditionally associated with high-concentrate diets. As in Exp. 1, diet digestibility decreased by 1.5 to 5.4 units when the DM content was determined by oven drying at 105°C rather than by toluene distillation. In this short-term study, volatile compounds did not inhibit the DMI or the digestion process of the animals. On the contrary, volatile compounds contributed to the energy content of the silage, composing up to 10% of the energy value as determined by digestibility. Due to the short experimental periods, the results from this study should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L P Daniel
- Department of Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, 13418-900.
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Santos JE, Huber JT, Theurer CB, Nussio CB, Nussio LG, Tarazon M, Fish D. Effects of grain processing and bovine somatotropin on metabolism and ovarian activity of dairy cows during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1004-15. [PMID: 10821576 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST) on the metabolism and ovarian activity of cows fed diets differing in ruminally degradable starch. Twenty-four multiparous and eight primiparous Holstein cows in early lactation were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 39% grain as steam-flaked sorghum or steam-rolled corn with or without bST for 90 d in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Flaked sorghum improved energy status of cows during early lactation, tending to increase plasma glucose and insulin. Administration of bST decreased plasma urea nitrogen and increased nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Plasma levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and hepatic concentrations of triglycerides were not altered by treatments. Temporal changes in plasma glucose, urea nitrogen, NEFA, and BHBA were detected in a quadratic manner and insulin increased linearly with time, but treatments did not affect postpartum changes in these metabolites. There were greater decreases in body weight and net energy balance in cows on bST during the first 7 wk of treatment. Cows receiving bST took longer to reach the nadir of negative energy balance, and bST tended to delay the period to reach a positive energy balance. Follicular populations and incidence of cystic ovaries were not affected by treatments, but cows receiving bST had fewer double ovulations. Flaked sorghum increased plasma progesterone during the early luteal phase of the first two postpartum estrous cycles. Feeding more ruminally degradable starch improved the energy status and luteal activity of cows in early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Santos
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0038, USA
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Tarazon-Herrera MA, Huber JT, Santos JE, Nussio LG. Effects of bovine somatotropin on milk yield and composition in Holstein cows in advanced lactation fed low- or high-energy diets. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:430-4. [PMID: 10750098 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74899-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of Holstein cows to bovine somatotropin (bST) during advanced lactation and its relationship to energy intake. Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows averaging 21 kg of milk/d, and 292 d in milk were assigned to one of three treatment groups in a randomized block design. Blocks were based on the 14 d of pretreatment milk production, and treatment groups were balanced for days in milk. Treatment 1 was a low-energy diet (1.49 Mcal/kg of dry matter) without bST injection; treatment 2 was the low-energy diet plus injection of 500 mg of bST every 14 d; and treatment 3 was a high-energy diet (1.71 Mcal/kg of dry matter) with bST injections as in treatment 2. Treatment was divided into two periods (1 to 49 and 50 to 98 d) to determine if response to bST and energy changed with time on treatment. Results showed that bST significantly (P < 0.05) increased milk, fat-corrected milk, and fat and protein yields; and feed efficiency (fat-corrected milk per dry matter intake) for both periods. Milk yield responses to bST were greater for cows fed the low-than the high-energy diet in both periods. These data show that bST injections for cows in advanced lactation increased performance, but excessive energy diminished the bST response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Tarazon-Herrera
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0038, USA
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Santos JE, Huber JT, Theurer CB, Nussio LG, Tarazon M, Santos FA. Response of lactating dairy cows to steam-flaked sorghum, steam-flaked corn, or steam-rolled corn and protein sources of differing degradability. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:728-37. [PMID: 10212459 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein sources with different degradabilities were fed to 48 lactating Holstein cows receiving 37 or 39% of dietary dry matter as steam-flaked sorghum (360 g/L), steam-flaked corn (360 g/L), or steam-rolled corn (490 g/L) in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Cows were fed an alfalfa-based diet with 7% soybean meal or 5% of an animal-marine protein blend and 37 or 39% grain. Although not significant, cows fed flaked grain yielded a mean of 1.5 kg/d more milk than did those fed rolled grain. Gross feed efficiency was not affected by grain processing or protein source, but diets with the animal-marine protein blend had 9% higher estimated net energy for lactation than did diets with soybean meal. The greater gains in body weight and increased digestibility of the diets with the animal-marine protein blend verify the higher energy concentration of those diets. Yield of milk protein was increased by flaked grain or the animal-marine protein blend, and flaked grain increased percentages of lactose and solids nonfat. Increasing the ratio of rumen-degradable starch to rumen-degradable protein increased milk protein content and yield linearly and increased contents of lactose and solids nonfat. A linear response of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and starch digestibilities was observed as the ratio of rumen-degradable starch to rumen-degradable protein increased. These data show improved performance of dairy cows fed a high rumen-undegradable protein source with diets high in rumen-degradable starch from steam-processed grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0038, USA
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Santos JE, Huber JT, Theurer CB, Nussio LG, Nussio CB, Tarazon M, Lima-Filho RO. Performance and nutrient digestibility by dairy cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed diets with steam-flaked sorghum or steam-rolled corn during early lactation. J Dairy Sci 1999; 82:404-11. [PMID: 10068961 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(99)75246-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study compared effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST) on the performance of early lactation cows fed diets differing in ruminally degradable starch. Thirty-two Holstein cows (24 multiparous) in early lactation (5 d in milk) were divided into four groups and fed diets containing 39% grain as steam-flaked sorghum or steam-rolled corn with or without exogenous bST for 90 d. Grain processing did not affect dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight or yields of milk, but steam-rolled corn improved efficiency of feed utilization during the first 45 d of the study. Cows receiving bST had lower dry matter intake during the first 45 d of treatment. Milk yield and efficiency of feed utilization were increased by bST treatment, and milk yield response was greater during the first half than during the second half of the study. Milk composition and yield of milk components did not differ among treatments. Flaked sorghum increased in vitro starch hydrolysis and digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and starch, but neither method of grain processing nor bST affected digestibilities of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, or neutral detergent fiber. Grain type did not affect milk yield, and responses to bST were lower from 7 to 13 wk than from 1 to 6 wk prepartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721-0038, USA
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Yu P, Huber JT, Theurer CB, Chen KH, Nussio LG, Wu Z. Effect of steam-flaked or steam-rolled corn with or without Aspergillus oryzae in the diet on performance of dairy cows fed during hot weather. J Dairy Sci 1997; 80:3293-7. [PMID: 9436111 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(97)76304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of steam-rolled versus steam-flaked corn in the diet with or without the addition of a culture of Aspergillus oryzae on the performance of high producing dairy cows during hot summer weather. Thirty-two Holstein cows averaging 92 (+/- 60) d in milk were fed a pretreatment diet for 21 d followed by a 70-d experimental period in a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Diets were 1) steam-flaked corn plus 3 g/d of A. oryzae, 2) steam-flaked corn, 3) steam-rolled corn plus 3 g/d of A. oryzae, and 4) steam-rolled corn. Intake was not affected significantly by grain processing or addition of A. oryzae. Compared with effects from steam-rolled corn in the diet, steam-flaked corn increased milk production; percentage of milk protein; yields of milk protein, lactose, and SNF; and the efficiency of conversion of dry matter to fat-corrected milk. Addition of A. oryzae tended to increase protein percentage and increased the percentage of SNF. Changes in body weight and body condition score tended to be higher, and somatic cell count tended to be lower, for cows fed the flaked corn than for cows fed the rolled corn. No interactions were significant. Treatments did not affect rectal temperatures or respiration rates; however, high mean values measured at 1400 h once weekly indicated thermal stress. These data show improved milk production from cows fed steam-flaked corn but not from those fed diets supplemented with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA
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