1
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Shao T, Hsu R, Hacein-Bey C, Zhang W, Gao L, Kurth MJ, Zhao H, Shuai Z, Leung PSC. The Evolving Landscape of Fecal Microbial Transplantation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2023; 65:101-120. [PMID: 36757537 PMCID: PMC9909675 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-023-08958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract houses an enormous microbial ecosystem. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays significant physiological roles and maintains immune homeostasis in the human body. Dysbiosis, an imbalanced gut microbiome, can be associated with various disease states, as observed in infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Modulation of the gut microbiome has become a therapeutic target in treating these disorders. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from a healthy donor restores the normal gut microbiota homeostasis in the diseased host. Ample evidence has demonstrated the efficacy of FMT in recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI). The application of FMT in other human diseases is gaining attention. This review aims to increase our understanding of the mechanisms of FMT and its efficacies in human diseases. We discuss the application, route of administration, limitations, safety, efficacies, and suggested mechanisms of FMT in rCDI, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Finally, we address the future perspectives of FMT in human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihong Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ronald Hsu
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Camelia Hacein-Bey
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zongwen Shuai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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2
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El Dhaibi F, Youssef A, Fettinger JC, Kurth MJ, Haddadin MJ. Preparation of 3-Substituted Isoindolin-1-one, Cinnoline, and 1,2,4-[ e]-Benzotriazine Derivatives. ACS Omega 2022; 7:26871-26880. [PMID: 35936437 PMCID: PMC9352262 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new approach to synthesize a series of 1,2,4-[e]-benzotriazine and cinnoline derivatives from 3-substituted isoindolin-1-one. All the reported products are obtained through an economical two-step synthetic procedure resulting in fair-to-high yields. Cinnolines (a) and 1,2,4-[e]-benzotriazines (b) result from an intramolecular cyclization of the corresponding 3-substituted isoindolin-1-ones, which, in turn, are prepared by an addition reaction from 2-cyanobenzaldehyde and 2-(2-nitrophenyl) acetonitrile (a) or 2-nitroaniline derivatives (b). A proposed mechanism for this transformation is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatat
B. El Dhaibi
- Department
of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Youssef
- Department
of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020Beirut, Lebanon
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J. Haddadin
- Department
of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020Beirut, Lebanon
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3
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Paillet J, Plantureux C, Lévesque S, Le Naour J, Stoll G, Sauvat A, Caudana P, Tosello Boari J, Bloy N, Lachkar S, Martins I, Opolon P, Checcoli A, Delaune A, Robil N, de la Grange P, Hamroune J, Letourneur F, Autret G, Leung PS, Gershwin ME, Zhu JS, Kurth MJ, Lekbaby B, Augustin J, Kim Y, Gujar S, Coulouarn C, Fouassier L, Zitvogel L, Piaggio E, Housset C, Soussan P, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G, Pol JG. Autoimmunity affecting the biliary tract fuels the immunosurveillance of cholangiocarcinoma. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200853. [PMID: 34495298 PMCID: PMC8429038 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) results from the malignant transformation of cholangiocytes. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are chronic diseases in which cholangiocytes are primarily damaged. Although PSC is an inflammatory condition predisposing to CCA, CCA is almost never found in the autoimmune context of PBC. Here, we hypothesized that PBC might favor CCA immunosurveillance. In preclinical murine models of cholangitis challenged with syngeneic CCA, PBC (but not PSC) reduced the frequency of CCA development and delayed tumor growth kinetics. This PBC-related effect appeared specific to CCA as it was not observed against other cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The protective effect of PBC was relying on type 1 and type 2 T cell responses and, to a lesser extent, on B cells. Single-cell TCR/RNA sequencing revealed the existence of TCR clonotypes shared between the liver and CCA tumor of a PBC host. Altogether, these results evidence a mechanistic overlapping between autoimmunity and cancer immunosurveillance in the biliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Paillet
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céleste Plantureux
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Gautier Stoll
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Allan Sauvat
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Jimena Tosello Boari
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U932, Paris, France
| | - Norma Bloy
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Lachkar
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Isabelle Martins
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Andrea Checcoli
- Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U900, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Juliette Hamroune
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Gwennhael Autret
- Université de Paris, Paris Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U970, Paris, France
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Bouchra Lekbaby
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Augustin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Département de Pathologie, Paris, France
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Rennes 1, Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling, UMR_S 1242, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1015, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Housset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Inflammatory Biliary Diseases and Autoimmune Hepatitis, Department of Hepatology, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Soussan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G. Pol
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Abdildinova
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center Department of Chemistry College of Science Dongguk University 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu Seoul 04620 Korea
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry University of California Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Young‐Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center Department of Chemistry College of Science Dongguk University 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu Seoul 04620 Korea
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5
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Abdildinova A, Kurth MJ, Gong YD. Heterocycles as a Peptidomimetic Scaffold: Solid-Phase Synthesis Strategies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:449. [PMID: 34068671 PMCID: PMC8151782 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidomimetics are a privileged class of pharmacophores that exhibit improved physicochemical and biological properties. Solid-phase synthesis is a powerful tool for gaining rapid access to libraries of molecules from small molecules to biopolymers and also is widely used for the synthesis of peptidomimetics. Small molecules including heterocycles serve as a core for hundreds of drugs, including peptidomimetic molecules. This review covers solid-phase synthesis strategies for peptidomimetics molecules based on heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizhan Abdildinova
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Young-Dae Gong
- Innovative Drug Library Research Center, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Dongguk University, 26, 3-ga, Pil-dong, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea;
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6
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Son JH, Cheung A, Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction Inspired Nitroso Diels-Alder Reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 69:152951. [PMID: 33854257 PMCID: PMC8039969 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A Davis-Beirut reaction inspired nitroso Diels-Alder protocol is reported. The starting material for the procedure is a nitrophenyl moiety with the para position appropriately substituted with a 2°-amine (see 5) or 2°-alcohol (see 6). Deprotonation at the benzylic position followed by concomitant oxidation of the benzylic position and reduction of the nitro moiety delivers a nitrosophenyl intermediate, which subsequently undergoes a nitroso Diels-Alder reaction. This one-pot procedure delivers aryldihydro-1,2-oxazines in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616
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7
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Son JH, Phuan PW, Zhu JS, Lipman E, Cheung A, Tsui KY, Tantillo DJ, Verkman AS, Haggie PM, Kurth MJ. 1-BENZYLSPIRO[PIPERIDINE-4,1'-PYRIDO[3,4-b]indole] 'co-potentiators' for minimal function CFTR mutants. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 209:112888. [PMID: 33092904 PMCID: PMC7744356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a spiro [piperidine-4,1-pyrido [3,4-b]indole] class of co-potentiators that function in synergy with existing CFTR potentiators such as VX-770 or GLGP1837 to restore channel activity of a defined subset of minimal function cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutants. Here, structure-activity studies were conducted to improve their potency over the previously identified compound, 20 (originally termed CP-A01). Targeted synthesis of 37 spiro [piperidine-4,1-pyrido [3,4-b]indoles] was generally accomplished using versatile two or three step reaction protocols with each step having high efficiency. Structure-activity relationship studies established that analog 2i, with 6'-methoxyindole and 2,4,5-trifluorobenzyl substituents, had the greatest potency for activation of N1303K-CFTR, with EC50 ∼600 nM representing an ∼17-fold improvement over the original compound identified in a small molecule screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Elena Lipman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Amy Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter M Haggie
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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8
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Zhu JS, Larach JM, Tombari RJ, Gingrich PW, Bode SR, Tuck JR, Warren HT, Son JH, Duim WC, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ, Olson DE. A Redox Isomerization Strategy for Accessing Modular Azobenzene Photoswitches with Near Quantitative Bidirectional Photoconversion. Org Lett 2019; 21:8765-8770. [PMID: 31638403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches capable of accessing two geometric states are highly desirable, especially if their design is modular and incorporates a pharmacophore tethering site. We describe a redox isomerization strategy for synthesizing p-formylazobenzenes from p-nitrobenzyl alcohol. The resulting azo-aldehydes can be readily converted to photoswitchable compounds with excellent photophysical properties using simple hydrazide click chemistry. As a proof of principle, we synthesized a photoswitchable surfactant enabling the photocontrol of an emulsion with exceptionally high spatiotemporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Julio M Larach
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Robert J Tombari
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Phillip W Gingrich
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Stanley R Bode
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jeremy R Tuck
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Hunter T Warren
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Whitney C Duim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine , University of California, Davis , 2700 Stockton Boulevard, Suite 2102 , Sacramento , California 95817 , United States.,Center for Neuroscience , University of California, Davis , 1544 Newton Court , Davis , California 95618 , United States
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9
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Zhu JS, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Diverse Chemistries of Highly Reactive Nitroso Intermediates in Heterocycle Synthesis. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:2256-2265. [PMID: 31328502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indazoles are an important class of nitrogen heterocycles because of their excellent performance in biologically relevant applications, such as in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry. In these applications, convenient synthesis using commercially available and diverse building blocks is highly desirable. Within this broad class, 2H-indazoles are relatively underexploited when compared to 1H-indazole, perhaps because of regioselectivity issues associated with the synthesis of 2H-indazoles. This Account describes our unfolding of the synthetic utility of the Davis-Beirut reaction (DBR) for the construction of 2H-indazoles and their derivatives; parallel unfoldings of mechanistic models for these interrelated N-N bond forming reactions are also summarized. The Davis-Beirut reaction is a robust method that exploits the diverse chemistries of a key nitroso imine or nitroso benzaldehyde intermediate generated in situ under redox neutral conditions. The resulting N-N bond-forming heterocyclization between nucleophilic and electrophilic nitrogens can be leveraged for the synthesis of multiple classes of indazoles and their derivatives, such as simple or fused indazolones, thiazolo-indazoles, 3-alkoxy-2H-indazoles, 2H-indazole N-oxides, and 2H-indazoles with various substitutions on the ring system or the nitrogens. These diverse products can all be synthesized under alkaline conditions and the various strategies for accessing these heterocycles are discussed. Alternatively, we have also developed methods involving mild photochemical conditions for the nitrobenzyl → aci-nitro → nitroso imine sequence. Solvent consideration is especially important for modulating the chemistry of the reactive intermediates in these reactions; the presence of water is critically important in some cases, but water's beneficial effect has a ceiling because of the alternative reaction pathways it enables. Fused 2H-indazoles readily undergo ring opening reactions to give indazolones when treated with nucleophiles or electrophiles. Furthermore, palladium-catalyzed cross coupling, the Sonagashira reaction, EDC amide coupling, 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with nitrile oxides, copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloadditions (click reaction), as well as copper-free click reactions, can all be used late-stage to modify 2H-indazoles and indazolones. The continued development and applications of the Davis-Beirut reaction has provided many insights for taming the reactivity of highly reactive nitro and nitroso groups, which still has a plethora of underexplored chemistries and challenges. For example, there is currently a limited number of nonfused 2H-indazole examples containing an aryl substitution at nitrogen. This is caused by relatively slow N-N bond formation between N-aryl imine and nitroso reactants, which allows water to add to the key nitroso imine intermediate causing imine bond cleavage to be a competitive reaction pathway rather than proceeding through the desired N-N bond-forming heterocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis California 95616, United States
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10
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Kraemer N, Li CJ, Zhu JS, Larach JM, Tsui KY, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: A Photochemical Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Route to N-Aryl 2 H-Indazoles. Org Lett 2019; 21:6058-6062. [PMID: 31339318 PMCID: PMC6698363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction provides access to 2H-indazoles from aromatic nitro compounds. However, N-aryl targets have been traditionally challenging to access due to competitive alternate reaction pathways. Previously, the key nitroso imine intermediate was generated under alkaline conditions, but as reported here, the photochemistry of o-nitrobenzyl alcohols empowered Brønsted acid catalyzed conditions for accessing N-aryl targets. Anilines and alkyl amines give different outcomes under optimized conditions; the proposed mechanism was studied using quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clarabella J. Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julio M. Larach
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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11
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Zhu JS, Lu JY, Tan JA, Rivera AA, Phuan PW, Shatskikh ME, Son JH, Haggie PM, Verkman AS, Kurth MJ. Synthesis and evaluation of tetrahydropyrazolopyridine inhibitors of anion exchange protein SLC26A4 (pendrin). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2119-2123. [PMID: 31281021 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pendrin is a transmembrane chloride/anion antiporter that is strongly upregulated in the airways in rhinoviral infection, asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic rhinosinusitis. Based on its role in the regulation of airway surface liquid depth, pendrin inhibitors have potential indications for treatment of inflammatory airways diseases. Here, a completely regioselective route to tetrahydro-pyrazolopyridine pendrin inhibitors based on 1,3-diketone and substituted hydrazine condensation was been developed. Structure-activity relationships at the tetrahydropyridyl nitrogen were investigated using a focused library, establishing the privileged nature of N-phenyl ureas and improving inhibitor potency by greater than 2-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Julia Y Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Joseph-Anthony Tan
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Amber A Rivera
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Marina E Shatskikh
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Peter M Haggie
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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12
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Monzer A, Jabotian N, Zhu JS, Kurth MJ, Kheir WA, Haddadin M, Gali-Muhtasib H. Abstract 4797: A novel Diiminoquinone targets colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) remains the standard chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, but drug resistance and unpredictable cardiotoxicity limit its effectiveness. The high recurrence rates and common resistance are thought to be due to a population of self-renewing cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this study, we synthesized four novel heterocyclic compounds that are similar in structure with quinones and tested their anticancer activity against HCT116 human colon cancer cells in 2D monolayer and 3D sphere cultures. In 2D, all compounds caused significant inhibition of colon cancer cell viability at concentrations non-cytotoxic to normal human FHs74Int intestinal cell lines. In 3D cultures, these heterocycles eradicated the self-renewal ability of the highly resistant cancer stem cells and inhibited colon sphere formation in first generation (G1), as well as subsequent generations. This study represents the first documentation of the activity of these novel heterocyclic compounds, particularly compound 6a, abbreviated as DIQ-3, which we propose to be an effective treatment strategy to prevent colon cancer recurrence by targeting colorectal CSCs. Our findings provide the basis for suggesting these non-toxic and stable compounds for additional testing against cancer.
Citation Format: Alissar Monzer, Nayri Jabotian, Jie S. Zhu, Mark J. Kurth, Wassim Abou Kheir, Makhlouf Haddadin, Hala Gali-Muhtasib. A novel Diiminoquinone targets colorectal cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4797.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie S. Zhu
- 2University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
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13
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Zhu JS, Li CJ, Tsui KY, Kraemer N, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Accessing Multiple Classes of 2 H-Indazoles: Mechanistic Implications for the Cadogan and Davis-Beirut Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6247-6253. [PMID: 30912441 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cadogan cyclization is a robust but harsh method for the synthesis of 2 H-indazoles, a valuable class of nitrogen heterocycles. Although nitrene generation by exhaustive deoxygenation is widely accepted as the operating mechanism in the reductive cyclization of nitroaromatics, non-nitrene pathways have only been theorized previously. Here, 2 H-indazole N-oxides were synthesized through an interrupted Cadogan/Davis-Beirut reaction and are presented as direct evidence of competent oxygenated intermediates; mechanistic implications for both reactions are discussed. Isolation and characterization of these N-oxides enabled a formal Cadogan cyclization at room temperature for 2 H-indazole synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Ka Yi Tsui
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020 , Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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14
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Monzer A, Jabotian N, Ballout F, Zhu JS, Kurth MJ, Haddadin MJ, Gali-Muhtasib H. Novel 2-(5-Imino-5 H-isoquinolones[3,4- b]quinoxalin-7-ylmethyl)-benzonitrile ( DIQ3) and Other Related Derivatives Targeting Colon Cancer Cells: Syntheses and in Vitro Models. ACS Omega 2019; 4:3205-3212. [PMID: 30842984 PMCID: PMC6396124 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been shown to be effective in reducing the progression and development of cancer in metastatic patients. However, drug selectivity is still a major issue for most chemotherapeutics. In this study, we synthesized four novel heterocyclic compounds having similarity in structure with quinone systems whereby nitrogen atoms replace the oxygen atoms. The anticancer activity of these compounds (DIQ3-6) was tested against HCT116 human colon cancer cells. We showed that all four heterocycles caused significant reduction in colon cancer cell viability at doses as low as 4 μM, a concentration that was not cytotoxic to normal human FHs74Int intestinal cell lines. Interestingly, these heterocycles inhibited colon sphere formation in 3D cultures at first generation (G1), mainly because of inhibition of proliferation as evidenced by Ki67 staining. Thus, DIQ3 causes sufficient eradication of the self-renewal ability of the highly resistant cancer stem cells. This study represents the first documentation of the activity of these novel heterocyclic compounds, particularly compound DIQ3, and their potential therapeutic use in targeting colon cancer self-renewal capacity. Our findings provide the basis for proposing these nontoxic and stable compounds for additional testing against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissar Monzer
- Department
of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of
Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nayri Jabotian
- Department
of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of
Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Ballout
- Department
of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of
Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jie S. Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5295, United States
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California at
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5295, United States
| | - Makhluf J. Haddadin
- Department
of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of
Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Gali-Muhtasib
- Department
of Biology, and Center for Drug Discovery, and Department of
Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon
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15
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Li CJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Photochemical Preparation of 1,2-Dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones in Aqueous Solvent at Room Temperature. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15493-15498. [PMID: 30468072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
o-Nitrosobenzaldehyde is a reactive intermediate useful in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. Previous strategies for using o-nitrosobenzaldehyde involve its isolation via chromatography and/or formation under harsh conditions. Herein, this intermediate was photochemically generated in situ from o-nitrobenzyl alcohols in a mild, efficient manner for the construction of 1,2-dihydro-3 H-indazol-3-ones using an aqueous solvent at room temperature. This convenient reaction offers several advantages over reported methods. The commercially available photoreactor employed 3 × 18 W bulbs outputting broad emission above 365 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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16
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Zhu JS, Kraemer N, Shatskikh ME, Li CJ, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. N-N Bond Formation between Primary Amines and Nitrosos: Direct Synthesis of 2-Substituted Indazolones with Mechanistic Insights. Org Lett 2018; 20:4736-4739. [PMID: 30067041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A concise, one-step route to indazolones from primary alkyl amines and o-nitrobenzyl alcohols is reported. The key step in this readily scalable indazolone forming process involves base-mediated in situ o-nitrobenzyl alcohol → o-nitrosobenzaldehyde conversion. Although this functional group interconversion is known to be useful for 2 H-indazole synthesis, its reactivity was modulated for indazolone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Niklas Kraemer
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Marina E Shatskikh
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Clarabella J Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry , American University of Beirut , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry , University of California Davis , 1 Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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17
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Phuan PW, Son JH, Tan JA, Li C, Musante I, Zlock L, Nielson DW, Finkbeiner WE, Kurth MJ, Galietta LJ, Haggie PM, Verkman AS. Combination potentiator ('co-potentiator') therapy for CF caused by CFTR mutants, including N1303K, that are poorly responsive to single potentiators. J Cyst Fibros 2018; 17:595-606. [PMID: 29903467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current modulator therapies for some cystic fibrosis-causing CFTR mutants, including N1303K, have limited efficacy. We provide evidence here to support combination potentiator (co-potentiator) therapy for mutant CFTRs that are poorly responsive to single potentiators. METHODS Functional synergy screens done on N1303K and W1282X CFTR, in which small molecules were tested with VX-770, identified arylsulfonamide-pyrrolopyridine, phenoxy-benzimidazole and flavone co-potentiators. RESULTS A previously identified arylsulfonamide-pyrrolopyridine co-potentiator (ASP-11) added with VX-770 increased N1303K-CFTR current 7-fold more than VX-770 alone. ASP-11 increased by ~65% of the current of G551D-CFTR compared to VX-770, was additive with VX-770 on F508del-CFTR, and activated wild-type CFTR in the absence of a cAMP agonist. ASP-11 efficacy with VX-770 was demonstrated in primary CF human airway cell cultures having N1303K, W1282X and G551D CFTR mutations. Structure-activity studies on 11 synthesized ASP-11 analogs produced compounds with EC50 down to 0.5 μM. CONCLUSIONS These studies support combination potentiator therapy for CF caused by some CFTR mutations that are not effectively treated by single potentiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puay-Wah Phuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA.
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Joseph-Anthony Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Clarabella Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Ilaria Musante
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Lorna Zlock
- Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Dennis W Nielson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Walter E Finkbeiner
- Department of Pathology University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-5270, USA
| | - Luis J Galietta
- Telethon Institute for Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Peter M Haggie
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
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18
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Zhu JS, Duong MR, Teuthorn AP, Lu JY, Son JH, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Davis-Beirut Reaction: Alkoxide versus Hydroxide Addition to the Key o-Nitrosoimine Intermediate. Org Lett 2018; 20:1308-1311. [PMID: 29431446 PMCID: PMC6485925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Reaction options, alkoxide vs hydroxide vs amine addition to the key intermediate (o-nitrosoimine) generated in the Davis-Beirut reaction of an o-nitrobenzylamine substrate, are reported to explain the nucleophilic addition selectivity of this one-pot indazole-forming process. The hydroxide addition/deprotection pathway as well as the fate of the resulting o-nitrosobenzaldehyde were both uncovered with several o-nitrobenzylamine substrates, and design elements required for an efficient double Davis-Beirut reaction, inspired by new mechanistic insights, were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Matthew R. Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P. Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Julia Y. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J. Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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19
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Connolly M, Shand J, Kinnin M, Menown I, Kurth MJ, Lamont J, Mc Eneaney D. Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) and highly sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) as markers of myocardial injury and cardiovascular events in elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). QJM 2018; 111:33-38. [PMID: 29040663 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION Type 4a myocardial infarction (MI) occurs when myocardial injury is combined with either symptoms suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, new left bundle branch block, angiographic loss of patency of a major artery or imaging suggestive of new loss of myocardium. Myocardial injury is defined as a rise of >5 x 99th upper reference limit (URL) of 14 ng/l (i.e. >70 ng/l) for highly sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) at 6 h if hsTnT was normal at baseline or >20% rise from 0 to 6 h if hsTnT was >14 ng/l at baseline. AIM To assess the prognostic value of biomarkers of myocardial injury following elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). DESIGN A cohort of 209 patients were included of whom 144 (68.9%) were male, mean age was 68.8 years, 28 (13.4%) were smokers, 31 (14.8%) were diabetic, 199 (95.2%) had hypercholesterolaemia and 138 (66.0%) had hypertension. METHODS We evaluated hsTnT, heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), troponin I (TnI), creatine kinase MB type (CKMB), myoglobin, glycogen phosphorylase BB (GPBB) and carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) at 0, 4, 6 and 24 h following elective PCI. Patients were followed up at 1 year to assess for major adverse clinical events (MACE). RESULTS Myocardial injury was observed in 37 (17.7%) patients. Median hsTnT/H-FABP at 4 h were most predictive. MACE was noted in 6 (2.9%) patients, 3 had type 4a MI post PCI, P = 0.036. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS Median 4 h hsTnT/H-FABP were most predictive of myocardial injury following PCI. H-FABP and hsTnT were predictive of MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Connolly
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Craigavon Cardiac Centre, Craigavon Area Hospital, Southern Trust, N Ireland BT63 5QQ, UK
| | - J Shand
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Craigavon Cardiac Centre, Craigavon Area Hospital, Southern Trust, N Ireland BT63 5QQ, UK
| | - M Kinnin
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Craigavon Cardiac Centre, Craigavon Area Hospital, Southern Trust, N Ireland BT63 5QQ, UK
| | - I Menown
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Craigavon Cardiac Centre, Craigavon Area Hospital, Southern Trust, N Ireland BT63 5QQ, UK
| | - M J Kurth
- Research and Development Department, Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, N Ireland BT29 4QY, UK
| | - J Lamont
- Research and Development Department, Randox Laboratories Ltd, Crumlin, N Ireland BT29 4QY, UK
| | - D Mc Eneaney
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Craigavon Cardiac Centre, Craigavon Area Hospital, Southern Trust, N Ireland BT63 5QQ, UK
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20
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Zhu JS, Son JH, Teuthorn AP, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ, Tantillo DJ. Correction to “Diverting Reactive Intermediates Toward Unusual Chemistry: Unexpected Anthranil Products from Davis–Beirut Reaction”. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12946. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Zhu JS, Son JH, Teuthorn AP, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ, Tantillo DJ. Diverting Reactive Intermediates Toward Unusual Chemistry: Unexpected Anthranil Products from Davis-Beirut Reaction. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10875-10882. [PMID: 28922917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of a new variation on the Davis-Beirut reaction is described in which an atypical heterocyclic framework (the anthranil or benzo[c]isoxazole framework) is formed as the result of diversion of a key reactive intermediate away from its expected reactivity-a potentially general approach to reaction design and development. Experimental and computational support for the proposed mechanism and origins of altered reactivity are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew P Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, United States
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22
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Shuai Z, Wang J, Badamagunta M, Choi J, Yang G, Zhang W, Kenny TP, Guggenheim K, Kurth MJ, Ansari AA, Voss J, Coppel RL, Invernizzi P, Leung PS, Gershwin ME. The fingerprint of antimitochondrial antibodies and the etiology of primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatology 2017; 65:1670-1682. [PMID: 28100006 PMCID: PMC5397331 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The identification of environmental factors that lead to loss of tolerance has been coined the holy grail of autoimmunity. Our work has focused on the reactivity of antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMA) to chemical xenobiotics and has hypothesized that a modified peptide within PDC-E2, the major mitochondrial autoantigen, will have been immunologically recognized at the time of loss of tolerance. Herein, we successfully applied intein technology to construct a PDC-E2 protein fragment containing amino acid residues 177-314 of PDC-E2 by joining a recombinant peptide spanning residues 177-252 (PDC-228) with a 62-residue synthetic peptide from 253 to 314 (PP), which encompasses PDC-E2 inner lipoyl domain (ILD). We named this intein-constructed fragment PPL. Importantly, PPL, as well as lipoic acid conjugated PPL (LA-PPL) and xenobiotic 2-octynoic acid conjugated PPL (2OA-PPL), are recognized by AMA. Of great importance, AMA has specificity for the 2OA-modified PDC-E2 ILD peptide backbone distinct from antibodies that react with native lipoylated PDC-E2 peptide. Interestingly, this unique AMA subfraction is of the immunoglobulin M isotype and more dominant in early-stage primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), suggesting that exposure to 2OA-PPL-like compounds occurs early in the generation of AMA. To understand the structural basis of this differential recognition, we analyzed PPL, LA-PPL, and 2OA-PPL using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, with confirmations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblotting, and affinity antibody analysis. We demonstrate that the conformation of PDC-E2 ILD is altered when conjugated with 2OA, compared to conjugation with lipoic acid. CONCLUSION A molecular understanding of the conformation of xenobiotic-modified PDC-E2 is critical for understanding xenobiotic modification and loss of tolerance in PBC with widespread implications for a role of environmental chemicals in the induction of autoimmunity. (Hepatology 2017;65:1670-1682).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwen Shuai
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - Madhu Badamagunta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jinjung Choi
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - Weici Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - Thomas P. Kenny
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - Kathryn Guggenheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California, USA
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California, USA
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Voss
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ross L Coppel
- Department of Microbiology, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Section of Digestive Diseases, International Center for Digestive Health, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis California USA
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23
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Cil O, Phuan PW, Son JH, Zhu JS, Ku CK, Tabib NA, Teuthorn AP, Ferrera L, Zachos NC, Lin R, Galietta LJV, Donowitz M, Kurth MJ, Verkman AS. Phenylquinoxalinone CFTR activator as potential prosecretory therapy for constipation. Transl Res 2017; 182:14-26.e4. [PMID: 27815136 PMCID: PMC5453637 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Constipation is a common condition for which current treatments can have limited efficacy. By high-throughput screening, we recently identified a phenylquinoxalinone activator of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel that stimulated intestinal fluid secretion and normalized stool output in a mouse model of opioid-induced constipation. Here, we report phenylquinoxalinone structure-activity analysis, mechanism of action, animal efficacy data in acute and chronic models of constipation, and functional data in ex vivo primary cultured human enterocytes. Structure-activity analysis was done on 175 phenylquinoxalinone analogs, including 15 synthesized compounds. The most potent compound, CFTRact-J027, activated CFTR with EC50 ∼ 200 nM, with patch-clamp analysis showing a linear CFTR current-voltage relationship with direct CFTR activation. CFTRact-J027 corrected reduced stool output and hydration in a mouse model of acute constipation produced by scopolamine and in a chronically constipated mouse strain (C3H/HeJ). Direct comparison with the approved prosecretory drugs lubiprostone and linaclotide showed substantially greater intestinal fluid secretion with CFTRact-J027, as well as greater efficacy in a constipation model. As evidence to support efficacy in human constipation, CFTRact-J027 increased transepithelial fluid transport in enteroids generated from normal human small intestine. Also, CFTRact-J027 was rapidly metabolized in vitro in human hepatic microsomes, suggesting minimal systemic exposure upon oral administration. These data establish structure-activity and mechanistic data for phenylquinoxalinone CFTR activators, and support their potential efficacy in human constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Cil
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Colton K Ku
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | | | - Mark Donowitz
- Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
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24
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Son JH, Zhu JS, Phuan PW, Cil O, Teuthorn AP, Ku CK, Lee S, Verkman AS, Kurth MJ. High-Potency Phenylquinoxalinone Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Activators. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2401-2410. [PMID: 28230981 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified phenylquinoxalinone CFTRact-J027 (4) as a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activator with an EC50 of ∼200 nM and demonstrated its therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of constipation. Here, structure-activity studies were done on 36 synthesized phenylquinoxalinone analogs to identify compounds with improved potency and altered metabolic stability. Synthesis of the phenylquinoxalinone core was generally accomplished by condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamines with substituted phenyloxoacetates. Structure-activity studies established, among other features, the privileged nature of a properly positioned nitro moiety on the 3-aryl group. Synthesized analogs showed improved CFTR activation potency compared to 4 with EC50 down to 21 nM and with greater metabolic stability. CFTR activators have potential therapeutic indications in constipation, dry eye, cholestatic liver diseases, and inflammatory lung disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Ho Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jie S Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Onur Cil
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Andrew P Teuthorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Colton K Ku
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sujin Lee
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Alan S Verkman
- Departments of Medicine & Physiology, University of California , San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
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25
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Bagdasarian AL, Nguyen HH, Palazzo TA, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. One-Pot Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and Isoquinolino[3,4-b]quinoxalines via Tandem Cyclization Strategies. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3924-8. [PMID: 27030441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Two operationally simple one-pot protocols have been developed for the synthesis of amino-functionalized benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and isoquinolino[3,4-b]quinoxalines. Optimization data and substrate scope for these atom-economical transformations, which engage commercially available o-phenylenediamines and o-cyanobenzaldehydes, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Huy H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Teresa A Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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26
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Palazzo TA, Patra D, Yang JS, El Khoury E, Appleton MG, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Dibenzonaphthyridinones: Heterocycle-to-Heterocycle Synthetic Strategies and Photophysical Studies. Org Lett 2015; 17:5732-5. [PMID: 26574652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A heterocycle-to-heterocycle strategy is presented for the preparation of highly fluorescent and solvatochromic dibenzonaphthyridinones (DBNs) via methodology that leads to the formation of a tertiary, spiro-fused carbon center. A linear correlation between the results of photophysical experiments and time dependent density functional theory calculations was observed for the λ(max) of excitation for DBNs with varying electronic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Digambara Patra
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Joung S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Elsy El Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mackenzie G Appleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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27
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Wedler HB, Palazzo TA, Pemberton RP, Hamann CS, Kurth MJ, Tantillo DJ. Predicting hydration propensities of biologically relevant α-ketoamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4153-7. [PMID: 26306983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations coupled to experiments were used to predict covalent hydration propensities of biologically relevant α-ketoamides. Experimentally determined hydration equilibrium constants for related ketones and aldehydes were compared to computationally determined values to develop a method for predicting hydration equilibrium constants. This method was used on six newly synthesized α-ketoamides to experimentally verify computational predictions. A correlation between calculation and experiment was observed and applied to models of several pertinent APIs. Our results indicate that the keto form is favored for practically all α-ketoamides in biological environs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry B Wedler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Teresa A Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ryan P Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christian S Hamann
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Albright College, Reading, PA 19604, USA
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Nguyen HH, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Expedient one-pot synthesis of indolo[3,2- c]isoquinolines via a base-promoted N-alkylation/tandem cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:5429-5433. [PMID: 26366017 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal-free, one-pot protocol has been developed for the synthesis of 11H-indolo[3,2-c]isoquinolin-5-amines via the atom economical annulation of ethyl (2-cyanophenyl)carbamates and 2-cyanobenzyl bromides. This method proceeds via sequential N-alkylation and base-promoted cyclization. Optimization data, substrate scope, mechanistic insights, and photoluminescence properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Makhluf J Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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29
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Fujita M, Zhu K, Fujita CK, Zhao M, Lam KS, Kurth MJ, Takada YK, Takada Y. Proinflammatory secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA-IIA) induces integrin activation through direct binding to a newly identified binding site (site 2) in integrins αvβ3, α4β1, and α5β1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:259-71. [PMID: 25398877 PMCID: PMC4281730 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.579946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are activated by signaling from inside the cell (inside-out signaling) through global conformational changes of integrins. We recently discovered that fractalkine activates integrins in the absence of CX3CR1 through the direct binding of fractalkine to a ligand-binding site in the integrin headpiece (site 2) that is distinct from the classical RGD-binding site (site 1). We propose that fractalkine binding to the newly identified site 2 induces activation of site 1 though conformational changes (in an allosteric mechanism). We reasoned that site 2-mediated activation of integrins is not limited to fractalkine. Human secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA), a proinflammatory protein, binds to integrins αvβ3 and α4β1 (site 1), and this interaction initiates a signaling pathway that leads to cell proliferation and inflammation. Human sPLA2-IIA does not bind to M-type receptor very well. Here we describe that sPLA2-IIA directly activated purified soluble integrin αvβ3 and transmembrane αvβ3 on the cell surface. This activation did not require catalytic activity or M-type receptor. Docking simulation predicted that sPLA2-IIA binds to site 2 in the closed-headpiece of αvβ3. A peptide from site 2 of integrin β1 specifically bound to sPLA2-IIA and suppressed sPLA2-IIA-induced integrin activation. This suggests that sPLA2-IIA activates αvβ3 through binding to site 2. sPLA2-IIA also activated integrins α4β1 and α5β1 in a site 2-mediated manner. We recently identified small compounds that bind to sPLA2-IIA and suppress integrin-sPLA2-IIA interaction (e.g. compound 21 (Cmpd21)). Cmpd21 effectively suppressed sPLA2-IIA-induced integrin activation. These results define a novel mechanism of proinflammatory action of sPLA2-IIA through integrin activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Fujita
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817, Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Kan Zhu
- From the Departments of Dermatology and
| | - Chitose K Fujita
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The Tazuke-Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka 530-8480, Japan
| | - Min Zhao
- From the Departments of Dermatology and
| | - Kit S Lam
- Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, UC Davis, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - Yoko K Takada
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817
| | - Yoshikazu Takada
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 95817,
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30
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Ye L, Hu B, El-Badri F, Hudson BM, Phuan PW, Verkman AS, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. ΔF508-CFTR correctors: synthesis and evaluation of thiazole-tethered imidazolones, oxazoles, oxadiazoles, and thiadiazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5840-5844. [PMID: 25452003 PMCID: PMC4255153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The most common mutation causing cystic fibrosis (CF) is deletion of phenylalanine residue 508 in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator conductance (CFTR) protein. Small molecules that are able to correct the misfolding of defective ΔF508-CFTR have considerable promise for therapy. Reported here are the design, preparation, and evaluation of five more hydrophilic bisazole analogs of previously identified bithiazole CF corrector 1. Interestingly, bisazole ΔF508-CFTR corrector activity was not increased by incorporation of more H-bond acceptors (O or N), but correlated best with the overall bisazole molecular geometry. The structure activity data, together with molecular modeling, suggested that active bisazole correctors adopt a U-shaped conformation, and that corrector activity depends on the molecule's ability to access this molecular geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, PR China.
| | - Bao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, PR China
| | - Faris El-Badri
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Brandi M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Puay-Wah Phuan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, United States; Department Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, United States
| | - A S Verkman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, United States; Department Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Mark J Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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31
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Coffman KC, Duong V, Bagdasarian AL, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Heterocycle-to-Heterocycle Route to Quinoline-4-amines: Reductive Heterocyclization of 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)isoxazoles. European J Org Chem 2014; 2014:7651-7657. [PMID: 26257574 PMCID: PMC4524663 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A variety of quinoline-4-amines were synthesized from substituted 3-(2-nitrophenyl)isoxazoles utilizing Zn0 or Fe0 dust and HOAc via a reductive heterocyclization process. The starting isoxazoles were synthesized from readily available starting materials. A brief survey of functional groups tolerated in this reductive heterocyclization was performed and several 10-amino-3,4-dihydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridin-1(2H)-one and 9-amino-3,4-dihydroacridin-1(2H)-one examples were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Vy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Alex L. Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Makhlouf J. Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, Department American University of Beirut, Institution, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
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32
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Kurth MJ, Yokoi T, Gershwin ME. Halothane-induced hepatitis: paradigm or paradox for drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2014; 60:1473-5. [PMID: 24913773 PMCID: PMC4211967 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of
Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of
California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA
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33
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Coffman KC, Nguyen HH, Phuan PW, Hudson BM, Yu GJ, Bagdasarian AL, Montgomery D, Lodewyk MW, Yang B, Yoo CL, Verkman AS, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Constrained bithiazoles: small molecule correctors of defective ΔF508-CFTR protein trafficking. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6729-38. [PMID: 25061695 PMCID: PMC4136667 DOI: 10.1021/jm5007885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Conformationally
constrained bithiazoles were previously found
to have improved efficacy over nonconstrained bithiazoles for correction
of defective cellular processing of the ΔF508 mutant cystic
fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In this
study, two sets of constrained bithiazoles were designed, synthesized,
and tested in vitro using ΔF508–CFTR expressing epithelial
cells. The SAR data demonstrated that modulating the constraining
ring size between 7- versus 8-membered in these constrained bithiazole
correctors did not significantly enhance their potency (IC50), but strongly affected maximum efficacy (Vmax), with constrained bithiazoles 9e and 10c increasing Vmax by 1.5-fold
compared to benchmark bithiazole corr4a. The data suggest
that the 7- and 8-membered constrained ring bithiazoles are similar
in their ability to accommodate the requisite geometric constraints
during protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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Abstract
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Methods for the construction of thiazolo-,
thiazino-, and thiazepino-2H-indazoles from o-nitrobenzaldehydes or o-nitrobenzyl bromides
and S-trityl-protected
1°-aminothioalkanes are reported. The process consists of formation
of the requisite N-(2-nitrobenzyl)(tritylthio)alkylamine,
subsequent deprotection of the trityl moiety with TFA, and immediate
treatment with aq. KOH in methanol under Davis–Beirut reaction
conditions to deliver the target thiazolo-, thiazino-, or thiazepino-2H-indazole in good overall yield. Subsequent S-oxidation gives the corresponding sulfone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Farber
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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35
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Patra D, Palazzo TA, Malaeb NN, Haddadin MJ, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Cyclic azacyanines: experimental and computational studies on spectroscopic properties and unique reactivity. J Fluoresc 2014; 24:1285-96. [PMID: 24910112 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-014-1413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The absorption and fluorescence properties of cyclic azacyanine (CAC) derivatives were examined in several solvents. The presence of electron donating or withdrawing groups on the CAC impacts spectroscopic properties. The general solvent relaxation displayed by azacyanine derivatives is in accordance with Lippert-Mataga's prediction but exception is noted in the case of protic solvent due to specific hydrogen bonding interactions. Fluorescence lifetime decay studies indicate a relaxation time in the nanosecond timescale with mono exponential decay. Donating substituents markedly increase the excited state lifetime, whereas withdrawing groups marginally decrease the excited state lifetime. Quantum chemical computations were used to explore the origins of the reactivity and spectroscopic properties of CACs; results are consistent with a model in which regioselectivity results from differences in mechanistic steps occurring after initial attack by hydroxide on the CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Digambara Patra
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon,
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36
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Abstract
An operationally simple, one-pot multicomponent reaction has been developed for the assembly of 9H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepines adorned with three diversification points via an atom-economical transformation incorporating α-diketones, o-azidobenzaldehydes, propargylic amines, and ammonium acetate. This process involves tandem InCl3-catalyzed cyclocondensation and intramolecular azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions; optimization data, substrate scope, and mechanistic insights are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy H. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Teresa A. Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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37
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Wang J, Budamagunta MS, Voss JC, Kurth MJ, Lam KS, Lu L, Kenny TP, Bowlus C, Kikuchi K, Coppel RL, Ansari AA, Gershwin ME, Leung PSC. Antimitochondrial antibody recognition and structural integrity of the inner lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. J Immunol 2013; 191:2126-33. [PMID: 23894195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs), the serological hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis, are directed against the lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2). However, comprehensive analysis of the amino acid residues of PDC-E2 lipoyl β-sheet with AMA specificity is lacking. In this study, we postulated that specific residues within the lipoyl domain are critical to AMA recognition by maintaining conformational integrity. We systematically replaced each of 19 residue peptides of the inner lipoyl domain with alanine and analyzed these mutants for reactivities against 60 primary biliary cirrhosis and 103 control sera. Based on these data, we then constructed mutants with two, three, or four replacements and, in addition, probed the structure of the substituted domains using thiol-specific spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of a (5)Ile→Ala and (12)Ile→Ala double mutant. Single alanine replacement at (5)Ile, (12)Ile, and (15)Glu significantly reduced AMA recognition. In addition, mutants with two, three, or four replacements at (5)Ile, (12)Ile, and (15)Glu reduced AMA reactivity even further. Indeed, EPR reveals a highly flexible structure within the (5)Ile and (12)Ile double-alanine mutant. Autoreactivity is largely focused on specific residues in the PDC-E2 lipoyl domain critical in maintaining the lipoyl loop conformation necessary for AMA recognition. Collectively, the AMA binding studies and EPR analysis demonstrate the necessity of the lipoyl β-sheet structural conformation in anti-PDC-E2 recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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38
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Snyder DS, Tradtrantip L, Battula S, Yao C, Phuan PW, Fettinger JC, Kurth MJ, Verkman AS. ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENANTIOMERS OF CFTR INHIBITOR BPO-27. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:456-459. [PMID: 23814642 DOI: 10.1021/ml400069k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported benzopyrimido-pyrrolo-oxazinedione (BPO) inhibitors of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channel and showed their efficacy in a model of polycystic kidney disease. Here, we separated the enantiomers of lead compound BPO-27, (1), which contains a single chiral center, and determined their absolute configuration, activity and metabolic stability. Following separation by chiral supercritical fluid chromatography, the R enantiomer, as determined by x-ray crystallography, inhibited CFTR chloride conductance with IC50 ~ 4 nM, while S enantiomer was inactive. In vitro metabolic stability in hepatic microsomes showed both enantiomers as stable, with <5 % metabolism in 4 h. Following bolus interperitoneal administration in mice, serum (R)-1 decayed with t1/2 ~ 1.6 h and gave sustained therapeutic concentrations in kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Snyder
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Lukmanee Tradtrantip
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
| | - Sailaja Battula
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
| | - Chenjuan Yao
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
| | - Puay-wah Phuan
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616,
United States
| | - A. S. Verkman
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0521, United
States
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39
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Coffman KC, Palazzo TA, Hartley TP, Fettinger JC, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Heterocycle-heterocycle strategies: (2-nitrophenyl)isoxazole precursors to 4-aminoquinolines, 1H-indoles, and quinolin-4(1H)-ones. Org Lett 2013; 15:2062-5. [PMID: 23557405 PMCID: PMC3643507 DOI: 10.1021/ol400787y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Reductive heterocycle-heterocycle (heterocycle → heterocycle; H-H) transformations that give 4-aminoquinolines, 3-acylindoles, and quinolin-4(1H)-ones from 2-nitrophenyl substituted isoxazoles are reported. When this methodology is applied to 3,5-, 4,5-, and 3,4-bis(2-nitrophenyl)isoxazoles, chemoselective heterocyclization gives quinolin-4(1H)-ones, and 4-aminoquinolines, exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Teresa A. Palazzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Timothy P. Hartley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
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40
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Chen RC, Naiyanetr P, Shu SA, Wang J, Yang GX, Thomas PK, Guggenheim KC, Butler JD, Bowlus C, Tao MH, Kurth MJ, Ansari AA, Kaplan M, Coppel RL, Lleo A, Gershwin ME, Leung PS. Antimitochondrial antibody heterogeneity and the xenobiotic etiology of primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2013; 57. [PMID: 23184636 PMCID: PMC3601563 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs) directed against the lipoyl domain of the E2 subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDC-E2) are detected in 95% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and are present before the onset of clinical disease. The recent demonstration that AMAs recognize xenobiotic modified PDC-E2 with higher titers than native PDC-E2 raises the possibility that the earliest events involved in loss of tolerance are related to xenobiotic modification. We hypothesized that reactivity to such xenobiotics would be predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM) and using sera from a large cohort of PBC patients and controls (n = 516), we examined in detail sera reactivity against either 6,8-bis(acetylthio) octanoic acid (SAc)-conjugated bovine serum albumin (BSA), recombinant PDC-E2 (rPDC-E2) or BSA alone. Further, we also defined the relative specificity to the SAc moiety using inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); SAc conjugate and rPDC-E2-specific affinity-purified antibodies were also examined for antigen specificity, isotype, and crossreactivity. Reactivity to SAc conjugates is predominantly IgM; such reactivity reflects a footprint of previous xenobiotic exposure. Indeed, this observation is supported by both direct binding, crossreactivity, and inhibition studies. In both early and late-stage PBC, the predominant Ig isotype to SAc is IgM, with titers higher with advanced stage disease. We also note that there was a higher level of IgM reactivity to SAc than to rPDC-E2 in early-stage versus late-stage PBC. Interestingly, this finding is particularly significant in light of the structural similarity between SAc and the reduced form of lipoic acid, a step which is similar to the normal physiological oxidation of lipoic acid. CONCLUSION Specific modifications of the disulfide bond within the lipoic-acid-conjugated PDC-E2 moiety, i.e., by an electrophilic agent renders PDC-E2 immunogenic in a genetically susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richy C.Y. Chen
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Phornnop Naiyanetr
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Shang-An Shu
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jinjun Wang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Guo-Xiang Yang
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - P. Kenny Thomas
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | | | | | - Mi-Hua Tao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Marshall Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New England Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111
| | - Ross L. Coppel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana Lleo
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano (Milan), Italy
| | - M. Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Patrick S.C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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41
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Abstract
A variety of N-aryl β-nitroenamines were effectively transformed into 3-nitroindoles in good yields and with complete regioselectivity via a rapid microwave (μW) assisted intramolecular arene-alkene coupling reaction. This report further demonstrates the versatility of this method by constructing 3-carboalkoxy- and 3-cyanoindoles. Optimization data, substrate scope, and applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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42
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Avila B, El-Dakdouki MH, Nazer MZ, Harrison JG, Tantillo DJ, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Acid and base catalyzed Davis-Beirut reaction: experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies and synthesis of novel 3-amino-2H-indazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:6475-6478. [PMID: 23139435 PMCID: PMC3489190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Davis-Beirut reaction, which provides an efficient synthesis of 2H-indazoles and, subsequently, indazolones, is shown to proceed rapidly from o-nitrosobenzaldehyde and primary amines under both acid or base catalysis. Experimental and theoretical evidence in support of a reaction mechanism is provided in which o-nitrosobenzylidine imine is a pivotal intermediate in this N,N-bond forming heterocyclization reaction. The Davis-Beirut reaction is also shown to effectively synthesize a number of novel 3-amino-2H-indazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616
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43
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Ye L, Dickerson T, Kaur H, Takada YK, Fujita M, Liu R, Knapp JM, Lam KS, Schore NE, Kurth MJ, Takada Y. Identification of inhibitors against interaction between pro-inflammatory sPLA2-IIA protein and integrin αvβ3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 23:340-5. [PMID: 23164706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Increased concentrations of secreted phospholipase A2 type IIA (sPLA2-IIA), have been found in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. It has been shown that sPLA2-IIA specifically binds to integrin αvβ3, and initiates a signaling pathway that leads to cell proliferation and inflammation. Therefore, the interaction between integrin and sPLA2-IIA could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of proliferation or inflammation-related diseases. Two one-bead-one-compound peptide libraries were constructed and screened, and seven target hits were identified. Herein we report the identification, synthesis, and biological testing of two pyrazolylthiazole-tethered peptide hits and their analogs. Biological assays showed that these compounds were able to suppress the sPLA2-IIA-integrin interaction and sPLA2-IIA-induced migration of monocytic cells and that the blockade of the sPLA2-IIA-integrin binding was specific to sPLA2-IIA and not to the integrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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44
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Knapp JM, Zhu JS, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Multicomponent assembly of highly substituted indoles by dual palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10588-91. [PMID: 23001913 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Highly substituted indoles were synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed reaction involving three independent components in a one-pot reaction. Two distinct palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions occur with a single catalytic system: a Buchwald-Hartwig reaction and an arene-alkene coupling. Quantum chemical computations provide insight into the mechanism of the latter coupling step.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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45
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Knapp JM, Zhu JS, Tantillo DJ, Kurth MJ. Multicomponent Assembly of Highly Substituted Indoles by Dual Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Avila B, Roth A, Streets H, Dwyer DS, Kurth MJ. Triazolbenzo[d]thiazoles: efficient synthesis and biological evaluation as neuroprotective agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5976-8. [PMID: 22892117 PMCID: PMC3432163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of (1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)benzo[d]thiazoles were synthesized utilizing a versatile Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne click reaction (CuAAC) on tautomeric benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-d]tetrazole (1) and 2-azidobenzo[d]thiazole (2) starting materials. Moreover, one of the resulting products of this investigation, triazolbenzo[d]thiazole 22, was found to possess significant neuroprotective activity in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belem Avila
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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47
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J. Haddadin M, E. Conrad W, J. Kurth M. The Davis-Beirut Reaction: A Novel Entry into 2H-indazoles and Indazolones. Recent Biological Activity of Indazoles. Mini Rev Med Chem 2012; 12:1293-300. [DOI: 10.2174/138955712802762059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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48
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Leung PSC, Lam K, Kurth MJ, Coppel RL, Gershwin ME. Xenobiotics and autoimmunity: does acetaminophen cause primary biliary cirrhosis? Trends Mol Med 2012; 18:577-82. [PMID: 22920894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The serologic hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is the presence of antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) directed against the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2). The PBC-related autoepitope of PDC-E2 contains lipoic acid, and previous work has demonstrated that mimics of lipoic acid following immunization of mice lead to a PBC-like disease. Furthermore, approximately one-third of patients who have ingested excessive amounts of acetaminophen (paracetamol) develop AMA of the same specificity as patients with PBC. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) data indicates that acetaminophen metabolites are particularly immunoreactive with AMA, and we submit that in genetically susceptible hosts, electrophilic modification of lipoic acid in PDC-E2 by acetaminophen or similar drugs can facilitate a loss of tolerance and lead to the development of PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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49
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Conrad WE, Rodriguez KX, Nguyen HH, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. A one-pot-three-step route to triazolotriazepinoindazolones from oxazolino-2H-indazoles. Org Lett 2012; 14:3870-3. [PMID: 22823414 PMCID: PMC3427757 DOI: 10.1021/ol3015804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot-three-step method has been developed for the conversion of oxazolino-2H-indazoles into triazolotriazepinoindazolones with three points of diversity. Step one of this process involves a propargyl bromide-initiated ring opening of the oxazolino-2H-indazole (available by the Davis-Beirut reaction) to give an N(1)-(propargyl)-N(2)-(2-bromoethyl)-disubstituted indazolone, which then undergoes -CH(2)Br → -CH(2)N(3) displacement (step two) followed by an uncatalyzed intramolecular azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (step three) to form the target heterocycle. Employing 7-bromooxazolino-2H-indazole allows for further diversification through, for example, palladium-catalyzed coupling chemistry, as reported here.
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50
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Abstract
Acid catalyzed Friedlander reactions of a number of 2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]quinoxaline-1-ones with 2-aminobenzaldehyde yield, unexpectedly, 8H-indolo[3,2-a]phenazine and quinolino[2,3-c]cyclopentadienone[2,3-b]quinoxalines, the structures of derivatives of which were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Easy routes to novel quinoxaline-based indoles, quinolones, and quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides are reported, and proposed mechanisms for the unexpected products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616
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