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Kumar K, Parihar CM, Nayak HS, Sena DR, Godara S, Dhakar R, Patra K, Sarkar A, Bharadwaj S, Ghasal PC, L Meena A, Reddy KS, Das TK, Jat SL, Sharma DK, Saharawat YS, Singh U, Jat ML, Gathala MK. Modeling maize growth and nitrogen dynamics using CERES-Maize (DSSAT) under diverse nitrogen management options in a conservation agriculture-based maize-wheat system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11743. [PMID: 38778072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61976-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural field experiments are costly and time-consuming, and often struggling to capture spatial and temporal variability. Mechanistic crop growth models offer a solution to understand intricate crop-soil-weather system, aiding farm-level management decisions throughout the growing season. The objective of this study was to calibrate and the Crop Environment Resource Synthesis CERES-Maize (DSSAT v 4.8) model to simulate crop growth, yield, and nitrogen dynamics in a long-term conservation agriculture (CA) based maize system. The model was also used to investigate the relationship between, temperature, nitrate and ammoniacal concentration in soil, and nitrogen uptake by the crop. Additionally, the study explored the impact of contrasting tillage practices and fertilizer nitrogen management options on maize yields. Using field data from 2019 and 2020, the DSSAT-CERES-Maize model was calibrated for plant growth stages, leaf area index-LAI, biomass, and yield. Data from 2021 were used to evaluate the model's performance. The treatments consisted of four nitrogen management options, viz., N0 (without nitrogen), N150 (150 kg N/ha through urea), GS (Green seeker-based urea application) and USG (urea super granules @150kg N/ha) in two contrasting tillage systems, i.e., CA-based zero tillage-ZT and conventional tillage-CT. The model accurately simulated maize cultivar's anthesis and physiological maturity, with observed value falling within 5% of the model's predictions range. LAI predictions by the model aligned well with measured values (RMSE 0.57 and nRMSE 10.33%), with a 14.6% prediction error at 60 days. The simulated grain yields generally matched with measured values (with prediction error ranging from 0 to 3%), except for plots without nitrogen application, where the model overestimated yields by 9-16%. The study also demonstrated the model's ability to accurately capture soil nitrate-N levels (RMSE 12.63 kg/ha and nRMSE 12.84%). The study concludes that the DSSAT-CERES-Maize model accurately assessed the impacts of tillage and nitrogen management practices on maize crop's growth, yield, and soil nitrogen dynamics. By providing reliable simulations during the growing season, this modelling approach can facilitate better planning and more efficient resource management. Future research should focus on expanding the model's capabilities and improving its predictions further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - C M Parihar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India.
| | - H S Nayak
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - D R Sena
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
- International Water Management Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Samarth Godara
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistical Research Institute (IASRI), New Delhi, India
| | - Rajkumar Dhakar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Kiranmoy Patra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Ayan Sarkar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Bharadwaj
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Gogamukh, Assam, India
| | - Prakash Chand Ghasal
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - A L Meena
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Farming System Research, Modipuram, Meerut, U.P., India
| | - K Srikanth Reddy
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - T K Das
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - S L Jat
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR) Unit Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - D K Sharma
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, India
| | - Y S Saharawat
- International Fertilizer Development Centre IN (Center US), Alabama, USA
| | - Upendra Singh
- International Fertilizer Development Centre- Alabama US (International Center), Muscle Shoals, USA
| | - M L Jat
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | - M K Gathala
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Gupta N, Singh Y, Jat HS, Singh LK, Choudhary KM, Sidhu HS, Gathala MK, Jat ML. Precise irrigation water and nitrogen management improve water and nitrogen use efficiencies under conservation agriculture in the maize-wheat systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12060. [PMID: 37495614 PMCID: PMC10372093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3-year field experiment was setup to address the threat of underground water depletion and sustainability of agrifood systems. Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system combined with nitrogen management under conservation agriculture-based (CA) maize-wheat system (MWS) effects on crop yields, irrigation water productivity (WPi), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and profitability. Grain yields of maize, wheat, and MWS in the SDI with 100% recommended N were significantly higher by 15.8%, 5.2% and 11.2%, respectively, than conventional furrow/flood irrigation (CT-FI) system. System irrigation water savings (~ 55%) and the mean WPi were higher in maize, wheat, and MWS under the SDI than CT-FI system. There was saving of 25% of fertilizer N in maize and MWS whereas no saving of N was observed in wheat. Net returns from MWS were significantly higher (USD 265) under SDI with 100% N (with no subsidy) than CT-FI system despite with higher cost of production. The net returns were increased by 47% when considering a subsidy of 80% on laying SDI system. Our results showed a great potential of complementing CA with SDI and N management to maximize productivity, NUE, and WPi, which may be economically beneficial and environmentally sound in MWS in Trans-IGP of South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Gupta
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Punjab, 141004, India
- Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Yadvinder Singh
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Hanuman S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Love K Singh
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Kajod M Choudhary
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Harminder S Sidhu
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Punjab, 141004, India
| | - Mahesh K Gathala
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad, India.
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Choudhary M, Jat HS, Jat ML, Sharma PC. Climate-smart agricultural practices influence the fungal communities and soil properties under major agri-food systems. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:986519. [PMID: 36583046 PMCID: PMC9794093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.986519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities in agricultural soils are assumed to be affected by climate, weather, and anthropogenic activities, and magnitude of their effect depends on the agricultural activities. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the impact of the portfolio of management practices on fungal communities and soil physical-chemical properties. The study comprised different climate-smart agriculture (CSA)-based management scenarios (Sc) established on the principles of conservation agriculture (CA), namely, ScI is conventional tillage-based rice-wheat rotation, ScII is partial CA-based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIII is partial CSA-based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIV is partial CSA-based maize-wheat-mungbean, and ScV and ScVI are CSA-based scenarios and similar to ScIII and ScIV, respectively, except for fertigation method. All the scenarios were flood irrigated except the ScV and ScVI where water and nitrogen were given through subsurface drip irrigation. Soils of these scenarios were collected from 0 to 15 cm depth and analyzed by Illumina paired-end sequencing of Internal Transcribed Spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2) for the study of fungal community composition. Analysis of 5 million processed sequences showed a higher Shannon diversity index of 1.47 times and a Simpson index of 1.12 times in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared with rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV). Seven phyla were present in all the scenarios, where Ascomycota was the most abundant phyla and it was followed by Basidiomycota and Zygomycota. Ascomycota was found more abundant in rice-based CSA scenarios as compared to maize-based CSA scenarios. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen were found to be 1.62 and 1.25 times higher in CSA scenarios compared with other scenarios. Bulk density was found highest in farmers' practice (Sc1); however, mean weight diameter and water-stable aggregates were found lowest in ScI. Soil physical, chemical, and biological properties were found better under CSA-based practices, which also increased the wheat grain yield by 12.5% and system yield by 18.8%. These results indicate that bundling/layering of smart agricultural practices over farmers' practices has tremendous effects on soil properties, and hence play an important role in sustaining soil quality/health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Choudhary
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Hanuman S. Jat
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, India,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Hanuman S. Jat
| | - Mangi L. Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India,International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, India,Mangi L. Jat
| | - Parbodh C. Sharma
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, India
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Ladha JK, Peoples MB, Reddy PM, Biswas JC, Bennett A, Jat ML, Krupnik TJ. Biological nitrogen fixation and prospects for ecological intensification in cereal-based cropping systems. Field Crops Res 2022; 283:108541. [PMID: 35782167 PMCID: PMC9133800 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The demand for nitrogen (N) for crop production increased rapidly from the middle of the twentieth century and is predicted to at least double by 2050 to satisfy the on-going improvements in productivity of major food crops such as wheat, rice and maize that underpin the staple diet of most of the world's population. The increased demand will need to be fulfilled by the two main sources of N supply - biological nitrogen (gas) (N2) fixation (BNF) and fertilizer N supplied through the Haber-Bosch processes. BNF provides many functional benefits for agroecosystems. It is a vital mechanism for replenishing the reservoirs of soil organic N and improving the availability of soil N to support crop growth while also assisting in efforts to lower negative environmental externalities than fertilizer N. In cereal-based cropping systems, legumes in symbiosis with rhizobia contribute the largest BNF input; however, diazotrophs involved in non-symbiotic associations with plants or present as free-living N2-fixers are ubiquitous and also provide an additional source of fixed N. This review presents the current knowledge of BNF by free-living, non-symbiotic and symbiotic diazotrophs in the global N cycle, examines global and regional estimates of contributions of BNF, and discusses possible strategies to enhance BNF for the prospective benefit of cereal N nutrition. We conclude by considering the challenges of introducing in planta BNF into cereals and reflect on the potential for BNF in both conventional and alternative crop management systems to encourage the ecological intensification of cereal and legume production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish K. Ladha
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark B. Peoples
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - Alan Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mangi L. Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, New Delhi, India
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Dixon JM, Weerahewa J, Hellin J, Rola-Rubzen MF, Huang J, Kumar S, Das A, Qureshi ME, Krupnik TJ, Shideed K, Jat ML, Prasad PVV, Yadav S, Irshad A, Asanaliev A, Abugalieva A, Karimov A, Bhattarai B, Balgos CQ, Benu F, Ehara H, Pant J, Sarmiento JMP, Newby JC, Pretty J, Tokuda H, Weyerhaeuser H, Digal LN, Li L, Sarkar MAR, Abedin MZ, Schreinemachers P, Grafton Q, Sharma RC, Saidzoda S, Lopez-Ridaura S, Coffey S, Kam SP, Win SS, Praneetvatakul S, Maraseni T, Touch V, Liang WL, Saharawat YS, Timsina J. Response and resilience of Asian agrifood systems to COVID-19: An assessment across twenty-five countries and four regional farming and food systems. Agric Syst 2021; 193:103168. [PMID: 36284566 PMCID: PMC9584831 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The COVID-19 pandemic has been affecting health and economies across the world, although the nature of direct and indirect effects on Asian agrifood systems and food security has not yet been well understood. OBJECTIVES This paper assesses the initial responses of major farming and food systems to COVID-19 in 25 Asian countries, and considers the implications for resilience, food and nutrition security and recovery policies by the governments. METHODS A conceptual systems model was specified including key pathways linking the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19 to the resilience and performance of the four principal Asian farming and food systems, viz, lowland rice based; irrigated wheat based; hill mixed; and dryland mixed systems. Based on this framework, a systematic survey of 2504 key informants (4% policy makers, 6% researchers or University staff, 6% extension workers, 65% farmers, and 19% others) in 20 Asian countries was conducted and the results assessed and analysed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The principal Asian farming and food systems were moderately resilient to COVID-19, reinforced by government policies in many countries that prioritized food availability and affordability. Rural livelihoods and food security were affected primarily because of disruptions to local labour markets (especially for off-farm work), farm produce markets (notably for perishable foods) and input supply chains (i.e., seeds and fertilisers). The overall effects on system performance were most severe in the irrigated wheat based system and least severe in the hill mixed system, associated in the latter case with greater resilience and diversification and less dependence on external inputs and long market chains. Farming and food systems' resilience and sustainability are critical considerations for recovery policies and programmes, especially in relation to economic performance that initially recovered more slowly than productivity, natural resources status and social capital. Overall, the resilience of Asian farming and food systems was strong because of inherent systems characteristics reinforced by public policies that prioritized staple food production and distribution as well as complementary welfare programmes. With the substantial risks to plant- and animal-sourced food supplies from future zoonoses and the institutional vulnerabilities revealed by COVID-19, efforts to improve resilience should be central to recovery programmes. SIGNIFICANCE This study was the first Asia-wide systems assessment of the effects of COVID-19 on agriculture and food systems, differentiating the effects of the pandemic across the four principal regional farming and food systems in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dixon
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jeevika Weerahewa
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Business Management, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jon Hellin
- Sustainable Impact Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Maria Fay Rola-Rubzen
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Shalander Kumar
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anup Das
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research Research Complex for North-Eastern Hill Region, Tripura, India
| | - Muhammad Ejaz Qureshi
- Fenner School of Environment & Society, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kamil Shideed
- Sustainable Agricultural Development and Food Security, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, New Delhi, India
| | - P V Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Sustainable Intensification Innovation Lab, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sudhir Yadav
- Sustainable Impact Platform, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Aamer Irshad
- Food and Agriculture Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Aigul Abugalieva
- Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aziz Karimov
- Regional Office for Central Asia and the South Caucasus, International Center for Biosaline Agriculture, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Carol Q Balgos
- University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Fred Benu
- Nusa Cendana University, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Hiroshi Ehara
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Jon M P Sarmiento
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Newby
- Alliance of Bioversity International and International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Vientiane, Laos
| | - Jules Pretty
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hiromi Tokuda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Larry N Digal
- University of the Philippines Mindanao, Davao City, Philippines
| | - Lingling Li
- Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Md Abdur Rouf Sarkar
- Agricultural Economics Division, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Quentin Grafton
- Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ram C Sharma
- International Center for Agriculture Research in the Dry Areas, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | | | - Suan Pheng Kam
- 18, Lorong Geh Chong Keat, Tanjung Bungah, 11200 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Su Su Win
- Department of Agricultural Research, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Yezin, Myanmar
| | | | - Tek Maraseni
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - Van Touch
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei-Li Liang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | | | - Jagadish Timsina
- Global Evergreening Alliance, Melbourne, Australia
- Institute for Study and Development Worldwide, Sydney, Australia
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Jat HS, Kumar V, Kakraliya SK, Abdallah AM, Datta A, Choudhary M, Gathala MK, McDonald AJ, Jat ML, Sharma PC. Climate-smart agriculture practices influence weed density and diversity in cereal-based agri-food systems of western Indo-Gangetic plains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15901. [PMID: 34354160 PMCID: PMC8342518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)-based management practices are getting popular across South-Asia as an alternative to the conventional system for particular weed suppression, resources conservation and environmental quality. An 8-year study (2012-2013 to 2019-2020) was conducted to understand the shift in weed density and diversity under different CSA-based management practices called scenarios (Sc). These Sc involved: Sc1, conventional tillage (CT)-based rice-wheat system with flood irrigation (farmers' practice); Sc2, CT-rice, zero tillage (ZT)-wheat-mungbean with flood irrigation (partial CA-based); Sc3, ZT rice-wheat-mungbean with flood irrigation (partial CSA-based rice); Sc4, ZT maize-wheat-mungbean with flood irrigation (partial CSA-based maize); Sc5, ZT rice-wheat-mungbean with subsurface drip irrigation (full CSA-based rice); and Sc6, ZT maize-wheat-mungbean with subsurface drip irrigation (full CSA-based maize). The most abundant weed species were P. minor > A. arvensis > M. indicus > C. album and were favored by farmers' practice. However, CSA-based management practices suppressed these species and favored S. nigrum and R. dentatus and the effect of CSAPs was more evident in the long-term. Maximum total weed density was observed for Sc1, while minimum value was recorded under full CSA-based maize systems, where seven weed-species vanished, and P. minor density declined to 0.33 instead of 25.93 plant m-2 after 8-years of continuous cultivation. Full CSA-based maize-wheat system could be a promising alternative for the conveniently managed rice-wheat system in weed suppression in north-west India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanuman S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India.
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India.
| | - Virender Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Banos, Philippines
| | | | | | - Ashim Datta
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Madhu Choudhary
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Mahesh K Gathala
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrew J McDonald
- Collage of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - Parbodh C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
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Hellin J, McDonald A, Jat ML, Shyamsundar P, Singh AK. Mitigating agriculture's contribution to air pollution in India. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e186. [PMID: 33838731 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Hellin
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines.
| | - Andrew McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | | | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
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McDonald AJ, Balwinder-Singh, Jat ML, Craufurd P, Hellin J, Hung NV, Keil A, Kishore A, Kumar V, McCarty JL, Pearson P, Samaddar A, Shyamsundar P, Shirsath PB, Sidhu HS, Singh AK, Singh S, Srivastava AK, Urban E, Malik RK, Gerard B. Indian agriculture, air pollution, and public health in the age of COVID. World Dev 2020; 135:105064. [PMID: 32834377 PMCID: PMC7332940 DOI: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the intuitive link between chronic health conditions associated with air pollution and the vulnerability of individuals and communities to COVID-19. Poor air quality already imposes a highly significant public health burden in Northwest India, with pollution levels spiking to hazardous levels in November and early December when rice crop residues are burned. The urgency of curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigating a potential resurgence later in the year provides even more justification for accelerating efforts to dramatically reduce open agricultural burning in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Balwinder-Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - P Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Khumultar, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - J Hellin
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - N V Hung
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - A Keil
- UNIQUE forestry and land use GmbH, Schnewlinstr. 10, 79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - A Kishore
- International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), New Delhi, India
| | - V Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - J L McCarty
- Department of Geography and Geospatial Analysis Center, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - P Pearson
- International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI), USA
| | - A Samaddar
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - P Shyamsundar
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 N. Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - P B Shirsath
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security (CCAFS), BISA, CIMMYT, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - H S Sidhu
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), Ladhowal, Ludhiana 141008, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhanshu Singh
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - A K Srivastava
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - E Urban
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - R K Malik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi, India
| | - B Gerard
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
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Balwinder-Singh, Shirsath PB, Jat ML, McDonald AJ, Srivastava AK, Craufurd P, Rana DS, Singh AK, Chaudhari SK, Sharma PC, Singh R, Jat HS, Sidhu HS, Gerard B, Braun H. Agricultural labor, COVID-19, and potential implications for food security and air quality in the breadbasket of India. Agric Syst 2020; 185:102954. [PMID: 32982021 PMCID: PMC7503070 DOI: 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
To contain the COVID-19 pandemic, India imposed a national lockdown at the end of March 2020, a decision that resulted in a massive reverse migration as many workers across economic sectors returned to their home regions. Migrants provide the foundations of the agricultural workforce in the 'breadbasket' states of Punjab and Haryana in Northwest India.There are mounting concerns that near and potentially longer-term reductions in labor availability may jeopardize agricultural production and consequently national food security. The timing of rice transplanting at the beginning of the summer monsoon season has a cascading influence on productivity of the entire rice-wheat cropping system. To assess the potential for COVID-related reductions in the agriculture workforce to disrupt production of the dominant rice-wheat cropping pattern in these states, we use a spatial ex ante modelling framework to evaluate four scenarios representing a range of plausible labor constraints on the timing of rice transplanting. Averaged over both states, results suggest that rice productivity losses under all delay scenarios would be low as compare to those for wheat, with total system productivity loss estimates ranging from 9%, to 21%, equivalent to economic losses of USD $674 m to $1.48 billion. Late rice transplanting and harvesting can also aggravate winter air pollution with concomitant health risks. Technological options such as direct seeded rice, staggered nursery transplanting, and crop diversification away from rice can help address these challenges but require new approaches to policy and incentives for change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balwinder-Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Paresh B Shirsath
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture & Food Security (CCAFS), BISA, CIMMYT, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - A J McDonald
- Soil and Crop Sciences Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amit K Srivastava
- IRRI South Asia Regional Centre (ISARC), NSRTC Campus, Varanasi 221006, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Peter Craufurd
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), South Asia Regional Office, Khumultar, Lalitpur District, Nepal
| | - D S Rana
- International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), NASC Complex, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - A K Singh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S K Chaudhari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- ICAR-Agriculture Technology Applications Research Institute (ATARI), Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - H S Sidhu
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ladhowal, Ludhiana, Punjab 141008, India
| | - B Gerard
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Hans Braun
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Apdo. Postal 6-641 06600, México, D.F., Mexico
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10
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Choudhary M, Jat HS, Datta A, Sharma PC, Rajashekar B, Jat ML. Topsoil Bacterial Community Changes and Nutrient Dynamics Under Cereal Based Climate-Smart Agri-Food Systems. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1812. [PMID: 32849419 PMCID: PMC7399647 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms play a critical role in soil biogeochemical processes, nutrient cycling, and resilience of agri-food systems and are immensely influenced by agronomic management practices. Understanding soil bacterial community and nutrient dynamics under contrasting management practices is of utmost importance for building climate-smart agri-food systems. Soil samples were collected at 0–15 cm soil depth from six management scenarios in long-term conservation agriculture (CA) and climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices. These scenarios (Sc) involved; ScI-conventional tillage based rice-wheat rotation, ScII- partial CA based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIII- partial CSA based rice-wheat-mungbean, ScIV is partial CSA based maize-wheat-mungbean, ScV and ScVI are CSA based scenarios, were similar to ScIII and ScIV respectively, layered with precision water & nutrient management. The sequencing of soil DNA results revealed that across the six scenarios, a total of forty bacterial phyla were observed, with Proteobacteria as dominant in all scenarios, followed by Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was 29% higher in rice-based CSA scenarios (ScIII and ScV) and 16% higher in maize-based CSA scenarios (ScIV and ScVI) compared to conventional-till practice (ScI). The relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria was respectively 29% and 91% higher in CT than CSA based rice and 27% and 110% higher than maize-based scenarios. Some taxa are present relatively in very low abundance or exclusively in some scenarios, but these might play important roles there. Three phyla are exclusively present in ScI and ScII i.e., Spirochaetes, Thermi, and Euryarchaeota. Shannon diversity index was 11% higher in CT compared to CSA scenarios. Maize based CSA scenarios recorded higher diversity indices than rice-based CSA scenarios. Similar to changes in soil bacterial community, the nutrient dynamics among the different scenarios also varied significantly. After nine years of continuous cropping, the soil organic carbon was improved by 111% and 31% in CSA and CA scenarios over the CT scenario. Similarly, the available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were improved by, respectively, 38, 70, and 59% in CSA scenarios compared to the CT scenario. These results indicate that CSA based management has a positive influence on soil resilience in terms of relative abundances of bacterial groups, soil organic carbon & available plant nutrients and hence may play a critical role in the sustainability of the intensive cereal based agri-food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Choudhary
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Hanuman S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India.,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - Ashim Datta
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | - Parbodh C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, India
| | | | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
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11
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Aryal JP, Sapkota TB, Rahut DB, Krupnik TJ, Shahrin S, Jat ML, Stirling CM. Major Climate risks and Adaptation Strategies of Smallholder Farmers in Coastal Bangladesh. Environ Manage 2020; 66:105-120. [PMID: 32388655 PMCID: PMC7256030 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rural households in South Asia's coastal deltas face numerous livelihood challenges, including risks posed by climatic variability and extreme weather events. This study examines major climate risks, farmers' adaptation strategies, and the factors affecting the choice of those strategies using data collected from 630 households in southwestern coastal Bangladesh. Farmers identified cyclones, excessive rain and flooding, and salinity as direct climate risks. Increased crop diseases/pests and livestock diseases were perceived as indirect risks resulting from climatic variability. Farmers used multiple adaptation strategies against those risks such as modifications in farm management, use of savings and borrowing funds from family and neighbors, and periodically reducing household food consumption. Off-farm employment and seeking assistance from governmental as well as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) were also common adaptation strategies. The results show that male-headed households are more likely to change farming practices and reduce consumption compared with female-headed households that conversely tended to take assistance from NGOs as an adaptation strategy. Ownership of land and livestock, as well as farmers' prior exposure to climate change and educational training, also had a significant effect on the choice of adaptation strategy. Therefore, development interventions and policies that aimed at improving resource endowment and training to farmers on climatic risks and their adaptation strategies can help minimize the impact of climatic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeetendra Prakash Aryal
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45 El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico
| | | | - Dil Bahadur Rahut
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Carretera México-Veracruz Km. 45 El Batán, Texcoco, Mexico.
| | - Timothy J Krupnik
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumona Shahrin
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - Clare M Stirling
- Global R&D Technology Lead, Cocoa Life, Mondelez International, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Jat HS, Choudhary KM, Nandal DP, Yadav AK, Poonia T, Singh Y, Sharma PC, Jat ML. Conservation Agriculture-based Sustainable Intensification of Cereal Systems Leads to Energy Conservation, Higher Productivity and Farm Profitability. Environ Manage 2020; 65:774-786. [PMID: 32133539 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, the quadruple challenges of deteriorating soil quality, declining groundwater, energy shortages, and diminishing farm profitability threaten sustainability of conventional till (CT)-based cereal production systems. A 5-year study was conducted to evaluate the effect of conservation agriculture (CA)-based management (tillage, crop establishment, residue management, and system intensification through mungbean integration) on energy budget, water productivity, and economic profitability in cereal (rice-wheat, RW/maize-wheat, MW)-based systems compared with CT-based management. In CA systems, crop residues contributed the maximum (~76%) in total energy input (167,995 MJ ha-1); however, fertilizer application (nonrenewable energy source) contributed the maximum (43%) in total energy input (47,760 MJ ha-1) in CT-based systems. CA-based cereal (rice/maize) systems recorded higher net energy and energy-intensiveness (EI) levels of 251% and 300%, respectively, compared with those of the CT-based rice-wheat system (RW/CT) (295,217 MJ ha-1 and 46.05 MJ USD-1), irrespective of mungbean integration. MWMb/ZT+R utilized 204% more input energy, which resulted in 14% higher net energy and 229% higher EI compared with RW/CT. CA-based RW and MW systems enhanced the crop productivity by 10 and 16%, water productivity by 56 and 33%, and profitability by 34 and 36%, while saving in irrigation water by 38 and 32%, compared with their respective CT-based systems, respectively. CA-based system improved net energy, crop productivity, and profitability; therefore, it should be outscaled to improve the soil and environmental quality in north-west India.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - K M Choudhary
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - D P Nandal
- CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - A K Yadav
- SKN Agriculture University, Jobner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Tanuja Poonia
- Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yadvinder Singh
- Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), CIMMYT, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India.
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13
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Jat HS, Sharma PC, Datta A, Choudhary M, Kakraliya SK, Yadvinder-Singh, Sidhu HS, Gerard B, Jat ML. Re-designing irrigated intensive cereal systems through bundling precision agronomic innovations for transitioning towards agricultural sustainability in North-West India. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17929. [PMID: 31784647 PMCID: PMC6884493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to design productive, profitable, irrigation water¸ nitrogen and energy use efficient intensive cereal systems (rice-wheat; RW and maize-wheat; MW) in North-West India. Bundling of conservation agriculture (CA) with sub-surface drip irrigation termed as CA+ were compared with CA alone and conventional tillage based and flood irrigated RW rotation (farmer’s practice; ScI). In contrast to conventional till RW rotation which consumed 1889 mm ha−1 irrigation water (2-yr mean), CA+ system saved 58.4 and 95.5% irrigation water in RW and MW rotations, respectively. CA+ practices saved 45.8 and 22.7% of irrigation water in rice and maize, respectively compared to CA with flood irrigation. On a system basis, CA+ practices saved 46.7 and 44.7% irrigation water under RW (ScV) and MW (ScVI) systems compared to their respective CA-based systems with flood irrigation (ScIII and ScIV). CA+ in RW system recorded 11.2% higher crop productivity and improved irrigation water productivity by 145% and profitability by 29.2% compared to farmers’ practice. Substitution of rice with maize (MW system; ScVI) recorded 19.7% higher productivity, saved 84.5% of irrigation water and increased net returns by 48.9% compared to farmer’s practice. CA+ RW and MW system improved energy productivity by 75 and 169% and partial factor productivity of N by 44.6 and 49.6%, respectively compared to ScI. The sub-surface drip irrigation system saved the fertilizer N by 20% under CA systems. CA+ in RW and MW systems recorded ~13 and 5% (2-yr mean) higher profitability with 80% subsidy on installing sub-surface drip irrigation system and similar profitability without subsidy scenario compared with their respective flood irrigated CA-based systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Jat
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India.,International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India.
| | - Ashim Datta
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Madhu Choudhary
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Kakraliya
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Yadvinder-Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India.,Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA)-CIMMYT, Ludhiana, India
| | | | - B Gerard
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El-Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India.
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14
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Sapkota TB, Vetter SH, Jat ML, Sirohi S, Shirsath PB, Singh R, Jat HS, Smith P, Hillier J, Stirling CM. Cost-effective opportunities for climate change mitigation in Indian agriculture. Sci Total Environ 2019; 655:1342-1354. [PMID: 30577126 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term changes in average temperatures, precipitation, and climate variability threaten agricultural production, food security, and the livelihoods of farming communities globally. Whilst adaptation to climate change is necessary to ensure food security and protect livelihoods of poor farmers, mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can lessen the extent of climate change and future needs for adaptation. Many agricultural practices can potentially mitigate GHG emissions without compromising food production. India is the third largest GHG emitter in the world where agriculture is responsible for 18% of total national emissions. India has identified agriculture as one of the priority sectors for GHG emission reduction in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Identification of emission hotspots and cost-effective mitigation options in agriculture can inform the prioritisation of efforts to reduce emissions without compromising food and nutrition security. We adopted a bottom-up approach to analyse GHG emissions using large datasets of India's 'cost of cultivation survey' and the '19th livestock census' together with soil, climate and management data for each location. Mitigation measures and associated costs and benefits of adoption, derived from a variety of sources including the literature, stakeholder meetings and expert opinion, were presented in the form of Marginal Abatement Cost Curves (MACC). We estimated that by 2030, business-as-usual GHG emissions from the agricultural sector in India would be 515 Megatonne CO2 equivalent (MtCO2e) per year with a technical mitigation potential of 85.5 MtCO2e per year through adoption of various mitigation practices. About 80% of the technical mitigation potential could be achieved by adopting only cost-saving measures. Three mitigation options, i.e. efficient use of fertilizer, zero-tillage and rice-water management, could deliver more than 50% of the total technical abatement potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tek B Sapkota
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC complex, New Delhi 110012, India.
| | - Sylvia H Vetter
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC complex, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Smita Sirohi
- Department of Dairy Economics, Statistics and Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Paresh B Shirsath
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA)/CIMMYT, NASC Complex, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rajbir Singh
- ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, India
| | - Hanuman S Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), CSSRI, Karnal, India
| | - Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Jon Hillier
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Clare M Stirling
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) House, United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 1041-00621, Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Parihar CM, Parihar MD, Sapkota TB, Nanwal RK, Singh AK, Jat SL, Nayak HS, Mahala DM, Singh LK, Kakraliya SK, Stirling CM, Jat ML. Long-term impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India. Sci Total Environ 2018; 640-641:1382-1392. [PMID: 30021305 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Given the increasing scarcity of production resources such as water, energy and labour coupled with growing climatic risks, maize-based production systems could be potential alternatives to intensive rice-wheat (RW) rotation in western Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). Conservation agriculture (CA) in maize systems has been widely promoted for minimizing soil degradation and ensuring sustainability under emerging climate change scenario. Such practices are also believed to provide mitigation co-benefits through reduced GHG emission and increased soil carbon sequestration. However, the combined effects of diversified crop rotations and CA-based management on GHG mitigation potential and other co-benefits are generally over looked and hence warrant greater attention. A field trial was conducted for 5-years to assess the changes in soil organic carbon fractions, mineral-N, N2O emission and global warming potential (GWP) of maize-based production systems under different tillage & crop establishment methods. Four diversified cropping systems i.e. maize-wheat-mungbean (MWMb), maize-chickpea-Sesbania (MCS), maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maize-maize-Sesbania (MMS) were factorially combined with three tillage & crop establishment methods i.e. zero tilled permanent beds (PB), zero-tillage flat (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) in a split-plot design. After 5-years of continued experimentation, we recorded that across the soil depths, SOC content, its pools and mineral-N fractions were greatly affected by tillage & crop establishment methods and cropping systems. ZT and PB increased SOC stock (0-30 cm depth) by 7.22-7.23 Mg C ha-1 whereas CT system increased it only by 0.88 Mg C ha-1as compared to initial value. Several researchers reported that SOC & mineral-N fraction contents in the top 30 cm soil depth are correlated with N2O-N emission. In our study, global warming potential (GWP) under CT system was higher by 18.1 and 17.4%, compared to CA-based ZT and PB, respectively. Among various maize systems, GWP of MMS were higher by 11.2, 6.7 and 6.6%, compared that of MWMb (1212 kg CO2-eq. ha-1), MCS (1274 kg CO2-eq. ha-1) and MMuMb (1275 kg CO2-eq. ha-1), respectively. The results of our study suggest that CA and diversified crop rotations should be promoted in north-western IGP and other similar agro-ecologies across the globe for ensuring food security, restoration of soil health and climate change mitigation, the key sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Parihar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India; ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - M D Parihar
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India
| | - Tek B Sapkota
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - R K Nanwal
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S L Jat
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - H S Nayak
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - D M Mahala
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research (IIMR), New Delhi 110012, India
| | - L K Singh
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - S K Kakraliya
- Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125006, Haryana, India; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India
| | - Clare M Stirling
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Mexico
| | - M L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), NASC Complex, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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Choudhary M, Sharma PC, Jat HS, Dash A, Rajashekar B, McDonald AJ, Jat ML. Soil bacterial diversity under conservation agriculture-based cereal systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:304. [PMID: 30002994 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) of India, natural resources (soil, water, and environment) are degrading under the conventional-till (CT)-based management practices in rice-wheat cropping system. A long-term field experiment was conducted to understand the soil bacterial diversity and abundance under different sets of management scenarios (Sc). The study comprised of four scenarios, namely, -Sc.I CT-based rice-wheat system (farmers' practice); Sc.II, partial conservation agriculture (CA) based in which rice is under CT-wheat and mungbean under zero-tillage (ZT); Sc.III, full CA-based in which rice-wheat-mungbean are under ZT and Sc.IV, where maize-wheat-mungbean are under ZT. These scenarios varied in cropping system, tillage, and crop residue management practices. Using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology, the variable regions V3-V4 of 16S rRNA were sequenced and the obtained reads were analyzed to study the diversity patterns in the scenarios. Results showed the presence of 53 bacterial phyla across scenarios. The predominant phyla in all scenarios were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes which accounted for more than 70% of the identified phyla. However, the rice-based systems (Sc.I, Sc.II, and Sc.III) were dominated by phylum Proteobacteria; however, maize-based system (Sc.IV) was dominated by Acidobacteria. The class DA052 and Acidobacteriia of Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes of Bacteroidia were exceptionally higher in Sc.IV. Shannon diversity index was 8.8% higher in Sc.I, 7.5% in Sc.II, and 2.7% in Sc.III compared to Sc.IV. The findings revealed that soil bacterial diversity and abundance are influenced by agricultural management practices as bacterial diversity under full CA-based management systems (Sc.III and Sc.IV) was lower when compared to farmer's practice (Sc.I) and partial CA (Sc.II) scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Choudhary
- 1Division of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Parbodh C Sharma
- 1Division of Soil and Crop Management, ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (ICAR-CSSRI), Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Hanuman S Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Andrew J McDonald
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Mangi L Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT), New Delhi, India
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17
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Singh V, Jat ML, Ganie ZA, Chauhan BS, Gupta RK. Herbicide options for effective weed management in dry direct-seeded rice under scented rice-wheat rotation of western Indo-Gangetic Plains. Crop Prot 2016; 81:168-176. [PMID: 26941471 PMCID: PMC4767026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cropro.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Farmers' participatory field trials were conducted at Madhuban, and Taraori, the two participatory experimental sites/locations of the Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia (CSISA), a collaborative project of IRRI and CIMMYT in Karnal district of Haryana, India, during Kharif (wet season) 2010 and 2011. This research aimed to evaluate preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) herbicides for providing feasible and economically viable weed management options to farmers for predominant scented rice varieties. Treatments with pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST had lower weed biomass at 45 days after sowing (DAS). At Madhuban, highest grain yield of scented basmati rice (3.43 t ha-1) was recorded with the sequential application of pendimethalin PRE fb bispyribac-sodium + azimsulfuron POST. However, at Taraori, yields were similar with pendimethalin or oxadiargyl PRE fb bispyribac-sodium and/or azimsulfuron POST. Applying oxadiargyl by mixing with sand onto flooded field was less effective than spray applications in non-flooded field. The benefit-cost ratio of rice crop was higher with herbicide treatments at both sites as compared with the non-treated weed-free check except single PRE and POST applications and sequential application of oxadiargyl PRE fb oxadiargyl PRE. In a separate experiment conducted at Nagla and Taraori sites, scented rice cultivars' ('CSR 30' and 'Pusa 1121') tolerance to three rates of azimsulfuron (15, 25, and 35 g ai ha-1) was evaluated over two years (2010 and 2011). CSR 30 (superfine, scented) was more sensitive to higher rates (35 g ai ha-1) of azimsulfuron as compared to Pusa 1121 (fine, scented). Crop injuries were 8 and 28% in case of CSR 30; 5 and 15% in Pusa 1121 when applied with azimsulfuron 25 and 35 g ai ha-1, respectively. Azimsulfuron applied at 35 g ai ha-1 reduced yield in both cultivars but in CSR 30 yield reduction was twofold (11.5%) as that of Pusa 1121 (5.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh
- Dept. of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701, AR, USA
| | - Mangi L. Jat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC complex, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Zahoor A. Ganie
- Dept. of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Bhagirath S. Chauhan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia
| | - Raj K. Gupta
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, NASC complex, New Delhi 110012, India
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