1
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Katariya MM, Snee M, Tunnicliffe RB, Kavanagh ME, Boshoff HIM, Amadi CN, Levy CW, Munro AW, Abell C, Leys D, Coyne AG, McLean KJ. Structure Based Discovery of Inhibitors of CYP125 and CYP142 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203868. [PMID: 36912255 PMCID: PMC10205683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was responsible for approximately 1.6 million deaths in 2021. With the emergence of extensive drug resistance, novel therapeutic agents are urgently needed, and continued drug discovery efforts required. Host-derived lipids such as cholesterol not only support Mtb growth, but are also suspected to function in immunomodulation, with links to persistence and immune evasion. Mtb cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes facilitate key steps in lipid catabolism and thus present potential targets for inhibition. Here we present a series of compounds based on an ethyl 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate pharmacophore which bind strongly to both Mtb cholesterol oxidases CYP125 and CYP142. Using a structure-guided approach, combined with biophysical characterization, compounds with micromolar range in-cell activity against clinically relevant drug-resistant isolates were obtained. These will incite further development of much-needed additional treatment options and provide routes to probe the role of CYP125 and CYP142 in Mtb pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Katariya
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Matthew Snee
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Richard B. Tunnicliffe
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Madeline E. Kavanagh
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
- Department of ChemistryThe Skaggs Institute for Chemical BiologyThe Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCA 92-37USA
| | - Helena I. M. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research SectionNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesLaboratory of Clinical Immunology and MicrobiologyNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA
| | - Cecilia N. Amadi
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Colin W. Levy
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Andrew W. Munro
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Chris Abell
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - David Leys
- Department of ChemistryManchester Institute of BiotechnologyUniversity of Manchester131 Princess StreetManchesterM1 7DNUK
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kirsty J. McLean
- Department of Biological and Geographical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldSchool of Applied SciencesQueensgateHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
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2
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Asantewaa G, Tuttle ET, Ward NP, Kang YP, Kim Y, Kavanagh ME, Girnius N, Chen Y, Duncan R, Rodriguez K, Hecht F, Zocchi M, Smorodintsev-Schiller L, Scales TQ, Taylor K, Alimohammadi F, Sechrist ZR, Agostini-Vulaj D, Schafer XL, Chang H, Smith Z, O'Connor TN, Whelan S, Selfors LM, Crowdis J, Gray GK, Bronson RT, Brenner D, Rufini A, Dirksen RT, Hezel AF, Huber AR, Munger J, Cravatt BF, Vasiliou V, Cole CL, DeNicola GM, Harris IS. Glutathione supports lipid abundance in vivo. bioRxiv 2023:2023.02.10.524960. [PMID: 36798186 PMCID: PMC9934595 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.10.524960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Cells rely on antioxidants to survive. The most abundant antioxidant is glutathione (GSH). The synthesis of GSH is non-redundantly controlled by the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). GSH imbalance is implicated in many diseases, but the requirement for GSH in adult tissues is unclear. To interrogate this, we developed a series of in vivo models to induce Gclc deletion in adult animals. We find that GSH is essential to lipid abundance in vivo. GSH levels are reported to be highest in liver tissue, which is also a hub for lipid production. While the loss of GSH did not cause liver failure, it decreased lipogenic enzyme expression, circulating triglyceride levels, and fat stores. Mechanistically, we found that GSH promotes lipid abundance by repressing NRF2, a transcription factor induced by oxidative stress. These studies identify GSH as a fulcrum in the liver's balance of redox buffering and triglyceride production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Asantewaa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Emily T Tuttle
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Nathan P Ward
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Yun Pyo Kang
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92037
| | - Nomeda Girnius
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Renae Duncan
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Katherine Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Fabio Hecht
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Marco Zocchi
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Leonid Smorodintsev-Schiller
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - TashJaé Q Scales
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Kira Taylor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Fatemeh Alimohammadi
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Zachary R Sechrist
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Surgery and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Diana Agostini-Vulaj
- Department of Surgery and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Xenia L Schafer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Hayley Chang
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Zachary Smith
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Thomas N O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Surgery and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Sarah Whelan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Laura M Selfors
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Jett Crowdis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Dirk Brenner
- Experimental & Molecular Immunology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 29 Rue Henri Koch, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert T Dirksen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Aram F Hezel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Aaron R Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Josh Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92037
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA, 06520
| | - Calvin L Cole
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Department of Surgery and Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
| | - Gina M DeNicola
- Department of Metabolism and Physiology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA, 33612
| | - Isaac S Harris
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
- Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA, 14642
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3
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Frederickson M, Selvam IR, Evangelopoulos D, McLean KJ, Katariya MM, Tunnicliffe RB, Campbell B, Kavanagh ME, Charoensutthivarakul S, Blankley RT, Levy CW, de Carvalho LPS, Leys D, Munro AW, Coyne AG, Abell C. A new strategy for hit generation: Novel in cellulo active inhibitors of CYP121A1 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis via a combined X-ray crystallographic and phenotypic screening approach (XP screen). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114105. [PMID: 35065413 PMCID: PMC8856928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new drugs against tuberculosis (TB) to combat the growing resistance to current antituberculars. Herein a novel strategy is described for hit generation against promising TB targets involving X-ray crystallographic screening in combination with phenotypic screening. This combined approach (XP Screen) affords both a validation of target engagement as well as determination of in cellulo activity. The utility of this method is illustrated by way of an XP Screen against CYP121A1, a cytochrome P450 enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) championed as a validated drug discovery target. A focused screening set was synthesized and tested by such means, with several members of the set showing promising activity against Mtb strain H37Rv. One compound was observed as an X-ray hit against CYP121A1 and showed improved activity against Mtb strain H37Rv under multiple assay conditions (pan-assay activity). Data obtained during X-ray crystallographic screening were utilized in a structure-based campaign to design a limited number of analogues (less than twenty), many of which also showed pan-assay activity against Mtb strain H37Rv. These included the benzo[b][1,4]oxazine derivative (MIC90 6.25 μM), a novel hit compound suitable as a starting point for a more involved hit to lead candidate medicinal chemistry campaign. CYP121 from M.tuberculosis has been previously shown to be a crucial target for the survival of the mycobacteria. Strategies previously employed have identified high affinity inhibitors however these have lacked activity on M.tuberculosis. The strategy reported here uses a combination of X-ray crystallography and phenotypic screening (XP Screen) to identify compounds. The XP screen approach identified a number of compounds which show good affinity (up to 3.2 μM) and MIC against M.tuberculosis (up to 6.25 μM).
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4
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Brem J, Panduwawala T, Hansen JU, Hewitt J, Liepins E, Donets P, Espina L, Farley AJM, Shubin K, Campillos GG, Kiuru P, Shishodia S, Krahn D, Leśniak RK, Schmidt Adrian J, Calvopiña K, Turrientes MC, Kavanagh ME, Lubriks D, Hinchliffe P, Langley GW, Aboklaish AF, Eneroth A, Backlund M, Baran AG, Nielsen EI, Speake M, Kuka J, Robinson J, Grinberga S, Robinson L, McDonough MA, Rydzik AM, Leissing TM, Jimenez-Castellanos JC, Avison MB, Da Silva Pinto S, Pannifer AD, Martjuga M, Widlake E, Priede M, Hopkins Navratilova I, Gniadkowski M, Belfrage AK, Brandt P, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Bacque E, Page MGP, Björkling F, Tyrrell JM, Spencer J, Lang PA, Baranczewski P, Cantón R, McElroy SP, Jones PS, Baquero F, Suna E, Morrison A, Walsh TR, Schofield CJ. Imitation of β-lactam binding enables broad-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors. Nat Chem 2022; 14:15-24. [PMID: 34903857 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00831-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenems are vital antibiotics, but their efficacy is increasingly compromised by metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Here we report the discovery and optimization of potent broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors. A high-throughput screen for NDM-1 inhibitors identified indole-2-carboxylates (InCs) as potential β-lactamase stable β-lactam mimics. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies revealed InCs as a new class of potent MBL inhibitor, active against all MBL classes of major clinical relevance. Crystallographic studies revealed a binding mode of the InCs to MBLs that, in some regards, mimics that predicted for intact carbapenems, including with respect to maintenance of the Zn(II)-bound hydroxyl, and in other regards mimics binding observed in MBL-carbapenem product complexes. InCs restore carbapenem activity against multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and have a low frequency of resistance. InCs also have a good in vivo safety profile, and when combined with meropenem show a strong in vivo efficacy in peritonitis and thigh mouse infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Brem
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Tharindi Panduwawala
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Joanne Hewitt
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
| | | | - Pawel Donets
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Espina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Alistair J M Farley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirill Shubin
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Gonzalo Gomez Campillos
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paula Kiuru
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shifali Shishodia
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniel Krahn
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert K Leśniak
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juliane Schmidt Adrian
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karina Calvopiña
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - María-Carmen Turrientes
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital and Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Philip Hinchliffe
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gareth W Langley
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Charles River Laboratories, Saffron Walden, UK
| | - Ali F Aboklaish
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anders Eneroth
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Backlund
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Michael Speake
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | - Janis Kuka
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - John Robinson
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | | | - Lindsay Robinson
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | - Michael A McDonough
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna M Rydzik
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Thomas M Leissing
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Juan Carlos Jimenez-Castellanos
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Chemical Biology of Antibiotics, Centre for Infection & Immunity (CIIL), Pasteur Institute, INSERM U1019 - CNRS UMR 9017, Lille, France
| | - Matthew B Avison
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Solange Da Silva Pinto
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew D Pannifer
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
| | | | - Emma Widlake
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Marek Gniadkowski
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, National Medicines Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Karin Belfrage
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Peter Brandt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Discovery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Beactica Therapeutics AB, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Bacque
- Evotec Infectious Diseases Lyon, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | | | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan M Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James Spencer
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pauline A Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pawel Baranczewski
- Department of Pharmacy, SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, ADME of Therapeutics Facility, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital and Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stuart P McElroy
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | - Philip S Jones
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital and Ramón y Cajal Institute for Health Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgars Suna
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - Angus Morrison
- University of Dundee, European Screening Centre, BioCity Scotland, Newhouse, UK
- BioAscent Discovery Ltd, Newhouse, UK
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Institute of infection & Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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5
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Chan DSH, Kavanagh ME, McLean KJ, Munro AW, Matak-Vinković D, Coyne AG, Abell C. Effect of DMSO on Protein Structure and Interactions Assessed by Collision-Induced Dissociation and Unfolding. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9976-9983. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S.-H. Chan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline E. Kavanagh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J. McLean
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM),
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew. W. Munro
- Centre
for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM),
Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Dijana Matak-Vinković
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G. Coyne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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6
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Kavanagh ME, Chenge J, Zoufir A, McLean KJ, Coyne AG, Bender A, Munro AW, Abell C. Fragment Profiling Approach to Inhibitors of the Orphan M. tuberculosis P450 CYP144A1. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1559-1572. [PMID: 28169518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Similarity between the ligand binding profiles of enzymes may aid functional characterization and be of greater relevance to inhibitor development than sequence similarity or structural homology. Fragment screening is an efficient approach for characterization of the ligand binding profile of an enzyme and has been applied here to study the family of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The Mtb P450s have important roles in bacterial virulence, survival, and pathogenicity. Comparing the fragment profiles of seven of these enzymes revealed that P450s which share a similar biological function have significantly similar fragment profiles, whereas functionally unrelated or orphan P450s exhibit distinct ligand binding properties, despite overall high structural homology. Chemical structures that exhibit promiscuous binding between enzymes have been identified, as have selective fragments that could provide leads for inhibitor development. The similarity between the fragment binding profiles of the orphan enzyme CYP144A1 and CYP121A1, a characterized enzyme that is important for Mtb viability, provides a case study illustrating the subsequent identification of novel CYP144A1 ligands. The different binding modes of these compounds to CYP144A1 provide insight into structural and dynamic aspects of the enzyme, possible biological function, and provide the opportunity to develop inhibitors. Expanding this fragment profiling approach to include a greater number of functionally characterized and orphan proteins may provide a valuable resource for understanding enzyme-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jude Chenge
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Azedine Zoufir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester , Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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7
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Kavanagh ME, Gray JL, Gilbert SH, Coyne AG, McLean KJ, Davis HJ, Munro AW, Abell C. Corrigendum: Substrate Fragmentation for the Design of M. tuberculosis CYP121 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:194-195. [PMID: 28112499 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Chenge JT, Duyet LV, Swami S, McLean KJ, Kavanagh ME, Coyne AG, Rigby SEJ, Cheesman MR, Girvan HM, Levy CW, Rupp B, von Kries JP, Abell C, Leys D, Munro AW. Structural Characterization and Ligand/Inhibitor Identification Provide Functional Insights into the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Cytochrome P450 CYP126A1. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1310-1329. [PMID: 27932461 PMCID: PMC5270475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv genome encodes 20 cytochromes P450, including P450s crucial to infection and bacterial viability. Many M. tuberculosis P450s remain uncharacterized, suggesting that their further analysis may provide new insights into M. tuberculosis metabolic processes and new targets for drug discovery. CYP126A1 is representative of a P450 family widely distributed in mycobacteria and other bacteria. Here we explore the biochemical and structural properties of CYP126A1, including its interactions with new chemical ligands. A survey of azole antifungal drugs showed that CYP126A1 is inhibited strongly by azoles containing an imidazole ring but not by those tested containing a triazole ring. To further explore the molecular preferences of CYP126A1 and search for probes of enzyme function, we conducted a high throughput screen. Compounds containing three or more ring structures dominated the screening hits, including nitroaromatic compounds that induce substrate-like shifts in the heme spectrum of CYP126A1. Spectroelectrochemical measurements revealed a 155-mV increase in heme iron potential when bound to one of the newly identified nitroaromatic drugs. CYP126A1 dimers were observed in crystal structures of ligand-free CYP126A1 and for CYP126A1 bound to compounds discovered in the screen. However, ketoconazole binds in an orientation that disrupts the BC-loop regions at the P450 dimer interface and results in a CYP126A1 monomeric crystal form. Structural data also reveal that nitroaromatic ligands "moonlight" as substrates by displacing the CYP126A1 distal water but inhibit enzyme activity. The relatively polar active site of CYP126A1 distinguishes it from its most closely related sterol-binding P450s in M. tuberculosis, suggesting that further investigations will reveal its diverse substrate selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude T Chenge
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Le Van Duyet
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Shalini Swami
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline E Kavanagh
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Myles R Cheesman
- the School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom, and
| | - Hazel M Girvan
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernd Rupp
- the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens P von Kries
- the Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chris Abell
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- From the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom,
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Kavanagh ME, Gray JL, Gilbert SH, Coyne AG, McLean KJ, Davis HJ, Munro AW, Abell C. Substrate Fragmentation for the Design of M. tuberculosis CYP121 Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:1924-35. [PMID: 27432475 PMCID: PMC5026067 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cyclo-dipeptide substrates of the essential M. tuberculosis (Mtb) enzyme CYP121 were deconstructed into their component fragments and screened against the enzyme. A number of hits were identified, one of which exhibited an unexpected inhibitor-like binding mode. The inhibitory pharmacophore was elucidated, and fragment binding affinity was rapidly improved by synthetic elaboration guided by the structures of CYP121 substrates. The resulting inhibitors have low micromolar affinity, good predicted physicochemical properties and selectivity for CYP121 over other Mtb P450s. Spectroscopic characterisation of the inhibitors' binding mode provides insight into the effect of weak nitrogen-donor ligands on the P450 heme, an improved understanding of factors governing CYP121-ligand recognition and speculation into the biological role of the enzyme for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Janine L Gray
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sophie H Gilbert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of LifeSciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Holly J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of LifeSciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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Chenge J, Kavanagh ME, Driscoll MD, McLean KJ, Young DB, Cortes T, Matak-Vinkovic D, Levy CW, Rigby SEJ, Leys D, Abell C, Munro AW. Structural characterization of CYP144A1 - a cytochrome P450 enzyme expressed from alternative transcripts in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26628. [PMID: 27225995 PMCID: PMC4880925 DOI: 10.1038/srep26628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) causes the disease tuberculosis (TB). The virulent Mtb H37Rv strain encodes 20 cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, many of which are implicated in Mtb survival and pathogenicity in the human host. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that CYP144A1 is retained exclusively within the Mycobacterium genus, particularly in species causing human and animal disease. Transcriptomic annotation revealed two possible CYP144A1 start codons, leading to expression of (i) a “full-length” 434 amino acid version (CYP144A1-FLV) and (ii) a “truncated” 404 amino acid version (CYP144A1-TRV). Computational analysis predicted that the extended N-terminal region of CYP144A1-FLV is largely unstructured. CYP144A1 FLV and TRV forms were purified in heme-bound states. Mass spectrometry confirmed production of intact, His6-tagged forms of CYP144A1-FLV and -TRV, with EPR demonstrating cysteine thiolate coordination of heme iron in both cases. Hydrodynamic analysis indicated that both CYP144A1 forms are monomeric. CYP144A1-TRV was crystallized and the first structure of a CYP144 family P450 protein determined. CYP144A1-TRV has an open structure primed for substrate binding, with a large active site cavity. Our data provide the first evidence that Mtb produces two different forms of CYP144A1 from alternative transcripts, with CYP144A1-TRV generated from a leaderless transcript lacking a 5′-untranslated region and Shine-Dalgarno ribosome binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Chenge
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Max D Driscoll
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas B Young
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Cortes
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Dijana Matak-Vinkovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen E J Rigby
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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Kavanagh ME, Coyne AG, McLean KJ, James GG, Levy CW, Marino LB, de Carvalho LPS, Chan DSH, Hudson SA, Surade S, Leys D, Munro AW, Abell C. Fragment-Based Approaches to the Development of Mycobacterium tuberculosis CYP121 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:3272-302. [PMID: 27002486 PMCID: PMC4835159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The essential enzyme CYP121 is a target for drug development against antibiotic resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A triazol-1-yl phenol fragment 1 was identified to bind to CYP121 using a cascade of biophysical assays. Synthetic merging and optimization of 1 produced a 100-fold improvement in binding affinity, yielding lead compound 2 (KD = 15 μM). Deconstruction of 2 into its component retrofragments allowed the group efficiency of structural motifs to be assessed, the identification of more LE scaffolds for optimization and highlighted binding affinity hotspots. Structure-guided addition of a metal-binding pharmacophore onto LE retrofragment scaffolds produced low nanomolar (KD = 15 nM) CYP121 ligands. Elaboration of these compounds to target binding hotspots in the distal active site afforded compounds with excellent selectivity against human drug-metabolizing P450s. Analysis of the factors governing ligand potency and selectivity using X-ray crystallography, UV-vis spectroscopy, and native mass spectrometry provides insight for subsequent drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Kavanagh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Anthony G Coyne
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Guy G James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Colin W Levy
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Leonardo B Marino
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research, Francis Crick Institute, The Mill Hill Laboratory , London NW7 1AA, U.K.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP) , 4801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Pedro S de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Metabolism and Antibiotic Research, Francis Crick Institute, The Mill Hill Laboratory , London NW7 1AA, U.K
| | - Daniel S H Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Sean A Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Sachin Surade
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA U.K
| | - David Leys
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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Munoz L, Kavanagh ME, Phoa AF, Heng B, Dzamko N, Chen EJ, Doddareddy MR, Guillemin GJ, Kassiou M. Optimisation of LRRK2 inhibitors and assessment of functional efficacy in cell-based models of neuroinflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 95:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Advances in information concerning brain function in animals and advances in analytical neurochemical methods for determining extremely low levels of compounds in physiological fluids have opened great opportunities for clinical neurochemical studies of autism. Nevertheless, the behavioral deficits in autistic individuals are major obstacles to clarification of the relations between symptoms and biochemical dysfunction in the brain. The fundamental preclinical and clinical studies of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine metabolism related to infantile autism are reviewed, and new studies are suggested as examples of the productive strategies that will illuminate features of the autistic syndrome in the next decade.
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Young JG, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz SE, Caparulo BK, Kavanagh ME, Hunt RD, Leckman JF, Anderson GM, Detlor J, Harcherik D, Shaywitz BA. Assessment of brain function in clinical pediatric research: behavioral and biological strategies. Schizophr Bull 1982; 8:205-35. [PMID: 6180470 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/8.2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychobiological research in child psychiatry requires rigorous assessment of behavior and multiple perspectives on brain function through neurochemical, neuroendocrine, psychophysiological, and other advanced methods. The serious neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood, such as autism, attention deficit disorder, and language disorders, can be studied in complementary clinical protocols aimed at explicating patterns of behavioral and metabolic dysfunction which characterize various clinical syndromes. Clinical research with children raises sensitive ethical issues; the ethical problems can be addressed when children and families are active collaborators with the investigators and a long-term relationship is established. In this setting, participation in research can facilitate better treatment for a child. The use of novel biological strategies, such as pharmacological challenge tests, permits evaluation of the relation of specific neuronal systems to behavioral dimensions in clinical disorders. The development of a new treatment for Tourette's syndrome illustrates the integration of basic and clinical research methods.
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Young JG, Cohen DJ, Hattox SE, Kavanagh ME, Anderson GM, Shaywitz BA, Maas JW. Plasma free MHPG and neuroendocrine responses to challenge doses of clonidine in Tourette's syndrome: preliminary report. Life Sci 1981; 29:1467-75. [PMID: 6946271 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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