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Guzmán EA, Peterson TA, Winder PL, Francis KT, McFarland M, Roberts JC, Sandle J, Wright AE. An Assessment of Potential Threats to Human Health from Algae Blooms in the Indian River Lagoon (USA) 2018-2021: Unique Patterns of Cytotoxicity Associated with Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:664. [PMID: 37999526 PMCID: PMC10675324 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), a 156-mile-long estuary located on the eastern coast of Florida, experiences phytoplankton bloom events due to increased seasonal temperatures coupled with anthropogenic impacts. This study aimed to gather data on the toxicity to human cells and to identify secondary metabolites found in water samples collected in the IRL. Water samples from 20 sites of the IRL were collected during the wet and dry seasons over a three-year period. A panel of cell lines was used to test cytotoxicity. Hemagglutination, hemolysis, and inhibition of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) were also measured. Cytotoxic blooms were seen both in the south (Microcystis) and the north (Pyrodinium) of the IRL. Each toxin induced a consistent pattern of cytotoxicity in the panel of human cell lines assayed. During blooms, cytotoxicity due to a single type of toxin is obvious from this pattern. In the absence of blooms, the cytotoxicity seen reflected either a mixture of toxins or it was caused by an unidentified toxin. These observations suggest that other toxins with the potential to be harmful to human health may be present in the IRL. Moreover, the presence of toxins in the IRL is not always associated with blooms of known toxin-producing organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Guzmán
- The Florida Center for Coastal and Human Health, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; (T.A.P.); (P.L.W.); (K.T.F.); (M.M.); (J.C.R.); (J.S.); (A.E.W.)
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Reif JS, Stockley N, Harvey K, McFarland M, Gordon SC, Schaefer AM. Symptom frequency and exposure to a cyanobacteria bloom in Florida. Harmful Algae 2023; 129:102526. [PMID: 37951612 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to characterize health effects associated with a major bloom of blue-green algae due to the proliferation Microcystis aeruginosa that occurred in Florida in 2018. Cyanobacteria produce multiple toxins, including the potent hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs), that have been reported to cause illness in exposed persons worldwide. Widespread exposure to toxins released by blue-green algae during the 2018 bloom was shown by the presence of MCs in the nasal passages of 95 percent of the individuals studied previously in south Florida (Schaefer et al., 2020). The current analyses were conducted to determine whether self-reported symptoms were associated with activity patterns, direct contact with water, residential, recreational, and occupational exposure. The 125 persons who participated in the initial study reported an average of 4.94 (± 4.87) symptoms. Those reported most commonly included rhinorrhea, sneezing, headache, sore throat and dry cough. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 74%, ocular symptoms by 62%, and gastrointestinal symptoms by 35% of respondents. Residential and recreational exposures were associated with increased risks of respiratory, gastrointestinal, or ocular symptoms in univariate and adjusted multivariable analyses. Residential exposure was significantly associated with increased reporting of dry cough (p = 0.03), dyspnea (p < 0.01) and wheezy respirations (p = 0.04). Among persons reporting gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea (p = 0.02) and abdominal pain (p < 0.01) were significantly associated with residential exposure. Recreational exposure was significantly associated with sore throat and eye irritation. The findings add to the evidence that exposure to cyanobacteria at concentrations encountered during an algal bloom is associated with a diverse array of symptoms and that inhalation of aerosols constitutes an important exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1681 Campus, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States.
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600U.S. 1N, Ft Pierce, FL 34946, United States
| | - Kathi Harvey
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600U.S. 1N, Ft Pierce, FL 34946, United States
| | - Shirley C Gordon
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431, United States
| | - Adam M Schaefer
- Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd Rockville, MD, 20852, United States
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Schreiber S, Hanisak MD, Perricone CS, Fonnegra AC, Sullivan J, McFarland M. Pseudo-nitzschia species, toxicity, and dynamics in the southern Indian River Lagoon, FL. Harmful Algae 2023; 126:102437. [PMID: 37290891 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Indian River Lagoon (IRL) spans approximately one-third of the east coast of Florida and, in recent years, has faced frequent harmful algal blooms (HABs). Blooms of the potentially toxic diatom, Pseudo-nitzschia, occur throughout the lagoon and were reported primarily from the northern IRL. The goal of this study was to identify species of Pseudo-nitzschia and characterize their bloom dynamics in the southern IRL system where monitoring has been less frequent. Surface water samples collected from five locations between October 2018 and May 2020 had Pseudo-nitzschia spp. present in 87% of samples at cell concentrations up to 1.9×103 cells mL-1. Concurrent environmental data showed Pseudo-nitzschia spp. were associated with relatively high salinity waters and cool temperatures. Six species of Pseudo-nitzschia were isolated, cultured, and characterized through 18S Sanger sequencing and scanning electron microscopy. All isolates demonstrated toxicity and domoic acid (DA) was present in 47% of surface water samples. We report the first known occurrence of P. micropora and P. fraudulenta in the IRL, and the first known DA production from P. micropora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Schreiber
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America.
| | - M Dennis Hanisak
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
| | - Carlie S Perricone
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
| | - Andia Chaves Fonnegra
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
| | - James Sullivan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
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Barua R, Sanborn D, Nyman L, McFarland M, Moore T, Hong J, Garrett M, Nayak AR. In situ digital holographic microscopy for rapid detection and monitoring of the harmful dinoflagellate, Karenia brevis. Harmful Algae 2023; 123:102401. [PMID: 36894209 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Karenia brevis blooms, also known as red tide, are a recurring problem in the coastal Gulf of Mexico. These blooms have the capacity to inflict substantial damage to human and animal health as well as local economies. Thus, monitoring and detection of K. brevis blooms at all life stages and cell concentrations is essential for ensuring public safety. Current K. brevis monitoring methods have several limitations, including size resolution limits and concentration ranges, limited capacity for spatial and temporal profiling, and/or small sample volume processing. Here, a novel monitoring method wherein an autonomous digital holographic imaging microscope (AUTOHOLO), that overcomes these limitations and can characterize K. brevis concentrations in situ, is presented. Using the AUTOHOLO, in situ field measurements were conducted in the coastal Gulf of Mexico during an active K. brevis bloom over the 2020-21 winter season. Surface and sub-surface water samples collected during these field studies were also analyzed in the lab using benchtop holographic imaging and flow cytometry for validation. A convolutional neural network was trained for automated classification of K. brevis at all concentration ranges. The network was validated with manual counts and flow cytometry, yielding a 90% accuracy across diverse datasets with varying K. brevis concentrations. The usefulness of pairing the AUTOHOLO with a towing system was also demonstrated for characterizing particle abundance over large spatial distances, which could potentially facilitate characterization of spatial distributions of K. brevis during bloom events. Future applications of the AUTOHOLO can include integration into existing HAB monitoring networks to enhance detection capabilities for K. brevis in aquatic environments around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjoy Barua
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, 33431, FL United States of America; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, 34946, FL United States of America
| | - Delaney Sanborn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN United States of America; St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN United States of America
| | - Lisa Nyman
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, 33431, FL United States of America; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, 34946, FL United States of America
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, 34946, FL United States of America
| | - Timothy Moore
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, 34946, FL United States of America
| | - Jiarong Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN United States of America; St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, MN United States of America
| | - Matt Garrett
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, 33701, FL United States of America
| | - Aditya R Nayak
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, 33431, FL United States of America; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, 34946, FL United States of America.
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Edwards ML, Schaefer AM, McFarland M, Fire S, Perkins CR, Ajemian MJ. Detection of numerous phycotoxins in young bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) collected from an estuary of national significance. Sci Total Environ 2023; 857:159602. [PMID: 36272472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Florida's Indian River Lagoon (IRL) has experienced large-scale, frequent blooms of toxic harmful algae in recent decades. Sentinel, or indicator, species can provide an integrated picture of contaminants in the environment and may be useful to understanding phycotoxin prevalence in the IRL. This study evaluated the presence of phycotoxins in the IRL ecosystem by using the bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) as a sentinel species. Concentrations of phycotoxins were measured in samples collected from 50 immature bull sharks captured in the IRL between 2018 and 2020. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure toxins in shark gut contents, plasma, and liver. Analysis of samples (n = 123) demonstrated the presence of multiple phycotoxins (microcystin, nodularin, teleocidin, cylindrospermopsin, domoic acid, okadaic acid, and brevetoxin) in 82 % of sampled bull sharks. However, most detected toxins were in low prevalence (≤25 % of samples, per sample type). This study provides valuable baseline information on presence of multiple phycotoxins in a species occupying a high trophic position in this estuary of national significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Edwards
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA.
| | - Adam M Schaefer
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA; Abt Associates, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Spencer Fire
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W. University Blvd., Melbourne, FL 32951, USA
| | - Christopher R Perkins
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, 3107 Horsebarn Hill Road, U-4210, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Matthew J Ajemian
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
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Laureano-Rosario AE, McFarland M, Bradshaw DJ, Metz J, Brewton RA, Pitts T, Perricone C, Schreiber S, Stockley N, Wang G, Guzmán EA, Lapointe BE, Wright AE, Jacoby CA, Twardowski MS. Corrigendum to Dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida Harmful Algae 103C (2021) 102012. Harmful Algae 2021; 104:102035. [PMID: 34023077 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel E Laureano-Rosario
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - David J Bradshaw
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Jackie Metz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Rachel A Brewton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Tara Pitts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Carlie Perricone
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Stephanie Schreiber
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Guojun Wang
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Esther A Guzmán
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Brian E Lapointe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Charles A Jacoby
- St. Johns River Water Management District, PO Box 1429, Palatka, Florida 32178, USA
| | - Michael S Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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Laureano-Rosario AE, McFarland M, Bradshaw DJ, Metz J, Brewton RA, Pitts T, Perricone C, Schreiber S, Stockley N, Wang G, Guzmán EA, Lapointe BE, Wright AE, Jacoby CA, Twardowski MS. Dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Harmful Algae 2021; 103:102012. [PMID: 33980451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms that can produce toxins are common in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), which covers ~250 km of Florida's east coast. The current study assessed the dynamics of microcystins and saxitoxin in six segments of the IRL: Banana River Lagoon (BRL), Mosquito Lagoon (ML), Northern IRL (NIRL), Central IRL (CIRL), Southern IRL (SIRL), and the St. Lucie Estuary (SLE). Surface water samples (n = 40) collected during the 2018 wet and 2019 dry season were analyzed to determine associations between toxins and temperature, salinity, pH, oxygen saturation, concentrations of dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll-a, presence of biosynthetic genes for toxins, relative abundance of planktonic species, and composition of the microbial community. The potential toxicity of samples was assessed using multiple mammalian cell lines. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays were used to determine concentrations of microcystins and saxitoxin. Overall, the microcystins concentration ranged between 0.01-85.70 µg/L, and saxitoxin concentrations ranged between 0.01-2.43 µg/L across the IRL. Microcystins concentrations were 65% below the limit of quantification (0.05 µg/L), and saxitoxin concentrations were 85% below the limit of detection (0.02 µg/L). Microcystins concentrations were higher in the SLE, while saxitoxin was elevated in the NIRL and BRL. Cytotoxicity related to the presence of microcystins was seen in the SLE during the wet season. No significant patterns between cytotoxicity and saxitoxin were identified. Dissolved nutrients were identified as the most highly related parameters, explaining 53% of microcystin and 47% of saxitoxin variability. Multivariate models suggested cyanobacteria, flagellates, ciliates, and diatoms as the subset of microorganisms whose abundances were maximally correlated with saxitoxin and microcystins concentrations. Lastly, biosynthetic genes for microcystins were detected in the SLE and for saxitoxin in the BRL and NIRL. These results highlight the synergistic roles environmental and biological parameters play in influencing the dynamics of toxin production by harmful algae in the IRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel E Laureano-Rosario
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA.
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - David J Bradshaw
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Jackie Metz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Rachel A Brewton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Tara Pitts
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Carlie Perricone
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Stephanie Schreiber
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Guojun Wang
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Esther A Guzmán
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Brian E Lapointe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Amy E Wright
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
| | - Charles A Jacoby
- St. Johns River Water Management District, PO Box 1429, Palatka, Florida 32178, USA
| | - Michael S Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 US 1 N, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, USA
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Zhai S, Twardowski M, Hedley JD, McFarland M, Nayak AR, Moore T. Optical backscattering and linear polarization properties of the colony forming cyanobacterium Microcystis. Opt Express 2020; 28:37149-37166. [PMID: 33379554 PMCID: PMC7771895 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light scattering characteristics of the cyanobacterium Microcystis are investigated with numerical models for sphere aggregates. During summer bloom seasons, Microcystis is prevalent in many inland waters across the globe. Monitoring concentrations with remote sensing techniques requires knowledge of the inherent optical properties (IOPs), especially the backscattering properties of Microcystis cells and colonies in natural settings. In situ measurements in waters dominated by Microcystis blooms have previously detected extremely high backscattering ratios, i.e., bb/b>0.043 at 443 nm [1], the highest to our knowledge in the natural environment. These highbb/bvalues could hold promise as a diagnostic tool in identifying and monitoring Microcystis using optical approaches. However, it has been unclear how this type of optically 'soft' organic particle can generate such highbb/bvalues. In this study, the Multiple Sphere T-matrix (MSTM) model is used to calculate the IOPs of model colonies, including bb/b. Colony sizes in the model ranged from several cells to several hundred and both colony packing density and cell gas vacuole content were varied. Results are compared with model results for equivalent-volume spheres (EVS) and direct in situ measurements. Colony formation was required in the modeling to reproduce the high bb/bconsistent with in situ measurements. The combination of moderate to very dense colony (packing density >30%) and high gas vacuole content in individual cells (volume percentage >20%) was the most favorable condition leading to rapid increases in bb/bwith increasing number of cells Ncell of the colony. Significant linear correlations were observed betweenbb/b and Ncell1/3 for these colonies, wherebb/b increased beyond 0.04 once cell number reached about 1000 cells in the case with the most densely packed cells and highest gas vacuole content. Within commonly observed colony sizes (Ncell <106), colonies with high gas vacuole content exhibited bb/bvalues up to 0.055, consistent with direct measurements from Lake Erie. Polarized scattering was also of interest as a diagnostic tool, particularly with future Earth-orbiting polarimeters being deployed for the NASA Plankton, Aerosols, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission. The Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP), expressed by the ratio of two Mueller matrix elements-P12/P11, decreased with increasing colony cell number for Microcystis. Another ratio of two Mueller matrix elementsP22/P11, an index for nonsphericity, also decreased with increasing colony size. In addition to higher relative backscattering, greater colony packing density and larger gas vacuole sizes both led to lower DoLP peak magnitude and lowerP22/P11. An optical opposition feature due to constructive phase interference that was observed previously for cosmic dusts is also present for these modeled colonies, manifested by a narrow intensity peak and negative polarization dip near exact backscattering direction, gradually forming as colony size increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Zhai
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Michael Twardowski
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - John D. Hedley
- Numerical Optics Ltd., 19 West Street, Witheridge, Tiverton, Devon EX16 8AA, UK
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Aditya R. Nayak
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
- Department of Ocean and Mechanical Engineering, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Timothy Moore
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
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Schaefer AM, Yrastorza L, Stockley N, Harvey K, Harris N, Grady R, Sullivan J, McFarland M, Reif JS. Exposure to microcystin among coastal residents during a cyanobacteria bloom in Florida. Harmful Algae 2020; 92:101769. [PMID: 32113588 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Florida has experienced multiple cyanobacteria blooms in recent years the most severe of which occurred in 2016 and 2018. Several toxins are produced by proliferating cyanobacteria, including the hepatotoxin microcystin (MC). Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by cyanobacteria have the potential to impact public health. However, to date there have been limited attempts to quantify exposure in human populations. This study investigated potential exposure to the cyanobacterial toxin, MC by measuring concentrations in swabs of the nasal mucosa. In addition, the relationships between nasal concentrations of MC, environmental concentrations and activity patterns were assessed. Participants (n = 125) were recruited in 2018 during a cyanobacterial bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa and completed a questionnaire which included location, type, and duration of recreational or occupational contact with impacted waterways within the last 10 days. Water samples were collected concurrently. A sterile swab was used to collect a sample from the nasal mucosa. Concentrations of MC were measured by ELISA. Of the 121 participants who provided nasal swabs, 115 (95.0 %) had concentrations of MC above the limit of detection with a mean concentration of 0.61 + 0.75 ppb. There were significant differences (p < 0.01) in mean MC concentration between individuals with direct contact with impacted waters (0.77 + 0.88 ppb) compared to those with no recent contact (0.37 + 0.49 ppb). Higher concentrations were observed among occupationally exposed individuals. Nasal concentrations of MC varied significantly over time and location of exposure to the bloom, concordant with concentrations in water samples. The results suggest that inhalation of aerosols may be an important pathway for exposure to MC. Nasal MC concentrations were generally highest during periods when concentrations in the surrounding waters peaked. Further research is needed to characterize the public health implications of exposure to cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Schaefer
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - Luke Yrastorza
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - Nicole Stockley
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - Kathi Harvey
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Nancy Harris
- Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Robert Grady
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - James Sullivan
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - Malcolm McFarland
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 U.S. 1 N, Ft Pierce, FL, 34946, USA.
| | - John S Reif
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University 1681 Campus, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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McFarland M, Serrano E. Project 365: Virginia's Family Nutrition Program Role In Eliminating Hunger and Improving Nutrition Practices. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.06.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bradley DT, Badger SA, McFarland M, Hughes AE. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Genetic Associations: Mostly False? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2015; 51:64-75. [PMID: 26460285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Many associations between abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and genetic polymorphisms have been reported. It is unclear which are genuine and which may be caused by type 1 errors, biases, and flexible study design. The objectives of the study were to identify associations supported by current evidence and to investigate the effect of study design on reporting associations. METHODS Data sources were MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science. Reports were dual-reviewed for relevance and inclusion against predefined criteria (studies of genetic polymorphisms and AAA risk). Study characteristics and data were extracted using an agreed tool and reports assessed for quality. Heterogeneity was assessed using I(2) and fixed- and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted for variants that were reported at least twice, if any had reported an association. Strength of evidence was assessed using a standard guideline. RESULTS Searches identified 467 unique articles, of which 97 were included. Of 97 studies, 63 reported at least one association. Of 92 studies that conducted multiple tests, only 27% corrected their analyses. In total, 263 genes were investigated, and associations were reported in polymorphisms in 87 genes. Associations in CDKN2BAS, SORT1, LRP1, IL6R, MMP3, AGTR1, ACE, and APOA1 were supported by meta-analyses. CONCLUSION Uncorrected multiple testing and flexible study design (particularly testing many inheritance models and subgroups, and failure to check for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium) contributed to apparently false associations being reported. Heterogeneity, possibly due to the case mix, geographical, temporal, and environmental variation between different studies, was evident. Polymorphisms in nine genes had strong or moderate support on the basis of the literature at this time. Suggestions are made for improving AAA genetics study design and conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Bradley
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK.
| | - S A Badger
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M McFarland
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology Building, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BL, UK
| | - A E Hughes
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Block B, Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
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Montzka SA, McFarland M, Andersen SO, Miller BR, Fahey DW, Hall BD, Hu L, Siso C, Elkins JW. Recent Trends in Global Emissions of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons and Hydrofluorocarbons: Reflecting on the 2007 Adjustments to the Montreal Protocol. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4439-49. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5097376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Montzka
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - M. McFarland
- DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts, Wilmington, Delaware 19805, United States
| | - S. O. Andersen
- Institute for Governance & Sustainable Development, Washington, D.C. 20007, United States
| | - B. R. Miller
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute
for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - D. W. Fahey
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - B. D. Hall
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - L. Hu
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute
for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - C. Siso
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute
for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - J. W. Elkins
- Earth System Research
Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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McFarland M, Albritton DL, Fehsenfeld FC, Schmeltekopf AL, Ferguson EE. Energy dependence of the rate constant for the reaction O++ NO → NO++ O. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i013p02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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McFarland M, Albritton DL, Fehsenfeld FC, Ferguson EE, Schmeltekopf AL. Energy dependence and branching ratio of the N2++ O reaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/ja079i019p02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Nitrite photolysis at natural light intensities and normal nitrite concentrations in seawater produced detectable concentrations of nitric oxide, which was consumed rapidly by a dark chemical reaction in the laboratory. Nitric oxide was also detected in situ in nitrite-rich surface waters of the central equatorial Pacific, where it formed in daylight and disappeared rapidly at sunset. The formation and rapid cycling of nitric oxide implies the presence of other free radicals in seawater, perhaps as intermediates in ongoing autoxidation processes. The central equatorial Pacific is a nitric oxide source to the atmosphere.
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Alexander BM, Kiyma Z, McFarland M, Van Kirk EA, Hallford DM, Hawkins DE, Kane KK, Moss GE. Influence of short-term fasting during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle on ovarian follicular development during the ensuing proestrus of ewes. Anim Reprod Sci 2007; 97:356-63. [PMID: 16504426 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Short-term fasting of mature ewes during diestrus results in increased serum concentrations of progesterone and a delayed pre-ovulatory surge release of LH. To determine if these changes in reproductive hormones influence subsequent follicular development, mature ewes observed in estrus were assigned randomly to control (n=10) or fasted (n=15) groups. Control ewes had ad libitum access to feed, whereas fasted ewes were not fed from day 7 through 11 of their estrous cycle. Daily blood samples were collected from control and fasted ewes throughout the fasting period. Fasting increased (P<0.001) serum concentrations of progesterone (4.4 ng/mL versus 2.7 ng/mL [+/-0.3]). On day 12, all ewes were treated with 10mg of PGF(2alpha) and fasted ewes were returned to ad libitum feed. Ovaries were collected from ewes (n=5 each group) at 0 and 72 h following PGF(2alpha) in control and 0, 72 and 96 h in fasted ewes. Ovaries were weighed and small (< or =2mm), medium (3-4mm), and large (> or =5mm) follicles were enumerated. Total numbers of follicles were less (P<0.001) in fasted than fed ewes (14.6 versus 30.2 [+/-2.2]) at 0 h, but did not differ (P=0.9) when numbers of follicles were compared at similar times before the anticipated LH surge (i.e., at 72 h versus 96 h in control and fasted ewes, respectively). Within follicular size class, numbers of small and medium follicles were decreased (P=0.04) at 0 h in fasted ewes. Numbers of large follicles did not differ (P=1.0) between groups. Although numbers of small and medium ovarian follicles in fasted ewes recovered by 96 h to values comparable to fed ewes at 72 h following PGF(2alpha), serum concentrations of estradiol 17beta (P=0.08) and FSH (P=0.06) tended to be decreased in fasted ewes before the anticipated surge release of LH. Pituitary content of LH and FSH also tended to be lower (P< or =0.09) at 96 h in fasted ewes than at 72 h in control ewes, but did not differ (P> or =0.4) at hour 0 following PGF(2alpha). Hypothalamic and stalk median eminence contents of GnRH were not influenced (P> or =0.2) by fasting at any time period. Fasting during the luteal phase perturbs gonadotropin secretion and may influence fertility by causing a delay in ovarian follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Alexander
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3684, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Daniel JS, Velders GJM, Solomon S, McFarland M, Montzka SA. Present and future sources and emissions of halocarbons: Toward new constraints. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kinde H, Hullinger PJ, Charlton B, McFarland M, Hietala SK, Velez V, Case JT, Garber L, Wainwright SH, Mikolon AB, Breitmeyer RE, Ardans AA. The Isolation of Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) Virus from Nonpoultry Avian Species Associated with the Epidemic of END in Chickens in Southern California: 2002–2003. Avian Dis 2005; 49:195-8. [PMID: 16094822 DOI: 10.1637/7229-062704r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the first 11 months of the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease (END) epidemic in chickens in southern California, a total of 27,688 cloacal and tracheal (oropharyngeal) swab pools and/or tissue pools from 86 different avian species other than chickens and turkeys were submitted for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolation and characterization. Fifty-seven specimens (0.23%), representing 12 species of birds and 13 unspecified species, from a total of 24,409 accessions or submissions were positive for NDV. The NDV isolate was characterized as ENDV by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Of the 11,486 premises with other avian species, 1599 also had chickens. There were 1900 positive chicken samples from 164 premises, and 56 positive other avian species from 51 premises. Twelve premises had both positive chickens and positive other avian species. All positive other avian species were located on premises either on or within a 1 km radius of known infected premises. In this epidemic, premises with positive other avian species were significantly more likely to have chickens, and were significantly more likely to have positive chickens (OR = 3.7, P < 0.0001).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kinde
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, San Bernardino Branch, 105 W. Central Avenue, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA
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Abstract
Plasmalemma vesicle protein-1 (PV-1) is an integral membrane protein associated with endothelial cell caveolae and fenestrae. Since endocrine glands are enriched with fenestrated endothelium, we examined the distribution of PV-1 mRNA and protein in endocrine glands and determined its cellular localization. A single transcript was detected by RT-PCR in all endocrine glands examined. A synthetic peptide was used to generate antibodies for Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Western blotting of membrane fractions from lung, pituitary, adrenal, testis and PV-1-transfected Cos-1 cells revealed a major 65 kDa protein. This protein binds to heparin with high affinity. Using IHC, PV-1 was localized to both endothelial cells of the adrenal zona reticularis and chromaffin cells of the medulla. In the pancreas, PV-1 expression was restricted to a few cells in the islets of Langerhans that partially overlap with somatostatin-positive delta-cells. In both neonatal and adult pituitaries, strong PV-1 immunoreactivity was detected in neural lobe pituicytes in a pattern similar to that of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). PV-1 and GFAP expression was seen in the adult, but not neonatal, intermediate lobe. Endothelial cells throughout the neonatal anterior lobe were PV-1 positive, but PV-1 in the adult was restricted to some endothelial and endocrine cells localized near the margins of lobe. In the adult testis, strong PV-1 expression was seen in germ cells within the seminiferous tubules that varied with the stage of spermatogenesis. In contrast, PV-1 in the neonatal testis was localized to the interstitial cells but not seminiferous tubules. In the ovary, PV-1 was expressed in stromal endothelial cells as well as the thecal layer of developing follicles. Over half the corpus luteal cells were positive for PV-1. Our data have shown that PV-1 is not restricted to endothelial cells but is localized in many types of endocrine and non-endocrine cells. Furthermore, PV-1 expression in the pituitary and testis is developmentally regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hnasko
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Cincinnati Medical School, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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22
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Gardiner WC, McFarland M, Morinaga K, Takeyama T, Walker BF. Initiation rate for shock-heated hydrogen-oxygen-carbon monoxide-argon mixtures as determined by OH induction time measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/j100680a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sun J, McFarland M, Boettner D, Panepinto J, Rhodes JC, Askew DS. Cgr1p, a novel nucleolar protein encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae orf YGL0292w. Curr Microbiol 2001; 42:65-9. [PMID: 11116400 DOI: 10.1007/s002840010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame (ORF) YGL029w (CGR1) encodes a small hydrophilic protein of unknown function. To investigate the role of this gene, we have determined the intracellular localization of the encoded product and examined the effects of Cgr1p depletion on cell growth. Tagging Cgr1p with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) or the myc epitope showed focal accumulation of the fusion protein in the yeast nucleolus, and this localization overlapped with the distribution of the nucleolar protein Nop1p. Cells depleted of CGR1 mRNA were growth impaired and hypersensitive to the translational inhibitor paromomycin, and this phenotype was complemented by episomal expression of the CGR1-GFP fusion gene. These results identify Cgr1p as a novel component of the yeast nucleolus and suggest a potential role in ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sun
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, PO Box 670529, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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Sontag SJ, Kogut DG, Fleischmann R, Campbell DR, Richter J, Robinson M, McFarland M, Sabesin S, Lehman GA, Castell D. Lansoprazole heals erosive reflux esophagitis resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonist therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92:429-37. [PMID: 9068463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial to determine whether lansoprazole was superior to continued therapy with histamine H2-receptor antagonist therapy in healing erosive reflux esophagitis. METHODS Investigators from nine medical centers enrolled 159 patients with endoscopically documented esophageal erosions and/or ulcers that had failed to heal with 12 or more wk of at least standard dosages of histamine H2-receptor antagonist therapy. Patients received ranitidine 150 mg b.i.d. for 8 wk or lansoprazole 30 mg for 4 wk followed by either lansoprazole 30 mg or lansoprazole 60 mg for another 4 wk of treatment. Patients underwent endoscopy at screening and at weeks 2, 4, and 8. RESULTS At 2, 4, and 8 wk of therapy, healing rates were significantly higher in the lansoprazole group compared with the ranitidine group (p < 0.001). By 8 wk, 84% of the lansoprazole group were healed as opposed to only 32% of the ranitidine group. Lansoprazole was superior to ranitidine in providing relief of upper abdominal burning and daytime heartburn (p < 0.001) and reducing the need for antacids (p < 0.001). Lansoprazole patients had less interference with sleep and less day time drowsiness than ranitidine patients (p = 0.05). The percentages of patients with adverse events were similar in both groups. Fasting serum gastrin levels at weeks 4 and 8 were significantly higher in the lansoprazole group compared with the ranitidine group. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of lansoprazole therapy is safe, superior to continued ranitidine therapy, and effective in healing more than 80% of patients with erosive reflux esophagitis previously resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonist therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Sontag
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
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25
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Langer O, Conway D, McFarland M, Xenakis E, Gaudet T. Shoulder dystocia and birth trauma in GDM and PEDM: A seven-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(97)80541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Piper JM, Langer O, Xenakis EM, McFarland M, Elliott BD, Berkus MD. Perinatal outcome in growth-restricted fetuses: do hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies differ? Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88:194-9. [PMID: 8692500 DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(96)02169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that fetal growth restriction (FGR) associated with a maternal hypertensive disorder results in worse perinatal outcome than FGR in pregnancies without maternal hypertension. METHODS All consecutive, singleton, nondiabetic, small for gestational age (SGA) deliveries (birth weight at or below the tenth percentile for gestational age) in a 15-year computerized data base were analyzed for pregnancy outcome. Perinatal outcome was compared after stratification by presence or absence of hypertensive disorders and by gestational age at delivery. RESULTS Eleven thousand two hundred twenty-seven SGA pregnancies were analyzed. The morbidity and mortality profiles differed between hypertensive and normotensive pregnancies delivered preterm and those delivered at term. Perinatal mortality was significantly higher in the normotensive than in the hypertensive group in preterm deliveries (30.3 versus 18.7%, odds ratio [OR] 1.9 [confidence interval (CI) 1.3-2.9]). At term, hypertensive pregnancies demonstrated significantly higher mortality than normotensive pregnancies (4.6 versus 1.9%, OR 2.42 [95% CI 1.7-3.4]). In both preterm and term gestations, cesarean rates were significantly higher in hypertensive pregnancies than in normotensive pregnancies. Using logistic regression analysis, hypertension was independently associated with a 39% reduction in risk of perinatal mortality preterm, compared with a twofold increased risk of perinatal mortality at term. CONCLUSION Before term, FGR in normotensive women resulted in significantly higher perinatal mortality than FGR in hypertensive women. In contrast, at term, FGR in pregnancies complicated by hypertension had poorer perinatal outcomes than FGR in normotensive women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Piper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
The nm23 gene has been described as a potential metastasis suppressor gene in certain rodent and human tumors. We previously demonstrated that tyrosine and phenylalanine restriction suppresses metastatic heterogeneity of B16-BL6 murine melanoma and selects for tumor variants with decreased metastatic potential. In this study, we investigated nm23 expression in the highly metastatic B16-BL6 (ND) melanoma, its nutritionally derived poorly metastatic (LT) variant, and the syngeneic non-tumorigenic Mel-ab melanocytes. No differences in nm23 expression were observed between ND and LT cells, and nm23 expression varied between different isolates. Previously, we showed that metastatic potential of 1-ND cells decreases and is not altered in 1-LT cells after prolonged in vitro cell passage; however, nm23 expression is equivalently increased by 2-fold. In 2-ND and 2-LT cells, expression of nm23 is not different at higher in vitro cell passage. Expression of nm23 decreased about 2-fold when phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was removed from Mel-ab cells, which induces these cells to become quiescent. Although membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) activity decreased after prolonged PMA treatment in all cells, neither nm23 expression nor proliferation of ND and LT cells was affected by PMA. These data indicate that nm23 expression is related to proliferative activity rather than to the suppression of metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Huijzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6510, USA
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Piper JM, Xenakis EM, McFarland M, Elliott BD, Berkus MD, Langer O. Do growth-retarded premature infants have different rates of perinatal morbidity and mortality than appropriately grown premature infants? Obstet Gynecol 1996; 87:169-74. [PMID: 8559517 DOI: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if perinatal morbidity and mortality differ in growth-retarded, small for gestational age (SGA), premature infants and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. METHODS All consecutive, singleton, nondiabetic, preterm pregnancies delivered over a 15-year period were analyzed. Infants were categorized as SGA (at or below the tenth percentile) or AGA (11th to the 89th percentiles), then stratified by birth weight and gestational age categories. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were examined. RESULTS We studied 4183 preterm deliveries, 1012 of them SGA and 3171 of them AGA. Overall, we found significantly higher rates of fetal and neonatal death in the SGA group. Stratification by gestational age revealed significantly higher rates of neonatal death for the SGA group compared with the AGA group in each gestational age category. Overall, comparison also revealed significantly higher rates of fetal heart rate abnormality in the SGA group but no difference in neonatal sepsis, birth trauma, cesarean delivery, hyaline membrane disease, or congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION Growth-retarded premature infants have a significantly higher risk of morbidity and mortality, both before and after delivery, than do appropriately grown infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Piper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the association between labor abnormalities and shoulder dystocia. STUDY DESIGN All consecutive cases of shoulder dystocia from January 1986 to August 1994 were reviewed (n = 276). For purposes of comparison a control group of vaginally delivered patients was randomly selected in a 2:1 ratio (n = 600). Charts were reviewed for demographic information, labor and delivery events, and neonatal outcome. RESULTS Labor abnormalities were comparable in the shoulder dystocia and control groups, both in the active phase and in the second stage. When patients with diabetes and those with macrosomic infants were analyzed separately, no significant differences in labor abnormalities were identified. The rate of operative vaginal delivery was significantly higher in the shoulder group, and one third of the operative deliveries were midpelvic. In addition, the induction rate was higher in the shoulder group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that labor abnormalities may not serve as clinical predictors for subsequent development of shoulder dystocia, thus emphasizing the unpredictability of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284-7836, USA
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Avner DL, Movva R, Nelson KJ, McFarland M, Berry W, Erfling W. Comparison of once daily doses of lansoprazole (15, 30, and 60 mg) and placebo in patients with gastric ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:1289-94. [PMID: 7639232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A multicenter, double-blind study was conducted in 268 patients to compare the safety and efficacy of 15, 30, and 60 mg of lansoprazole and placebo in the treatment of gastric ulcer. METHODS The study included an 8-wk treatment period to assess healing and a 6-month posttreatment period to evaluate ulcer recurrence. Endoscopies were performed, GI symptoms and antacid use were assessed, and safety evaluations were conducted, including serum gastrin and biopsies of the lesions and the greater curvature of the stomach. RESULTS At week 4, healing rates were significantly higher with lansoprazole 15 and 30 mg (64.6 and 58.1%, respectively) compared with placebo (37.5%). By week 8, healing rates were 76.7% with placebo, 92.2% with 15 mg of lansoprazole, 96.8% with 30 mg, and 93.2% with 60 mg of lansoprazole (p < 0.05). The drug was well tolerated, with no significant differences from placebo in the incidence of adverse events. Fasting serum gastrin increased in all lansoprazole groups, reaching a plateau by week 2 and returning to baseline levels by month 1 posttreatment. No significant increase in Grimelius-positive cells or inflammation was evident. All but two patients had normal gastric morphology evaluated by Solcia classification. CONCLUSIONS Lansoprazole, 15, 30, and 60 mg, administered once daily before eating, healed gastric ulcers to an approximately equal degree, and all were significantly better than placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Avner
- Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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McFarland M. Knowledge engineering of expert systems for nursing. Comput Nurs 1995; 13:32-7. [PMID: 7842377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Expert system technology and its derivatives will be core components of future health care information systems. Nursing presently lacks sufficient knowledge engineering resources to develop and implement expert system technology productively. In this article, knowledge engineering and its implications for nursing are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- Multi-Trauma 5 Intensive Care Unit, R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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McFarland M, Langer O. Hypertensive diseases in pregnancy. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 1994; 5:98-106. [PMID: 7949827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common complications of pregnancy, with potential adverse effects for both mother and fetus. Controversy exists in the classification and differential diagnosis of the hypertensive disorders, which include preeclampsia-eclampsia, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension, and transient hypertension. This review discusses the problems clinicians face in the diagnosis of these disorders, as well as key management issues. With proper diagnosis and treatment, pregnant hypertensive patients should be spared the most serious sequelae of hypertension, and most should enjoy a successful pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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McFarland M. Student attitude toward computer-assisted instruction. Nurse Educ 1993; 18:32, 38. [PMID: 8345923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- DuPont Chemicals/Fluorochemicals, Wilmington, DE 19898
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D'Angelo AJ, Marlowe A, Marlowe FI, McFarland M. Inverted papilloma of the nose and paranasal sinuses in children. Ear Nose Throat J 1992; 71:264-6. [PMID: 1451673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inverted papillomas are rare nasal and sinus neoplasms in children. The disturbing biological characteristics of these tumors seen in adults, including malignant degeneration and the high frequency of recurrence, have been similarly observed in the pediatric population. Therefore, inverted papilloma in children mandates similar treatment to that proven effective in adults, including wide excision and careful histopathological examination of any tissue excised. Radiation therapy should be reserved for those tumors associated with carcinoma. Since recurrences can occur after long periods of time, life-long follow-up is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J D'Angelo
- Division of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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Abstract
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are currently used in systems for preservation of perishable foods and medical supplies, increasing worker productivity and consumer comfort, conserving energy and increasing product reliability. As use of CFCs is phased out due to concerns of ozone depletion, a variety of new chemicals and technologies will be needed to serve these needs. In choosing alternatives, industry must balance concerns over safety and environmental acceptability and still meet the preformance characteristics of the current technology, the only viable alternatives meeting the safety, performance, and environmental requirements for the remaining 40% of demand are fluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). HCFCs and HFCs possess many of the desirable properties of the CFCs, but because of the, hydrogen, they results in shorter atmospheric lifetimes compared to CFCs and reduces their potential to contribute to stratospheric ozone depletion or global warming; HFCs do not contain chlorine and have no potential to destroy ozone. This paper provides an overview of challenges faced by industry, regulators, and society in general in continuing to meet societal needs and consumer demands while reducing risk to the enviroment without compromising consumer or worker safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McFarland
- E. I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, DE 19898, USA
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Chen ST, Chang CD, Huebner K, Ku DH, McFarland M, DeRiel JK, Baserga R, Wurzel J. A human ADP/ATP translocase gene has seven pseudogenes and localizes to chromosome X. Somat Cell Mol Genet 1990; 16:143-9. [PMID: 2157297 DOI: 10.1007/bf01233044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There are at least three transcriptionally active human ADP/ATP translocase genes. We have isolated seven ADP/ATP translocase pseudogenes from recombinant human genomic libraries. Each pseudogene sequence had more than 85% identity with the sequence of the human ADP/ATP translocase cDNA derived from fibroblast mRNA, but each had mutations that precluded synthesis of a functional protein. Using an intron probe derived from a partial clone of the human fibroblast ADP/ATP translocase gene, we localized the gene to chromosome Xq13----Xq25-26. The gene encoding the skeletal muscle translocase has previously been shown to be on chromosome 4. Therefore, the human ADP/ATP translocase genes are members of a multigene family that includes pseudogenes and has been dispersed to at least two chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Chen
- Department of Pathology, Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ridley BA, McFarland M, Schmeltekopf AL, Proffitt MH, Albritton DL, Winkler RH, Thompson TL. Seasonal differences in the vertical distributions of NO, NO2, and O3in the stratosphere near 50°N. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1029/jd092id10p11919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McFarland M, Ridley BA, Proffitt MH, Albritton DL, Thompson TL, Harrop WJ, Winkler RH, Schmeltekopf AL. Simultaneous in situ measurements of nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and ozone between 20 and 31 km. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1029/jd091id05p05421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hoell JM, Gregory GL, McDougal DS, Carroll MA, McFarland M, Ridley BA, Davis DD, Bradshaw J, Rodgers MO, Torres AL. An intercomparison of nitric oxide measurement techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/jd090id07p12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hoell JM, Gregory GL, Carroll MA, McFarland M, Ridley BA, Davis DD, Bradshaw J, Rodgers MO, Torres AL, Sachse GW, Hill GF, Condon EP, Rasmussen RA, Campbell MC, Farmer JC, Sheppard JC, Wang CC, Davis LI. An intercomparison of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl measurement techniques: Overview of results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1029/jd089id07p11819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Heaney JB, Hass G, McFarland M. Spinel (AI(2)O(3):MgO): refractive-index variations and lack of stoichiometry in evaporated films. Appl Opt 1981; 20:2335-2336. [PMID: 20332950 DOI: 10.1364/ao.20.002335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Liu SC, Kley D, McFarland M, Mahlman JD, Levy H. Reply [to “The distribution of NOxand the production of ozone: Comments on ‘On the origin of tropospheric ozone’ by S. C. Liu et al.”]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1029/jc086ic12p12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Albritton DL, Dotan I, Lindinger W, McFarland M, Tellinghuisen J, Fehsenfeld FC. Effects of ion speed distributions in flow‐drift tube studies of ion–neutral reactions. J Chem Phys 1977. [DOI: 10.1063/1.433986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lindinger W, McFarland M, Fehsenfeld FC, Albritton DL, Schmeltekopf AL, Ferguson EE. Translational and internal energy dependences of some ion–neutral reactions. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.431597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lindinger W, Albritton DL, McFarland M, Fehsenfeld FC, Schmeltekopf AL, Ferguson EE. Rate constants for the reactions of O2+(a 4Πu) ions with N2, Ar, CO, CO2,H2, and O2 at relative kinetic energies 0.04–2 eV. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.430286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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