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Bertout S, Drakulovski P, Kouanfack C, Krasteva D, Ngouana T, Dunyach-Rémy C, Dongtsa J, Aghokeng A, Delaporte E, Koulla-Shiro S, Reynes J, Mallié M. Genotyping and antifungal susceptibility testing of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from Cameroonian HIV-positive adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:763-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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2
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Drakulovski P, Locatelli S, Butel C, Pion S, Krasteva D, Mougdi-Pole E, Delaporte E, Peeters M, Mallié M. Use of RNAlater as a preservation method for parasitic coprology studies in wild-living chimpanzees. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:257-61. [PMID: 23850999 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the use of an RNA stabilisation buffer, RNAlater (Ambion, Austin, Texas), as a preservation medium for parasitic coprology analysis of faecal samples collected from chimpanzees living in the wild (Pan troglodytes troglodytes). Thirty faecal samples collected in the forests of south-east Cameroon (Mambele area) from 2003 to 2011 were preserved in RNAlater at -80 °C and analysed for their parasite content. We identified and counted parasitic elements and assessed their shape, size and morphology in relation to the storage time of the samples. We found that parasite elements were identifiable in RNAlater preserved samples after as many as 7 years, showing that RNAlater could be an effective and reliable preservation medium for coprology. Thus, its use could be an interesting way to optimise sample collection for several types of studies (parasitology and bacteriology/virology) at once, especially considering the logistically challenging and time-consuming field campaigns needed to obtain these faecal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Drakulovski
- UMI 233 "TransVIHMI", Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), University of Montpellier 1 (UM1), Montpellier, France.
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3
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Drakulovski P, Dunyach C, Bertout S, Reynes J, Mallié M. A Candida albicans strain with high MIC for caspofungin and no FKS1 mutations exhibits a high chitin content and mutations in two chitinase genes. Med Mycol 2010; 49:467-74. [PMID: 21108572 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2010.538732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cell wall of a Candida albicans laboratory mutant exhibiting a high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; 8 μg ml(-1)) for caspofungin without bearing FKS1 mutations. This strain showed a reduced level of ß 1,3 D glucan (0.43×) and a higher chitin content (2.3×) than a control strain even when grown without caspofungin. No significant over- or under-expression of chitin synthase or chitinase genes was observed. However, point mutations were detected in the chitinase 2 and 3 genes. These mutations, which may affect the enzymatic activity of the encoded protein products involved in the degradation of the chitin, could have led to an increased concentration of that component, allowing the strain to compensate for its low ß 1,3 D glucan content and the effect of caspofungin.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Drakulovski
- UMR 145 IRD/UM1: VIH/SIDA et Maladies Associées, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Bertout S, Dunyach C, Drakulovski P, Reynes J, Mallié M. Comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne® dilution method with the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27-A3 microbroth dilution reference method for determining MIC of eight antifungal agents on 102 yeast strains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:48-51. [PMID: 20843616 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2010.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute ([CLSI] formerly NCCLS) reference broth microdilution testing method (protocol M27-A3) was compared with a commercially available methods (Sensititre YeastOne(®)) by testing two quality control strains and 102 isolates of Candida sp. and Cryptococcus sp. against fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, flucytosin, amphotericin B and caspofungin. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) endpoints were determined after 24h of incubation for Sensititre YeastOne(®) and after 24 and 48 h for CLSI microdilution method. Essential agreements between methods vary from 70.6 to 92.2%. Categorical agreements vary from 94.1% for 5FC to 72.6% for AMB. Sensititre YeastOne(®) reading appears to be useful for avoiding very major errors and this confirms the interest of this method for evaluating new antifungals activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertout
- UMR 145 (IRD/UM1), UFR sciences pharmaceutiques et biologiques, 15, avenue Charles-Flahault, BP 14491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Rieu P, Eloy O, Bertout S, Mallié M, Bain P, Blanc V. Sensibilité comparée par CLSI, EUCAST, E-test et ATB ® Fungus 2 des souches de Candida sp. isolées au cours d’une enquête épidémiologique sur les candidémies dans des hôpitaux non universitaires. J Mycol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Palenzuela G, El-Fertit H, Coubes P, Mallié M, Rigau V, Margueritte G. Cryptococcose neuroméningée pseudotumorale chez une enfant immunodéprimée traitée pour un gliome infiltrant du tronc cérébral. À propos d’un cas et revue de la littérature. Neurochirurgie 2009; 55:329-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Mallié M, Bertout S. Caspofungine et mycoses à champignons rares : activité in vitro et in vivo chez l’animal et chez l’homme. J Mycol Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Eloy O, Blanc V, Mallié M, Decousser J, Pina P, Allouch P. Identification et sensibilité aux antifongiques de deux souches de Candida dans 95 hôpitaux français. J Mycol Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Malgoire JY, Bertout S, Renaud F, Bastide JM, Mallié M. Typing of Saccharomyces cerevisiae clinical strains by using microsatellite sequence polymorphism. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1133-7. [PMID: 15750073 PMCID: PMC1081240 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.3.1133-1137.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It seems that S. cerevisiae, which was thought for about 30 years to be a nonpathogenic yeast, should now be considered an opportunistic pathogen. In this study, we estimated the discrimination ability of the microsatellite sequence amplification technique within a sample of clinical and reference S. cerevisiae strains and S. boulardii reference strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Malgoire
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, MNERT EA 2413, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier I, 15 Av. Charles Flahault, B.P. 14 491, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Mallié M, Bastide JM, Blancard A, Bonnin A, Bretagne S, Cambon M, Chandenier J, Chauveau V, Couprie B, Datry A, Feuilhade M, Grillot R, Guiguen C, Lavarde V, Letscher V, Linas MD, Michel A, Morin O, Paugam A, Piens MA, Raberin H, Tissot E, Toubas D, Wade A. In vitro susceptibility testing of Candida and Aspergillus spp. to voriconazole and other antifungal agents using Etest®: results of a French multicentre study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2005; 25:321-8. [PMID: 15784312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Accepted: 11/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antifungal agent voriconazole were determined using the Etest and compared with those of amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole using 1986 clinical isolates of Candida spp. Voriconazole MICs were also compared with those of amphotericin B and itraconazole using 391 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Voriconazole was found to have more potent activity and lower MIC values than amphotericin B, itraconazole and fluconazole against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. kefyr. Against C. glabrata and C. krusei, voriconazole was more active than either of the other two azole antifungals but had similar activity to amphotericin B. For species of Aspergillus, MIC values of voriconazole were lower than those of amphotericin B and itraconazole against A. fumigatus and A. flavus, and were similar to those of amphotericin B against A. niger. Against A. terreus, MIC values for voriconazole and itraconazole were similar. A. terreus is known to be resistant to amphotericin B, and this was reflected in higher MIC values compared with those of voriconazole and itraconazole. Voriconazole therefore compares very favourably with other antifungal agents against a large number of clinical isolates of Candida and Aspergillus spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mallié
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale, Faculté de Pharmacie, BP 14491, 15, Avenue Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Banzouzi JT, Prado R, Menan H, Valentin A, Roumestan C, Mallié M, Pelissier Y, Blache Y. Studies on medicinal plants of Ivory Coast: investigation of Sida acuta for in vitro antiplasmodial activities and identification of an active constituent. Phytomedicine 2004; 11:338-341. [PMID: 15185848 DOI: 10.1078/0944711041495245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sida acuta Burm. (Malvaceae) originating from Ivory Coast was selected after an ethnobotanical survey: traditional healers of malaria commonly used this plant for the treatment. Extracts were tested on two strains of Plasmodium falciparum: FcM29-Cameroon (chloroquine-resistant strain) and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. Extracts were obtained by preparing decoction in water of the powdered plant, the technique used by most of the traditional healers. An ethanol extract was then made and tested. The IC50 values obtained for these extracts ranged from 3.9 to -5.4 microg/ml. Purification of this active fraction led to the identification of cryptolepine as the active antiplasmodial constituent of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Banzouzi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Pharmaceutique, E.A. 2414, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier cedex, France
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Benoit-Vical F, Valentin A, Da B, Dakuyo Z, Descamps L, Mallié M. N'Dribala (Cochlospermum planchonii) versus chloroquine for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 89:111-114. [PMID: 14522441 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00277-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to assess the efficacy of oral N'Dribala (tuberous roots decoction of Cochlospermum planchonii Hook) treatment versus chloroquine in non-severe malaria. The study included 85 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Banfora, Burkina Faso. Forty-six patients that received N'Dribala beverage were compared to 21 patients treated with chloroquine. All patients were monitored with clinical examination and a parasitemia control by Giemsa-stained thick films. N'Dribala appeared safe and statistically as efficient as chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. At day 5 (D5), 57% of chloroquine-treated and 52% of N'Dribala-treated patients were cured with no detectable parasitemia (parasite density (Pd): 0) and more than 90% of whole patients were asymptomatic. N'Dribala is easily available in this country, cheap, without significant side effects and efficient with a clearly demonstrated activity on Plasmodium falciparum blood stages. This study enhances the traditional use of the Cochlospermum planchonii as alternative therapy for treatment of non-severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie EA-MENRT 2413, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Ch. Flahault, F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France.
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14
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de Meeûs T, Renaud F, Mouveroux E, Reynes J, Galeazzi G, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Genetic structure of Candida glabrata populations in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2199-206. [PMID: 12037087 PMCID: PMC130676 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.40.6.2199-2206.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypes of 63 strains (11 reference strains and 52 strains from hospitalized patients) of the haploid yeast Candida glabrata were determined from 33 putative gene enzymatic loci. This enabled the characterization of 26 different multilocus genotypes. Genetic differentiation was found between distant hospitals (located in Montpellier and Paris, France) but not for other parameters (anatomic origins or human immunodeficiency virus-positive [HIV+] and HIV- patients). Strong nonrandom association between loci could be seen. Such statistical linkages were confirmed upon comparing the patterns of 14 RAPD [random(ly) amplified polymorphic DNA] primers from 20 of these strains to results obtained from multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis. This finding suggests a mainly clonal mode of reproduction of C. glabrata. The consequences of the clonality displayed by C. glabrata populations on the epidemiology of this yeast are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T de Meeûs
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme des Microorganismes, UMR 9926 CNRS-IRD, 34000 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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15
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Abstract
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was performed on 76 European strains of Candida dubliniensis. Ten of the 20 enzyme-encoding loci were polymorphic, giving rise to 10 electrophoretic types within the sample studied. Investigation of the population genetics of a subset of 36 strains from HIV-infected patients in London showed the existence of strong heterozygote deficits and excesses associated with significant linkage disequilibria between pairs of loci. These findings, together with the predominance of multilocus genotypes, strongly suggest that C. dubliniensis is mainly (if not totally) clonal. Analysis of genotypes of a larger number of strains should confirm this conclusion and improve our understanding of the epidemiology of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badoc
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie MENRT EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, Av. Charles Flahault, P.O. Box 14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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16
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Mitaine-Offer AC, Sauvain M, Valentin A, Callapa J, Mallié M, Zèches-Hanrot M. Antiplasmodial activity of aspidosperma indole alkaloids. Phytomedicine 2002; 9:142-145. [PMID: 11995947 DOI: 10.1078/0944-7113-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The antiplasmodial activity of twelve alkaloids with an aspidospermane skeleton was estimated in vitro on chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Seven tetracyclic alkaloids possessing a free ethyl chain such aspidospermine, showed IC50 after incubation for 72 h between 3.2 and 15.4 microM. Moreover, four pentacyclic alkaloids with ethyl chain included in a tetrahydrofuran, such haplocine, showed a reduced activity, with IC50, after 72 h, between 22.6 and 52.6 microM. According to these results, a chloroquine-potentiating experiment was also performed with two of the most active compounds. Isobolograms were obtained and demonstrated a synergic effect of N-formyl-aspidospermidine and aspidospermine when associated with chloroquine. The cytotoxicity and the selectivity index of some alkaloids were also estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Mitaine-Offer
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, France.
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17
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Bertout S, Renaud F, Barton R, Symoens F, Burnod J, Piens MA, Lebeau B, Viviani MA, Chapuis F, Bastide JM, Grillot R, Mallié M. Genetic polymorphism of Aspergillus fumigatus in clinical samples from patients with invasive aspergillosis: investigation using multiple typing methods. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:1731-7. [PMID: 11325982 PMCID: PMC88017 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.5.1731-1737.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypes of 52 strains of Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from 12 patients with invasive aspergillosis were investigated using three typing methods (random amplified polymorphic DNA, sequence-specific DNA polymorphism, and microsatellite polymorphism) combined with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Isolates were from patients hospitalized in three different geographic areas (Lyon, France; Grenoble, France; and Milan, Italy). In each case, the genetic polymorphism of several colonies (two to five) within the first respiratory clinical sample was studied. For the 52 isolates tested, random amplified polymorphic DNA identified 8 different genotypes, sequence-specific DNA polymorphism identified 9 different types, and microsatellite polymorphism identified 14 types. A combination of these results with multilocus enzyme electrophoresis study identified 25 different types within the sample studied. We identified 3 patients (of the 12 studied) who carried a single genotype; 6 patients were infected by two genotypes, 1 patient had four genotypes, while the last patient had five. A combination of typing methods provided better discrimination than the use of a single method. Typing methods revealed a population structure within each geographical site, suggesting that the epidemiology of A. fumigatus should be considered separately for each of these geographic areas. This study demonstrates the usefulness of combining several typing methods in reaching an understanding of the epidemiology of A. fumigatus and clarifies whether it is sufficient to type one isolate from each specimen to determine the strain involved in invasive aspergillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertout
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, MNERT-EA 2413, Université de Montpellier, Av. Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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18
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Abstract
Candida dubliniensis is a novel species only recently described. This emerging pathogen shares some of the phenotypic characteristics specific to C. albicans but is genetically different. In this study we typed four strains of atypical C. albicans isolated in our laboratory and compared them to 41 strains of C. albicans and 11 strains of C. dubliniensis by several phenotypic methods and by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Using factorial correspondence analysis, we distinguished C. dubliniensis and the atypical C. albicans strains from all strains of C. albicans. Atypical C. albicans strains were identified as C. dubliniensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Badoc
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie MENRT EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, France
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Badoc C, Bertout S, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Genotypic identification of Candida dubliniensis isolated from HIV patients by MLEE. Med Mycol 2001. [DOI: 10.1080/714031001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Valentin A, Benoit-Vical F, Pélissier Y, Koné-Bamba D, Mallié M. Antiplasmodial activity of plant extracts used in west African traditional medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 2000; 73:145-51. [PMID: 11025150 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00296-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Five plants originating from Ivory Coast were selected after an ethnobotanical survey, Alchornea cordifolia, Mitragyna inermis, Nauclea diderrichii, Pterocarpus santalinoides, and Terminalia glaucescens. Traditional healers for the treatment of malaria commonly used these plants. Extracts of these plants were tested on three strains of Plasmodium falciparum, FcB1-Colombia and FcM29-Cameroon (chloroquine-resistant strains) and a Nigerian chloroquine-sensitive strain. Extracts were obtained by preparing decoction in water of the powdered plant, the technique used by most of the traditional healers. A radioactive micromethod allowed the evaluation of the in vitro activity of the extracts on P. falciparum. Concentrations inhibiting 50% of the parasite growth (IC(50)) ranged from 2.34 to more than 500 microg/ml according to the plant. For the most active plants (A. cordifolia and T. glaucescens) ethanol and pentane extracts were made and tested. The IC(50) values obtained for these extracts ranged from 0.35 to 43.40 microg/ml. The stage specificity of the ethanol extracts of A. cordifolia and T. glaucescens and pentane extract of T. glaucescens on the parasite erythrocytic cycle were determined. The ethanol extract of T. glaucescens showed its highest activity at the transition from the trophozoite to the schizont stages. Cytotoxicity was estimated on human fibroblasts (HeLa) cells and a cytotoxicity/antiplasmodial index was calculated, it ranged between 5 and 21, and the best antiplasmodial extract (T. glaucescens ethanol extract) had the higher index (>20).
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21
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Arnavielhe S, De Meeüs T, Blancard A, Mallié M, Renaud F, Bastide JM. Multicentric genetic study of Candida albicans isolates from non-neutropenic patients using MLEE typing: population structure and mode of reproduction. Mycoses 2000; 43:109-17. [PMID: 10907340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0507.2000.00552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A mycological survey was conducted on non-neutropenic patients in three distinct intensive care units in two hospitals in Marseille (France) from November 1993 to November 1995. Candida albicans positive cultures from 62 patients were included in this study. Every first isolate of each patient was typed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). The enzyme profiles obtained from 15 polymorphic loci were then compared. This analysis demonstrated a strong population differentiation of C. albicans infective strains within and between the different care units and confirmed the probable preponderant clonal mode of reproduction of this yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnavielhe
- Centre d'Etude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-Organismes, Equipe: Evolution des Systémes Symbiotiques', Montpellier, France
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Bertout S, Renaud F, DE Meeüs T, Piens MA, Lebeau B, Viviani MA, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Aspergillus fumigatus strains isolated from the first clinical sample from patients with invasive aspergillosis. EBGA Network. European Research Group on Biotype and Genotype of Aspergillus. J Med Microbiol 2000; 49:375-381. [PMID: 10755634 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-49-4-375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypes of 50 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus from 11 patients with invasive aspergillosis, obtained from three hospitals in different geographical areas, were determined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). The study analysed the genetic polymorphism of multiple isolates from the first sample. Seven of the 14 enzymic loci studied were polymorphic, giving rise to eight different electrophoretic types. For nine of 11 patients studied, no polymorphism was observed in isolates within the first clinical sample. Analysis of genetic distance between electrophoretic types demonstrated a genetic heterogeneity within each geographical site. Moreover, some genotypes were preferentially found in a given area and this revealed a population structure within these geographical sites. Therefore, the epidemiology of A. fumigatus should be considered separately for each of these areas. The multiple discriminatory markers of MLEE seem to provide a powerful tool for increasing the understanding of the biology of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Renaud
- Laboratoire Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, Cédex 2, *Centre d'Étude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, CEPM/UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, Cédex 1, †Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale et Fondamentale,Lyon, ‡Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Relation Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Grenoble, France and §Instituto de Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Milan Italy
| | - T DE Meeüs
- Laboratoire Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, Cédex 2, *Centre d'Étude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, CEPM/UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, Cédex 1, †Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale et Fondamentale,Lyon, ‡Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Relation Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Grenoble, France and §Instituto de Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Milan Italy
| | - M-A Piens
- Laboratoire Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, Cédex 2, *Centre d'Étude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, CEPM/UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, Cédex 1, †Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale et Fondamentale,Lyon, ‡Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Relation Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Grenoble, France and §Instituto de Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Milan Italy
| | - B Lebeau
- Laboratoire Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, Cédex 2, *Centre d'Étude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, CEPM/UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, Cédex 1, †Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale et Fondamentale,Lyon, ‡Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Relation Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Grenoble, France and §Instituto de Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Milan Italy
| | - M-A Viviani
- Laboratoire Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, 34060 Montpellier, Cédex 2, *Centre d'Étude sur le Polymorphisme des Micro-organismes, CEPM/UMR CNRS-IRD 9926, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 5045, 34032 Montpellier, Cédex 1, †Laboratoire de Mycologie Médicale et Fondamentale,Lyon, ‡Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire, Relation Hôtes Agents Pathogènes, Grenoble, France and §Instituto de Igiene e Medicina Preventiva, Milan Italy
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23
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Midreuil F, Guillot J, Guého E, Renaud F, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Genetic diversity in the yeast species Malassezia pachydermatis analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1999; 49 Pt 3:1287-94. [PMID: 10425792 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-49-3-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-two strains of the yeast species Malassezia pachydermatis were analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. M. pachydermatis appeared to be genetically heterogeneous. A total of 27 electrophoretic types were identified that could be divided into five distinct groups with different host specificities. The diversity revealed by this electrophoretic method matched remarkably well the reported genetic variability obtained by comparing large subunit rRNA sequences. This study also suggests that genetic exchanges can occur in the anamorphic species M. pachydermatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Midreuil
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et de Parasitologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Montpellier, France
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24
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Bastide JM, Pujol C, Mallié M, Reynes J. [Genotype, serotype and sensitivity to fluconazole of Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients]. Bull Acad Natl Med 1999; 183:289-302; discussion 302-3. [PMID: 10371777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Genotype, serotype and susceptibility in vitro to fluconazole of 104 C. albicans strains isolated from HIV+ patients were studied. The possible correlations between genotype analysed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and phenotype of medical relevance (serotype and susceptibility to fluconazole) of Candida albicans isolated from these patients treated with fluconazole were evaluated by factorial correspondence analysis. No correlation was observed between genotype and in vitro or clinical response to fluconazole. In counterpart, serotype B C. albicans was associated with some multilocus genotypic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bastide
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier
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25
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Muñoz V, Sauvain M, Mollinedo P, Callapa J, Rojas I, Gimenez A, Valentin A, Mallié M. Antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of (-)-roemrefidine isolated from the stem bark of Sparattanthelium amazonum. Planta Med 1999; 65:448-449. [PMID: 10418333 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Roemrefidine, an aporphine alkaloid isolated from Sparattanthelium amazonum Martius (Hernandiaceae) a vine from Bolivia, has been found to be active against both resistant and sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and against P. berghei in mice. The compound demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against three cell lines (KB, HEp-2 and HeLa).
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Brenier-Pinchart
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Grenoble, France.
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27
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Benoit-Vical F, Valentin A, Mallié M, Bastide JM, Bessière JM. In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of cochlospermum tinctorium and C. planchonii leaf extracts and essential oils. Planta Med 1999; 65:378-381. [PMID: 10364849 DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The antimalarial and toxicological properties of Cochlospermum tinctorium and C. planchonii extracts and essential oils prepared from their leaves were studied. The oil components were extracted by hydrodistillation of the plant leaves and characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Crude extracts and oils were tested for in vitro antimalarial activity on Plasmodium falciparum. The IC50 were evaluated after 24 and 72 h contact between the oils and the parasite culture, and ranged from 22 to 500 micrograms/ml. C. planchonii leaf oil yielded the best antimalarial effect (IC50: 22-35 micrograms/ml), while the most potent effect from crude leaf extracts was induced by C. tinctorium. The cytotoxicity of the leaf crude extracts and oils was assessed on the K562 cell line and showed IC50 values ranging between 33 and 2000 micrograms/ml.
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28
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Bertout S, Renaud F, Swinne D, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Genetic multilocus studies of different strains of Cryptococcus neoformans: taxonomy and genetic structure. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:715-20. [PMID: 9986838 PMCID: PMC84532 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.3.715-720.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotypes of 107 strains of Cryptococcus isolated from the environment or from patients from various geographical areas were determined by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). We analyzed the relationships between genotype structure and serotype and between genotype structure and strain origin. Twelve of the 14 enzyme-encoding loci studied were polymorphic, giving rise to 48 electrophoretic types. The genotypes of C. neoformans and C. laurentii were very similar. MLEE could not distinguish between these two pathogenic species. A correlation between the genetic multilocus structure and the origin of the sample (from the environment or patients) existed. A second analysis detected a correlation between genotype distribution and serotype. The second analysis considered three serotype groups (B, C, and A plus D plus A/D), proving that serotypes A, D, and A/D are closely related. MLEE is a useful epidemiological tool for improving our understanding of the biology of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bertout
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Parasitologie MENRT UPRES EA 2413, Université Montpellier I, Faculté de Pharmacie, 34060 Montpellier Cédex 2, France
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29
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Benoit-Vical F, Valentin A, Cournac V, Pélissier Y, Mallié M, Bastide JM. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of stem and root extracts of Nauclea latifolia S.M. (Rubiaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 61:173-178. [PMID: 9705007 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extracts from Nauclea latifolia S.M. (Rubiaceae), a plant commonly used in Ivory Coast by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria, were tested on two strains of Plasmodium faliparum: FcB1-Colombia (chloroquine-resistant) and a Nigerian strain (chloroquine-sensitive). The extracts were obtained from stems and roots of the plant in two forms, infusion and decoction, both methods used by most traditional healers. The in vitro activity of N. latifolia extracts on P. falciparum was assessed both visually and by a radioactive method. The visual analysis allowed determination of the time of extract action on the erythrocytic cycle, as well as the parasitic stage of most inhibitory effect. Similar results were obtained applying fresh, frozen or lyophilized extracts. The IC50 values determined were within the range already reported for other antimalarial plants such as Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) or Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae). Aqueous extracts of N. latifolia inhibited P. falciparum (FcB1 strain) mainly at the end of the erythrocytic cycle (32nd to 48th hour).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benoit-Vical
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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30
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Nébavi F, Arnavielhe S, Le Guennec R, Ménan E, Kacou A, Combe P, Aoussi E, Mallié M, Koné M, Bastide JM. Oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients from Abidjan (Ivory Coast): antifungal susceptibilities and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Candida albicans isolates. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1998; 46:307-14. [PMID: 9769890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) and in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing were used to investigate the Candida albicans strain diversity in twenty nine AIDS patients from Abidjan (Ivory Coast). All patients were monitored for a first episode of oropharyngeal candidiasis and were randomly clustered into three groups of therapy: ketoconazole, amphotericin B or nystatin. Oral swabs were collected before every treatment, 14 and 30 days after the initiation of the therapy; a total of 67 isolates were investigated. No resistant or less susceptible isolate to any antifungal agent was found despite the emergence of clinical relapses, mainly for patients treated with nystatin or amphotericin B. The MEE analysis revealed 27 different electrophoretic types (ETs). Genetic distances between ETs were statistically analyzed and represented on a dendrogram. The 27 ETs clustered into three groups; in each group, ETs represented variants of the same strain. A segregation of the C. albicans isolates seemed to be as a function of the serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nébavi
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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31
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Arnavielhe S, Blancard A, Mallié M, Quilici M, Bastide JM. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis of Candida albicans isolates from three intensive care units. An epidemiological study. Mycoses 1997; 40:159-67. [PMID: 9476482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1997.tb00208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the mechanism and risk factor associated with the nosocomial acquisition of Candida albicans, a 3-month prospective study was conducted on non-neutropenic patients in three distinct intensive care units in distinct hospitals. A total of 43 samples from 19 patients has been typed by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Samples (24) from the deep pharynx of hospital staff members were also cultured and typed. Thirteen of the 19 enzyme loci studied were polymorphic. The 52 electrophoretic types were assigned to 67 isolates, each type was represented by one to five isolates; this proved the great diversity of the isolates. It appeared that most patients were colonized or infected with different C. albicans strains. This study pointed out a possible cross-infection between patients and hospital staff and between healthy members of the hospital staff, and also showed the successive stages of infection by different electrophoretic types. Intubation and respiratory equipment as surgery intervention were possible sources of observed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnavielhe
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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32
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Valentin A, Benoit-Vical F, Moulis C, Stanislas E, Mallié M, Fouraste I, Bastide JM. In vitro antimalarial activity of penduline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline from Isopyrum thalictroides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41:2305-7. [PMID: 9333071 PMCID: PMC164116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.41.10.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two bisbenzylisoquinolines, tetrandrine and penduline, were purified from Isopyrum thalictroides. When tested for antimalarial activity in vitro, penduline was efficient at concentrations fivefold lower than those of tetrandrine. In highly synchronized parasite cultures, penduline mostly interfered between the 8th and the 32nd hours of the parasite cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valentin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Montpellier, France
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33
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Rodriguez E, Boudard F, Mallié M, Bastide JM, Bastide M. Murine macrophage elastolytic activity induced by Aspergillus fumigatusstrains in vitro: evidence of the expression of two macrophage-induced protease genes. Can J Microbiol 1997; 43:649-57. [PMID: 9246742 DOI: 10.1139/m97-092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between Aspergillus fumigatus conidia and murine macrophages of various origins was investigated. Cocultures were carried out between A. fumigatus strains and freshly isolated murine pulmonary alveolar macrophages or two murine macrophage cell-lines: murine alveolar cell-line MALU and murine astrocytoma cell-line J774. By measuring the variation of elastolytic activity in the coculture supernatants with two elastin substrates, we demonstrated that either viable or fixed A. fumigatus or C. albicans yeasts or nonspecific particles induced significant macrophage elastolytic activity. The effect of A. fumigatus supernatant or the purified A. fumigatus galactomannan suggested also the possible involvement of this polysaccharide in macrophage-protease gene expression, release, and activity in invasive aspergillosis. The effect of inhibitory compounds demonstrated the potential implication of a macrophagic metalloprotease and a macrophagic cysteine protease. RNA analysis allowed us to demonstrate the induction of expression of two macrophagic protease genes in stimulated macrophages. Two distinctive mechanisms appeared to be implicated in macrophage protease induction: nonspecific phagocytosis in the earliest times of the coculture and (or) specific galactomannan recognition after its gradual release by the mycelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodriguez
- Laboratoire d'immunologie et parasitologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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34
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Pujol C, Renaud F, Mallié M, de Meeûs T, Bastide JM. Atypical strains of Candida albicans recovered from AIDS patients. J Med Vet Mycol 1997; 35:115-21. [PMID: 9147271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
By using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) we have analyzed the genetic diversity encountered among chlamydospore-positive Candida albicans strains. While the type II strains of the former C. stellatoidea were genetically indistinguishable from those of C. albicans, type I strains constituted a distinct subgroup compared with C. albicans strains. Nevertheless, all these strains remained genetically very closely related compared with other species of Candida (e.g. C. tropicalis, C. krusei and C. glabrata). These results corroborate the synonymy between C. stellatoidea and C. albicans. Chlamydospore-positive C. albicans strains with atypical sugar assimilation patterns displayed a great genetic divergence from the cluster constituted by C. albicans and the strains of the former C. stellatoidea. However, these atypical strains were more closely related to C. albicans than they were to C. tropicalis, C. krusei or C. glabrata. These strains represent a genetically entity distinct from the typical C. albicans strains used in this study. The data also support the view that the atypical strains described here belong to the same genetic group as atypical C. albicans strains previously described by others.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pujol
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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35
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Mondon P, Brenier MP, Symoens F, Rodriguez E, Coursange E, Chaib F, Lebeau B, Piens MA, Tortorano AM, Mallié M, Chapuis F, Carlotti A, Villard J, Viviani MA, Nolard N, Bastide JM, Ambroise-Thomas P, Grillot R. Molecular typing of Aspergillus fumigatus strains by sequence-specific DNA primer (SSDP) analysis. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1997; 17:95-102. [PMID: 9061355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1997.tb01001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A PCR typing method has been developed and tested to investigate the polymorphism of clinical strains of Aspergillus fumigatus. Firstly, the DNA fragments from random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns of nine epidemiologically and geographically non-related monosporal strains of A. fumigatus were cloned and sequenced. The pairs of five sequence-specific DNA primers (SSDP), characteristic of the 5' and 3' extremities of the RAPD products, were then used in high stringency PCR to type 43 clinical strains of A. fumigatus from 13 patients, according to the presence or absence of a single amplified band. This original approach, which uses the advantages of PCR, has made it possible to overcome the difficulties resulting from the low stringency amplification. The SSDP analysis of 51 A. fumigatus strains (9 unrelated monosporal strains and 43 clinical strains from 13 patients) can be classed into 22 different types with a high reproducibility and a high level of discrimination (D = 0.96). The results suggest that seven lung transplant patients with necrotizing aspergillosis, bronchitis aspergillosis and bronchial colonization were infected by multiple strain genotypes, whereas three patients with invasive aspergillosis seem to have been infected by a single strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mondon
- Laboratoire Relation Hôte-Agents Pathogènes, UPRES-A CNRS 5082, La Tronche, France
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Persat F, Gari-Toussaint M, Lebeau B, Cambon M, Raberin H, Addo A, Picot S, Piens MA, Blancard A, Mallié M, Bastide JM, Grillot R. Specific antibody detection in human aspergillosis: a GEMO* multicentre evaluation of a rapid immunoelectrophoresis method (Paragon). Group d'Etude des Mycoses Opportunistes. Mycoses 1996; 39:427-32. [PMID: 9144998 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1996.tb00091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new immunoelectrophoresis system, the Paragon system, was evaluated in three different hospital centres with the aim of improving standardization of the serodiagnosis of human aspergillosis. To select the most efficient antigen, various commercial and home-made antigens were first tested on 19 sera from 19 patients with highly probable aspergillosis. The value measured using the Paragon anti-Aspergillus antibody detection system was then compared with the results obtained by conventional serological diagnostic methods (conventional immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme linked-immunosorbent assay, indirect immunofluorescence): this step was performed using the first 19 sera as well as 16 other sera from 13 patients with suspected aspergillosis. Concordant results were obtained in 28 cases. The discrepancies observed with seven sera were probably related to differences in the nature of the antigens. Paragon immunoelectrophoresis proved to be a practicable technique requiring only a small amount of serum and giving results within a shorter time than competitive methods (24-48 h). Its major drawbacks compared with conventional immunoelectrophoresis are some difficulties in reading, fewer precipitin lines and the relatively high cost of routine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Persat
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, France
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38
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Arnavielhe S, Blancard A, Mallié M, Gouin F, Ottomani A, Manelli JC, Bastide JM. [Mycological monitoring of Candida albicans infections in various hospital care units. Molecular typing of isolated strains and epidemiological survey]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1996; 44:447-51. [PMID: 8758492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate risk factors associated with the nosocomial infection of Candida albicans, a prospective study is conducted twice for three months in three intensive care units. Samples from patients HIV negatives, non neutropenic and non immunodepressive are collected as they came in the unit, on several anatomic sites. Every C. albicans carriers are included in a mycological monitoring. Samples from environmental surfaces, hands and deep pharynx from hospital personnel were also cultured. Strains genetic profile are defined by isoenzyme electrophoresis technique. Thirteen polymorphic loci allowed samples classement into 52 electrophoretic types (ET). If only one crossed contamination is described, strains regroupment into some ET incites us to extend this study. C. albicans strains from patients closed environment have never been isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnavielhe
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie-Parasitologie, Faculté de pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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39
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Reynes J, Pujol C, Moreau C, Mallié M, Renaud F, Janbon F, Bastide JM. Simultaneous carriage of Candida albicans strains from HIV-infected patients with oral candidiasis: multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 137:269-73. [PMID: 8998997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity of 160 Candida albicans isolates from the oral cavity of 16 HIV-infected adults prior to antifungal treatment was assessed using multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (10 C. albicans colonies were randomly chosen from each specimen culture). 20 electrophoretic types were distinguished from the analysis of 21 enzyme loci (10 were polymorphic). Five patients (31%) were found to be colonized by 2 or 3 genetically distinct strains. Nevertheless, in these five cases, one strain predominated (from 7 to 9 of the 10 colonies). Some HIV + patients with oral candidiasis appear to be simultaneously infected with several genetically different C. albicans strains before antifungal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reynes
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France
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40
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Mallié M, Bastide JM. In vitro susceptibility of 115 isolates of Candida to amphotericin B, fluconazole and itraconazole. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1996; 22:301-7. [PMID: 9034756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Opportunistic fungal infections are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality particularly due to Candida species (1). There is also an increase of candidosis especially ascribed to acquired or induced immunodeficiency syndromes or in the event of long-term antibiotic, immuno-suppressor or cytotoxic therapies. Consequently there has been an increase in the use of systemic antifungal agents responsible for the emergence of new opportunistic fungi (2) and resistant species (3, 4). Oropharyngeal candidiasis caused by various species of Candida is one of the most common opportunistic infections in AIDS. In recent years there has been an increasing number of yeast isolates resistant to fluconazole (4, 5) or to amphotericin B (6). The aim of the present study was to examine the susceptibility in vitro of itraconazole, a newly introduced antifungal agent in the local or systemic therapy of oropharyngeal candidiosis, vs well-known agents such as amphotericin B and fluconazole, against various Candida clinical isolates. The present results, in agreement with other studies, show strong in vitro activity of itraconazole against Candida spp. and particularly against less susceptible species C. glabrata, C. tropicalis or C. krusei.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mallié
- Immunology-Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
The evaluation of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for pathogenic fungi is still a technically difficult assay. Insufficient standardization of the technique is often the basis of problems which appear. Culture characteristic of dermatophytes do not favour techniques usually used in bacteriology (Steers agar dilution method). A study was undertaken to compare the Steers agar dilution method and a new culture method to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration of antifungal compounds on several species of dermatophytes. The new method involves dilution of the antifungal drug in solid medium in a Petri dish. Standardized agar cylinders are cut from the plates and filled with inocula of the same size cut from plates of dermatophyte cultures. Such inocula facilitate analysis of the fungus in its natural growth conditions in vitro without being submitted to a disruptive preparative technique. The MIC values were similar for the two methods of evaluation in spite of important differences between the inocula. The new technique is reliable, quick, and highly reproducible. It is more efficient than the Steers agar dilution method because it enables assays to be run on several strains simultaneously and avoids labour-intensive procedures for the preparation of the inocula.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Butty
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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42
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Le Guennec R, Reynes J, Mallié M, Pujol C, Janbon F, Bastide JM. Fluconazole- and itraconazole-resistant Candida albicans strains from AIDS patients: multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and antifungal susceptibilities. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2732-7. [PMID: 8567915 PMCID: PMC228565 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.33.10.2732-2737.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis and in vitro susceptibility testing with a broth microdilution method were used to analyze Candida albicans strain diversity in four AIDS patients with recurrent oropharyngeal candidiasis who successively developed clinical resistance to fluconazole (FCZ) and itraconazole (ITZ). One to ten colonies per sample were randomly chosen from oral washings collected before the initial FCZ treatment and just before every other antifungal treatment; a total of 98 isolates were analyzed. Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis revealed 14 different electrophoretic types (ETs). Statistical analysis of genetic distances showed that C. albicans isolates clustered into five subpopulations (I to V). In each subpopulation, isolates are closely related, and genetic distances between subpopulations I to IV are short. In contrast, subpopulation V, which contained isolates typed as ET8 and ET14, is strongly divergent from the others; these isolates may represent atypical C. albicans isolates. Only one patient was infected with a single strain during the course of azole therapy; for the three remaining patients, variants of the same strain and different strains were concurrently isolated. Clinical FCZ resistance was clearly correlated with in vitro data for three patients. Moreover, MICs of ITZ increased during FCZ therapy, and MICs of ITZ which were > or = 1.56 micrograms/ml were found when clinical ITZ resistance occurred; isolates from subpopulation V showed the highest MICs of ITZ. Because of the emergence of clinical ITZ resistance after clinical FCZ resistance, the feasibility of long-term azole therapy for mucosal candidiasis in AIDS patients is questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Le Guennec
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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43
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Benoit F, Valentin A, Pélissier Y, Marion C, Dakuyo Z, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Antimalarial activity in vitro of Cochlospermum tinctorium tubercle extracts. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1995; 89:217-8. [PMID: 7778154 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to current antimalarial compounds has drastically increased during the last few years and is now a major public health problem. We have studied plants traditionally used in Africa against malaria. Extracts of the tubercles of Cochlospermum tinctorium A. Rich, commonly used in Burkina Faso, were tested in vitro on 2 strains of P. falciparum, one (FcB1-Colombia) chloroquine resistant and the other (F32-Tanzania) chloroquine sensitive. Extracts were obtained by infusion and decoction. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were determined by measuring [3H]hypoxanthine incorporation and also by microscopical examination which permitted the determination of parasite stages. We obtained similar results with fresh extracts, frozen extracts, and lyophilized extracts of C. tinctorum. IC50 values were of the order of 1-2 micrograms/mL, about one-tenth of those reported for extracts of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and about half the values reported for Artemisia annua extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Benoit
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Montpellier, France
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44
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Imbert-Bernard C, Valentin A, Reynes J, Mallié M, Bastide JM. Relationship between fluconazole sensitivity of Candida albicans isolates from HIV positive patients and serotype, adherence and CD4+ lymphocyte count. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13:711-6. [PMID: 7843175 DOI: 10.1007/bf02276053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of fluconazole, serotype and adherence to buccal epithelial cells of 46 Candida albicans isolates was studied in vitro. Strains were isolated from 18 HIV-positive patients with variable CD4+ lymphocyte counts who were receiving long-term fluconazole therapy. Results showed that sensitivity to fluconazole correlated with serotype. Of the sensitive isolates 81.5% were serotype A and 18.5% serotype B, whereas of the resistant isolates 37.5% were serotype A and 62.5% serotype B. Sensitivity to fluconazole also correlated with adherence capacity, resistant isolates showing slightly less adherence to buccal epithelial cells than sensitive isolates. Weakly adherent isolates represented 87% of resistant isolates and only 63% of sensitive isolates. Resistant strains were isolated in highly immunocompromised patients. All strains isolated in patients with CD4+ lymphocyte counts above 200 lymphocytes/microliters were sensitive, whereas intermediate and resistant strains were isolated in patients with counts below 200 lymphocytes/microliters. Statistical analyses showed no correlation between adherence of isolates to buccal epithelial cells and CD4+ lymphocyte counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imbert-Bernard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Immunologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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45
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Imbert-Bernard C, Valentin A, Reynes J, Mallié M, Bastide JM. [Adherence of isolated Candida albicans strains from HIV+ infected patients to buccal epithelial cells: correlation with serotype, sensitivity to fluconazole and virulence]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1994; 42:567-73. [PMID: 7854856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
During infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), oral pseudomembranous candidiasis frequency is high. Adherence of Candida albicans to epithelial cells constitutes one of the first step in the setting up of candidiasis. Adherence ability of Candida albicans to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) is estimated for 83 isolates. The yeasts are isolated from buccal swabs from HIV+ patients with clinical oropharyngeal candidiasis. Results show that Candida albicans ability to adhere to BEC is variable within isolates; it appears that most of the isolates are weakly adherent. In addition, adherence is not correlated with the serotype A or B of yeasts. We do not either observe any correlation between adherence capacity and sensibility of yeasts to fluconazole. Moreover, no correlation is observed between a group of 13 genetically identical isolates (analysed on 21 loci with isoenzymes method) and their adherence to BEC. Finally, Candida albicans virulence, which is studied in vivo on intravenously infected mouse model, does not seem to be correlated with capacity of each yeast to adhere on BEC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Imbert-Bernard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Immunologie, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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46
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Abstract
A short-duration treatment for candidal vaginitis applying butoconazole in situ was tested in an experimental mouse model. One week after artificial induction of an oestrus state (by oestradiol benzoate injection), mice were inoculated intravaginally with 1.5 x 10(7) blastospores of Candida albicans (strain ATCC 44858). Treatment consisted of butoconazole solutions (1%, 2.5% and 5%) administered intravaginally. The development of the infection was monitored daily for 12 days and then three times a week by local samples plated on BiGGY agar. In parallel, twice a week, the vaginas of three mice in each group (control and treated groups) were isolated in order to estimate organ invasion by C. albicans. This was assessed by anatomopathological studies on a fixed and stained part of the organ and by serial dilutions of a homogenate of the remaining part plated on Sabouraud glucose chloramphenicol agar. After a 48-h incubation period the number of colony forming units per gram of tissue was counted. For each treatment, a remission of 10-15 days was observed, but was followed by a recurrence for the lower dose of butoconazole; only the higher butoconazole concentrations tested (2.5% and 5%) gave an apparent full cure for most of the mice tested. The use of the mouse model of candidal vaginitis confirms that short-duration treatment is possible when elevated doses of butoconazole are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Valentin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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47
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Pujol C, Reynes J, Renaud F, Raymond M, Tibayrenc M, Ayala FJ, Janbon F, Mallié M, Bastide JM. The yeast Candida albicans has a clonal mode of reproduction in a population of infected human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:9456-9. [PMID: 8415722 PMCID: PMC47587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.20.9456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To ascertain the population structure of Candida albicans, we have carried out a multilocus enzyme electrophoresis study based on the analysis of 21 gene loci. We have thus characterized 55 strains isolated one each from 55 human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. There is considerable polymorphism among the strains. A population-genetic analysis indicates that the two fundamental consequences of sexual reproduction (i.e., segregation and recombination) are apparently absent in this population of C. albicans. The population structure of C. albicans appears to be clonal, a state of affairs that has important medical and biological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pujol
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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48
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Abstract
The action of allylamine antifungal agents on Epidermophyton floccosum was studied using scanning electron microscopy. After 7 days of culture on Sabouraud dextrose agar, Epidermophyton floccosum samples were brought in contact with concentrations of 0.2 and 2 micrograms ml-1 and 0.01 and 0.1 micrograms ml-1 of naftifine and terbinafine, respectively. Lesions observed after 24 h, 3 and 7 days of contact were mainly on the structure and rigidity of the mycelial and macroconidial wall. They were characterized by hyphal ballooning and twisting and by apical bulbous bulges. Deterioration of macroconidia was characterized by wall exfoliation. The intensity of the deterioration depended on the dose and only slightly on the length of time that the sample and the antifungal drug were in contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Butty
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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49
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Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is at present considered a good way to observe the morphological alterations induced by an antifungal on pathogenic fungi. Owing to its high precision, low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) improves the quality of observations. The Microsporum canis morphology alterations induced by naftifine at a concentration of 0.9 microgram ml-1 (10 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 7 days were studied in LVSEM. The young lateral ramifications and the aborted buds take on a granulous aspect. These granulations can be localized as brassard shapes around hyphae. The mycelial filaments often appear irregularly swollen with bulbous tips. Macroconidia are selectively covered with a microfibrillar network. In addition, LVSEM on control samples reveals pavimentous angular structures on the macroconidial surface and fine granulations on the filament surface of M. canis unknown until now. A cytological study with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of filaments altered by naftifine permitted us to observe the disorganization of cell wall fibrillar structure, an excessive plasma membrane undulation and an intracytoplasmic accumulation of large vesicles with probably lipidic contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Butty
- Laboratoire d'Immunologic et Parasitologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
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50
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Reynes J, Mallié M, André D, Janbon F, Bastide JM. [Treatment and secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. A mycological analysis of failures]. Pathol Biol (Paris) 1992; 40:513-7. [PMID: 1495836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This prospective study evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates recovered from the oral cavity of AIDS/ARC patients before and during long-term therapy with fluconazole. Thirty adults (15 with ARC and 15 with AIDS) with a first episode of thrush candidiasis were given oral fluconazole (Triflucan 50 mg; one capsule daily) for at least three months. Fungal susceptibility testing was performed before treatment, after one month, and at last follow-up (range 3.5-12 months; mean 5.7 months). MICs were determined using the agar dilution method with casitone (Difco 259-01) as the test medium at pH 7.2-7.4. There were two initial clinical failures (one with high MICs before and under treatment and one with an intermediate MIC initially and a rise in MIC under fluconazole). Four patients developed a clinical relapse with no change in MICs (which were low or intermediate). In six patients, clinical symptoms resolved but carriage of C. albicans persisted (low MICs). In 18 patients, clinical resolution with eradication of C. albicans was achieved. These data suggest that (1) clinical failures may be associated with in vitro resistance; (2) relapses under fluconazole maintenance therapy may develop in patients with advanced HIV disease despite the lack of change in the susceptibility of strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reynes
- Maladies Infectieuses A, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU, Montpellier
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