[Effectiveness of interventions to help mitigate the influence of social networks on anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a systematic review]

BACKGROUND

The study aim to analyze the impact of interventions to help mitigate the influence of social networks on anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

METHODOLOGY

A systematic review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO and Web of Science. The inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, published between 2013 and 2023 with a score = 5 points on the Van Tulder methodological quality scale.

RESULTS

Eight studies were selected, most carried out in secondary education centers or universities; one was online. The study sample consisted of 5,084 participants mainly young women and adolescents with an average age between 12 and 32 years. As for the social networks, some studies described their impact at a general level, while others focused on Instagram, Facebook, Tik-Tok, Twitter, and Snapchat. A positive correlation was found between the exposure to unrealistic beauty ideals found in social networks with greater concern and dissatisfaction with body image. All studies used instruments to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. The interventions helped reduce the influence of the media and social networks, improve self-perception and self-esteem assessments, reduce anxiety levels and internalization of the thin beauty ideal, reduce dietary restrictions, and make use of social networks differently.

CONCLUSIONS

Longer-lasting interventions can improve body satisfaction (one year) and depressive symptoms (six months), especially in women. Interventions should include attention to self-criticism, self-perception, self-esteem, body image, nutritional management, and media literacy skills.

Epidemiological differences, clinical aspects, and short-term prognosis of patients with healthcare-associated and community-acquired infective endocarditis

Background

The prevalence of healthcare-associated infective endocarditis in Brazil is poorly known.

Aim

To analyze the epidemiological, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and the prognosis of healthcare-associated infective endocarditis (HAIE) compared with community-acquired infective endocarditis (CIE) and identify the associated factors with hospital mortality.

Method

A historical cohort study was carried out, with a data collection period from January 2009 to December 2019 at the Federal University of São Paulo. Data were collected from medical records of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) hospitalized during the study period. Patients were classified into three groups: CIE, non-nosocomial HAIE (NN-HAIE) and nosocomial HAIE (NHAIE).

Results

A total of 204 patients with IE were included; of these, 127 (62.3%) were cases of HAIE, of which 83 (40.7%) were NN-HAIE and 44 (21.6%) were NHAIE. Staphylococcus spp. Were the main causative agents, especially in HAIE groups (P<0.001). Streptococcus spp. were more prevalent in the CIE group (P<0.001). In-hospital mortality was 44.6%, with no differences between groups. Independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality were age ≥ 60 years (odds ratio (OR): 6.742), septic shock (OR 5.264), stroke (OR 3.576), heart failure (OR 7.296), and Intensive Care Unit admission (OR 7.768).

Conclusion

HAIE accounted for most cases in this cohort, with a higher prevalence of non-nosocomial infections. Staphylococcus spp. were the main causative agents. Hospital mortality was high, 44.6%, with no difference between groups.

Perceptions, Beliefs, and Experiences about the Menstrual Cycle and Menstruation among Young Women: A Qualitative Approach

The experience of menstruation is often associated with negative connotations and gender stereotypes, which results in making it invisible. This research aimed to explore the perceptions, beliefs, and knowledge of young Spanish women regarding the menstrual cycle and menstruation and their impact on their lives. The study delves into their understanding, menstrual management practices, the types of menstrual products employed, and their experiences related to menstrual health. Qualitative methodology was used with discussion groups as a data collection technique. The participants comprised 45 young Spanish women, aged between 18 and 23, hailing from both rural and urban areas. The majority were university students, with some engaged in part-time work, and one participant working full-time. While many experienced menstrual pain ranging from mild to debilitating, a normalization of this pain often led them to forego seeking specialist assistance. Disposable menstrual products (DMPs) are the most used by participants, despite limited awareness of their absorption capacity. Regarding reusable menstrual products (RMPs), menstrual cup users emphasized comfort but expressed a need for proper training. Negative menstruation experiences could evoke fear and difficulties, underscoring the importance of providing comprehensive menstrual health education encompassing both theoretical and practical components.

Validity and Reliability of the Portuguese Version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale of 10 Elements for Young University Students

BACKGROUND

Resilience is an important aspect of mental health in young people, which has become more relevant after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is therefore of paramount importance to have valid and reliable instruments that measure the globality of this aspect. One of the instruments that has been shown to have good psychometric properties and which has been widely adapted in several languages is the Connor-Davidson resilience scale, composed of 10 elements (10-item CD-RISC).

AIM

The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Portuguese version of the 10-item CD-RISC among young university students.

METHODS

a cross-sectional observational study of psychometric validation was conducted with a sample of 206 university students.

RESULTS

Good and adequate fit indices were obtained for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA): Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual [SRMR] = 0. 056; comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.958; and the Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.946. It also showed an average degree of convergent validity with the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the General Health Scale (SF-36), and its internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha = 0.842) with a range of factor loadings between 0.42 and 0.77.

CONCLUSIONS

the results show that the 10-item CD-RISC is a valid, reliable scale to measure resilience among young Portuguese university students.

The Perceptions of Women with Gynecological Cancer after Radiotherapy Treatment: A Gender-Based Qualitative Study

Gynecological cancer is on the rise and radiotherapy is resorted to for its treatment, which affects the patients. This study was conducted following qualitative methodology to analyze women's gender-based perceptions. The data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. Five categories were defined: 1. feelings; 2. daily living activities; 3. role in the couple/family; 4. coping; and 5. knowledge and uncertainties. There was one emerging category: embarrassment and effects of toxicity. The qualitative data analysis was performed in Nudist NVivo V.11. It was concluded that the patients presented both positive and negative feelings, there were limitations to their daily living activities, their role in the couple/family was affected, they faced problems with resignation, emotional avoidance, and spirituality, they mostly stated having incomplete information, and they underwent uncomfortable situations due to the secondary effects of radiotherapy.

"Compassionate City" in Patients with Advanced Illnesses and at the End of Life: A Pilot Study

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate, in a Compassionate City pilot experience (Sevilla), the impact results on health in a population of people with advanced illness and at the end of life.

METHODS

The project was undertaken in Sevilla, Spain, between January 2019 and June 2020. A longitudinal, descriptive study was conducted using a longitudinal cohort design with two cross-sectional measurements, pre and post intervention. All patients who entered the program on the start date were included. The networks of care around people with advanced illness and at the end of life, palliative care needs, quality of life, loneliness, anxiety, depression, caregivers' burden and family satisfaction were evaluated. The interventions were conducted by community promoters assigned to the "Sevilla Contigo, Compassionate City" program.

RESULTS

A total of 83 people were included in the program. The average number of people involved in care at the beginning of the evaluations was 3.6, increasing to 6.1 at the end of the interventions. The average number of needs detected at the beginning was 15.58, and at the end of interventions, it was 16.56 out of 25. The unmet needs were those related to last wishes (40.7%), emotional relief (18.5%), entertainment (16%), help to walk up and down stairs (8.6%) and help to walk (6.2%). A total of 54.2% showed improved loneliness in the final evaluation. Out of 26 people evaluated for pre and post quality of life, 7 (26.9%) improved their quality of life in the general evaluation and 5 (19.2%) displayed improved anxiety/depression. A total of 6 people (28.6%) improved their quality-of-life thermometer scores. A total of 57.7% of caregivers improved their burden with a mean score of 17.8.

Quality of Life in Caregivers of Cancer Patients: A Literature Review

(1) Background: Cancer constitutes one of the principal causes of morbi-mortality in the world and generates an important loss of patients' self-sufficiency. People who are their caregivers usually become the main care providers, which impacts their quality of life; (2) Aim: Analyze the different problems (physical, emotional, social, and financial) faced by people who are caregivers of adults with cancer and describe the strategies required to improve their quality of life; (3) Method: A literature review was conducted on the following database: PubMed, Cinahl, PsycINFO, and Scopus. The following eligibility criteria were specified: (a) research studies of quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods, (b) consistent with objective, and (c) published in the English language or Spanish during the last five years; (4) Results: 36 studies were selected from those found in the literature. Regarding the problems mentioned: eight studies described physical issues, 26 emotional effects, 10 social implications, and seven financial strains. Twenty-eight studies described strategies to improve the quality of life of caregivers; (5) Conclusions: Caregivers are usually women around the age of 50. Problems faced are mostly emotional in nature, followed by social, physical, and financial ones. In order to cope with this burden, there are some strategies that can be developed to help to build skills to manage both the disease and the impact derived from it, therefore improving their quality of life.

Satisfaction of patients and family caregivers in adult intensive care units: Literature Review

Intensive care units are hostile places, which must be conditioned to the needs of patients and families, and therefore the factors that influence their satisfaction must be known.

OBJECTIVE

To update the knowledge on the satisfaction of the patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit and that of their family caregivers as described in the scientific literature.

METHODOLOGY

A systematized literature review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl and WOS databases.

SEARCH STRATEGY

"Personal Satisfaction" and (patients or caregivers) and "Intensive Care Units".

INCLUSION CRITERIA

studies published between 2013-2018, population aged between 19-64 years, English and Spanish language.

RESULTS

760 studies were located and 15 were selected. The factors that increased satisfaction are: good communication with professionals (n = 5), the quality of care (n = 4), and the cleanliness and environment of the units (n = 2). The factors that produced dissatisfaction are: the infrastructure of the waiting room (n = 5), inadequate communication (n = 4), and the involvement of families and patients in decision-making (n = 4). Training of professionals (n = 5), inclusion of the family during the process of hospitalization (n = 2) and redesigning the waiting room (n = 2) are some of the suggestions for improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Factors related to professionals, environment and cleanliness of the units are satisfaction-generating factors. Factors generating dissatisfaction related to poor infrastructure, a lack of involvement in decision-making and poor professional communication. Strategies to improve patient and family satisfaction relate to the organization, professionals, family members, and infrastructure and environment.

Social Image of Nursing. An Integrative Review about a Yet Unknown Profession

BACKGROUND

Nursing is a discipline on which stereotypes have persisted throughout its history, considering itself a feminine profession and subordinated to the medical figure, without its own field of competence. All this leads to an image of the Nursing Profession that moves away from reality, constituting a real, relevant and high-impact problem that prevents professional expansion, and that has a direct impact on social trust, the allocation of resources and quality of care, as well as wages and professional satisfaction. The aim of this review was to identify and publicize the published material on the social image of Nursing, providing updated information about the different approaches to the subject.

METHODS

An integrative review of the literature has been made from primary sources of information published from 2010 to 2020. For this, the databases CINAHL, Scopus, SciELO, Dialnet and Cuiden have been consulted.

RESULTS

In total, 17 articles have been included in the review, with qualitative, quantitative, and even bibliographic reviews performed in countries such as Spain, Egypt, Argentina, Iran, Venezuela, Turkey, United Kingdom, and Australia. The results of those papers mostly showed that society has misinformation about the functions performed by nursing professionals, which is based on myths and stereotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

Nursing is a profoundly unknown and invisible profession, as society continues without recognizing its competence, autonomy and independence.

[Non-drug treatments for chronic non-malignant pain: patients' perceptions]

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of chronic pain in Spain is 17%. There is a need for more scientific data on non-drug treat-ments that can be effectively used to treat chronic pain. The aim of this study is to analyze how patients with chronic non-malignant pain perceive non-drug approaches.

METHOD

Mixed, descriptive and phenomenological study. Nineteen patients enrolled in a workshop on pain management and non-drug treatments that consisted of four sessions (one session a week). Each session lasted four hours. The patients then participated in a reflective writing activity about their personal experiences. Data from this activity was then ana-lyzed. Atlas.ti 8 software was used for the qualitative data analysis.

RESULTS

Sixteen participants tried an alternative therapy and fourteen assessed its benefits. The participants' expecta-tions were divided into three groups of similar size: relief from physical pain, emotional pain management and tools for use in daily life. All the participants were satisfied with the workshop. Perceived personal benefits were better pain and sleep management, reduced fatigue, reduced drug consumption; a more positive approach to life, better mood, more positive energy, more motivation and improved capacity to cope.

CONCLUSIONS

The participants commented that the workshop had helped them to reduce pain levels and consume to fewer analgesics, and had reduced other symptoms associated with chronic disease, thus improving their perceived health. They also expressed great satisfaction with the organization and teachers.

Translation and First Pilot Validation Study of the "Undergraduate Nursing Student Academic Satisfaction Scale" Questionnaire to the Spanish Context

Satisfaction helps nursing students to develop skills and improve their academic performance, hence the importance of assessing it by means of a reliable instrument. The objective was to translate and culturally adapt the "Undergraduate Nursing Student Academic Satisfaction Scale" (UNSASS) instrument to the Spanish context. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of 354 fourth-year nursing students from University of Seville, Seville, Spain. The validation process was carried out in five phases as follows: direct translation, synthesis of the translations, back translation, consolidation by a panel of experts, and pilot test with nursing students. After two rounds among two expert committees, the Content Validity Index (CVI) varied from 0.85 to 1, obtaining a CVI above 0.8 with the global questionnaire. A scale composed of 48 items and 4 subscales was obtained, resulting in a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.96. Within the subscales, this coefficient varied between 0.92 and 0.94. No statistically significant differences were found between the total satisfaction of the scale and gender and teaching unit. An inversely proportional relationship was found between the age and the "Support & Resources" scale. The "Escala de Satisfacción Académica del Estudiante de Enfermería" (ESAEE) scale was obtained, translated, and adapted to the Spanish context from the UNSASS scale, with satisfactory consistency and validity.

Satisfaction of patients and family caregivers in adult intensive care units: Literature Review

Intensive care units are hostile places, which must be conditioned to the needs of patients and families, and therefore the factors that influence their satisfaction must be known.

OBJECTIVE

To update the knowledge on the satisfaction of the patients admitted to an adult intensive care unit and that of their family caregivers as described in the scientific literature.

METHODOLOGY

A systematized literature review was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, Cinahl and WOS databases.

SEARCH STRATEGY

"Personal Satisfaction" and (patients or caregivers) and "Intensive Care Units".

INCLUSION CRITERIA

studies published between 2013-2018, population aged between 19-64 years, english and spanish language.

RESULTS

760 studies were located and 15 were selected. The factors that increased satisfaction are: good communication with professionals (n=5), the quality of care (n=4), and the cleanliness and environment of the units (n=2). The factors that produced dissatisfaction are: the infrastructure of the waiting room (n=5), inadequate communication (n=4), and the involvement of families and patients in decision-making (n=4). Training of professionals (n=5), inclusion of the family during the process of hospitalization (n=2) and redesigning the waiting room (n=2) are some of the suggestions for improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Factors related to professionals, environment and cleanliness of the units are satisfaction-generating factors. Factors generating dissatisfaction related to poor infrastructure, a lack of involvement in decision-making and poor professional communication. Strategies to improve patient and family satisfaction relate to the organization, professionals, family members, and infrastructure and environment.

[Screening for Chagas disease in pregnancy and newborns in Andalusia (Spain)]

BACKGROUND

To determine the current state of the implementation of Chagas screening in pregnancy and newborns at risk in the eight Andalusian provinces.

METHODS

An observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out through a survey reviewed and validated by experts from the Andalusian Group of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology. Eighteen pediatric infectious disease specialists from Andalusian referral hospitals (fourteen public and four private) participated.

RESULTS

The Chagas screening during pregnancy was known by seventeen specialists (94%), and systema-tically applied in seven hospitals (38.9%) by gynecologists or midwives. The protocol for following-up newborns at risk was known by sixteen specialists (88.9%) and applied in ten hospitals (55.5%), two of which did not study siblings and relatives of these newborns. Only two cases of vertical transmission of Chagas (11.1%) were detected; it happened in two hospitals applying systematically the Chagas screening to pregnant woman at risk, the same ones that also diagnosed two cases in siblings of newborns at risk.

CONCLUSION

In Andalusia screening of Chagas disease in pregnant women and newborns at risk is not carried out in a systematic and uniform way in all the reference hospitals, so an underdiagnosis of congenital Chagas disease is highly probable. The training of professionals involved in assisting pregnant women and their offspring, and the unification of the follow-up criteria for newborns at risk would be essential for carrying out both a correct diagnosis and an early treatment of these cases.

Formação de cuidadores informais e qualidade de atendimento. Uma revisão sistemática

Introdução: O envelhecimento da população leva ao aparecimento de novos problemas de saúde associados com a idade, que requerem tratamento específico, o que significa que, cada vez mais, os cuidadores precisam estar melhor preparados para prestar cuidados de qualidade. Objetivo: Analisar a formação de cuidadores informais em relação à qualidade do atendimento. Fonte de dados: Uma revisão sistemática, realizada em bases de dados, tendo sido consultadas: PubMed, Scopus, Chrocrane Plus, IME, ISOC e Cuiden Plus. Foram incluídos estudos empíricos concordantes com o tema do estudo, publicados entre 2010e 2016 e excluídos estudos quantitativos com qualidade fraca pela ferramenta EPHPP e estudos qualitativos que não tinham respostas afirmativas as duas primeiras questões da  ferramenta CASP. Resultados: Foram inicialmente encontrados 1.518 estudos que após filtrados, selecionou-se 14. A amostra foi de 3.918 cuidadores informais. Nove estudos destacaram intervenções de educação e formação, sendo um do tipo cognitivo comportamental. Resumo das conclusões: O treinamento melhora a qualidade dos cuidados prestados pelos cuidadores informais,  melhorara a qualidade de vida das pessoas cuidadas e dos próprios cuidadores.

Development and Management of Networks of Care at the End of Life (the REDCUIDA Intervention): Protocol for a Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

Background

End-of-life needs can be only partly met by formalized health and palliative care resources. This creates the opportunity for the social support network of family and community to play a crucial role in this stage of life. Compassionate communities can be the missing piece to a complete care model at the end of life.

Objective

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the REDCUIDA (Redes de Cuidados or Network of Care) intervention for the development and management of networks of care around people with advanced disease or at the end of life.

Methods

The study is a 2-year nonrandomized controlled trial using 2 parallel groups. For the intervention group, we will combine palliative care treatment with a community promoter intervention, compared with a control group without intervention. Participants will be patients under a community palliative care team’s supervision with and without intervention. The community promotor will deliver the intervention in 7 sessions at 2 levels: the patient and family level will identify unmet needs, and the community level will activate resources to develop social networks to satisfy patient and family needs. A sample size of 320 patients per group per 100,000 inhabitants will offer adequate information and will give the study 80% power to detect a 20% increase in unmet needs, decrease families’ burden, improve families’ satisfaction, and decrease the use of health system resources, the primary end point. Results will be based on patients’ baseline and final analysis (after 7 weeks of the intervention). We will carry out descriptive analyses of variables related to patients’ needs and of people involved in the social network. We will analyze pre- and postintervention data for each group, including measures of central tendency, confidence intervals for the 95% average, contingency tables, and a linear regression. For continuous variables, we will use Student t test to compare independent samples with normal distribution and Mann-Whitney U test for nonnormal distributions. For discrete variables, we will use Mann-Whitney U test. For dichotomous variables we will use Pearson chi-square test. All tests will be carried out with a significance level alpha=.05.

Results

Ethical approval for this study was given by the Clinical Research Committee of Andalusian Health Service, Spain (CI 1020-N-17), in June 2018. The community promoter has been identified, received an expert community-based palliative care course, and will start making contacts in the community and the palliative care teams involved in the research project.

Conclusions

The results of this study will provide evidence of the benefit of the REDCUIDA protocol on the development and assessment of networks of compassionate communities at the end of life. It will provide information about clinical and emotional improvements, satisfaction, proxy burden, and health care resource consumption regarding patients in palliative care.

Registered Report Identifier

RR1-10.2196/10515

[Analysis of the effectiveness of assisted reproduction techniques]

There are a high number of people affected by infertility who require assisted reproduction techniques. For this reason the aim of this review was to analyze the effectiveness of the interventions carried out using these techniques. A systematic peer review was performed on twelve databases. Inclusion criteria were: randomized clinical trials, published between 2011 and 2016, and with a score greater than two on the Jadad scale. The pharmacological interventions that proved effective were the administration of hormones, intrauterine human chorionic gonadotropin, gonadotrophin and dehydroepiandrosterone, and metformin. An effective surgical intervention, endometrial scratching, was identified. No effective non-pharmacological interventions were found. Assisted reproduction techniques show heterogeneity in both the interventions included and effectiveness criteria (pregnancy rate, live birth rate or implantation rate), which makes a unification of criteria necessary.

[Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions in the quality of life of caregivers of Alzheimer]

OBJECTIVE

Explore the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions to improve the quality of life of family caregivers of Alzheimer's patients.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review, in pairs, in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, WOS, Cochrane Library, IME, Cuiden Plus and Dialnet. Inclusion criteria were: 1. Studies published between 2010-2015. 2. Language: English, Portuguese and Spanish. 3. Randomized controlled clinical trials. 4. Score greater than or equal to 3 on the Jadad scale.

RESULTS

13 studies were included. Four performed a psychosocial intervention with family caregivers, three psychotherapeutic, two psychoeducational, two multicomponent, one educational and another with mutual support groups. The tools to assess quality of life: three studies used the Health Status Questionnaire (HSQ), three EuroQol-5D (two only used the EVA), two health questionnaire SF-36, two WHOQOL-BREF, two Quality of Life SF-12 and one Perceived Quality of Life Scale (PQoL). Regarding the effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions, five studies obtained favorable results in the quality of life after psychotherapeutic interventions and community-type multicomponent training.

CONCLUSION

The diversity of non-pharmacological interventions used and contents, differences in the number of sessions and hours, and variability of valuation tools used to measure quality of life of family caregivers, leads us to reflect on the appropriateness to standardize criteria, for the sake to improve clinical practice.

[Opinions and nurse' satisfaction with INICIARE 2.0 scale: A qualitative study in a hospital setting]

OBJECTIVE

To know the opinions and satisfaction of nurses with the use of INICIARE, an instrument developed for assessment of nursing care needs in hospitalized patients. INICIARE is based on Virginia Henderson's conceptual model, and built up with indicators of Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) taxonomy.

METHOD

Exploratory qualitative study, using focus group technique for data collection. The sessions were recorded until saturation of information. A content analysis of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels of transcripts was performed. Participants' informed consent was obtained.

RESULTS

Three focus groups were developed; 24 nurses from two Public Hospitals in Andalusia (Southern Spain) participated; and four thematic categories were created to measure satisfaction with the instrument. INICIARE helped the nursing process. Its closed format, and items in NOC taxonomy streamline evaluation, facilitates its inclusion in Electronic Information Systems, and strengthens effective communication at all levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Nurses are satisfied with the use of INICIARE scale as a tool to enhance quality of care. It also has potential to be used as a tool for decision making in management of nursing care.

[Relationship between family functioning and lifestyle in school-age adolescents]

OBJECTIVE

Risk behaviors in adolescents can lead to serious disorders, therefore the objectives of this work are to characterize the lifestyles of teenagers about substance use, sex, and road safety, and to meet socio-demographic factors associated with these.

METHOD

A cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study was conducted with 204 school-age-children from 12 to 17 years, in 2013. They were given a validated questionnaire about sociodemographic, family functioning, and lifestyles such as substance abuse, sexual intercourse and road safety. A descriptive and multivariate analysis was performed by using multiple linear regression in the case of quantitative dependent variables, and binary logistic regression models in the case of binary categories. Data analysis was based on SPSS 20.0, with a significance level of p<0.05.

RESULTS

32.4% of students had smoked, and 61.3% had drunk alcohol. 26% of adolescent between 14-17 years had sexual intercourse; the average age of the first sexual intercourse was 14.9 years. 85.2% used condoms. 94.6% respected traffic signs, 77.5% used to wear a seat belt and 81.9% a helmet. Family functioning, as protective factor, was the variable more frequently associated to risk behaviour: smoking (OR=7.06, p=.000), alcohol drinking (OR=3.97, p=.008), sexual intercourse (OR=3.67, p=.041), and road safety (β=1.82, p=.000).

CONCLUSIONS

According the results, age, gender and family functioning are the main factors associated with the adoption of risk behaviors. This information is important for the development of public health policies, for instance health promotion at schools.

[Quality-of-life-related factors in adolescents]

OBJECTIVE

To determine quality of life (QoL) and its relationship to lifestyles in adolescents in high schools.

METHODS

Cross-sectional, observational study with 256 students aged 12 to 17 in Seville (Spain). Multiple linear regression models were tested (p <0.05).

RESULTS

The boys had higher scores in most of the QoL areas. The female gender was inversely related to physical, psychological, familial QoL areas and the general QoL index. Family functionality and performing physical activity were the factors most associated with better QoL in all areas. All multivariate models were statistically significant and explained from 11% of social QoL variability to 35% of the general QoL index.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings could be useful for developing interventions to promote health in schools, with the objective of promoting healthy lifestyles and QoL.

Alcoholic patients' response to their disease: perspective of patients and family

Objective:

to know the perspective of alcoholic patients and their families about the behavioral characteristics of the disease, identifying the issues to modify the addictive behavior and seek rehabilitation.

Method:

ethnographic research using interpretative anthropology, via participant observation and a detailed interview with alcoholic patients and their families, members of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Alanon in Spain.

Results:

development of disease behavior in alcoholism is complex due to the issues of interpreting the consumption model as a disease sign. Patients often remain long periods in the pre-contemplation stage, delaying the search for assistance, which often arrives without them accepting the role of patient. This constrains the recovery and is related to the social thought on alcoholism and self-stigma on alcoholics and their families, leading them to deny the disease, condition of the patient, and help. The efforts of self-help groups and the involvement of health professionals is essential for recovery.

Conclusion:

understanding how disease behavior develops, and the change process of addictive behavior, it may be useful for patients, families and health professionals, enabling them to act in a specific way at each stage.

[LIFESTYLES AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED TO NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS]

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

the objective of this work was to know the lifestyles of adolescent of the South of Spain related to nutrition and physical activity and the risk and protection factors associated.

METHODS

a cross-sectional correlational study was carried out with 204 adolescents enrolled at high schools. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis using regression models were performed (=0.05).

RESULTS

63.7% had breakfast every day during the week (i.e. from Monday to Friday). They consumed more than six times a week: milk or dairy (56.3%), cereals (44.1%), fruits (40.7%), vegetables (28.5%), and soft-drinks (24.5%). They did physical activity, at least 60 minutes, an average of 4.34 days a week, the body mass index stood at normal weight (19.85). By means of linear multivariate models we tested the influences of age, gender, and socio-economic status on body max index, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity frequency of adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS

knowing the inequalities in nutrition and physical activity area of adolescents, as well as the risk factors or health determinants can help to stablish specific different strategies and public health policies, targeted to these determinants of health, which can be developed at normative level and by means of interventions of nutritional health and physical activity promotion.

[Health problems of family caregivers of people over 65 suffering from chronic renal failure: a systematic review]

Chronic renal insufficiency demands specific, continuous and varied care, which affects the health of family caregi-vers. Therefore, we propose to determine the health problems of family caregivers who care for patients over 65 years with chronic renal failure, due to increased risk and prevalence from this age onwards. For this purpose, we made a systematic review of the scientific literature on different national and international databases in the last ten years. Nine-teen studies were selected. These refer to the influence of the severity of the burden and lower quality of life of these caregivers. Psychological disorders are the health problems that are most mentioned. This knowledge may serve for developing strategies for a socio-medical approach, which might lead to improved quality of life, not only of caregivers but also of patients.

[Need of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the sport of soccer]

OBJECTIVE

In Spain there are around 25,000 cardiac arrests, many of them in the presence of non-medical personnel. In less than 25% of the cardio-respiratory arrests witnessed, witnesses began cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Soccer is a contact sport with multiple physical characteristics and requirements which pushes your body to the limit, thus leading to a higher chance of developing multiple lesions, including cardio-respiratory arrest. Therefore, our goal was to know the actual situation on training in basic life support in soccer.

METHOD

A literature review was performed on different databases both national (IME, CUIDEN, ENCUENTR@, ENFERMERÍA AL DÍA, ISOC) and international (PUBMED, SCOPUS, CINAHL), with different MESH descriptors related to the topic.

RESULTS

A total of 395 references were identified. 17 studies were selected; 8 of them had like main theme cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the remaining 9 spoke on the use of semi-automatic defibrillators.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a lack of research on this topic in soccer. This strikes our attention because in this area there could be situations requiring immediate rescue action. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of early cardio-respiratory resuscitation because training in basic life support and semi-automatic defibrillators in soccer are fundamental.

Training of Informal Caregivers: Relationship to the Time Spent Caring for Dependent Seniors over Age 65

Objetivo: analizar la formación recibida de los cuidadores informales de personas dependientes mayores de 65 años enrelación con el tiempo de cuidado, de la Zona Básica de Salud (ZBS) de Los Palacios y Villafranca, de Sevilla (España) durante el periodo de octubre de 2010 a mayo de 2011. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo y correlacional. Muestra: 41 cuidadores. Muestreo no probabilístico intencional. Cuestionario de elaboración propia. Análisis de datos mediante SPSS versión 18.0. Resultados: un 58,5% de las personas cuidadoras no han recibido ningún tipo de formación. De los/as cuidadores/as que han recibido formación, esta ha sido mayoritariamente sobre los cuidados básicos que precisa la persona cuidada. La institución encargada de la formación en la mayoría de los casos ha sido la Unidad de Gestión Clínica, y en cuanto a los profesionales, han sido sobre todo enfermeros. El 50% de los/as cuidadores/as informales llevan como cuidador una media de 7,6 años. El promedio del tiempo dedicado diariamente al cuidado en horas es de 10,9 horas. Discusión/conclusiones: los cuidadores/as informales de la muestra estudiada quellevan más años dedicados/as al cuidado de una persona dependiente mayor de 65 años son los/as que han recibido en mayor proporción algún tipo de formación.