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Yap PL, Farivar F, Jämting ÅK, Coleman VA, Gnaniah S, Mansfield E, Pu C, Landi SM, David MV, Flahaut E, Aizane M, Barnes M, Gallerneault M, Locatelli MD, Jacquinot S, Slough CG, Menzel J, Schmölzer S, Ren L, Pollard AJ, Losic D. International Interlaboratory Comparison of Thermogravimetric Analysis of Graphene-Related Two-Dimensional Materials. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5176-5186. [PMID: 36917706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Research on graphene-related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GR2Ms) in recent years is strongly moving from academia to industrial sectors with many new developed products and devices on the market. Characterization and quality control of the GR2Ms and their properties are critical for growing industrial translation, which requires the development of appropriate and reliable analytical methods. These challenges are recognized by International Organization for Standardization (ISO 229) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC 113) committees to facilitate the development of these methods and standards which are currently in progress. Toward these efforts, the aim of this study was to perform an international interlaboratory comparison (ILC), conducted under Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) Technical Working Area (TWA) 41 "Graphene and Related 2D Materials" to evaluate the performance (reproducibility and confidence) of the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method as a potential new method for chemical characterization of GR2Ms. Three different types of representative and industrially manufactured GR2Ms samples, namely, pristine few-layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), were used and supplied to ILC participants to complete the study. The TGA method performance was evaluated by a series of measurements of selected parameters of the chemical and physical properties of these GR2Ms including the number of mass loss steps, thermal stability, temperature of maximum mass change rate (Tp) for each decomposition step, and the mass contents (%) of moisture, oxygen groups, carbon, and impurities (organic and non-combustible residue). TGA measurements determining these parameters were performed using the provided optimized TGA protocol on the same GR2Ms by 12 participants across academia, industry stakeholders, and national metrology institutes. This paper presents these results with corresponding statistical analysis showing low standard deviation and statistical conformity across all participants that confirm that the TGA method can be satisfactorily used for characterization of these parameters and the chemical characterization and quality control of GR2Ms. The common measurement uncertainty for each parameter, key contribution factors were identified with explanations and recommendations for their elimination and improvements toward their implementation for the development of the ISO/IEC standard for chemical characterization of GR2Ms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lay Yap
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Farzaneh Farivar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Åsa K Jämting
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), Lindfield, Sydney, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Victoria A Coleman
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA), Lindfield, Sydney, NSW 2070, Australia
| | - Sam Gnaniah
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Mansfield
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Cheng Pu
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sandra Marcela Landi
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Sao Paolo, RJ CEP: 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinícius David
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Sao Paolo, RJ CEP: 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, CNRS-INP-UPS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 9 F-31062, France
| | - Mohammed Aizane
- CIRIMAT, CNRS-INP-UPS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse cedex 9 F-31062, France
| | - Michael Barnes
- National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Mary Gallerneault
- National Research Council of Canada (NRC-CNRC), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lingling Ren
- National Institute of Metrology, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Dusan Losic
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.,ARC Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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