1
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Downing
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - S. L. Macdonald
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - A. P. M. Atkinson
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M. L. Turner
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - D. C. Kilpatrick
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Brown University Providence RI USA
| | - C. A. Sidor
- Department of Biology and Burke Museum University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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3
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Crossley DL, Cade IA, Clark ER, Escande A, Humphries MJ, King SM, Vitorica-Yrezabal I, Ingleson MJ, Turner ML. Enhancing electron affinity and tuning band gap in donor-acceptor organic semiconductors by benzothiadiazole directed C-H borylation. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5144-5151. [PMID: 29142733 PMCID: PMC5666683 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01800e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophilic borylation using BCl3 and benzothiadiazole to direct the C-H functionalisation of an adjacent aromatic unit produces fused boracyclic materials with minimally changed HOMO energy levels but significantly reduced LUMO energy levels. In situ alkylation and arylation at boron using Al(alkyl)3 or Zn(aryl)2 is facile and affords boracycles that possess excellent stability towards protic solvents, including water, and display large bathochromic shifts leading to far red/NIR emission in the solid state with quantum yields of up to 34%. Solution fabricated OLEDs with far red/NIR electroluminescence are reported with EQEs > 0.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Crossley
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - I A Cade
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - E R Clark
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - A Escande
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - M J Humphries
- Cambridge Display Technology Limited , Unit 3, Cardinal Park, Cardinal Way , Godmanchester , PE29 2XG , UK
| | - S M King
- Cambridge Display Technology Limited , Unit 3, Cardinal Park, Cardinal Way , Godmanchester , PE29 2XG , UK
| | - I Vitorica-Yrezabal
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - M J Ingleson
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
| | - M L Turner
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK . ;
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Mittra J, Tait J, Mastroeni M, Turner ML, Mountford JC, Bruce K. Identifying viable regulatory and innovation pathways for regenerative medicine: a case study of cultured red blood cells. N Biotechnol 2014; 32:180-90. [PMID: 25094050 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The creation of red blood cells for the blood transfusion markets represents a highly innovative application of regenerative medicine with a medium term (5-10 year) prospect for first clinical studies. This article describes a case study analysis of a project to derive red blood cells from human embryonic stem cells, including the systemic challenges arising from (i) the selection of appropriate and viable regulatory protocols and (ii) technological constraints related to stem cell manufacture and scale up to clinical Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) standard. The method used for case study analysis (Analysis of Life Science Innovation Systems (ALSIS)) is also innovative, demonstrating a new approach to social and natural science collaboration to foresight product development pathways. Issues arising along the development pathway include cell manufacture and scale-up challenges, affected by regulatory demands emerging from the innovation ecosystem (preclinical testing and clinical trials). Our discussion reflects on the efforts being made by regulators to adapt the current pharmaceuticals-based regulatory model to an allogeneic regenerative medicine product and the broader lessons from this case study for successful innovation and translation of regenerative medicine therapies, including the role of methodological and regulatory innovation in future development in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mittra
- ESRC Innogen Centre, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - J Tait
- ESRC Innogen Centre, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Mastroeni
- ESRC Innogen Centre, Old Surgeons' Hall, High School Yards, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - M L Turner
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, UK; Roslin Cells Ltd., UK
| | - J C Mountford
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Services, University of Glasgow, UK
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Hussain F, Pinczewski WV, Cinar Y, Arns JY, Arns CH, Turner ML. Computation of Relative Permeability from Imaged Fluid Distributions at the Pore Scale. Transp Porous Media 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-014-0322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hawkins ED, Turner ML, Wellard CJ, Zhou JHS, Dowling MR, Hodgkin PD. Quantal and graded stimulation of B lymphocytes as alternative strategies for regulating adaptive immune responses. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2406. [PMID: 24009041 PMCID: PMC3778729 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes undergo a typical response pattern following stimulation in vivo: they proliferate, differentiate to effector cells, cease dividing and predominantly die, leaving a small proportion of long-lived memory and effector cells. This pattern results from cell-intrinsic processes following activation and the influence of external regulation. Here we apply quantitative methods to study B-cell responses in vitro. Our results reveal that B cells stimulated through two Toll-like receptors (TLRs) require minimal external direction to undergo the basic pattern typical of immunity. Altering the stimulus strength regulates the outcome in a quantal manner by varying the number of cells that participate in the response. In contrast, the T-cell-dependent CD40 activation signal induces a response where division times and differentiation rates vary in relation to stimulus strength. These studies offer insight into how the adaptive antibody response may have evolved from simple autonomous response patterns to the highly regulable state that is now observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hawkins
- 1] Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia [3]
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Liu J, Samuel K, Turner ML, Gallagher RCJ. Use of IL3 and chromatin-modifying reagents valproic acid and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine to affect mobilized peripheral blood CD34+cell fate decisions. Vox Sang 2014; 107:83-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vox.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Liu
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) Cell Therapy Group; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Edinburgh UK
| | - K. Samuel
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) Cell Therapy Group; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Edinburgh UK
| | - M. L. Turner
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) Cell Therapy Group; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Edinburgh UK
| | - R. C. J. Gallagher
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS) Cell Therapy Group; MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine; Edinburgh UK
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Thomas S, Turner ML, Williamson LM. UK approach to assessing assays and filters designed to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted vCJD. Transfus Clin Biol 2013; 20:405-11. [PMID: 23928183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tracli.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Three cases of vCJD transmission by blood transfusion have been reported in the UK, and a fourth case discovered at post-mortem. Modelling has been conducted to predict the number of cases that may occur in the future through transfusion, based on estimates of prevalence, infectivity and susceptibility, and a number of steps have been taken to reduce the risk of transmission. These include deferral of previously transfused donors, leucocyte depletion of all components, importation of plasma for certain patient groups and for fractionation, and the collection of the majority of platelets from single donors (by apheresis). However, even with these interventions, some future cases are still predicted. The UK-wide Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs (SaBTO) considers the evidence for clinical and cost-effectiveness of any proposed intervention, such as prion assays and filters, and makes recommendations to the governments of the UK. The development of prion assays is challenging as prions do not generate an immune response, do not have nucleic acid and are present in blood in very low concentrations against a high background of normal prion protein. It is critically important that prion assays show high levels of sensitivity and - especially -specificity for a healthy blood donor population. Assessment is impacted by the very short supply of positive human samples, necessitating the use of animal models. Filters that are capable of removing prions from blood components have been developed and CE marked, but it is again necessary to use animal models to study their efficacy. Guidelines have been produced for the assessment of the quality of red cells filtered through these devices, and a clinical safety study has recently been completed. In conclusion, the evaluation of screening assays and prion filters is challenging, time-consuming and costly, but these evaluations are critical to policy making.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Thomas
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Oak House, Reeds Crescent, Watford, WD24 4QN, England, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Microbes often infect the uterus and particularly the endometrium of animals. Infections are most commonly associated with natural service, pregnancy and the post-partum period, leading to inflammation with the elaboration of cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins. Clinical diseases such as metritis, endometritis and abortion are important causes of infertility. The adaptive immune response to infection has been characterized previously, so the present review aims to highlight the emerging role for innate immunity in the endometrium. The detection of microbes and the innate immune response depends on the detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by pattern recognition receptors. The main families of pattern recognition receptors are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors. These receptors are most often expressed by hematopoietic cells, but the epithelial and stromal cells of the endometrium also possess functional receptors. For example, endometrial cells express TLR4 for recognition of the lipopolysaccharide endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria, leading to secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and prostaglandin E(2) . It is likely that the epithelial and stromal cells provide a first line of defence in the endometrium to alert hematopoietic cells to the presence of microbes within the uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Turner
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Downing I, MacDonald SL, Atkinson APM, Turner ML, Kilpatrick DC. Drug modification of LPS-stimulated human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Br J Biomed Sci 2012; 69:126-133. [PMID: 23057161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs have been reported to convert dendritic cells (DCs) into a tolerogenic phenotype in vitro. However, there is evidence that an additional stimulus, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), may also be necessary for tolerogenic function in vivo. Little is known concerning the effects of drug modification on LPS-prestimulated DCs. In this study, monocyte-derived immature DCs were stimulated with LPS first and the influence investigated of six different agents on surface antigen expression, cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mycophenolic acid- and rapamycin-exposed DCs had little effect on surface antigen expression or functional activity towards lymphocytes. In contrast, treatment of immature dendritic cells with aspirin, dexamethasone, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) or butyric acid was associated with diminished expression of CD1a, CD1c, CD40, CD80 and CD83. Dendritic cell modification by aspirin, dexamethasone and VD3 were all associated with decreased production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). Furthermore, VD3 treatment was associated with a consistent and significant elevation of IL-6 production. Aspirin-, dexamethasone- VD3- and butyric acid-modified DCs suppressed interferon-gamma production, proliferation and cytotoxicity in co-culture with allogeneic mononuclear cells, but inconsistent results were obtained with different allogeneic combinations. Different drugs show varying effects on DC phenotype. No single agent was consistently effective in suppressing the stimulation of allogeneic mononuclear cells and future work is needed to explore drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Downing
- SNBTS, National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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Tura O, Crawford J, Barclay GR, Samuel K, Hadoke PWF, Roddie H, Davies J, Turner ML. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) depresses angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro: implications for sourcing cells for vascular regeneration therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1614-23. [PMID: 20456757 PMCID: PMC3404501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND The most common source of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) for hematopoietic reconstitution comprises granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs). It has been proposed that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) share precursors with HPCs, and that EPC release may accompany HPC mobilization to the circulation following G-CSF administration. OBJECTIVE To investigate EPC activity following HPC mobilization, and the direct effects of exogenous G-CSF administration on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs), using in vitro and in vivo correlates of angiogenesis. PATIENTS/METHODS Heparinized venous blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and from cord blood at parturition. G-CSF-mobilized samples were collected before administration, at apheresis harvest, and at follow-up. PBSCs were phenotyped by flow cytometry, and cultured in standard colony-forming unit (CFU)-EPC and EOC assays. The effect of exogenous G-CSF was investigated by addition of it to HUVECs and EOCs in standard tubule formation and aortic ring assays, and in an in vivo sponge implantation model. RESULTS Our data show that G-CSF mobilization of PBSCs produces a profound, reversible depression of circulating CFU-EPCs. Furthermore, G-CSF administration did not mobilize CD34+CD133- cells, which include precursors of EOCs. No EOCs were cultured from any mobilized PBSCs studied. Exogenous G-CSF inhibited CFU-EPC generation, HUVEC and EOC tubule formation, microvessel outgrowth, and implanted sponge vascularization in mice. CONCLUSIONS G-CSF administration depresses both endothelial cell angiogenesis and monocyte proangiogenic activity, and we suggest that any angiogenic benefit observed following implantation of cells mobilized by G-CSF may come only from a paracrine effect from HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tura
- SNBTS Cell Therapy Group, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Richards JMJ, Shaw CA, Lang NN, Semple SI, Crawford JH, Mills NL, Dhaliwal K, Simpson AJ, Burdess A, Roddie H, McKillop G, Atkinson AP, Forrest E, Connolly TM, Feuerstein GZ, Barclay GR, Turner ML, Newby DE. 074 In vivo cell tracking of superparamagnetic iron oxide-labelled mononuclear cells in humans. Heart 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.195966.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kettle J, Whitelegg S, Song AM, Wedge DC, Kotacka L, Kolarik V, Madec MB, Yeates SG, Turner ML. Fabrication of planar organic nanotransistors using low temperature thermal nanoimprint lithography for chemical sensor applications. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:75301. [PMID: 20081284 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/7/075301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new fabrication process for the patterning of organic semiconductors at the nanoscale has been developed using low temperature thermal nanoimprint lithography and the details of this process are discussed. Novel planar nanotransistors have been fabricated and characterized from poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and we demonstrate the feasibility of using such devices as highly sensitive chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kettle
- Microelectronics and Nanostructures Group, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Manchester, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Eckford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, UK
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Mills NL, Tura O, Padfield GJ, Millar C, Lang NN, Stirling D, Ludlam C, Turner ML, Barclay GR, Newby DE. Dissociation of phenotypic and functional endothelial progenitor cells in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart 2009; 95:2003-8. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2008.163162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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Cedzynski M, Nuytinck L, Atkinson APM, St Swierzko A, Zeman K, Szemraj J, Szala A, Turner ML, Kilpatrick DC. Extremes of L-ficolin concentration in children with recurrent infections are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the FCN2 gene. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 150:99-104. [PMID: 17680820 PMCID: PMC2219292 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03471.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ficolin (also called ficolin-2, P35 or hucolin) is a soluble pattern recognition molecule of suspected importance in anti-microbial immunity. It activates the lectin pathway of complement and acts as an opsonin. l-ficolin, encoded by the FCN2 gene, recognizes microbial polysaccharides and glycoconjugates rich in GlcNAc or GalNAc. We report here data concerning four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the FCN2 gene and their relationship to l-ficolin serum concentrations. There are two pairs of SNPs in linkage disequilibrium: ss32469536 (located in promoter) with rs7851696 (in exon 8) and ss32469537 (promoter) with ss32469544 (exon 8). We selected groups possessing low or high serum l-ficolin concentrations (or= 4.5 microg/ml, respectively) from Polish children suffering from recurrent respiratory infections (n = 146). Low l-ficolin levels were associated with variant alleles for ss32469536 and rs7851696 and normal alleles for ss32469537 and ss32469544. Conversely, high l-ficolin levels were associated with variant alleles of ss32469537 and ss32469544. FCN2 genotyping should be a valuable additional tool for disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cedzynski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Centre of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
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Gallagher RCJ, Waterfall M, Samuel K, Turner ML. Blood donor derived dendritic cells and cytotoxic T cells for specific fusion-gene adoptive immunotherapy. Vox Sang 2007; 92:351-60. [PMID: 17456159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Therapeutic immunological reagents tailored to individual patients have been shown to be a viable treatment strategy for some forms of leukaemia. This work investigates the possibility of using blood donations as a source of leukaemia-specific immune therapeutics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute promyelocytic cell line NB4 carrying the PML-RAR alpha fusion was used as a target for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) stimulated to recognize the fusion. Stimulation of CTL was by production of dendritic cells pulsed with plasmid vectors containing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-generated sequences of PML-RAR alpha derived from NB4 cells. PCR primer design included a Kozak consensus sequence to allow correct translation of the nucleic acid into protein. Identification of specific cytotoxicity was by both Granzyme B ELISPOT and by (51)Cr-release assays. RESULTS Specific CTL activity targeting NB4 cells can be generated from donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, individual donors appear to respond differently to the length of stimulatory sequence encoded in the vector. Use of an internal methionine in the PML gene, which also satisfies the Kozak rules, allows translation in vitro and, thus, might provide a suitable start site for stimulation using acute promyelocytic leukaemia-specific sequence. CONCLUSION The work presented here suggests that blood donor derived dendritic cells can be used to stimulate leukaemia-specific CTL from the same donation ex vivo. This would enable the generation of patient-specific therapeutics from major histocompatibility (MHC)-matched allogeneic donors. However, different MHC-matched donors might vary in their response depending on the length of the antigenic sequence.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Blood Donors
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Gene Fusion
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- R C J Gallagher
- SNBTS Cell Therapy Group, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Edinburgh, UK.
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Hawkins ED, Turner ML, Dowling MR, van Gend C, Hodgkin PD. A model of immune regulation as a consequence of randomized lymphocyte division and death times. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:5032-7. [PMID: 17360353 PMCID: PMC1821128 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700026104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of an adaptive immune response is controlled by the interplay of lymphocyte quiescence, proliferation, and apoptosis. How lymphocytes integrate receptor-mediated signals influencing these cell fates is a fundamental question for understanding this complex system. We examined how lymphocytes interleave times to divide and die to develop a mathematical model of lymphocyte growth regulation. This model provides a powerful method for fitting and analyzing fluorescent division tracking data and reveals how summing receptor-mediated kinetic changes can modify the immune response progressively from rapid tolerance induction to strong immunity. An important consequence of our results is that intrinsic variability in otherwise identical cells, usually dismissed as noise, may have evolved to be an essential feature of immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. D. Hawkins
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - M. L. Turner
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; and
| | - M. R. Dowling
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - C. van Gend
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - P. D. Hodgkin
- *Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Jones M, Peden AH, Prowse CV, Gröner A, Manson JC, Turner ML, Ironside JW, MacGregor IR, Head MW. In vitro amplification and detection of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease PrPSc. J Pathol 2007; 213:21-6. [PMID: 17614097 DOI: 10.1002/path.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) poses a serious risk of secondary transmission and the need to detect infectivity in asymptomatic individuals is therefore of major importance. Following infection, it is assumed that minute amounts of disease-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)) replicate by conversion of the host cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). Therefore, methods of rapidly reproducing this conversion process in vitro would be valuable tools in the development of such tests. We show that one such technique, protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA), can amplify vCJD PrP(Sc) from human brain tissue, and that the degree of amplification is dependent upon the substrate PRNP codon 129 polymorphism. Both human platelets and transgenic mouse brain are shown to be suitable alternative substrate sources, and amplified PrP(Sc) can be detected using a conformation-dependent immunoassay (CDI), allowing the detection of putative proteinase K sensitive forms of PrP(Sc).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jones
- National CJD Surveillance Unit, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (Pathology), University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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21
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Muhlebach MS, MacDonald SL, Button B, Hubbard JJ, Turner ML, Boucher RC, Kilpatrick DC. Association between mannan-binding lectin and impaired lung function in cystic fibrosis may be age-dependent. Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 145:302-7. [PMID: 16879250 PMCID: PMC1809669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An association between mannan-binding lectin (MBL) status and severity of lung function impairment in cystic fibrosis (CF) has been found in several studies, but not in others. To explore the possible basis for discrepancies in the literature, we related both MBL and L-ficolin concentrations to lung function and examined the results in relation to the age of the patients. For patients under 15 years of age, those with MBL < 200 ng/ml had better lung function than those with MBL > 200 ng/ml [median forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), 99% versus 83%; P = 0.05]. For patients over 15 years of age, those with MBL < 200 ng/ml had poorer lung function than those with MBL > 200 ng/ml (median FEV(1), 44% versus 55%; P = 0.1). Also, for the over 15-year-olds, the proportion of patients with FEV(1) values below the median was greater in the MBL-insufficient subgroup (P < 0.04). In other words, relative deficiency of MBL appears to accelerate the age-related decline in lung function in CF patients. No corresponding relationships could be found between L-ficolin concentration and lung function. These findings and interpretation lend support to the potential value of MBL replacement therapy in a small minority of cystic fibrosis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Muhlebach
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a collectin and a major soluble pattern-recognition protein. MBL can distinguish self from nonself and altered self using its C-type carbohydrate recognition domain and may also interact via its collagen-like region with autologous cells. Recently, it was found that MBL could bind to adherent cells (monocytes) and dendritic cells in a specific and sugar-sensitive manner. We have now investigated the interaction of MBL with fresh human peripheral blood cells and report binding to B lymphocytes and natural killer cells. The binding to B lymphocytes was studied in detail and was compared with the binding of MBL to monocytes and dendritic cells. Binding of MBL to B cells was evident at physiological MBL and calcium concentrations but was optimal at supraphysiological MBL concentrations. It was readily inhibited by autologous serum, mannan, mannose, GlcNAc and (to a lesser extent) galactose but not by C1q. A similar, but not identical, inhibition profile was observed with dendritic cells, but monocytes were not sensitive to mannose or mannan. We conclude that MBL is capable of binding to differently glycosylated ligands on several autologous cell types via its carbohydrate-recognition domain. We speculate that this could have functional significance at extravascular sites, but perhaps only in individuals possessing MBL genotypes conferring MBL sufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Downing
- Cell Therapy Group, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service National Science Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK.
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23
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Klammer M, Waterfall M, Samuel K, Turner ML, Roddie PH. Fusion hybrids of dendritic cells and autologous myeloid blasts as a potential cellular vaccine for acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:340-9. [PMID: 15842657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the potential of tumour cell/dendritic cell fusion hybrids to generate in vitro anti-leukaemic T-cell responses following co-culture with autologous remission lymphocytes in six patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Comparison was made to anti-leukaemic responses induced by mature dendritic cells (mDC) co-cultured with autologous, irradiated myeloid blasts. Fusion hybrids induced anti-leukaemic T-cell immune responses in three of six patients. Tumour-pulsed mDC induced T-cellular responses in two other patients. Only one of six patients remission lymphocytes failed to develop leukaemia-directed immune responses following stimulation with either construct. Anti-proliferative properties of fusion hybrids against allogeneic lymphocytes were observed in mixed lymphocyte-leukaemia reactions and were found not to be specific to the cell fusion partners and did not prevent the ability of AML-mDC heterokaryons to induce autologous anti-leukaemic cytotoxicity. We conclude that tumour cell/dendritic cell fusion hybrids hold promise as a cellular vaccine for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klammer
- University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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24
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Wei MH, Toure O, Glenn GM, Pithukpakorn M, Neckers L, Stolle C, Choyke P, Grubb R, Middelton L, Turner ML, Walther MM, Merino MJ, Zbar B, Linehan WM, Toro JR. Novel mutations in FH and expansion of the spectrum of phenotypes expressed in families with hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer. J Med Genet 2005; 43:18-27. [PMID: 15937070 PMCID: PMC2564499 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.033506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (HLRCC; OMIM 605839) is the predisposition to develop smooth muscle tumours of the skin and uterus and/or renal cancer and is associated with mutations in the fumarate hydratase gene (FH). Here we characterise the clinical and genetic features of 21 new families and present the first report of two African-American families with HLRCC. METHODS Using direct sequencing analysis we identified FH germline mutations in 100% (21/21) of new families with HLRCC. RESULTS We identified 14 germline FH mutations (10 missense, one insertion, two nonsense, and one splice site) located along the entire length of the coding region. Nine of these were novel, with six missense (L89S, R117G, R190C, A342D, S376P, Q396P), one nonsense (S102X), one insertion (111insA), and one splice site (138+1G>C) mutation. Four unrelated families had the R58X mutation and five unrelated families the R190H mutation. Of families with HLRCC, 62% (13/21) had renal cancer and 76% (16/21) cutaneous leiomyomas. Of women FH mutation carriers from 16 families, 100% (22/22) had uterine fibroids. Our study shows that expression of cutaneous manifestations in HLRCC ranges from absent to mild to severe cutaneous leiomyomas. FH mutations were associated with a spectrum of renal tumours. No genotype-phenotype correlations were identified. CONCLUSIONS In combination with our previous report, we identify 31 different germline FH mutations in 56 families with HLRCC (20 missense, eight frameshifts, two nonsense, and one splice site). Our FH mutation detection rate is 93% (52/56) in families suspected of HLRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-H Wei
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Kilpatrick DC, Stewart K, Allan EK, McLintock LA, Holyoake TL, Turner ML. Successful haemopoietic stem cell transplantation does not correct mannan-binding lectin deficiency. Bone Marrow Transplant 2005; 35:179-81. [PMID: 15543198 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1704746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that in allogeneic stem cell transplantation, the mannan-binding lectin (MBL) status of the donor has prognostic value for the recipient. Two MBL-deficient patients, with coexisting haematological malignancy, were identified who were treated with bone marrow from donors with normal MBL concentrations. Although both patients engrafted successfully and remain in complete remission, neither seroconverted to the MBL sufficiency status of his donor over a follow-up period exceeding 2 years. This does not support the concept of MBL replacement by stem cell therapy, and does not provide an explanation for high MBL concentrations in stem cell donors protecting recipients from post transplant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Kilpatrick
- SNBTS National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh EH17 7QT, UK.
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26
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Atkinson APM, Cedzynski M, Szemraj J, St Swierzko A, Bak-Romaniszyn L, Banasik M, Zeman K, Matsushita M, Turner ML, Kilpatrick DC. L-ficolin in children with recurrent respiratory infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 138:517-20. [PMID: 15544630 PMCID: PMC1809226 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The lectin pathway of complement activation is used by a collectin, mannan-binding lectin (MBL), and two ficolins, L-ficolin and H-ficolin, to opsonize microorganisms for phagocytosis. We published evidence recently that MBL insufficiency is associated with recurrent respiratory infections in childhood. We have now measured serum L-ficolin in 313 respiratory infection patients and 74 healthy control children. L-ficolin concentrations below the lower limit of the control group were found in 6% of the patients (P <0.02) and were associated most strongly with children having co-existing atopic disorders (11%; P=0.002). We suggest that L-ficolin may have a role in protection from microorganisms complicating allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P M Atkinson
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, National Science Laboratory, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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27
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Sebei PJ, McCrindle CME, Green ED, Turner ML. Use of scanning electron microscopy to confirm the identity of lice infesting communally grazed goat herds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 71:87-92. [PMID: 15373329 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v71i2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lice have been described on goats in commercial farming systems in South Africa but not from flocks on communal grazing. During a longitudinal survey on the causes of goat kid mortality, conducted in Jericho district, North West Province, lice were collected from communally grazed indigenous goats. These lice were prepared for and viewed by scanning electron microscopy, and micromorphological taxonomic details are described. Three species of lice were found in the study area and identified as Bovicola caprae, Bovicola limbatus and Linognathus africanus. Sucking and biting lice were found in ten of the 12 herds of goats examined. Lice were found on both mature goats and kids. Bovicola caprae and L. africanus were the most common biting and sucking lice respectively in all herds examined. Scanning electron microscopy revealed additional features which aided in the identification of the louse species. Photomicrographs were more accurate aids to identification than the line drawings in the literature and facilitated identification using dissecting microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Sebei
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
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28
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Abstract
Umbilical cord blood transplants are associated with a lower incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) than adult marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplants, and this could be related to a difference in cytokine production between fetal and adult mononuclear cells after allogeneic stimulation. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) involving adult cells were associated with greater interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) secretion than MLRs between cord blood cells, although IL-2 secretion was similar. Experiments in which T cells were separated from accessory cells then recombined in artificial combinations indicated that differences in T cells were primarily responsible for the greater [IFNgamma]:[IL-2] ratios generally found after MLRs involving adult cells compared to fetal cells, but accessory cells also influenced this ratio. The cellular basis for the observed difference was not established, but mononuclear cell preparations from cord blood contained significantly higher proportions of CD16(+)56(-) NK-type cells and a CD19(+)1c(+) B cell subset, as well as more CD45 RA-expressing nai;ve T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Kilpatrick
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service (SNBTS), National Science Laboratory, Ellen's Glen Road, Edinburgh EH17 7QT, UK.
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29
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Kilpatrick DC, McLintock LA, Allan EK, Copland M, Fujita T, Jordanides NE, Koch C, Matsushita M, Shiraki H, Stewart K, Tsujimura M, Turner ML, Franklin IM, Holyoake TL. No strong relationship between mannan binding lectin or plasma ficolins and chemotherapy-related infections. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:279-84. [PMID: 14616788 PMCID: PMC1808868 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2003] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy causes neutropenia and an increased susceptibility to infection. Recent reports indicate that mannan-binding lectin (MBL) insufficiency is associated with an increased duration of febrile neutropenia and incidence of serious infections following chemotherapy for haematological malignancies. We aimed to confirm or refute this finding and to extend the investigation to the plasma ficolins, P35 (L-ficolin) and the Hakata antigen (H-ficolin). MBL, L-ficolin and H-ficolin were measured in 128 patients with haematological malignancies treated by chemotherapy alone or combined with bone marrow transplantation. Protein concentrations were related to clinical data retrieved from medical records. MBL concentrations were elevated compared with healthy controls in patients who received chemotherapy, while L-ficolin concentrations were decreased and H-ficolin levels were unchanged. There was no correlation between MBL, L-ficolin or H-ficolin concentration and febrile neutropenia expressed as the proportion of neutropenic periods in which patients experienced fever, and there was no relation between abnormally low (deficiency) levels of MBL, L-ficolin or H-ficolin and febrile neutropenia so expressed. Patients with MBL < or =0.1 microg/ml had significantly more major infections than no infections within the follow-up period (P<0.05), but overall most patients had signs or symptoms of minor infections irrespective of MBL concentration. Neither L-ficolin nor H-ficolin deficiencies were associated with infections individually, in combination or in combination with MBL deficiency. MBL, L-ficolin and H-ficolin, independently or in combination, did not have a major influence on susceptibility to infection in these patients rendered neutropenic by chemotherapy. These results cast doubt on the potential value of MBL replacement therapy in this clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Kilpatrick
- SNBTS National Science Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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30
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Nussey F, Turner ML. Extended neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer combined with GM-CSF: effect on tumour-draining lymph node dendritic cells by Pinedo et al. Eur J Cancer 2003; 39:1039-40. [PMID: 12736101 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(03)00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C infection unresponsive to treatment with interferon possessed genotypes disproportionately conferring low mannan-binding lectin (MBL) concentrations. Our aims were to confirm or refute this finding in European patients at the MBL protein level, and to investigate whether a low circulating concentration of MBL might influence susceptibility to, or disease progression from, hepatitis C viral infection. Serum samples obtained from 180 hepatitis C patients and 566 blood donors were assayed for MBL. MBL concentrations were related to disease characteristics retrieved from patients' records. MBL concentrations were higher in hepatitis C patients (median 2.5 microg/ml versus 1.3; P < 0.0001) and the proportion of patients with very low (MBL-deficient) concentrations was similar to that of the healthy controls. There were no significant associations between patients with low serum MBL and the disease features studied, including response to antiviral therapy. Therefore, low circulating MBL does not increase susceptibility to hepatitis C infection, and MBL concentration does not have a major influence on the course of the disease or the response to antiviral therapy. MBL replacement therapy would therefore not be indicated for chronic hepatitis C patients who failed to respond fully to treatment with interferon and ribavirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Kilpatrick
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service National Science Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK.
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32
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Thomas RV, Bessos H, Turner ML, Horn EH, Ludlam CA. The successful use of plasma exchange and immunosuppression in the management of acquired Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:878-80. [PMID: 12437677 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03870_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Abstract
The aim of this review was to summarize the recent progress made in the field of cellular therapeutics in haematological malignancy. The review also examined the role that the National Transfusion Services might play in the manufacture of new cellular therapeutic agents, given both their expertise in the safe provision of blood products and their possession of accredited cell manipulation facilities. Cellular therapy is entering an era in which novel cellular products will find increasing clinical use, particularly in the areas of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunotherapy. The production of novel cell-based therapies, both in Europe and North America, is now under strict regulatory control and therefore collaboration with the National Transfusion Services in the manufacture of these agents may well be beneficial if the production standards demanded by the regulatory authorities are to be fulfilled.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Roddie
- SNBTS Cell Therapeutics Group, University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK.
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34
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Roddie PH, Horton Y, Turner ML. Primary acute myeloid leukaemia blasts resistant to cytokine-induced differentiation to dendritic-like leukaemia cells can be forced to differentiate by the addition of bryostatin-1. Leukemia 2002; 16:84-93. [PMID: 11840267 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2001] [Accepted: 08/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primary acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts can be induced to differentiate into dendritic-like leukaemia cells (DLLC) by culture with certain cytokine combinations. DLLC offer potential for use as autologous vaccines based on their ability to present putative leukaemia-specific antigens to T cells. It has been reported, however, that in around 30-50% of AML cases the leukaemia cells are not capable of undergoing DLLC differentiation. The purpose of this study was to identify the features that represent successful DLLC differentiation and, for those cases shown to be resistant to cytokine-induced differentiation, to use differentiating agents in an attempt to overcome the differentiation block. Leukaemia cells derived from 42 patients with AML were cultured in vitro with cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNFalpha/CD40L. In 22 cases the leukaemic cells underwent DLLC differentiation based on characteristic morphological changes and expression of costimulatory and dendritic cell-associated molecules. Four cases were not evaluable because of poor viability over the culture period. The remaining 16 cases failed to show evidence of DLLC differentiation. Many of these differentiation resistant cases were associated with poor risk karyotypic features. Nine of the resistant cases were selected for further study. Differentiating agents trichostatin (TSA), azacytidine (AZA) and bryostatin (BRYO) were used in combination with cytokines for the first 96 h of the culture period. Bryostatin (BRYO) alone was shown to be capable of overcoming differentiation resistance and allowing DLLC differentiation to proceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Roddie
- Cell Therapeutics Group, University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
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35
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Piekarz RL, Robey R, Sandor V, Bakke S, Wilson WH, Dahmoush L, Kingma DM, Turner ML, Altemus R, Bates SE. Inhibitor of histone deacetylation, depsipeptide (FR901228), in the treatment of peripheral and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a case report. Blood 2001; 98:2865-8. [PMID: 11675364 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.9.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Depsipeptide, FR901228, has demonstrated potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against murine and human tumor cell lines. In the laboratory, it has been shown to be a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. In a phase I trial of depsipeptide conducted at the National Cancer Institute, 3 patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma had a partial response, and 1 patient with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified, had a complete response. Sézary cells isolated from patients after treatment had increased histone acetylation. These results suggest that inhibition of HDAC is a novel and potentially effective therapy for patients with T-cell lymphoma.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Aged
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/administration & dosage
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Depsipeptides
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Histones/blood
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/blood
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Peptides, Cyclic
- Remission Induction
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Piekarz
- Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) was first described in the United Kingdom in 1996 and is thought to have been transmitted from cattle infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy probably via the food chain. Thus far just over 100 definite or probable clinical cases have been described, though the number of people currently infected and the eventual size and geographic distribution of any future clinical epidemic remain uncertain. There is little evidence that sporadic CJD is transmitted by blood transfusion. However, the same cannot necessarily be assumed to apply to the new variant strain of disease in which involvement of peripheral lymphoid tissues has been demonstrated. In the face of uncertainty surrounding the risk of transmission of vCJD by blood products, blood transfusion services in a number of countries have implemented precautionary policies, though whether in the long term these will prove to have been necessary or sufficient remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Turner
- Department of Oncology, University of Edinburgh and Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
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37
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Schmidt LS, Warren MB, Nickerson ML, Weirich G, Matrosova V, Toro JR, Turner ML, Duray P, Merino M, Hewitt S, Pavlovich CP, Glenn G, Greenberg CR, Linehan WM, Zbar B. Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome, a genodermatosis associated with spontaneous pneumothorax and kidney neoplasia, maps to chromosome 17p11.2. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 69:876-82. [PMID: 11533913 PMCID: PMC1226073 DOI: 10.1086/323744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2001] [Accepted: 08/09/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD), an inherited autosomal genodermatosis characterized by benign tumors of the hair follicle, has been associated with renal neoplasia, lung cysts, and spontaneous pneumothorax. To identify the BHD locus, we recruited families with cutaneous lesions and associated phenotypic features of the BHD syndrome. We performed a genomewide scan in one large kindred with BHD and, by linkage analysis, localized the gene locus to the pericentromeric region of chromosome 17p, with a LOD score of 4.98 at D17S740 (recombination fraction 0). Two-point linkage analysis of eight additional families with BHD produced a maximum LOD score of 16.06 at D17S2196. Haplotype analysis identified critical recombinants and defined the minimal region of nonrecombination as being within a <4-cM distance between D17S1857 and D17S805. One additional family, which had histologically proved fibrofolliculomas, did not show evidence of linkage to chromosome 17p, suggesting genetic heterogeneity for BHD. The BHD locus lies within chromosomal band 17p11.2, a genomic region that, because of the presence of low-copy-number repeat elements, is unstable and that is associated with a number of diseases. Identification of the gene for BHD may reveal a new genetic locus responsible for renal neoplasia and for lung and hair-follicle developmental defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Schmidt
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is the second commonest haematological abnormality in the neonatal period after anaemia due to iatrogenic blood letting. One to four percent of all newborn babies have a platelet count < 150 x 10(9)/l at birth and approximately 20-40% of neonates in intensive care units are affected by neonatal thrombocytopenia. The most common cause of severe neonatal thrombocytopenia is fetomaternal platelet incompatibility and subsequent alloimmunisation. During the last decade recent advances in molecular techniques have led to rapid and efficient methods for diagnosis. Progress in fetal medicine has enabled accurate determination of fetal status, allowing improvements in fetal diagnosis and therapy. Human platelet antigen (HPA)-1a is by far the most frequently involved platelet antigen system in Caucasians accounting for 90% of cases, followed at a much lower frequency by HPA-5b (5-15%) and HPA-3a. The incidence is estimated to be 1 per 2000 to 1 per 5000 live births, but this is low in comparison to the incidence of fetomaternal platelet antigen incompatibility especially for the HPA-1 alloantigen system in the Caucasian population in whom the estimated frequency of HPA-1b1b individuals is 2%. Retrospective and prospective studies have reported that the immunogenetic background is important, and the chance of HPA-1a alloimmunisation is strongly associated with maternal HLA class II DRB3*0101 (DR52a) type. A significant association (p = 0.004) between severe thrombocytopenia and a third trimester antiHPA titre >1:32 has been observed. It is now possible to genotype the fetus or neonate and the parents, which provides confirmation as to which HPA systems are incompatible between the mother and father. Simultaneous genotyping of HPA-1, 2, 3 and 5 can be carried out using the polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) protocol, which has been widely used for HLA class II determination. The platelet count may continue to fall during the first 48 h after birth and the risk of intracranial bleeding is highest during this period. The best option is transfusion of specially selected antigen negative compatible donor platelets or if unavailable, maternal washed platelets. Antenatal screening for the most common form of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT), due to antiHPA-1a is under consideration, but there is no established method at present. The Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service started a study in August 1999 on 25,000 pregnancies to carry out a cost benefit analysis of routine antenatal screening. The aims of the study are to determine the frequency of HPA-1b homozygosity; monitor antibody titres during pregnancy and confirm correlation of antibody emergence with HLA-DRB3*0101, and finally to access cost effectiveness of routine screening across Scotland. Of 26,509 women screened in three Scottish regions 501 (1.9%) are HPA-1b homozygous and about 9%, of the consented women are antibody positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ahya
- Academic Transfusion Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen, UK.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Albert
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Building 10, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA
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Stratakis CA, Turner ML, Lafferty A, Toro JR, Hill S, Meck JM, Blancato J. A syndrome of overgrowth and acromegaloidism with normal growth hormone secretion is associated with chromosome 11 pericentric inversion. J Med Genet 2001; 38:338-43. [PMID: 11403045 PMCID: PMC1734875 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.5.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ghate JV, Turner ML, Rudek MA, Figg WD, Dahut W, Dyer V, Pluda JM, Reed E. Drug-induced lupus associated with COL-3: report of 3 cases. Arch Dermatol 2001; 137:471-4. [PMID: 11295928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-angiogenesis is an exciting new approach to anticancer therapy. COL-3, a tetracycline derivative, is a novel anti-angiogenesis agent with potent preclinical anticancer activity. During the conduct of a phase 1 clinical trial for refractory metastatic cancer at the National Institutes of Health, we observed 3 individuals who developed phototoxicity followed by clinical and laboratory features of drug-induced lupus. OBSERVATIONS Three of 35 patients treated with COL-3 developed sunburnlike eruptions accompanied by fever and a positive antinuclear antibody titer within 8 to 29 days of starting treatment. Two of 3 had positive antihistone antibody levels and arthralgia. One patient had marked systemic manifestations including pulmonary infiltrates and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate remittent for more than 1 year after discontinuing COL-3 treatment. The other 2 patients' symptoms and rash abated within 2 weeks of discontinuing therapy although the serologic markers remained abnormal for the duration of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS COL-3 is the second tetracycline derivative to be implicated in the development of drug-induced lupus. A sunburnlike eruption immediately preceded or accompanied the systemic and serologic changes in these 3 patients. The rapid onset and the phototoxic appearance of the accompanying eruptions might suggest that damage to the keratinocytes caused the formation of neoantigens to which autoantibodies formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Ghate
- Dermatology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bldg 10, Room 12N238, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Egan
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA.
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Rudek MA, Figg WD, Dyer V, Dahut W, Turner ML, Steinberg SM, Liewehr DJ, Kohler DR, Pluda JM, Reed E. Phase I clinical trial of oral COL-3, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in patients with refractory metastatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:584-92. [PMID: 11208854 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.2.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I clinical trial was designed to determine the maximum-tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor COL-3 in patients with refractory solid tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Thirty-five patients with different cancer types were enrolled. COL-3 doses were escalated from 36 mg/m2/d in successive cohorts of at least three patients. Circulating levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, vascular endothelial growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor were assessed during treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed for single and multiple doses of drug. RESULTS Cutaneous phototoxicity was dose-limiting at 98 mg/m2/d. With the use of prophylactic sunblock, COL-3 was well tolerated at 70 mg/m2/d. The dose of 36 mg/m2/d was well tolerated without the use of sunblock. Other toxicities that did not seem to be related to dose or pharmacokinetics included anemia, anorexia, constipation, dizziness, elevated liver function test results, fever, headache, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, peripheral and central neurotoxicities, fatigue, and three cases of drug-induced lupus. Disease stabilization for periods of 26+ months, 8 months, and 6 months were seen in hemangioendothelioma, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, and fibrosarcoma, respectively. There was a potentially statistically significant relationship between changes in plasma MMP-2 levels and cumulative doses of drug when progressive disease patients were compared with those with stable disease or toxicity (P = .042). CONCLUSION COL-3 induced disease stabilization in several patients who had a nonepithelial type of malignancy. Phototoxicity was dose-limiting. We recommend the dose of 36 mg/m2/d for phase II trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rudek
- Medicine Branch, Division of Clinical Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sereti I, Sarlis NJ, Arioglu E, Turner ML, Mican JM. Alopecia universalis and Graves' disease in the setting of immune restoration after highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2001; 15:138-40. [PMID: 11192862 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200101050-00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Turner ML, Acosta EP. Long-term stability of nelfinavir mesylate in human plasma. Clin Chem 2000; 46:2019-20. [PMID: 11106345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Lei JY, Wang Y, Jaffe ES, Turner ML, Raffeld M, Sorbara L, Morris J, Holland SM, Duray PH. Microcystic adnexal carcinoma associated with primary immunodeficiency, recurrent diffuse herpes simplex virus infection, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22:524-9. [PMID: 11190445 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-200012000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous microcystic adnexal carcinoma (MAC) is a rare and poorly understood tumor that predominantly occurs in the head and neck. MAC usually affects people in their fourth and fifth decades. Some patients have had a history of radiation. We present a case of MAC occurring in the left antecubital fossa of an 18-year-old white woman with an unusual immunodeficiency syndrome. The patient also developed a squamous cell carcinoma, a cutaneous T-cell malignancy, and a perigastric leiomyoma. A congenital infection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) persisted throughout her life. The association of HSV infection with MAC and squamous cell carcinoma and that of peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Epstein-Barr virus is discussed in relation to her immunodeficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/complications
- Carcinoma, Skin Appendage/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/complications
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/complications
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/complications
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/chemistry
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/complications
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Cutaneous/pathology
- Recurrence
- Skin Diseases/complications
- Skin Diseases/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/chemistry
- Skin Neoplasms/complications
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lei
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Blauvelt A, Cobb MW, Turner ML. Widespread cutaneous vascular papules associated with peripheral blood eosinophilia and prominent inguinal lymphadenopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:698-700. [PMID: 11004630 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2000.108372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new section entitled "Dermatology Grand Rounds at the NIH" appears this month. The idea behind it is to provide a unique look at instructive dermatologic cases being presented at the weekly Dermatology Branch Grand Rounds at the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland. Patients seen at the NIH Clinical Center (which includes the NIH inpatient wards and outpatient clinics) are indeed unusual. To be evaluated here, they must be referred by an outside physician and must be placed in a research protocol. In other words, by this criterion, all NIH patients are considered research subjects. The diseases studied at the NIH range from the common to the obscure. Similarly, the dermatologic manifestations of these diseases are equally as diverse. Thus the purpose of this new section is to share some of these fascinating cases with the dermatologic community at large, as well as to provide a glimpse of exciting translational research that has relevance to clinical dermatologists. The format will be simple. Cases will be presented as unknowns, including relevant results from the history, physical examination, and histopathologic analyses. This will be done to challenge the clinicopathologic skills of the readers; authors will make every attempt to make the color clinical and pathologic photographs of the highest quality possible to assist readers in making the correct diagnoses. The discussion will be brief, focusing on the key teaching points of each case. These teaching points will vary from cases to case, covering clinical and histologic information, treatment issues, and/or novel laboratory advances with clinical relevance. Authors will emphasize brevity and clarity in all subsections of the case report, which I hope will promote a good learning experience for dermatology residents and busy practitioners alike. This section will initially be published 4 times annually. Finally, because the section is new to the JAAD, I welcome comments and suggestions to improve the quality of the articles.-Andrew Blauvelt, MD Feature Editor
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blauvelt
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA.
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Abstract
Universal leucocyte depletion has been implemented in the UK and several other European countries as a precautionary measure against the potential risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by blood transfusion. Leucocyte depletion had previously only been recommended for a relatively small proportion of transfusion recipients based on clinical and experimental evidence showing clinical benefit. However there is now increasing evidence to support its value in preventing transfusion transmission of infectious agents and in reducing some of the adverse immunomodulatory effects of allogeneic transfusion. The financial costs of providing universal leucocyte depletion are substantial, but, if it transpires that leucocyte depletion has a beneficial effect in reducing, for example, postoperative infection rates, then the health economic gains in this patient group alone may largely or wholly offset these financial costs. The experience in the UK and other European countries in terms of these collateral clinical benefits will help other countries, where the risk of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease may not be so great, to decide whether to similarly adopt universal leucocyte depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Roddie
- Academic Transfusion Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh-Leukaemia Research Fund, John Hughes Bennett Laboratory, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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Roddie PH, Paterson T, Turner ML. Gene transfer to primary acute myeloid leukaemia blasts and myeloid leukaemia cell lines. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther 2000; 6:127-34. [PMID: 11140881 DOI: 10.1080/mccm.6.3.127.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of genes encoding co-stimulatory molecules and/or cytokines to leukaemia cells in order to create autologous tumour vaccines represents a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for treating acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). One of the essential requirements for this strategy if it is to be applicable in a clinical setting is a high efficiency of gene transfer to primary human AML blasts. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene, we have systematically evaluated a variety of physical, chemical and viral vector-based gene transfection systems in order to determine which gave the highest gene transfer efficiency to myeloid leukaemia cell lines and primary AML blasts. Transfection efficiency was low for all the physical and chemical transfection methods tested. Retroviral vector-based infection gave a high efficiency of gene transduction in two of the four leukaemia cell lines (KG1a and U937), but was low in primary AML blasts. An adenoviral vector gave a high transduction efficiency in all of the leukaemia cell lines with the exception of the HL60. In primary AML blasts, derived from 19 patients, gene transduction efficiency was variable, ranging from 1.1% to 67.1% (mean 12.1%). Following culture in cytokines GM-CSF/IL-4/CD40L, which induced differentiation of AML blasts to dendritic-like cells, transduction efficiency was increased between two- and eightfold in 6 out of the 15 cases that underwent differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Roddie
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland.
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Toro JR, Wood LV, Patel NK, Turner ML. Topical cidofovir: a novel treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. Arch Dermatol 2000; 136:983-5. [PMID: 10926733 DOI: 10.1001/archderm.136.8.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J R Toro
- Dermatology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1908, USA.
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