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Pernia M, Kar M, Montes-Lourido P, Sadagopan S. Pupillometry to Assess Auditory Sensation in Guinea Pigs. J Vis Exp 2023:10.3791/64581. [PMID: 36688548 PMCID: PMC9929667 DOI: 10.3791/64581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Noise exposure is a leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss. Animal models of noise-induced hearing loss have generated mechanistic insight into the underlying anatomical and physiological pathologies of hearing loss. However, relating behavioral deficits observed in humans with hearing loss to behavioral deficits in animal models remains challenging. Here, pupillometry is proposed as a method that will enable the direct comparison of animal and human behavioral data. The method is based on a modified oddball paradigm - habituating the subject to the repeated presentation of a stimulus and intermittently presenting a deviant stimulus that varies in some parametric fashion from the repeated stimulus. The fundamental premise is that if the change between the repeated and deviant stimulus is detected by the subject, it will trigger a pupil dilation response that is larger than that elicited by the repeated stimulus. This approach is demonstrated using a vocalization categorization task in guinea pigs, an animal model widely used in auditory research, including in hearing loss studies. By presenting vocalizations from one vocalization category as standard stimuli and a second category as oddball stimuli embedded in noise at various signal-to-noise ratios, it is demonstrated that the magnitude of pupil dilation in response to the oddball category varies monotonically with the signal-to-noise ratio. Growth curve analyses can then be used to characterize the time course and statistical significance of these pupil dilation responses. In this protocol, detailed procedures for acclimating guinea pigs to the setup, conducting pupillometry, and evaluating/analyzing data are described. Although this technique is demonstrated in normal-hearing guinea pigs in this protocol, the method may be used to assess the sensory effects of various forms of hearing loss within each subject. These effects may then be correlated with concurrent electrophysiological measures and post-hoc anatomical observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianny Pernia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Manaswini Kar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Pilar Montes-Lourido
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Transfer and Innovation, USC University Hospital Complex (CHUS), University of Santiago de Compostela
| | - Srivatsun Sadagopan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh;
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Cantalino J, Pernia M, Obayomi-Davies O, Aghdam N, Danner M, Suy S, Conroy D, Collins S, Salvatore M, Makariou E, Rudra S, Lischalk J, Collins B. Adjuvant Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (ASBRT) for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: Symptomatic Fat Necrosis is Associated with Consecutive Daily Treatments. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.07.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Kar M, Pernia M, Williams K, Parida S, Schneider NA, McAndrew M, Kumbam I, Sadagopan S. Vocalization categorization behavior explained by a feature-based auditory categorization model. eLife 2022; 11:78278. [PMID: 36226815 PMCID: PMC9633061 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vocal animals produce multiple categories of calls with high between- and within-subject variability, over which listeners must generalize to accomplish call categorization. The behavioral strategies and neural mechanisms that support this ability to generalize are largely unexplored. We previously proposed a theoretical model that accomplished call categorization by detecting features of intermediate complexity that best contrasted each call category from all other categories. We further demonstrated that some neural responses in the primary auditory cortex were consistent with such a model. Here, we asked whether a feature-based model could predict call categorization behavior. We trained both the model and guinea pigs (GPs) on call categorization tasks using natural calls. We then tested categorization by the model and GPs using temporally and spectrally altered calls. Both the model and GPs were surprisingly resilient to temporal manipulations, but sensitive to moderate frequency shifts. Critically, the model predicted about 50% of the variance in GP behavior. By adopting different model training strategies and examining features that contributed to solving specific tasks, we could gain insight into possible strategies used by animals to categorize calls. Our results validate a model that uses the detection of intermediate-complexity contrastive features to accomplish call categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manaswini Kar
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Marianny Pernia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Kayla Williams
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Satyabrata Parida
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | | | - Madelyn McAndrew
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Isha Kumbam
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Srivatsun Sadagopan
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
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Montes-Lourido P, Kar M, Pernia M, Parida S, Sadagopan S. Updates to the guinea pig animal model for in-vivo auditory neuroscience in the low-frequency hearing range. Hear Res 2022; 424:108603. [PMID: 36099806 PMCID: PMC9922531 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2022.108603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
For gaining insight into general principles of auditory processing, it is critical to choose model organisms whose set of natural behaviors encompasses the processes being investigated. This reasoning has led to the development of a variety of animal models for auditory neuroscience research, such as guinea pigs, gerbils, chinchillas, rabbits, and ferrets; but in recent years, the availability of cutting-edge molecular tools and other methodologies in the mouse model have led to waning interest in these unique model species. As laboratories increasingly look to include in-vivo components in their research programs, a comprehensive description of procedures and techniques for applying some of these modern neuroscience tools to a non-mouse small animal model would enable researchers to leverage unique model species that may be best suited for testing their specific hypotheses. In this manuscript, we describe in detail the methods we have developed to apply these tools to the guinea pig animal model to answer questions regarding the neural processing of complex sounds, such as vocalizations. We describe techniques for vocalization acquisition, behavioral testing, recording of auditory brainstem responses and frequency-following responses, intracranial neural signals including local field potential and single unit activity, and the expression of transgenes allowing for optogenetic manipulation of neural activity, all in awake and head-fixed guinea pigs. We demonstrate the rich datasets at the behavioral and electrophysiological levels that can be obtained using these techniques, underscoring the guinea pig as a versatile animal model for studying complex auditory processing. More generally, the methods described here are applicable to a broad range of small mammals, enabling investigators to address specific auditory processing questions in model organisms that are best suited for answering them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Montes-Lourido
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Manaswini Kar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marianny Pernia
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Satyabrata Parida
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Srivatsun Sadagopan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Gnanateja GN, Rupp K, Llanos F, Remick M, Pernia M, Sadagopan S, Teichert T, Abel TJ, Chandrasekaran B. Frequency-Following Responses to Speech Sounds Are Highly Conserved across Species and Contain Cortical Contributions. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0451-21.2021. [PMID: 34799409 PMCID: PMC8704423 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0451-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-varying pitch is a vital cue for human speech perception. Neural processing of time-varying pitch has been extensively assayed using scalp-recorded frequency-following responses (FFRs), an electrophysiological signal thought to reflect integrated phase-locked neural ensemble activity from subcortical auditory areas. Emerging evidence increasingly points to a putative contribution of auditory cortical ensembles to the scalp-recorded FFRs. However, the properties of cortical FFRs and precise characterization of laminar sources are still unclear. Here we used direct human intracortical recordings as well as extracranial and intracranial recordings from macaques and guinea pigs to characterize the properties of cortical sources of FFRs to time-varying pitch patterns. We found robust FFRs in the auditory cortex across all species. We leveraged representational similarity analysis as a translational bridge to characterize similarities between the human and animal models. Laminar recordings in animal models showed FFRs emerging primarily from the thalamorecipient layers of the auditory cortex. FFRs arising from these cortical sources significantly contributed to the scalp-recorded FFRs via volume conduction. Our research paves the way for a wide array of studies to investigate the role of cortical FFRs in auditory perception and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nike Gnanateja
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Kyle Rupp
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Fernando Llanos
- Department of Linguistics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Madison Remick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Marianny Pernia
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Srivatsun Sadagopan
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Tobias Teichert
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Taylor J Abel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Bharath Chandrasekaran
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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Pepin A, Shah S, Pernia M, Lei S, Ayoob M, Danner M, Yung T, Collins B, Suy S, Aghdam N, Collins S. PO-1364 Bleeding Risk after Prostate SBRT in Men on Baseline Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Therapy. Radiother Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(21)07815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pernia M, Díaz I, Colmenárez-Raga AC, Rivadulla C, Cudeiro J, Plaza I, Merchán MA. Cross-modal reaction of auditory and visual cortices after long-term bilateral hearing deprivation in the rat. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:129-148. [PMID: 31781971 PMCID: PMC6957565 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Visual cortex (VC) over-activation analysed by evoked responses has been demonstrated in congenital deafness and after long-term acquired hearing loss in humans. However, permanent hearing deprivation has not yet been explored in animal models. Thus, the present study aimed to examine functional and molecular changes underlying the visual and auditory cross-modal reaction. For such purpose, we analysed cortical visual evoked potentials (VEPs) and the gene expression (RT-qPCR) of a set of markers for neuronal activation (c-Fos) and activity-dependent homeostatic compensation (Arc/Arg3.1). To determine the state of excitation and inhibition, we performed RT-qPCR and quantitative immunocytochemistry for excitatory (receptor subunits GluA2/3) and inhibitory (GABAA-α1, GABAB-R2, GAD65/67 and parvalbumin-PV) markers. VC over-activation was demonstrated by a significant increase in VEPs wave N1 and by up-regulation of the activity-dependent early genes c-Fos and Arc/Arg3.1 (thus confirming, by RT-qPCR, our previously published immunocytochemical results). GluA2 gene and protein expression were significantly increased in the auditory cortex (AC), particularly in layers 2/3 pyramidal neurons, but inhibitory markers (GAD65/67 and PV-GABA interneurons) were also significantly upregulated in the AC, indicating a concurrent increase in inhibition. Therefore, after permanent hearing loss in the rat, the VC is not only over-activated but also potentially balanced by homeostatic regulation, while excitatory and inhibitory markers remain imbalanced in the AC, most likely resulting from changes in horizontal intermodal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pernia
- Instituto de Neurociencias of Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - I Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias of Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - A C Colmenárez-Raga
- Instituto de Neurociencias of Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - C Rivadulla
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - J Cudeiro
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de A Coruña and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de A Coruña (INIBIC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - I Plaza
- Instituto de Neurociencias of Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M A Merchán
- Instituto de Neurociencias of Castilla y León-INCyL, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Colmenárez-Raga AC, Díaz I, Pernia M, Pérez-González D, Delgado-García JM, Carro J, Plaza I, Merchán MA. Reversible Functional Changes Evoked by Anodal Epidural Direct Current Electrical Stimulation of the Rat Auditory Cortex. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:356. [PMID: 31031588 PMCID: PMC6473088 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat auditory cortex was subjected to 0.1 mA anodal direct current in seven 10-min sessions on alternate days. Based on the well-known auditory cortex control of olivocochlear regulation through corticofugal projections, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) were recorded as an indirect test of the effectiveness and reversibility of the multisession protocol of epidural stimulation. Increases of 20-30 dB ABR auditory thresholds shown after epidural stimulation reverted back to control levels 10 min after a single session. However, increases in thresholds revert 4 days after multisession stimulation. Less changes in wave amplitudes and threshold shifts were shown in ABR recorded contralaterally to the electrically stimulated side of the brain. To assess tissue effects of epidural electric stimulation on the brain cortex, well characterized functional anatomical markers of glial cells (GFAP/astrocytes and Iba1/microglial cells) and neurons (c-Fos) were analyzed in alternate serial sections by quantitative immunocytochemistry. Restricted astroglial and microglial reactivity was observed within the cytoarchitectural limits of the auditory cortex. However, interstitial GFAP overstaining was also observed in the ventricular surface and around blood vessels, thus supporting a potential global electrolytic stimulation of the brain. These results correlate with extensive changes in the distribution of c-Fos immunoreactive neurons among layers along sensory cortices after multisession stimulation. Quantitative immunocytochemical analysis supported this idea by showing a significant increase in the number of positive neurons in supragranular layers and a decrease in layer 6 with no quantitative changes detected in layer 5. Our data indicate that epidural stimulation of the auditory cortex induces a reversible decrease in hearing sensitivity due to local, restricted epidural stimulation. A global plastic response of the sensory cortices, also reported here, may be related to electrolytic effects of electric currents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marianny Pernia
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - David Pérez-González
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Juan Carro
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Plaza
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel A Merchán
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Aghdam N, Kataria S, Pernia M, Hall C, O’Connor T, Campbell L, Suy S, Collins S, Krochmal R, Anderson E, Lischalk J, Collins B. PV-0206 Gross endobronchial disease: predictor of clinical outcomes for early stage NSCLC treated with SBRT. Radiother Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(19)30626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Pernia M, Estevez S, Poveda C, Plaza I, Carro J, Juiz JM, Merchan MA. c-Fos and Arc/Arg3.1 expression in auditory and visual cortices after hearing loss: Evidence of sensory crossmodal reorganization in adult rats. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:2677-2689. [PMID: 28472857 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cross-modal reorganization in the auditory and visual cortices has been reported after hearing and visual deficits mostly during the developmental period, possibly underlying sensory compensation mechanisms. However, there are very few data on the existence or nature and timeline of such reorganization events during sensory deficits in adulthood. In this study, we assessed long-term changes in activity-dependent immediate early genes c-Fos and Arc/Arg3.1 in auditory and neighboring visual cortical areas after bilateral deafness in young adult rats. Specifically, we analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively c-Fos and Arc/Arg3.1 immunoreactivity at 15 and 90 days after cochlea removal. We report extensive, global loss of c-Fos and Arc/Arg3.1 immunoreactive neurons in the auditory cortex 15 days after permanent auditory deprivation in adult rats, which is partly reversed 90 days after deafness. Simultaneously, the number and labeling intensity of c-Fos- and Arc/Arg3.1-immunoreactive neurons progressively increase in neighboring visual cortical areas from 2 weeks after deafness and these changes stabilize three months after inducing the cochlear lesion. These findings support plastic, compensatory, long-term changes in activity in the auditory and visual cortices after auditory deprivation in the adult rats. Further studies may clarify whether those changes result in perceptual potentiation of visual drives on auditory regions of the adult cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pernia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León - INCYL), University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca - US), Salamanca, Spain
| | - S Estevez
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León - INCYL), University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca - US), Salamanca, Spain
| | - C Poveda
- School of Medicine of Albacete, Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas - IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha - UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - I Plaza
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León - INCYL), University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca - US), Salamanca, Spain
| | - J Carro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León - INCYL), University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca - US), Salamanca, Spain
| | - J M Juiz
- School of Medicine of Albacete, Institute for Research in Neurological Disabilities (Instituto de Investigación en Discapacidades Neurológicas - IDINE), University of Castilla-La Mancha (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha - UCLM), Albacete, Spain
| | - M A Merchan
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Hearing, Institute of Neurosciences of Castilla y León (Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León - INCYL), University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca - US), Salamanca, Spain
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