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Kollipara A, Moonasar D, Balawanth R, Silal SP, Yuen A, Fox K, Njau J, Pillay YG, Blecher M. Mobilizing resources with an investment case to mitigate cross-border malaria transmission and achieve malaria elimination in South Africa. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2205700. [PMID: 37158217 PMCID: PMC10171117 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2205700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
South Africa's effort to eliminate malaria is significantly challenged by a large number of imported malaria cases, especially from neighbouring Mozambique. The country has a funding gap to achieve its malaria elimination goals (prior to 2019) and is ineligible to receive a national allocation from the Global Fund. The findings of an IC were utilised to successfully mobilise resources for malaria elimination in South Africa in 2018. A five-step resource mobilisation strategy was implemented to highlight financing challenges and leverage the economic evidence from an IC for malaria elimination in South Africa. South Africa's malaria programme implements control and elimination activities in three malaria-endemic provinces (KwaZulu Natal, Limpopo, and Mpumalanga). Driven by the IC findings, the South African government took an unprecedented step and increased total domestic malaria financing by approximately 36%, from the 2018/19 to the 2019/20 financial years through the creation of a new conditional grant for malaria. The IC findings predicted that malaria control in southern Mozambique is a prerequisite to eliminate malaria in South Africa. Based on this, the South African government also allocated funding towards a co-financing mechanism to support malaria control efforts in southern Mozambique. The IC findings assisted the South African National Department of Health to make a convincing case to key government decision-makers to invest in national malaria elimination and maximise economic returns in the long run. The South African government is the first in Southern Africa to mobilise a significant increase in domestic malaria financing to address the financial sustainability of both national and regional malaria elimination efforts. Continued surveillance activities will be required to prevent the re-establishment of malaria transmission even after malaria elimination is achieved in South Africa. Information sharing and close collaboration with provincial and national government officials were key to the successful outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Kollipara
- San Francisco Global Health Group, Malaria Elimination Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Devanand Moonasar
- National Department of Health, Malaria Vector and Zoonotic Disease Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ryleen Balawanth
- South Africa Regional Office, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc. (CHAI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sheetal P Silal
- Modelling and Simulation Hub, Africa (MASHA), Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Yuen
- South Africa Regional Office, Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc. (CHAI), Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Katie Fox
- San Francisco Global Health Group, Malaria Elimination Initiative at the University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Njau
- JoDon Consulting Group, Health Economist, Lilburn, GA, USA
| | - Yogan G Pillay
- National Department of Health, Malaria Vector and Zoonotic Disease Directorate, Pretoria, South Africa
- Affiliate Center for Innovation in Global Health, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark Blecher
- Public Finance Division, National Treasury, Pretoria, South Africa
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2
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Fryatt RJ, Blecher M. In with the good, out with the bad - Investment standards for external funding of health? Health Policy Open 2023; 5:100104. [PMID: 38059005 PMCID: PMC10696456 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, external financing of health systems in low- and middle-income countries has helped achieve remarkable improvements across the world. However, these successes have not come without problems. There are a growing number of areas where external assistance can cause harm and even undermine the development of national health systems. Recent decades have seen a surge of knowledge on investing in health systems. We propose the setting up of investment standards for external assistance that aim to incentivize a more efficient evidence-based investment in a country's health system, led by decision-makers in country. Using a more standardized process would lead to a better use of precious external assistance resources. The long-term goal would be fully functioning health systems with all the necessary essential public health functions in all countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert John Fryatt
- Position: Lead, International Health, Mott MacDonald, Address: 10 Fleet Place, London EC1M, UK
| | - Mark Blecher
- Chief Director, Health and Social Development, Address: National Treasury, Government of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Akobirshoev I, Valentine A, Zandam H, Nandakumar A, Jewkes R, Blecher M, Mitra M. Disparities in intimate partner violence among women at the intersection of disability and HIV status in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e054782. [PMID: 36113942 PMCID: PMC9486199 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests a significant relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV infection in women and that the risk of IPV is heightened in women with disabilities. Women with disabilities, particularly those residing in low-income and middle-income countries, may experience additional burdens that increase their vulnerability to IPV. We aimed to examine the association between having disability and HIV infection and the risk of IPV among women in South Africa. DESIGN Using the 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey, we calculated the prevalence of IPV and conducted modified Poisson regressions to estimate the unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios of experiencing IPV by disability and HIV status. PARTICIPANTS Our final analytical sample included 1269 ever-partnered women aged 18-49 years, who responded to the IPV module and received HIV testing. RESULTS The prevalence of IPV was twice as high in women with disabilities with HIV infection compared with women without disabilities without HIV infection (21.2% vs 50.1%). Our unadjusted regression analysis showed that compared with women without disabilities without HIV infection, women with disabilities with HIV infection had almost four times higher odds (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.27 to 10.9, p<0.05) of experiencing IPV. It appeared that women with disabilities with HIV infection experience compounded disparity. The association was compounded, with the OR for the combination of disability status and HIV status equal to or more than the sum of each of the individual ORs. CONCLUSIONS Women with disabilities and HIV infection are at exceptionally high risk of IPV in South Africa. Given that HIV infection and disability magnify each other's risks for IPV, targeted interventions to prevent IPV and to address the complex and varied needs of doubly marginalised populations of women with disabilities with HIV infection are critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhom Akobirshoev
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne Valentine
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hussaini Zandam
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Allyala Nandakumar
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rachel Jewkes
- Gender and Health Division, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark Blecher
- Health and Social Development, National Treasury of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Monika Mitra
- Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, Brandeis University Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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Hanson K, Brikci N, Erlangga D, Alebachew A, De Allegri M, Balabanova D, Blecher M, Cashin C, Esperato A, Hipgrave D, Kalisa I, Kurowski C, Meng Q, Morgan D, Mtei G, Nolte E, Onoka C, Powell-Jackson T, Roland M, Sadanandan R, Stenberg K, Vega Morales J, Wang H, Wurie H. The Lancet Global Health Commission on financing primary health care: putting people at the centre. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e715-e772. [PMID: 35390342 PMCID: PMC9005653 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara Hanson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Nouria Brikci
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Darius Erlangga
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abebe Alebachew
- Breakthrough International Consultancy, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Manuela De Allegri
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dina Balabanova
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ina Kalisa
- World Health Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Qingyue Meng
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - David Morgan
- Health Division, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | | | - Ellen Nolte
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chima Onoka
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Powell-Jackson
- Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Martin Roland
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | - Hong Wang
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haja Wurie
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Teerawattananon Y, Kc S, Chi YL, Dabak S, Kazibwe J, Clapham H, Lopez Hernandez C, Leung GM, Sharifi H, Habtemariam M, Blecher M, Nishtar S, Sarkar S, Wilson D, Chalkidou K, Gorgens M, Hutubessy R, Wibulpolprasert S. Recalibrating the notion of modelling for policymaking during pandemics. Epidemics 2022; 38:100552. [PMID: 35259693 PMCID: PMC8889889 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2022.100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 disease models have aided policymakers in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) with many critical decisions. Many challenges remain surrounding their use, from inappropriate model selection and adoption, inadequate and untimely reporting of evidence, to the lack of iterative stakeholder engagement in policy formulation and deliberation. These issues can contribute to the misuse of models and hinder effective policy implementation. Without guidance on how to address such challenges, the true potential of such models may not be realised. The COVID-19 Multi-Model Comparison Collaboration (CMCC) was formed to address this gap. CMCC is a global collaboration between decision-makers from LMICs, modellers and researchers, and development partners. To understand the limitations of existing COVID-19 disease models (primarily from high income countries) and how they could be adequately support decision-making in LMICs, a desk review of modelling experience during the COVID-19 and past disease outbreaks, two online surveys, and regular online consultations were held among the collaborators. Three key recommendations from CMCC include: A ‘fitness-for-purpose’ flowchart, a tool that concurrently walks policymakers (or their advisors) and modellers through a model selection and development process. The flowchart is organised around the following: policy aims, modelling feasibility, model implementation, model reporting commitment. Holmdahl and Buckee (2020) A ‘reporting standards trajectory’, which includes three gradually increasing standard of reports, ‘minimum’, ‘acceptable’, and ‘ideal’, and seeks collaboration from funders, modellers, and decision-makers to enhance the quality of reports over time and accountability of researchers. Malla et al. (2018) A framework for “collaborative modelling for effective policy implementation and evaluation” which extends the definition of stakeholders to funders, ground-level implementers, public, and other researchers, and outlines how each can contribute to modelling. We advocate for standardisation of modelling processes and adoption of country-owned model through iterative stakeholder participation and discuss how they can enhance trust, accountability, and public ownership to decisions. COVID-19 models need appropriate adaptation to reflect contextual differences across settings. Upholding scientific standards is equally important as providing evidence for policymaking during pandemics. Wider stakeholder engagement with an iterative process for re-evaluating decisions is required for effective policy implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SSHSPH), National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, 117549, Singapore
| | - Sarin Kc
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Y-Ling Chi
- Centre for Global Development Europe, Great Peter House, Abbey Gardens, Great College St, Westminster, London SW1P 3SE, UK
| | - Saudamini Dabak
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Joseph Kazibwe
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London (ICL), Faculty of Medicine Building, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Hannah Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SSHSPH), National University of Singapore (NUS), 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, 117549, Singapore
| | | | - Gabriel M Leung
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine (HKUMed), Hong Kong University, 21 Sassoon Rd, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Hamid Sharifi
- HIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences (KMU), Kerman 7616911320, Iran
| | - Mahlet Habtemariam
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, African Union Commission, Roosevelt Streeet, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mark Blecher
- National Treasury, 120 Plein Street, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sania Nishtar
- Poverty Alleviation and Social Safety Division, Government of Pakistan, Cabinet Secretariat, 4th Floor, Evacuee Trust Complex, F-5/1, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Swarup Sarkar
- Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR), Government of India, V. Ramalingaswami Bhawan, P.O. Box No. 4911, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - David Wilson
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), 500 5th Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kalipso Chalkidou
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London (ICL), Faculty of Medicine Building, St Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Global Health Campus, Chemin du Pommier 40, 1218 Grand-Saconnex, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marelize Gorgens
- World Bank Group (WBG), 1818H Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | - Raymond Hutubessy
- World Health Organisation (WHO), Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Suwit Wibulpolprasert
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program (HITAP), Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, 6th Floor, 6th Building, Tiwanon Road, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; International Health Policy Program (IHPP), Ministry of Public Health, Tiwanon Rd., Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Many countries have committed to achieving Universal Health Coverage. This paper summarizes selected health financing themes from five middle-income country case studies with incomplete progress towards UHC. METHODS The paper focuses on key flagship UHC programs in these countries, which exist along other publicly financed health delivery systems, reviewed through the lens of key health financing functions such as revenue raising, pooling and purchasing as well as governance and institutional arrangements. RESULTS There is variable progress across countries. Indonesia's Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) reforms have made substantial progress in health services coverage and health financing indicators though challenges remain in its implementation. In contrast, Ghana has seen reduced funding levels for health and achieved less than 50% in the UHC service coverage index. In India, despite Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) reforms having provided important innovations in purchasing and public-private mix, out of pocket spending remains high and the public health financing level low. Kenya still has a challenge to use public financing to enhance coverage for the informal sector, while South Africa has made little progress in strategic purchasing. CONCLUSIONS Despite variations across countries, therefore, important challenges include inadequate financing, sub-optimal pooling, and unmet expectations in strategic purchasing. While complex federal systems may complicate the path forward for most of these countries, evidence of strong political commitment in some of these countries bodes well for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Blecher
- National Treasury of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Jonatan Davén
- National Treasury of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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7
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Akobirshoev I, Zandam H, Nandakumar A, Groce N, Blecher M, Mitra M. The compounding effect of having HIV and a disability on child mortality among mothers in South Africa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251183. [PMID: 33951108 PMCID: PMC8099123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research on the association between maternal HIV status and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa was published between 2005-2011. Findings from these studies showed a higher child mortality risk among children born to HIV-positive mothers. While the population of women with disabilities is growing in developing countries, we found no research that examined the association between maternal disability in HIV-positive mothers, and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined the potential compounding effect of maternal disability and HIV status on child mortality in South Africa. METHODS We analyzed data for women age 15-49 years from South Africa, using the nationally representative 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey. We estimated unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios of child mortality indicators by maternal disability and maternal HIV using modified Poisson regressions. RESULTS Children born to disabled mothers compared to their peers born to non-disabled mothers were at a higher risk for neonatal mortality (RR = 1.80, 95% CI:1.31-2.49), infant mortality (RR = 1.69, 95% CI:1.19-2.41), and under-five mortality (RR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.05-3.01). The joint risk of maternal disability and HIV-positive status on the selected child mortality indicators is compounded such that it is more than the sum of the risks from maternal disability or maternal HIV-positive status alone (RR = 3.97 vs. joint RR = 3.67 for neonatal mortality; RR = 3.57 vs. joint RR = 3.25 for infant mortality; RR = 6.44 vs. joint RR = 3.75 for under-five mortality). CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that children born to HIV-positive women with disabilities are at an exceptionally high risk of premature mortality. Established inequalities faced by women with disabilities may account for this increased risk. Given that maternal HIV and disability amplify each other's impact on child mortality, addressing disabled women's HIV-related needs and understanding the pathways and mechanisms contributing to these disparities is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhom Akobirshoev
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hussaini Zandam
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allyala Nandakumar
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nora Groce
- UCL International Disability Research Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Monika Mitra
- The Lurie Institute for Disability Policy, The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Aguilar-Arevalo A, Aoki M, Blecher M, Britton D, vom Bruch D, Bryman D, Chen S, Comfort J, Cuen-Rochin S, Doria L, Gumplinger P, Hussein A, Igarashi Y, Ito S, Kettell S, Kurchaninov L, Littenberg L, Malbrunot C, Mischke R, Numao T, Protopopescu D, Sher A, Sullivan T, Vavilov D. Search for three body pion decays
π+→l+νX. Int J Clin Exp Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.103.052006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Chi YL, Blecher M, Chalkidou K, Culyer A, Claxton K, Edoka I, Glassman A, Kreif N, Jones I, Mirelman AJ, Nadjib M, Morton A, Norheim OF, Ochalek J, Prinja S, Ruiz F, Teerawattananon Y, Vassall A, Winch A. What next after GDP-based cost-effectiveness thresholds? Gates Open Res 2020; 4:176. [PMID: 33575544 PMCID: PMC7851575 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13201.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Public payers around the world are increasingly using cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) to assess the value-for-money of an intervention and make coverage decisions. However, there is still much confusion about the meaning and uses of the CET, how it should be calculated, and what constitutes an adequate evidence base for its formulation. One widely referenced and used threshold in the last decade has been the 1-3 GDP per capita, which is often attributed to the Commission on Macroeconomics and WHO guidelines on Choosing Interventions that are Cost Effective (WHO-CHOICE). For many reasons, however, this threshold has been widely criticised; which has led experts across the world, including the WHO, to discourage its use. This has left a vacuum for policy-makers and technical staff at a time when countries are wanting to move towards Universal Health Coverage
. This article seeks to address this gap by offering five practical options for decision-makers in low- and middle-income countries that can be used instead of the 1-3 GDP rule, to combine existing evidence with fair decision-rules or develop locally relevant CETs. It builds on existing literature as well as an engagement with a group of experts and decision-makers working in low, middle and high income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-Ling Chi
- Center for Global Development, London, SW1P 3SE, UK
| | | | - Kalipso Chalkidou
- Center for Global Development, London, SW1P 3SE, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anthony Culyer
- Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karl Claxton
- Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ijeoma Edoka
- School of Public Health, Wits University, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | | | - Noemi Kreif
- Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Iain Jones
- Sightsavers, Haywards Health, RH16 3BW, UK
| | - Andrew J Mirelman
- Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Mardiati Nadjib
- Faculty of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Administration, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | | | - Ole Frithjof Norheim
- BCEPS, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jessica Ochalek
- Centre for Health Economics, Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Shankar Prinja
- Department of Community Medicine & School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Francis Ruiz
- Center for Global Development, London, SW1P 3SE, UK.,Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Yot Teerawattananon
- Health Intervention and Technology Assessment Program, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand, Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand
| | - Anna Vassall
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Alexander Winch
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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10
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Aguilar-Arevalo A, Aoki M, Blecher M, Britton D, vom Bruch D, Bryman D, Chen S, Comfort J, Cuen-Rochin S, Doria L, Gumplinger P, Hussein A, Igarashi Y, Ito S, Kettell S, Kurchaninov L, Littenberg L, Malbrunot C, Mischke R, Numao T, Protopopescu D, Sher A, Sullivan T, Vavilov D. Improved search for heavy neutrinos in the decay
π→eν. Int J Clin Exp Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.97.072012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Jamison DT, Alwan A, Mock CN, Nugent R, Watkins D, Adeyi O, Anand S, Atun R, Bertozzi S, Bhutta Z, Binagwaho A, Black R, Blecher M, Bloom BR, Brouwer E, Bundy DAP, Chisholm D, Cieza A, Cullen M, Danforth K, de Silva N, Debas HT, Donkor P, Dua T, Fleming KA, Gallivan M, Garcia PJ, Gawande A, Gaziano T, Gelband H, Glass R, Glassman A, Gray G, Habte D, Holmes KK, Horton S, Hutton G, Jha P, Knaul FM, Kobusingye O, Krakauer EL, Kruk ME, Lachmann P, Laxminarayan R, Levin C, Looi LM, Madhav N, Mahmoud A, Mbanya JC, Measham A, Medina-Mora ME, Medlin C, Mills A, Mills JA, Montoya J, Norheim O, Olson Z, Omokhodion F, Oppenheim B, Ord T, Patel V, Patton GC, Peabody J, Prabhakaran D, Qi J, Reynolds T, Ruacan S, Sankaranarayanan R, Sepúlveda J, Skolnik R, Smith KR, Temmerman M, Tollman S, Verguet S, Walker DG, Walker N, Wu Y, Zhao K. Universal health coverage and intersectoral action for health: key messages from Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 2018; 391:1108-1120. [PMID: 29179954 PMCID: PMC5996988 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The World Bank is publishing nine volumes of Disease Control Priorities, 3rd edition (DCP3) between 2015 and 2018. Volume 9, Improving Health and Reducing Poverty, summarises the main messages from all the volumes and contains cross-cutting analyses. This Review draws on all nine volumes to convey conclusions. The analysis in DCP3 is built around 21 essential packages that were developed in the nine volumes. Each essential package addresses the concerns of a major professional community (eg, child health or surgery) and contains a mix of intersectoral policies and health-sector interventions. 71 intersectoral prevention policies were identified in total, 29 of which are priorities for early introduction. Interventions within the health sector were grouped onto five platforms (population based, community level, health centre, first-level hospital, and referral hospital). DCP3 defines a model concept of essential universal health coverage (EUHC) with 218 interventions that provides a starting point for country-specific analysis of priorities. Assuming steady-state implementation by 2030, EUHC in lower-middle-income countries would reduce premature deaths by an estimated 4·2 million per year. Estimated total costs prove substantial: about 9·1% of (current) gross national income (GNI) in low-income countries and 5·2% of GNI in lower-middle-income countries. Financing provision of continuing intervention against chronic conditions accounts for about half of estimated incremental costs. For lower-middle-income countries, the mortality reduction from implementing the EUHC can only reach about half the mortality reduction in non-communicable diseases called for by the Sustainable Development Goals. Full achievement will require increased investment or sustained intersectoral action, and actions by finance ministries to tax smoking and polluting emissions and to reduce or eliminate (often large) subsidies on fossil fuels appear of central importance. DCP3 is intended to be a model starting point for analyses at the country level, but country-specific cost structures, epidemiological needs, and national priorities will generally lead to definitions of EUHC that differ from country to country and from the model in this Review. DCP3 is particularly relevant as achievement of EUHC relies increasingly on greater domestic finance, with global developmental assistance in health focusing more on global public goods. In addition to assessing effects on mortality, DCP3 looked at outcomes of EUHC not encompassed by the disability-adjusted life-year metric and related cost-effectiveness analyses. The other objectives included financial protection (potentially better provided upstream by keeping people out of the hospital rather than downstream by paying their hospital bills for them), stillbirths averted, palliative care, contraception, and child physical and intellectual growth. The first 1000 days after conception are highly important for child development, but the next 7000 days are likewise important and often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean T Jamison
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ala Alwan
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Robert Black
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Blecher
- National Treasury of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Barry R Bloom
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Chisholm
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Haile T Debas
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Donkor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Tarun Dua
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth A Fleming
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Atul Gawande
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Gaziano
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Roger Glass
- Fogarty International Center, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Glenda Gray
- University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Demissie Habte
- International Clinical Epidemiology Network, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol Medlin
- Praxis Social Impact Consulting, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anne Mills
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Zachary Olson
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Toby Ord
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - George C Patton
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John Peabody
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dorairaj Prabhakaran
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
| | - Jinyuan Qi
- Princeton, University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jaime Sepúlveda
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Kirk R Smith
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Neff Walker
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yangfeng Wu
- The George Institute for Global Health at Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- China National Health Development Research Center, Beijing, China
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12
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Higginson DP, Khiar B, Revet G, Béard J, Blecher M, Borghesi M, Burdonov K, Chen SN, Filippov E, Khaghani D, Naughton K, Pépin H, Pikuz S, Portugall O, Riconda C, Riquier R, Rodriguez R, Ryazantsev SN, Skobelev IY, Soloviev A, Starodubtsev M, Vinci T, Willi O, Ciardi A, Fuchs J. Enhancement of Quasistationary Shocks and Heating via Temporal Staging in a Magnetized Laser-Plasma Jet. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:255002. [PMID: 29303310 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.255002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the formation of a laser-produced magnetized jet under conditions of a varying mass ejection rate and a varying divergence of the ejected plasma flow. This is done by irradiating a solid target placed in a 20 T magnetic field with, first, a collinear precursor laser pulse (10^{12} W/cm^{2}) and, then, a main pulse (10^{13} W/cm^{2}) arriving 9-19 ns later. Varying the time delay between the two pulses is found to control the divergence of the expanding plasma, which is shown to increase the strength of and heating in the conical shock that is responsible for jet collimation. These results show that plasma collimation due to shocks against a strong magnetic field can lead to stable, astrophysically relevant jets that are sustained over time scales 100 times the laser pulse duration (i.e., >70 ns), even in the case of strong variability at the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Higginson
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA
| | - B Khiar
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR 8112, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 8112, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - G Revet
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - J Béard
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - M Blecher
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Borghesi
- Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - K Burdonov
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S N Chen
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E Filippov
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI," 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - D Khaghani
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Naughton
- Centre for Plasma Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - H Pépin
- INRS-ÉMT, 1650 bd. L. Boulet, J3X1S2 Varennes, Québec, Canada
| | - S Pikuz
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI," 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - O Portugall
- LNCMI, UPR 3228, CNRS-UGA-UPS-INSA, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - C Riconda
- LULI, Sorbonne Univ.-UPMC Univ. Paris 06, École Polytechnique, CNRS, CEA, 75005 Paris, France
| | - R Riquier
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- CEA, DAM, DIF, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - R Rodriguez
- Departamento de Fisica de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, E-35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - S N Ryazantsev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - I Yu Skobelev
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures, RAS, 125412 Moscow, Russia
- National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI," 115409 Moscow, Russia
| | - A Soloviev
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M Starodubtsev
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - T Vinci
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - O Willi
- Institut für Laser- und Plasmaphysik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Ciardi
- Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 6, UMR 8112, LERMA, F-75005 Paris, France
- LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 8112, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - J Fuchs
- Laboratoire pour l'Utilisation des Lasers Intenses-CNRS, CEA, École Polytechnique, Univ. Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Univ., UPMC Univ. Paris 06, F-91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
- Institute of Applied Physics, 46 Ulyanov Street, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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13
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Meyer-Rath G, Johnson LF, Pillay Y, Blecher M, Brennan AT, Long L, Moultrie H, Sanne I, Fox MP, Rosen S. Changing the South African national antiretroviral therapy guidelines: The role of cost modelling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186557. [PMID: 29084275 PMCID: PMC5662079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We were tasked by the South African Department of Health to assess the cost implications to the largest ART programme in the world of adopting sets of ART guidelines issued by the World Health Organization between 2010 and 2016. METHODS Using data from large South African ART clinics (n = 24,244 patients), projections of patients in need of ART, and cost data from bottom-up cost analyses, we constructed a population-level health-state transition model with 6-monthly transitions between health states depending on patients' age, CD4 cell count/ percentage, and, for adult first-line ART, time on treatment. FINDINGS For each set of guidelines, the modelled increase in patient numbers as a result of prevalence and uptake was substantially more than the increase resulting from additional eligibility. Under each set of guidelines, the number of people on ART was projected to increase by 31-133% over the next seven years, and cost by 84-175%, while increased eligibility led to 1-26% more patients, and 1-17% higher cost. The projected increases in treatment cost due to the 2010 and the 2015 WHO guidelines could be offset in their entirety by the introduction of cost-saving measures such as opening the drug tenders for international competition and task-shifting. Under universal treatment, annual costs of the treatment programme will decrease for the first time from 2024 onwards. CONCLUSIONS Annual budgetary requirements for ART will continue to increase in South Africa until universal treatment is taken to full scale. Model results were instrumental in changing South African ART guidelines, more than tripling the population on treatment between 2009 and 2017, and reducing the per-patient cost of treatment by 64%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Meyer-Rath
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leigh F. Johnson
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yogan Pillay
- National Department of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Alana T. Brennan
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lawrence Long
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Harry Moultrie
- Wits RHI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ian Sanne
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Clinical HIV Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Matthew P. Fox
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Sydney Rosen
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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14
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Aguilar-Arevalo A, Aoki M, Blecher M, Britton DI, Bryman DA, Vom Bruch D, Chen S, Comfort J, Ding M, Doria L, Cuen-Rochin S, Gumplinger P, Hussein A, Igarashi Y, Ito S, Kettell SH, Kurchaninov L, Littenberg LS, Malbrunot C, Mischke RE, Numao T, Protopopescu D, Sher A, Sullivan T, Vavilov D, Yamada K. Improved Measurement of the π→eν Branching Ratio. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 115:071801. [PMID: 26317713 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new measurement of the branching ratio R_{e/μ}=Γ(π^{+}→e^{+}ν+π^{+}→e^{+}νγ)/Γ(π^{+}→μ^{+}ν+π^{+}→μ^{+}νγ) resulted in R_{e/μ}^{exp}=[1.2344±0.0023(stat)±0.0019(syst)]×10^{-4}. This is in agreement with the standard model prediction and improves the test of electron-muon universality to the level of 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aguilar-Arevalo
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Distrito Federal 04510 México
| | - M Aoki
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - M Blecher
- Physics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - D I Britton
- Physics Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - D A Bryman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - D Vom Bruch
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - S Chen
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - J Comfort
- Physics Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
| | - M Ding
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - L Doria
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - S Cuen-Rochin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - P Gumplinger
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - A Hussein
- University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Y Igarashi
- KEK, 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - S H Kettell
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - L Kurchaninov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - L S Littenberg
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
| | - C Malbrunot
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - R E Mischke
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - T Numao
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - D Protopopescu
- Physics Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - A Sher
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - T Sullivan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - D Vavilov
- TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - K Yamada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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15
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Shimonov M, Ezri T, Blecher M, Cherniak A, Azamfirei L. Hemodynamic effects of sevoflurane versus propofol anesthesia for laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/22201173.2006.10872456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Hoblit S, Sandorfi AM, Ardashev K, Bade C, Bartalini O, Blecher M, Caracappa A, D'Angelo A, d'Angelo A, Di Salvo R, Fantini A, Gibson C, Glückler H, Hicks K, Honig A, Kageya T, Khandaker M, Kistner OC, Kizilgul S, Kucuker S, Lehmann A, Lowry M, Lucas M, Mahon J, Miceli L, Moricciani D, Norum B, Pap M, Preedom B, Seyfarth H, Schaerf C, Ströher H, Thorn CE, Whisnant CS, Wang K, Wei X. Measurements of H-->D-->(gamma-->,pi) and implications for the convergence of the Gerasimov-Drell-Hern integral. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:172002. [PMID: 19518773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.172002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report new measurements of inclusive pi production from frozen-spin HD for polarized photon beams covering the Delta(1232) resonance. These provide data simultaneously on both H and D with nearly complete angular distributions of the spin-difference cross sections entering the Gerasimov-Drell-Hearn (GDH) sum rule. Recent results from Mainz and Bonn exceed the GDH prediction for the proton by 22 microb, suggesting as yet unmeasured high-energy components. Our pi0 data reveal a different angular dependence than assumed in Mainz analyses and integrate to a value that is 18 microb lower, suggesting a more rapid convergence. Our results for deuterium are somewhat lower than published data, considerably more precise, and generally lower than available calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoblit
- Department of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA.
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17
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Blecher M. Speculations on potential anti-receptor autoimmune diseases. Ciba Found Symp 2008:279-300. [PMID: 6291883 DOI: 10.1002/9780470720721.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many autoimmune disorders have a strong tendency to cluster in a single patient or type of patient. Therefore, in those cases in which anti-receptor antibodies are known to be responsible for one of the diseases in the cluster, it is logical to proceed investigatively on the presumption that the aetiology of other members of the cluster may also have an anti-receptor autoantibody basis. This logic is examined by considering examples of clustering in human diseases involving both organ-specific and non-organ-specific autoimmunities. The strong relationship between clustering among autoimmune diseases and the HLA-B8/DRw3 haplotype may provide a marker for anti-receptor autoimmune diseases.
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18
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Abe M, Aliev M, Anisimovsky V, Aoki M, Asano Y, Baker T, Blecher M, Depommier P, Hasinoff M, Horie K, Igarashi Y, Imazato J, Ivashkin AP, Khabibullin MM, Khotjantsev AN, Kudenko YG, Kuno Y, Lee KS, Levchenko A, Lim GY, Macdonald JA, Mineev OV, Okorokova N, Rangacharyulu C, Shimizu S, Shin YH, Shin YM, Sim KS, Yershov N, Yokoi T. New limit on the T-violating transverse muon polarization in K+-->pi0mu+nu decays. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 93:131601. [PMID: 15524701 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.131601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A search for T-violating transverse muon polarization (P(T)) in the K+-->pi(0)mu(+)nu decay was performed using kaon decays at rest. A new improved value P(T)=-0.0017+/-0.0023(stat)+/-0.0011(syst) was obtained giving an upper limit |P(T)|<0.0050. The T-violation parameter was determined to be Imxi=-0.0053+/-0.0071(stat)+/-0.0036(syst) giving an upper limit |Imxi|<0.016.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abe
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan
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van As AB, Parry CDH, Blecher M. The alcohol injury fund. S Afr Med J 2003; 93:828-9. [PMID: 14677501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
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20
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van As AB, Blecher M. Value can be added to the health care system. S Afr Med J 2003; 93:590-2. [PMID: 14531116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A B van As
- Trauma Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital
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21
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Blecher M. Downsizing of a provincial department of health--causes and implications for fiscal policy. S Afr Med J 2002; 92:449-55. [PMID: 12146130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the financial basis for downsizing of a provincial health department and suggest implications for fiscal policy. DESIGN Analysis of relevant departmental, provincial and national financing and expenditure trends from 1995/96 to 2002/03. SETTING Western Cape (WC) Department of Health (DOH). RESULTS Downsizing involving 9,282 health workers (27.9%) and closure of 3,601 hospital beds (24.4%) over 5 years. Total aggregate provincial transfers (all provinces) remained fairly constant in real terms. The WC's share decreased from 11.8% in 1996/97 to 9.8% in 2002/03. This was offset by the DOH's share of the WC budget increasing from 25.6% to 29.6%, mainly because of an increase in national health conditional grants. The net effect of financing changes was that the DOH's allocation in real terms was similar in 2002/03 and 1995/96, which suggests that financing changes are not the major cause of downsizing. Expenditure analysis revealed a 39.7% real rise in the average cost of health personnel. Substantial interprovincial inequities remain. CONCLUSION The major cause of downsizing was wage growth, particularly following the 1996 wage agreement. Disjointed fiscal and wage policy has affected health services. Simultaneous application of policies of fiscal constraint, redistribution and substantial real wage growth has resulted in substantial downsizing with limited inroads into inequities. Inequities will continue to call for further redistribution, reduction in conditional grants and downsizing, much of which could have been avoided if fiscal and wage policy choices had been optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Blecher
- Directorate of Policy and Planning, Department of Health, Cape Town
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Blecher M. Battling biofilm. Do you know thine enemy? Mater Manag Health Care 2001; 10:22-4, 26. [PMID: 11799604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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Blecher M. Beyond managed care. Hosp Health Netw 2001; 75:50-3. [PMID: 11579767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Even as the federal government tries to prop up Medicare managed care, HMOs continue to pull out of the program. But a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services demonstration project aims to show that one concept of managed care can keep chronically ill patients healthier and lower overall costs. The concept, coordinated care, blends case management and disease management, giving patients the resources to manage their own care more actively. But, please, just don't call it managed care.
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Jonkmans G, Ahmad S, Armstrong DS, Azuelos G, Bertl W, Blecher M, Chen CQ, Depommier P, Doyle BC, Gorringe TP, Gumplinger P, Hasinoff MD, Healey D, Larabee AJ, Macdonald JA, McDonald SC, Munro M, Poutissou J, Poutissou R, Robertson BC, Sample DG, Saettler E, Sigler CM, Taylor GN, Wright DH, Zhang NS. Radiative Muon Capture on Hydrogen and the Induced Pseudoscalar Coupling. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 77:4512-4515. [PMID: 10062557 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.77.4512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Blanpied G, Blecher M, Caracappa A, Djalali C, Giordano G, Hicks K, Hoblit S, Khandaker M, Kistner OC, Matone G, Miceli L, Molinari C, Preedom B, Rebreyend D, Sandorfi AM, Schaerf C, Sealock RM, Ströher H, Thorn CE, Thornton ST, Whisnant CS, Zhang H, Zhao X. Polarized Compton scattering from the proton. Phys Rev Lett 1996; 76:1023-1026. [PMID: 10061614 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.76.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Blanpied G, Blecher M, Caracappa A, Djalali C, Duval MA, Giordano G, Hicks K, Hoblit S, Khandaker M, Kistner OC, Matone G, Miceli L, Mize WK, Preedom BM, Rebreyend D, Sandorfi AM, Schaerf C, Sealock RM, Thorn CE, Thornton ST, Vaziri K, Whisnant CS, Zhao X, Wilhelm P, Arenhövel H. New measurements of 2H( gamma. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1995; 52:R455-R459. [PMID: 9970615 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.52.r455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Bent SA, Booth PM, Costantino KK, Jones PB, Shaffer GL, Blecher M, Isacson JP, Peet RC. Biotech patents and "usefulness". Science 1995; 268:188-9. [PMID: 7716505 DOI: 10.1126/science.7716505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Blecher M. Procedure for gene patents. Nature 1993; 361:199. [PMID: 8423844 DOI: 10.1038/361199b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Blecher M, Sheard AG. Profiting from inventions in academia: American and British perspectives. Ann Clin Biochem 1993; 30 ( Pt 1):1-10. [PMID: 8434854 DOI: 10.1177/000456329303000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Blecher
- Rothwell, Figg, Ernst & Kurz, PC, Intellectual Property Law, Washington, DC 20004
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Blanpied G, Blecher M, Caracappa A, Djalali C, Duval MA, Giordano G, Hoblit S, Khandaker M, Kistner OC, Matone G, Miceli L, Mize WK, Preedom BM, Sandorfi AM, Schaerf C, Sealock RM, Thorn CE, Thornton ST, Vaziri K, Whisnant CS, Zhao X, Moinester MA. p( gamma. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 69:1880-1883. [PMID: 10046340 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.69.1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Armstrong DS, Serna-Angel A, Ahmad S, Azuelos G, Bertl W, Blecher M, Chen CQ, Depommier P, Gorringe TP, Hasinoff MD, Henderson RS, Larabee AJ, Macdonald JA, McDonald SC, Poutissou JM, Poutissou R, Robertson BC, Sample DG, Taylor GN, Wright DH, Zhang NS. Radiative muon capture on Al, Si, Ca, Mo, Sn, and Pb. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1992; 46:1094-1107. [PMID: 9968215 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.46.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Blanpied GS, Blecher M, Caracappa A, Djalali C, Duval MA, Giordano G, Hoblit S, Kistner OC, Matone G, Miceli L, Mize WK, Preedom BM, Sandorfi AM, Schaerf C, Sealock RM, Thorn CE, Thornton ST, Vaziri K, Whisnant CS. Beam-polarization observables in D( gamma. Phys Rev Lett 1991; 67:1206-1209. [PMID: 10044087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.67.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Armstrong DS, Ahmad S, Burnham RA, Gorringe TP, Hasinoff MD, Larabee AJ, Waltham CE, Azuelos G, Macdonald JA, Numao T, Poutissou JM, Blecher M, Wright DH, Clifford ET, Summhammer J, Depommier P, Poutissou R, Mes H, Robertson BC. Radiative muon capture on carbon, oxygen, and calcium. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1991; 43:1425-1447. [PMID: 9967183 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.43.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Burger WJ, Beise E, Gilad S, Redwine RP, Roos PG, Chant NS, Breuer H, Ciangaru G, Silk JD, Blanpied GS, Preedom BM, Ritchie BG, Blecher M, Gotow K, Lee DM, Ziock H. Reaction 58Ni( pi +,pp) at T pi +=160 MeV. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1990; 41:2215-2228. [PMID: 9966584 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.41.2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Gorringe TP, Ahmad S, Armstrong DS, Burnham RA, Hasinoff MD, Larabee AJ, Waltham CE, Azuelos G, Macdonald JA, Poutissou JM, Blecher M, Wright DH, Depommier P, Poutissou R, Clifford ET. Search for the tetraneutron using the reaction 4He( pi -, pi +)4n. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 40:2390-2393. [PMID: 9966238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.40.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Armstrong DS, Ahmad S, Burnham RA, Gorringe TP, Hasinoff MD, Larabee AJ, Waltham CE, Azuelos G, Macdonald JA, Poutissou JM, Blecher M, Wright DH, Clifford ET, Summhammer J, Depommier P, Poutissou R, Mes H, Robertson BC. Radiative muon capture on oxygen and the induced pseudoscalar coupling. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1989; 40:1100-1103. [PMID: 9966079 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.40.r1100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Felder CC, Blecher M, Jose PA. Dopamine-1-mediated stimulation of phospholipase C activity in rat renal cortical membranes. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:8739-45. [PMID: 2566608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PL-C) mediates transduction of neurotransmitter signals across membranes via hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), leading to generation of second messengers inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. In this study, dopamine-1 (DA-1) but not dopamine-2 (DA-2) agonists were shown to stimulate PL-C activity in renal cortical membranes. The DA-1 agonist, SKF 82526, stimulated the release of inositol phosphates from renal cortical membranes prelabeled with [3H]myoinositol. The majority of the label (75%) was found in phosphatidylinositol followed by PIP2 (15%) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (10%). A DA-1 specific effect on PL-C activity was also observed in an in vitro assay of PL-C activity in renal cortical membranes and basolateral and brush border membranes using [3H]PIP2 as the substrate. Dopamine and SKF 82526 stimulated the release of inositol phosphates from added [3H]PIP2 in a concentration-dependent manner. This release was blocked by the DA-1 antagonist SCH 23390 but not by the alpha-adrenergic antagonists phentolamine and prazosin. In contrast, the DA-2 agonist LY 171555 had no effect on inositol phosphate release. Guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate enhanced while guanyl-5'-yl thiophosphate attenuated the DA-1 agonist-stimulated PL-C activity. PL-C activity as measured by [3H]PIP2 hydrolysis had a pH optimum of 6.5, was inhibited by Mg2+ concentrations above 1 mM, was linear with time and protein concentration, and was sensitive to phosphatidylserine and calcium concentrations. We conclude that PL-C is activated by DA-1 but not DA-2 agonists in renal cortical membranes as well as both the basolateral and brush border renal tubular membranes. It is speculated that this action may mediate the natriuretic effects of dopamine in renal tubular epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Felder
- Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. 20007
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Ahmad S, Azuelos G, Blecher M, Bryman DA, Burnham RA, Clifford ET, Depommier P, Dixit MS, Gotow K, Hargrove CK, Hasinoff M, Leitch M, Macdonald JA, Mes H, Navon I, Numao T, Poutissou JM, Poutissou R, Schlatter P, Spuller J, Summhammer J. Search for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1988; 38:2102-2120. [PMID: 9959362 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- M Blecher
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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Mishra CS, Fick B, Blecher M, Burger W, Burman RL, Ciangaru G, Escalante J, Gotow K, Hynes MV, Preedom BM, Ritchie BG, Whisnant CS, Wright DH. Elastic scattering of 50 MeV pi +/- from 58Ni, 60Ni, and 64Ni. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 38:1316-1321. [PMID: 9954933 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.38.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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41
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Blecher M. Dominating patents: a view from the bridge. Clin Chem 1988; 34:1705-8. [PMID: 3166414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Blecher
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007
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Wright DH, Blecher M, Ritchie BG, Rothenberger D, Burman RL, Weinfeld Z, Escalante JA, Mishra CS, Whisnant CS. Elastic scattering of 19.5 and 30 MeV positive and negative pions from 40Ca. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1988; 37:1155-1160. [PMID: 9954554 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.37.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wright DH, Blecher M, Boudrie RL, Burman RL, Leitch MJ, Ritchie BG, Rothenberger D, Weinfeld Z, Alsolami M, Blanpied G, Escalante JA, Mishra CS, Pignault G, Preedom BM, Whisnant CS. Elastic scattering of 19.5 and 30 MeV negative pions from 12C. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1987; 36:2139-2142. [PMID: 9954329 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.36.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Wright DH, Blecher M, Ritchie BG, Boudrie RL, Burman RL, Leitch MJ, Alsolami M, Blanpied GS, Escalante JA, Mishra CS, Pignault G, Preedom BM, Whisnant CS. Elastic scattering of 30 MeV positive and negative pions from nickel isotopes. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1987; 36:1472-1478. [PMID: 9954237 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.36.1472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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45
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Ahmad S, Azuelos G, Blecher M, Bryman D, Burnham RA, Clifford ET, Depommier P, Dixit MS, Gotow K, Hargrove CK, Hasinoff M, Macdonald JA, Mes H, Numao T, Poutissou J, Poutissou R, Spuller J, Summhammer J. Searches for muon-electron and muon-positron conversion in titanium. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:970-973. [PMID: 10035925 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Wright DH, Blecher M, Masutani K, Seki R, Boudrie RL, Burman RL, Leitch MJ, Alsolami M, Blanpied G, Escalante JA, Mishra CS, Pignault G, Preedom BM, Whisnant CS, Ritchie BG. Indication of pionic-atom anomalies in pion-nucleus elastic scattering. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1987; 35:2258-2261. [PMID: 9954023 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.35.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Blecher M. A patent law primer for clinical chemists and other scientists. Clin Chem 1987; 33:432-9. [PMID: 3815824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Patenting and commercialization by academic scientists, despite potential drawbacks, are on balance highly desirable if technology is to be transferred from the laboratory to the public use, and if the scientist and his institution are to be encouraged to participate in this transfer. If that premise is accepted, there is much that academic institutions can do to foster utilization of their biotechnological discoveries. Such institutions should have a patent policy that is known to all and that includes a professional patent administrator and clear administrative procedures for carrying out such policy. Scientists should be trained to recognize and protect their inventions and to appropriately disclose their inventions to their patent officers. Ideally, scientists should know the rudiments of the patent statutes of their own country and should be aware of what constitutes trade secrets. Scientists should be given guidance in working with patent attorneys in the preparation and prosecution of patent applications. Finally, given human nature, institutions should see to it that their scientists are provided with a suitable environment in which to invent, and appropriate incentives to do so.
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Abstract
Abstract
Patenting and commercialization by academic scientists, despite potential drawbacks, are on balance highly desirable if technology is to be transferred from the laboratory to the public use, and if the scientist and his institution are to be encouraged to participate in this transfer. If that premise is accepted, there is much that academic institutions can do to foster utilization of their biotechnological discoveries. Such institutions should have a patent policy that is known to all and that includes a professional patent administrator and clear administrative procedures for carrying out such policy. Scientists should be trained to recognize and protect their inventions and to appropriately disclose their inventions to their patent officers. Ideally, scientists should know the rudiments of the patent statutes of their own country and should be aware of what constitutes trade secrets. Scientists should be given guidance in working with patent attorneys in the preparation and prosecution of patent applications. Finally, given human nature, institutions should see to it that their scientists are provided with a suitable environment in which to invent, and appropriate incentives to do so.
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Fick B, Blecher M, Gotow K, Wright D, Boudrie RL, Burman RL, Mack D, Ritchie BG, Roos PG, Escalante JA, Mishra CS, Preedom BM, Whisnant CS. Elastic scattering of 65 MeV positive and negative pions from nickel isotopes. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys 1986; 34:643-647. [PMID: 9953497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevc.34.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Burger WJ, Beise E, Gilad S, Redwine AR, Roos PG, Chant NS, Breuer H, Ciangaru G, Silk JD, Blanpied GS, Preedom BM, Ritchie BG, Blecher M, Gotow K, Lee DM, Ziock H. Reaction 58Ni( pi +,2p) at 160 MeV. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 57:58-61. [PMID: 10033357 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.57.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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