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Klosterman SJ, Clark KJ, Anchieta AG, Kandel SL, Mou B, McGrath MT, Correll JC, Shishkoff N. Transmission of Spinach Downy Mildew via Seed and Infested Leaf Debris. Plant Dis 2024; 108:951-959. [PMID: 37840290 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-23-1225-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinach downy mildew, caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen Peronospora effusa, is a worldwide constraint on spinach production. The role of airborne sporangia in the disease cycle of P. effusa is well established, but the role of the sexual oospores in the epidemiology of P. effusa is less clear and has been a major challenge to examine experimentally. To evaluate seed transmission of spinach downy mildew via oospores in this study, isolated glass chambers were employed in two independent experiments to grow out oospore-infested spinach seed and noninfested seeds mixed with oospore-infested crop debris. Downy mildew diseased spinach plants were observed 37 and 34 days after planting in the two isolator experiments, respectively, in the chambers that contained one of two oospore-infested seed lots or seeds coated with oospore-infested leaves. Spinach plants in isolated glass chambers initiated from seeds without oospores did not show downy mildew symptoms. Similar findings were obtained using the same seed lot samples in a third experiment conducted in a growth chamber. In direct grow out tests to examine oospore infection on seedlings performed in a containment greenhouse with oospore-infested seed of two different cultivars, characteristic Peronospora sporangiophores were observed growing from a seedling of each cultivar. The frequency of seedlings developing symptoms from 82 of these oospore-infested seed indicated that approximately 2.4% of seedlings from infested seed developed symptoms, and 0.55% of seedlings from total seeds assayed developed symptoms. The results provide evidence that oospores can serve as a source of inoculum for downy mildew and provide further evidence of direct seed transmission of the downy mildew pathogen to seedlings in spinach via seedborne oospores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelley J Clark
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | - Amy G Anchieta
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | | | - Beiquan Mou
- Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Salinas, CA
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY
| | - James C Correll
- Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Nina Shishkoff
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Ft. Detrick, MD
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Saville AC, McGrath MT, Jones C, Polo J, Ristaino JB. Understanding the Genotypic and Phenotypic Structure and Impact of Climate on Phytophthora nicotianae Outbreaks on Potato and Tomato in the Eastern United States. Phytopathology 2023; 113:1506-1514. [PMID: 36989124 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-22-0411-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Samples from potato fields with lesions with late blight-like symptoms were collected from eastern North Carolina in 2017 and the causal agent was identified as Phytophthora nicotianae. We have identified P. nicotianae in potato and tomato samples from North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and New York. Ninety-two field samples were collected from 46 fields and characterized for mefenoxam sensitivity, mating type, and simple sequence repeat genotype using microsatellites. Thirty-two percent of the isolates were the A1 mating type, while 53% were the A2 mating type. In six cases, both A1 and A2 mating types were detected in the same field in the same year. All isolates tested were sensitive to mefenoxam. Two genetic groups were discerned based on STRUCTURE analysis: one included samples from North Carolina and Maryland, and one included samples from all five states. The data suggest two different sources of inoculum from the field sites sampled. Multiple haplotypes within a field and the detection of both mating types in close proximity suggests that P. nicotianae may be reproducing sexually in North Carolina. There was a decrease in the average number of days with weather suitable for late blight, from 2012 to 2016 and 2017 to 2021 in all of the North Carolina counties where P. nicotianae was reported. P. nicotianae is more thermotolerant than P. infestans and grows at higher temperatures (25 to 35°C) than P. infestans (18 to 22°C). Late blight outbreaks have decreased in recent years and first reports of disease are later, suggesting that the thermotolerant P. nicotianae may cause more disease as temperatures rise due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Saville
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - Chris Jones
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - John Polo
- Center for Geospatial Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Jean B Ristaino
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
- Emerging Plant Disease and Global Food Security Cluster, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606
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Sanogo S, Lamour K, Kousik CS, Lozada DN, Parada-Rojas CH, Quesada-Ocampo LM, Wyenandt CA, Babadoost M, Hausbeck MK, Hansen Z, Ali E, McGrath MT, Hu J, Crosby K, Miller SA. Phytophthora capsici, 100 Years Later: Research Mile Markers from 1922 to 2022. Phytopathology 2023; 113:921-930. [PMID: 36401843 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-22-0297-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In 1922, Phytophthora capsici was described by Leon Hatching Leonian as a new pathogen infecting pepper (Capsicum annuum), with disease symptoms of root rot, stem and fruit blight, seed rot, and plant wilting and death. Extensive research has been conducted on P. capsici over the last 100 years. This review succinctly describes the salient mile markers of research on P. capsici with current perspectives on the pathogen's distribution, economic importance, epidemiology, genetics and genomics, fungicide resistance, host susceptibility, pathogenicity mechanisms, and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soum Sanogo
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Chandrasekar S Kousik
- U.S. Vegetable Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, SC 29414
| | - Dennis N Lozada
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences and Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Camilo H Parada-Rojas
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Lina M Quesada-Ocampo
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, NC Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Christian A Wyenandt
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302
| | | | - Mary K Hausbeck
- Department of Soil, Plant, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Zachariah Hansen
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Emran Ali
- Department of Agriculture, Nutrition, and Food Systems, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - Jiahuai Hu
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Kevin Crosby
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Sally A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Bibi S, McGrath MT, Bull CT. First Report of Bacterial Blight on arugula ( Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in New York. Plant Dis 2022; 106:2984. [PMID: 35365053 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-22-0135-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial blight of arugula (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa cv. Standard) was observed in a commercial crop being grown in a high tunnel under overhead irrigation in Argyle, NY in January 2021. Approximately 80-100% of the plants were affected. Symptoms started as small, angular, water-soaked lesions visible on both sides of the leaves, then expanded, coalesced and later dried and turned tan. Fluorescent pseudomonads from five different plants were isolated on King's medium B agar amended with boric acid, chloramphenicol, and cycloheximide (Schaad et al. 2001) from surface disinfested symptomatic leaf tissues macerated in phosphate buffer (10mM, pH 7.0). Five representative isolates from each of the five plants produced levan and were negative for arginine dihydrolase and oxidase. They did not rot potatoes but were able to induce a hypersensitive reaction on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Glurk) within 24 h, thus demonstrating that the isolates belonged to LOPAT group 1 (Lelliott et al. 1966). DNA fragment banding patterns of these isolates generated by repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence PCR (repPCR) with BOXA1R primers were compared to the pathotype strains of Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis and Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, known fluorescent pathogens of the Brassicaceae. The repPCR banding pattern of all isolates matched the pattern of Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis. Bacterial inoculum for pathogenicity experiments was prepared from 48 h KBBC agar cultures suspended in phosphate buffer (10mM, pH 7.0) and adjusted to 0.6 optical density at 600nm yielding approximately 108 CFU/ml. Five-week-old arugula plants were sprayed until run-off with one of the three isolates from arugula, a negative control (sterile buffer), or a positive control (P. cannabina pv. alisalensis) that is pathogenic to crucifers and also reported to cause disease on arugula in California (Bull et al. 2004). Experiments consisted of three replications of each treatment and two independent experiments were conducted. Small water-soaked spots resembling the original symptoms developed on all plants inoculated with the three representative isolates and P. cannabina pv. alisalensis. Moreover, reisolates from the symptomatic tissues were fluorescent on KBBC and had identical repPCR banding pattern as inoculated strains, demonstrating Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bacterial blight on arugula caused by Pseudomonas cannabina pv. alisalensis in the Northeastern US. It was previously reported in California, Nevada, and Minnesota (Bull and du Toit 2009; Bull et al. 2004). This report may have significance for all brassica leafy green growers in the Northeast as P. cannabina pv. alisalensis has a broad host range including members of the Brassicaceae and oats which are commonly used as cover crops in mixed vegetable production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen Bibi
- Penn State University Park, 311285, Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, 211 Buckhout laboratory, University Park, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802-1204
- University of Florida, 3463, Plant Pathology, Gainesville, Florida, United States, 32611-7011;
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Cornell University, Long Island Hort Res and Ext Ctr, 3059 Sound Ave, Riverhead, New York, United States, 11901-1098
- United States;
| | - Carolee Theresa Bull
- Pennsylvania State University, 8082, Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, 211 Buckhout Laboratory, University Park, PA, 16802, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States, 16802-1503;
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Neufeld KN, Keinath AP, Gugino BK, McGrath MT, Sikora EJ, Miller SA, Ivey ML, Langston DB, Dutta B, Keever T, Sims A, Ojiambo PS. Predicting the risk of cucurbit downy mildew in the eastern United States using an integrated aerobiological model. Int J Biometeorol 2018; 62:655-668. [PMID: 29177798 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-017-1474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbit downy mildew caused by the obligate oomycete, Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is considered one of the most economically important diseases of cucurbits worldwide. In the continental United States, the pathogen overwinters in southern Florida and along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Outbreaks of the disease in northern states occur annually via long-distance aerial transport of sporangia from infected source fields. An integrated aerobiological modeling system has been developed to predict the risk of disease occurrence and to facilitate timely use of fungicides for disease management. The forecasting system, which combines information on known inoculum sources, long-distance atmospheric spore transport and spore deposition modules, was tested to determine its accuracy in predicting risk of disease outbreak. Rainwater samples at disease monitoring sites in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania and South Carolina were collected weekly from planting to the first appearance of symptoms at the field sites during the 2013, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons. A conventional PCR assay with primers specific to P. cubensis was used to detect the presence of sporangia in rain water samples. Disease forecasts were monitored and recorded for each site after each rain event until initial disease symptoms appeared. The pathogen was detected in 38 of the 187 rainwater samples collected during the study period. The forecasting system correctly predicted the risk of disease outbreak based on the presence of sporangia or appearance of initial disease symptoms with an overall accuracy rate of 66 and 75%, respectively. In addition, the probability that the forecasting system correctly classified the presence or absence of disease was ≥ 73%. The true skill statistic calculated based on the appearance of disease symptoms in cucurbit field plantings ranged from 0.42 to 0.58, indicating that the disease forecasting system had an acceptable to good performance in predicting the risk of cucurbit downy mildew outbreak in the eastern United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Neufeld
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - A P Keinath
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Charleston, SC, 29414, USA
| | - B K Gugino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - M T McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY, 11901, USA
| | - E J Sikora
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - S A Miller
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 43210, USA
| | - M L Ivey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - D B Langston
- Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Suffolk, VA, 23437, USA
| | - B Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA
| | - T Keever
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - A Sims
- State Climate Office of North Carolina, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - P S Ojiambo
- Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Estrada NL, Böhlke JK, Sturchio NC, Gu B, Harvey G, Burkey KO, Grantz DA, McGrath MT, Anderson TA, Rao B, Sevanthi R, Hatzinger PB, Jackson WA. Stable isotopic composition of perchlorate and nitrate accumulated in plants: Hydroponic experiments and field data. Sci Total Environ 2017; 595:556-566. [PMID: 28399495 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural perchlorate (ClO4-) in soil and groundwater exhibits a wide range in stable isotopic compositions (δ37Cl, δ18O, and Δ17O), indicating that ClO4- may be formed through more than one pathway and/or undergoes post-depositional isotopic alteration. Plants are known to accumulate ClO4-, but little is known about their ability to alter its isotopic composition. We examined the potential for plants to alter the isotopic composition of ClO4- in hydroponic and field experiments conducted with snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In hydroponic studies, anion ratios indicated that ClO4- was transported from solutions into plants similarly to NO3- but preferentially to Cl- (4-fold). The ClO4- isotopic compositions of initial ClO4- reagents, final growth solutions, and aqueous extracts from plant tissues were essentially indistinguishable, indicating no significant isotope effects during ClO4- uptake or accumulation. The ClO4- isotopic composition of field-grown snap beans was also consistent with that of ClO4- in varying proportions from irrigation water and precipitation. NO3- uptake had little or no effect on NO3- isotopic compositions in hydroponic solutions. However, a large fractionation effect with an apparent ε (15N/18O) ratio of 1.05 was observed between NO3- in hydroponic solutions and leaf extracts, consistent with partial NO3- reduction during assimilation within plant tissue. We also explored the feasibility of evaluating sources of ClO4- in commercial produce, as illustrated by spinach, for which the ClO4- isotopic composition was similar to that of indigenous natural ClO4-. Our results indicate that some types of plants can accumulate and (presumably) release ClO4- to soil and groundwater without altering its isotopic characteristics. Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ClO4- and NO3- in plants may be useful for determining sources of fertilizers and sources of ClO4- in their growth environments and consequently in food supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nubia Luz Estrada
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - J K Böhlke
- National Research Program, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Baohua Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Greg Harvey
- U.S. Air Force, ASC/ENVR, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Kent O Burkey
- U.S.D.A. - A.R.S., Plant Sciences Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - David A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Kearney Agricultural Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology Section, SIPS, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901, USA
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA
| | - Balaji Rao
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | - Ritesh Sevanthi
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA
| | | | - W Andrew Jackson
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1023, USA.
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Hansen ZR, Everts KL, Fry WE, Gevens AJ, Grünwald NJ, Gugino BK, Johnson DA, Johnson SB, Judelson HS, Knaus BJ, McGrath MT, Myers KL, Ristaino JB, Roberts PD, Secor GA, Smart CD. Genetic Variation within Clonal Lineages of Phytophthora infestans Revealed through Genotyping-By-Sequencing, and Implications for Late Blight Epidemiology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165690. [PMID: 27812174 PMCID: PMC5094694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was performed on 257 Phytophthora infestans isolates belonging to four clonal lineages to study within-lineage diversity. The four lineages used in the study were US-8 (n = 28), US-11 (n = 27), US-23 (n = 166), and US-24 (n = 36), with isolates originating from 23 of the United States and Ontario, Canada. The majority of isolates were collected between 2010 and 2014 (94%), with the remaining isolates collected from 1994 to 2009, and 2015. Between 3,774 and 5,070 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified within each lineage and were used to investigate relationships among individuals. K-means hierarchical clustering revealed three clusters within lineage US-23, with US-23 isolates clustering more by collection year than by geographic origin. K-means hierarchical clustering did not reveal significant clustering within the smaller US-8, US-11, and US-24 data sets. Neighbor-joining (NJ) trees were also constructed for each lineage. All four NJ trees revealed evidence for pathogen dispersal and overwintering within regions, as well as long-distance pathogen transport across regions. In the US-23 NJ tree, grouping by year was more prominent than grouping by region, which indicates the importance of long-distance pathogen transport as a source of initial late blight inoculum. Our results support previous studies that found significant genetic diversity within clonal lineages of P. infestans and show that GBS offers sufficiently high resolution to detect sub-structuring within clonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachariah R. Hansen
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States of America
| | - Kathryne L. Everts
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Salisbury, MD, United States of America
| | - William E. Fry
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Gevens
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Niklaus J. Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Beth K. Gugino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Dennis A. Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Steven B. Johnson
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Presque Isle, ME, United States of America
| | - Howard S. Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Knaus
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, OR, United States of America
| | - Margaret T. McGrath
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Myers
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Jean B. Ristaino
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Pamela D. Roberts
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, United States of America
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States of America
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8
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Fry WE, Birch PRJ, Judelson HS, Grünwald NJ, Danies G, Everts KL, Gevens AJ, Gugino BK, Johnson DA, Johnson SB, McGrath MT, Myers KL, Ristaino JB, Roberts PD, Secor G, Smart CD. Five Reasons to Consider Phytophthora infestans a Reemerging Pathogen. Phytopathology 2015; 105:966-81. [PMID: 25760519 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-15-0005-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans has been a named pathogen for well over 150 years and yet it continues to "emerge", with thousands of articles published each year on it and the late blight disease that it causes. This review explores five attributes of this oomycete pathogen that maintain this constant attention. First, the historical tragedy associated with this disease (Irish potato famine) causes many people to be fascinated with the pathogen. Current technology now enables investigators to answer some questions of historical significance. Second, the devastation caused by the pathogen continues to appear in surprising new locations or with surprising new intensity. Third, populations of P. infestans worldwide are in flux, with changes that have major implications to disease management. Fourth, the genomics revolution has enabled investigators to make tremendous progress in terms of understanding the molecular biology (especially the pathogenicity) of P. infestans. Fifth, there remain many compelling unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Fry
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - P R J Birch
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - H S Judelson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - N J Grünwald
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - G Danies
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - K L Everts
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - A J Gevens
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - B K Gugino
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - D A Johnson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - S B Johnson
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - M T McGrath
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - K L Myers
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - J B Ristaino
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - P D Roberts
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - G Secor
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - C D Smart
- First, fifth, and twelfth authors: Cornell University, Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, 334 Plant Science Bldg., Ithaca, NY 14850; second author: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 4DA, UK; third author: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside 92521; fourth author: Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330; sixth author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Maryland, 27664 Nanticoke Rd., Salisbury 21801; seventh author: University of Wisconsin Department of Plant Pathology, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison 53706-1598; eighth author: Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Buckhout Lab, University Park 16802; ninth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, PO Box 646430, Pullman; tenth author: University of Maine Cooperative Extension, 57 Houlton Road, Presque Isle 04769; eleventh author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research & Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098; thirteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, Room 2419 Gardner Hall, NC State University, Raleigh 27695; fourteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, 2685 SR 29 N, Immokalee 34142-9515; fifteenth author: Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, 328 Walster Hall, Dept. 7660, PO Box6050, Fargo 58108-6050; and sixteenth author: Section of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Barton Lab, NYSAES, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY 14456
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Wyenandt CA, Simon JE, Pyne RM, Homa K, McGrath MT, Zhang S, Raid RN, Ma LJ, Wick R, Guo L, Madeiras A. Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Discoveries and Challenges Relative to Its Control. Phytopathology 2015; 105:885-94. [PMID: 25894318 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-15-0032-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Basil (Ocimum spp.) is one of the most economically important and widely grown herbs in the world. Basil downy mildew, caused by Peronospora belbahrii, has become an important disease in sweet basil (O. basilicum) production worldwide in the past decade. Global sweet basil production is at significant risk to basil downy mildew because of the lack of genetic resistance and the ability of the pathogen to be distributed on infested seed. Controlling the disease is challenging and consequently many crops have been lost. In the past few years, plant breeding efforts have been made to identify germplasm that can be used to introduce downy mildew resistance genes into commercial sweet basils while ensuring that resistant plants have the correct phenotype, aroma, and tastes needed for market acceptability. Fungicide efficacy studies have been conducted to evaluate current and newly developed conventional and organic fungicides for its management with limited success. This review explores the current efforts and progress being made in understanding basil downy mildew and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Wyenandt
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - James E Simon
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Robert M Pyne
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Kathryn Homa
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Margaret T McGrath
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Shouan Zhang
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Richard N Raid
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Robert Wick
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Li Guo
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
| | - Angela Madeiras
- First author, second, third, and fourth authors: Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ 08302; fifth author: Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrated Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901; sixth author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Tropical Research and Education Center, Homestead 33031; seventh author: Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, IFAS, Everglades Research and Education Center, Belle Glade 33430; eighth and tenth authors: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033; and ninth and eleventh authors: Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01033
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10
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Webster CG, Frantz G, Reitz SR, Funderburk JE, Mellinger HC, McAvoy E, Turechek WW, Marshall SH, Tantiwanich Y, McGrath MT, Daughtrey ML, Adkins S. Emergence of Groundnut ringspot virus and Tomato chlorotic spot virus in Vegetables in Florida and the Southeastern United States. Phytopathology 2015; 105:388-398. [PMID: 25317844 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-14-0172-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV) and Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) are two emerging tospoviruses in Florida. In a survey of the southeastern United States, GRSV and TCSV were frequently detected in solanaceous crops and weeds with tospovirus-like symptoms in south Florida, and occurred sympatrically with Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in tomato and pepper in south Florida. TSWV was the only tospovirus detected in other survey locations, with the exceptions of GRSV from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in South Carolina and New York, both of which are first reports. Impatiens (Impatiens walleriana) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were the only non-solanaceous GRSV and/or TCSV hosts identified in experimental host range studies. Little genetic diversity was observed in GRSV and TCSV sequences, likely due to the recent introductions of both viruses. All GRSV isolates characterized were reassortants with the TCSV M RNA. In laboratory transmission studies, Frankliniella schultzei was a more efficient vector of GRSV than F. occidentalis. TCSV was acquired more efficiently than GRSV by F. occidentalis but upon acquisition, transmission frequencies were similar. Further spread of GRSV and TCSV in the United States is possible and detection of mixed infections highlights the opportunity for additional reassortment of tospovirus genomic RNAs.
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11
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Grantz DA, Jackson A, Vu HB, Burkey KO, McGrath MT, Harvey G. High ozone increases soil perchlorate but does not affect foliar perchlorate content. J Environ Qual 2014; 43:1460-1466. [PMID: 25603093 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2013.11.0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O) is implicated in the natural source inventory of ClO, a hydrophilic salt that migrates to groundwater and interferes with the uptake of iodide in mammals, including humans. Tropospheric O is elevated in many urban and some rural areas in the United States and globally. We previously showed that controlled O exposure at near-ambient concentrations (up to 114 nL L, 12-h mean) did not increase foliar ClO. Under laboratory conditions, O has been shown to oxidize Cl to ClO. Plant tissues contain Cl and exhibit responses to O invoking redox reactions. As higher levels of O are associated with stratospheric incursion and with developing megacities, we have hypothesized that exposure of vegetation to such elevated O may increase foliar ClO. This would contribute to ClO in environments without obvious point sources. At these high O concentrations (up to 204 nL L, 12-h mean; 320 nL L maximum), we demonstrated an increase in the ClO concentration in surface soil that was linearly related to the O concentration. There was no relationship of foliar ClO with O exposure or dose (stomatal uptake). Accumulation of ClO varied among species at low O, but this was not related to soil surface ClO or to foliar ClO concentrations following exposure to O. These data extend our previous conclusions to the highest levels of plausible O exposure, that tropospheric O contributes to environmental ClO through interaction with the soil but not through increased foliar ClO.
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12
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Grantz DA, Burkey KO, Jackson WA, Vu HB, McGrath MT, Harvey G. Perchlorate content of plant foliage reflects a wide range of species-dependent accumulation but not ozone-induced biosynthesis. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:690-696. [PMID: 23642565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate (ClO4(-)) interferes with uptake of iodide in humans. Emission inventories do not explain observed distributions. Ozone (O3) is implicated in the natural origin of ClO4(-), and has increased since pre-industrial times. O3 produces ClO4(-)in vitro from Cl(-), and plant tissues contain Cl(-) and redox reactions. We hypothesize that O3 exposure may induce plant synthesis of ClO4(-). We exposed contrasting crop species to environmentally relevant O3 concentrations. In the absence of O3 exposure, species exhibited a large range of ClO4(-) accumulation but there was no relationship between leaf ClO4(-) and O3, whether expressed as exposure or cumulative flux (dose). Older, senescing leaves accumulated more ClO4(-) than younger leaves. O3 exposed vegetation is not a source of environmental ClO4(-). There was evidence of enhanced ClO4(-) content in the soil surface at the highest O3 exposure, which could be a significant contributor to environmental ClO4(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Grantz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California at Riverside, Kearney Agricultural Center, 9240 South Riverbend Avenue, Parlier, CA 93648, USA.
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13
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Fry WE, McGrath MT, Seaman A, Zitter TA, McLeod A, Danies G, Small IM, Myers K, Everts K, Gevens AJ, Gugino BK, Johnson SB, Judelson H, Ristaino J, Roberts P, Secor G, Seebold K, Snover-Clift K, Wyenandt A, Grünwald NJ, Smart CD. The 2009 Late Blight Pandemic in the Eastern United States - Causes and Results. Plant Dis 2013; 97:296-306. [PMID: 30722376 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-12-0791-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The tomato late blight pandemic of 2009 made late blight into a household term in much of the eastern United States. Many home gardeners and many organic producers lost most if not all of their tomato crop, and their experiences were reported in the mainstream press. Some CSAs (Community Supported Agriculture) could not provide tomatoes to their members. In response, many questions emerged: How did it happen? What was unusual about this event compared to previous late blight epidemics? What is the current situation in 2012 and what can be done? It's easiest to answer these questions, and to understand the recent epidemics of late blight, if one knows a bit of the history of the disease and the biology of the causal agent, Phytophthora infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Fry
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | | | | | - A McLeod
- University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | | | - K Myers
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - K Everts
- University of Maryland, Salisbury
| | | | - B K Gugino
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - S B Johnson
- University of Maine Cooperative Extension, Presque Isle
| | | | - J Ristaino
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | | | - G Secor
- North Dakota State University, Fargo
| | | | | | - A Wyenandt
- Rutgers Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bridgeton, NJ
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McGrath MT, Strauss J, Dillard HR. First Report of Phytophthora Blight Caused by Phytophthora capsici on Snap Bean in New York. Plant Dis 2011; 95:1028. [PMID: 30732076 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-11-0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora capsici Leonian is an important pathogen of solanaceous and cucurbit crops. Phytophthora blight was first reported on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Michigan in 2003 (2) and Connecticut in 2010 (3). This report documents the discovery of P. capsici on snap bean (cv. Bronco) grown in Riverhead, NY in September 2008 and August 2010 on snap bean (cv. Valentino) in Holley, NY, more than 690 km away. Disease was favored by frequent rainfall and prolonged wet periods with air temperatures of 24 to 29°C. Both locations were commercial fields previously planted to pepper or cucurbits affected by P. capsici. In Riverhead, infected pods had characteristic yeast-like growth of P. capsici, which were predominantly sporangia. In Holley, large water-soaked lesions were observed on snap bean foliage, and as the disease progressed, leaves became necrotic and detached from the plant. Reddish brown lesions were observed on stems in advance of white areas of sporulation. Infected pods displayed white mycelial growth, were shriveled, and desiccated. P. capsici was isolated from symptomatic tissues. Stems and pods were surface disinfested for 3 min in 0.525% sodium hypochlorite solution, rinsed for 3 min in sterile distilled water, transferred to PARPH (4) media, and incubated at 22°C. After 5 days, hyphae from colony margins were excised and transferred to 15% unclarified V8 agar media. Cultures consisting of white mycelia and ovoid papillate sporangia on long pedicels were identified as P. capsici. Sporangia were 25.0 to 70.0 × 10.0 to 22.5 μm (average 42.0 × 16.25 μm). Identity was further confirmed by PCR primers specific to P. capsici (1). DNA was extracted from mycelia produced on V8 agar and amplification with the species-specific primers resulted in a PCR product of the same size as that obtained from a known isolate of P. capsici. Pathogenicity of the isolate from Holley was determined by two methods on 50-day-old snap bean plants (cv. Valentino) grown in a greenhouse. In method one, four plants were inoculated with 1-cm-diameter mycelial plugs excised from 8-day-old cultures. A single plug was placed against the stem at the soil line. Four control plants were treated similarly with noncolonized agar plugs. In method two, entire plants were atomized with 10 ml of a zoospore suspension (2.6 × 105/ml). Control plants were atomized with sterile distilled water. All plants were placed in a growth chamber with continuous mist for 24 h at 24°C. After 24 h, plants were enclosed in plastic bags and placed in a greenhouse at 27°C. Stem lesions similar to those observed in affected fields were evident on plants treated with mycelia plugs 2 days after inoculation. Plants inoculated with the zoospore suspension developed stem lesions and desiccated pods. Control plants were asymptomatic. P. capsici was successfully recovered from infected plant tissue, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The Riverhead isolate was demonstrated as pathogenic on snap bean and cucumber by placing colonized plugs on pods and fruit that were subsequently incubated in moist chambers (24°C, 90 to 100% relative humidity). P. capsici was successfully recovered from symptomatic pods and fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora blight caused by P. capsici on snap bean in New York. References: (1) A. R. Dunn et al. Plant Dis. 94:1461, 2010. (2) A. J. Gevens et al. Plant Dis. 92:201, 2008. (3) J. A. LaMondia et al. Plant Dis. 94:134, 2010. (4) G. C. Papavisas et al. Phytopathology 71:129, 1981.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - J Strauss
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva 14456
| | - H R Dillard
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva 14456
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Dunn AR, Milgroom MG, Meitz JC, McLeod A, Fry WE, McGrath MT, Dillard HR, Smart CD. Population Structure and Resistance to Mefenoxam of Phytophthora capsici in New York State. Plant Dis 2010; 94:1461-1468. [PMID: 30743368 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-10-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, 2007, and 2008, we sampled 257 isolates of Phytophthora capsici from vegetables at 22 sites in four regions of New York, to determine variation in mefenoxam resistance and population genetic structure. Isolates were assayed for mefenoxam resistance and genotyped for mating type and five microsatellite loci. We found mefenoxam-resistant isolates at a high frequency in the Capital District and Long Island, but none were found in western New York or central New York. Both A1 and A2 mating types were found at 12 of the 22 sites, and we detected 126 distinct multilocus genotypes, only nine of which were found at more than one site. Significant differentiation (FST) was found in more than 98% of the pairwise comparisons between sites; approximately 24 and 16% of the variation in the population was attributed to differences among regions and sites, respectively. These results indicate that P. capsici in New York is highly diverse, but gene flow among regions and fields is restricted. Therefore, each field needs to be considered an independent population, and efforts to prevent movement of inoculum among fields need to be further emphasized to prevent the spread of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dunn
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - M G Milgroom
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J C Meitz
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - A McLeod
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - W E Fry
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Riverhead, NY 11901
| | - H R Dillard
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
| | - C D Smart
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456
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McGrath MT, Shishkoff N. First Report of the Cucurbit Powdery Mildew Fungus (Podosphaera xanthii) Resistant to Strobilurin Fungicides in the United States. Plant Dis 2003; 87:1007. [PMID: 30812786 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2003.87.8.1007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to strobilurin fungicides was documented in isolates collected from three fungicide efficacy experiments conducted in research fields in Georgia (GA), North Carolina (NC), and New York (NY). In these fields in 2002, strobilurins (fungicide group 11, quinone outside inhibitors [QoI]) when used alone on a 7-day schedule (use pattern not labeled) did not effectively control cucurbit powdery mildew. Strobilurin efficacy declined dramatically after the second application in New York (3). Efficacy also was reduced in commercial fields in Kentucky and research fields in Arizona, California, Kentucky, Illinois, Michigan, and Virginia in 2002 where strobilurins were used predominantly or exclusively. Isolates were collected on 22 July and 8 and 17 October after the last of four, five, and five applications of strobilurin (trifloxystrobin formulated as Flint or azoxystrobin formulated as Quadris) in experiments conducted by J. D. Moore in Chula, GA, M. McGrath in Riverhead, NY, and G. J. Holmes in Clayton, NC, respectively. A leaf-disk bioassay was used to determine fungicide sensitivity (2). Strobilurin sensitivity was determined using trifloxystrobin at 0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 100 μg/ml. Four of nine NY isolates, 19 of 21 GA isolates, and 13 of 15 NC isolates were resistant to strobilurins (grew well on disks treated with trifloxystrobin at 100 μg/ml). The geometric mean of the azoxystrobin baseline was 0.258 μg/ml for Podosphaera xanthii isolates collected in 1998 and 1999 in North America (4). Poor control with strobilurins under field conditions was associated with reduced sensitivity in vitro. Strobilurin sensitivity appeared to be qualitative as reported elsewhere (1). Two sensitive and three resistant isolates responded similarly when tested in another laboratory using kresoxim-methyl and pyraclostrobin (H. Ypema, personal communication). These findings and experiences elsewhere with QoI-resistant P. xanthii indicate that cross-resistance probably extends among multiple QoI's (1). Strobilurins have been available for commercial use in the United States since 1998, when azoxystrobin received Section 18 registration in some states. Federal registration was granted in March 1999. Strobilurin resistance was detected after 2 years of commercial use elsewhere in the world (1). All isolates tested in the current study were from research fields where selection pressure for resistance could have been higher than in commercial fields where strobilurins are used with demethylation inhibitors (DMIs; fungicide group 3) and contact fungicides in alternation or tank mixtures to prevent or delay resistance development. Resistance in commercial fields will reduce the utility of strobilurins, including those not yet registered, and eliminate an important tool for managing DMI resistance. Strobilurins and DMIs are the only systemic fungicides registered for cucurbit powdery mildew in the United States. Managing DMI resistance may be challenged by multiresistant strains. Strobilurin-resistant isolates also exhibited reduced sensitivity to DMIs, tolerating triadimefon at 50 to 100 μg/ml (2). One suggestion to improve resistance management is to apply a contact fungicide with strobilurins as well as DMIs. References: (1) H. Ishii et al. Phytopathology 91:1166, 2001. (2) M. T. McGrath et al. Plant Dis. 80:697, 1996. (3) M. T. McGrath and N. Shishkoff. Fungic. Nematic. Tests. (In press). (4) G. Olaya et al. Phytopathology (Abstr.) 90 (suppl):S57, 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
| | - N Shishkoff
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
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Shishkoff N, McGrath MT. AQ10 Biofungicide Combined with Chemical Fungicides or AddQ Spray Adjuvant for Control of Cucurbit Powdery Mildew in Detached Leaf Culture. Plant Dis 2002; 86:915-918. [PMID: 30818648 DOI: 10.1094/pdis.2002.86.8.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The biofungicide AQ10, a pelleted formulation of conidia of Ampelomyces quisqualis, did not significantly reduce the size of colonies of the cucurbit powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) in detached squash leaf culture but did reduce the amount of inoculum produced by each colony. No significant reduction in colonization of powdery mildew colonies by AQ10 was observed when it was sprayed in conjunction with the fungicides myclobutanil at 10 μg/ml or triadimefon at 100 μg/ml, suggesting that it is not sensitive to the fungicides at these concentrations. The spray adjuvant AddQ did not increase percent colonization by A. quisqualis but reduced the size of mildew colonies when used alone or with AQ10.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shishkoff
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
| | - M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
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Abstract
Powdery mildew was observed for the first time on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in western New York in August 1999 and on Long Island, NY, in August 2000. Infected plants were found in commercial fields planted with transplants from Georgia and Florida. Powdery mildew was not found in nearby commercial fields in either year, and it was not found in 2000 in western New York. Symptoms included white sporulation on the undersurfaces of leaves, causing yellow lesions on upper surfaces that turned necrotic and led to premature defoliation. The pathogen was confirmed to be Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G. Arnaud, a species complex that infects more than 1,000 plant species in 74 families, including pepper, tomato and eggplant. Only the Oidiopsis stage was found. Conidia were 47.3 to 74.3 μm × 10.5 to 20.3 μm (average 64.0 × 16.8 μm (N = 71). Symptoms were observed on all cultivars of bell and chili pepper in the Long Island field but not on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and eggplant (Solanum melongena var. esculentum) in adjacent rows. Powdery mildew of pepper was first observed in North America in 1971 in southwest Florida (1). Symptoms were found on field-grown peppers in Florida in April 2001 at the time that transplants were being produced for New York. Considering the latent period is 18 to 21 days and symptoms tend to be initially subtle, diseased seedlings could easily go undetected. This disease is a problem on tomatoes and peppers in California (2), Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. Powdery mildew of pepper was reported in Puerto Rico in 1992, in Idaho on greenhouse-grown pepper in 1998, in north-central Mexico in 1998, and in both Canada and Oklahoma on greenhouse-grown pepper in 1999. Powdery mildew of peppers has not been seen in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, North Carolina, or Ohio. References: (1) C. H. Blazquez. Phytopathology 66:1155, 1976. (2) R. F. Smith et al. Calif. Agric. 53:40, 1999.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
| | - N Shishkoff
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
| | - C Bornt
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, 216 E Main St., Batavia, NY 14020
| | - D D Moyer
- Cornell Cooperative Extension, 246 Griffing Ave., Riverhead, NY 11901-3086
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Abstract
Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effect of JMS Stylet-Oil on cucurbit powdery mildew. In laboratory studies, JMS Stylet-Oil (1.5%) applied with a low-pressure sprayer (138 kPa) significantly reduced colony size, but did not eradicate pre-existing mildew colonies. Applying oil every 4 days was more effective than a single application. Oil did not significantly reduce spore viability, since spores taken from sprayed colonies readily formed new colonies. Although oil appeared to cause abnormalities of conidiophores and spores immediately after application, this effect was temporary. Tween 20 had an inhibitory effect on mildew growth and increased the effectiveness of oil when the two were applied together. Efficacy of oil was increased by using a high-pressure sprayer (1380 kPa). In the greenhouse experiment, JMS Stylet-Oil (0.75%) applied once to summer squash either 4 h before transfer of conidia to inoculation sites or 5 days after inoculation suppressed the size of the area infected by 48 to 60%. A single application of oil 5 days before inoculation was not effective. A 4-day spray program beginning 5 days after inoculation was effective. Compared with nontreated plants, oil-treated plants had fewer symptomatic leaves (71 vs. 34%, excluding leaf 1 and inoculated leaves) and fewer colonies (244 vs. 26) 20 days after inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T McGrath
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
| | - N Shishkoff
- Department of Plant Pathology, Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, 3059 Sound Avenue, Riverhead, NY 11901-1098
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