1
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Westerling-Bui AD, Fast EM, Soare TW, Venkatachalan S, DeRan M, Fanelli AB, Kyrychenko S, Hoang H, Corriea GM, Zhang W, Yu M, Daniels M, Malojcic G, Pan-Zhou XR, Ledeboer MW, Harmange JC, Emani M, Tibbitts TT, Reilly JF, Mundel P. Transplanted organoids empower human preclinical assessment of drug candidate for the clinic. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj5633. [PMID: 35857479 PMCID: PMC9258952 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacodynamic (PD) studies are an essential component of preclinical drug discovery. Current approaches for PD studies, including the analysis of novel kidney disease targeting therapeutic agents, are limited to animal models with unclear translatability to the human condition. To address this challenge, we developed a novel approach for PD studies using transplanted, perfused human kidney organoids. We performed pharmacokinetic (PK) studies with GFB-887, an investigational new drug now in phase 2 trials. Orally dosed GFB-887 to athymic rats that had undergone organoid transplantation resulted in measurable drug exposure in transplanted organoids. We established the efficacy of orally dosed GFB-887 in PD studies, where quantitative analysis showed significant protection of kidney filter cells in human organoids and endogenous rat host kidneys. This widely applicable approach demonstrates feasibility of using transplanted human organoids in preclinical PD studies with an investigational new drug, empowering organoids to revolutionize drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D. Westerling-Bui
- Goldfinch Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.D.W.-B.); (P.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hien Hoang
- Goldfinch Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Wei Zhang
- Goldfinch Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Maolin Yu
- Goldfinch Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Mundel
- Goldfinch Bio Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Corresponding author. (A.D.W.-B.); (P.M.)
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2
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Vinayagam D, Quentin D, Yu-Strzelczyk J, Sitsel O, Merino F, Stabrin M, Hofnagel O, Yu M, Ledeboer MW, Nagel G, Malojcic G, Raunser S. Structural basis of TRPC4 regulation by calmodulin and pharmacological agents. eLife 2020; 9:e60603. [PMID: 33236980 PMCID: PMC7735759 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) are involved in receptor-operated and/or store-operated Ca2+ signaling. Inhibition of TRPCs by small molecules was shown to be promising in treating renal diseases. In cells, the channels are regulated by calmodulin (CaM). Molecular details of both CaM and drug binding have remained elusive so far. Here, we report structures of TRPC4 in complex with three pyridazinone-based inhibitors and CaM. The structures reveal that all the inhibitors bind to the same cavity of the voltage-sensing-like domain and allow us to describe how structural changes from the ligand-binding site can be transmitted to the central ion-conducting pore of TRPC4. CaM binds to the rib helix of TRPC4, which results in the ordering of a previously disordered region, fixing the channel in its closed conformation. This represents a novel CaM-induced regulatory mechanism of canonical TRP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Quentin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Jing Yu-Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Oleg Sitsel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Markus Stabrin
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | - Oliver Hofnagel
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
| | | | | | - Georg Nagel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Physiological Institute, Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | | | - Stefan Raunser
- Department of Structural Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Molecular PhysiologyDortmundGermany
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3
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Yu M, Ledeboer MW, Daniels M, Malojcic G, Tibbitts TT, Coeffet-Le Gal M, Pan-Zhou XR, Westerling-Bui A, Beconi M, Reilly JF, Mundel P, Harmange JC. Discovery of a Potent and Selective TRPC5 Inhibitor, Efficacious in a Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Model. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:1579-1585. [PMID: 31749913 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonselective Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels play important roles in diverse cellular processes, including actin remodeling and cell migration. TRP channel subfamily C, member 5 (TRPC5) helps regulate a tight balance of cytoskeletal dynamics in podocytes and is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of proteinuric kidney diseases, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). As such, protection of podocytes by inhibition of TRPC5 mediated Ca2+ signaling may provide a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of proteinuric kidney diseases. Herein, we describe the identification of a novel TRPC5 inhibitor, GFB-8438, by systematic optimization of a high-throughput screening hit, pyridazinone 1. GFB-8438 protects mouse podocytes from injury induced by protamine sulfate (PS) in vitro. It is also efficacious in a hypertensive deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt rat model of FSGS, significantly reducing both total protein and albumin concentrations in urine.
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4
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Bandarage UK, Clark MP, Perola E, Gao H, Jacobs MD, Tsai A, Gillespie J, Kennedy JM, Maltais F, Ledeboer MW, Davies I, Gu W, Byrn RA, Nti Addae K, Bennett H, Leeman JR, Jones SM, O’Brien C, Memmott C, Bennani Y, Charifson PS. Novel 2-Substituted 7-Azaindole and 7-Azaindazole Analogues as Potential Antiviral Agents for the Treatment of Influenza. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:261-265. [PMID: 28197323 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
JNJ-63623872 (2) is a first-in-class, orally bioavailable compound that offers significant potential for the treatment of pandemic and seasonal influenza. Early lead optimization efforts in our 7-azaindole series focused on 1,3-diaminocyclohexyl amide and urea substitutions on the pyrimidine-7-azaindole motif. In this work, we explored two strategies to eliminate observed aldehyde oxidase (AO)-mediated metabolism at the 2-position of these 7-azaindole analogues. Substitution at the 2-position of the azaindole ring generated somewhat less potent analogues, but reduced AO-mediated metabolism. Incorporation of a ring nitrogen generated 7-azaindazole analogues that were equipotent to the parent 2-H-7-azaindole, but surprisingly, did not appear to improve AO-mediated metabolism. Overall, we identified multiple 2-substituted 7-azaindole analogues with enhanced AO stability and we present data for one such compound (12) that demonstrate a favorable oral pharmacokinetic profile in rodents. These analogues have the potential to be further developed as anti-influenza agents for the treatment of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Huai Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc D. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jeffery Gillespie
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kennedy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - François Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen O’Brien
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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5
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Farmer LJ, Clark MP, Boyd MJ, Perola E, Jones SM, Tsai A, Jacobs MD, Bandarage UK, Ledeboer MW, Wang T, Deng H, Ledford B, Gu W, Duffy JP, Bethiel RS, Shannon D, Byrn RA, Leeman JR, Rijnbrand R, Bennett HB, O’Brien C, Memmott C, Nti-Addae K, Bennani YL, Charifson PS. Discovery of Novel, Orally Bioavailable β-Amino Acid Azaindole Inhibitors of Influenza PB2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:256-260. [PMID: 28197322 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In our efforts to develop novel small-molecule inhibitors for the treatment of influenza, we utilized molecular modeling and the X-ray crystal structure of the PB2 subunit of the influenza polymerase to optimize a series of acyclic β-amino acid inhibitors, highlighted by compound 4. Compound 4 showed good oral exposure in both rat and mouse. More importantly, it showed strong potency versus multiple influenza-A strains, including pandemic 2009 H1N1 and avian H5N1 strains and showed a strong efficacy profile in a mouse influenza model even when treatment was initiated 48 h after infection. Compound 4 offers good oral bioavailability with great potential for the treatment of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc D. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dean Shannon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton B. Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen O’Brien
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti-Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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6
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Boyd MJ, Bandarage UK, Bennett H, Byrn RR, Davies I, Gu W, Jacobs M, Ledeboer MW, Ledford B, Leeman JR, Perola E, Wang T, Bennani Y, Clark MP, Charifson PS. Corrigendum to “Isosteric replacements of the carboxylic acid of drug candidate VX-787: Effect of charge on antiviral potency and kinase activity of azaindole-based influenza PB2 inhibitors” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 25 (2015) 1990–1994]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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7
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Farmer LJ, Ledeboer MW, Hoock T, Arnost MJ, Bethiel RS, Bennani YL, Black JJ, Brummel CL, Chakilam A, Dorsch WA, Fan B, Cochran JE, Halas S, Harrington EM, Hogan JK, Howe D, Huang H, Jacobs DH, Laitinen LM, Liao S, Mahajan S, Marone V, Martinez-Botella G, McCarthy P, Messersmith D, Namchuk M, Oh L, Penney MS, Pierce AC, Raybuck SA, Rugg A, Salituro FG, Saxena K, Shannon D, Shlyakter D, Swenson L, Tian SK, Town C, Wang J, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Winquist RJ, Zuccola HJ. Discovery of VX-509 (Decernotinib): A Potent and Selective Janus Kinase 3 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7195-216. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Thomas Hoock
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Arnost
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - James J. Black
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher L. Brummel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Bin Fan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John E. Cochran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Summer Halas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Edmund M. Harrington
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James K. Hogan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Howe
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hui Huang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Leena M. Laitinen
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shengkai Liao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Valerie Marone
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Pamela McCarthy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Messersmith
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luke Oh
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marina S. Penney
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Albert C. Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Scott A. Raybuck
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arthur Rugg
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kumkum Saxena
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dean Shannon
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dina Shlyakter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Lora Swenson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Shi-Kai Tian
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Town
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Raymond J. Winquist
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Harmon J. Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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8
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Collier PN, Messersmith D, Le Tiran A, Bandarage UK, Boucher C, Come J, Cottrell KM, Damagnez V, Doran JD, Griffith JP, Khare-Pandit S, Krueger EB, Ledeboer MW, Ledford B, Liao Y, Mahajan S, Moody CS, Roday S, Wang T, Xu J, Aronov AM. Discovery of Highly Isoform Selective Thiazolopiperidine Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5684-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip N. Collier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - David Messersmith
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Arnaud Le Tiran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christina Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jon Come
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kevin M. Cottrell
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Veronique Damagnez
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John D. Doran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - James P. Griffith
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Suvarna Khare-Pandit
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Elaine B. Krueger
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yusheng Liao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Cameron S. Moody
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Setu Roday
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jinwang Xu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alex M. Aronov
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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9
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Boyd MJ, Bandarage UK, Bennett H, Byrn RR, Davies I, Gu W, Jacobs M, Ledeboer MW, Ledford B, Leeman JR, Perola E, Wang T, Bennani Y, Clark MP, Charifson PS. Isosteric replacements of the carboxylic acid of drug candidate VX-787: Effect of charge on antiviral potency and kinase activity of azaindole-based influenza PB2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1990-4. [PMID: 25827523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
VX-787 is a first in class, orally bioavailable compound that offers unparalleled potential for the treatment of pandemic and seasonal influenza. As a part of our routine SAR exploration, carboxylic acid isosteres of VX-787 were prepared and tested against influenza A. It was found that the negative charge is important for maintaining potency and selectivity relative to kinase targets. Neutral carboxylic acid replacements generally resulted in compounds that were significantly less potent and less selective relative to the charged species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Upul K Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hamilton Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Randal R Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua R Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youssef Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael P Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul S Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, MA, USA
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10
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Clark MP, Ledeboer MW, Davies I, Byrn RA, Jones SM, Perola E, Tsai A, Jacobs M, Nti-Addae K, Bandarage UK, Boyd MJ, Bethiel RS, Court JJ, Deng H, Duffy JP, Dorsch WA, Farmer LJ, Gao H, Gu W, Jackson K, Jacobs DH, Kennedy JM, Ledford B, Liang J, Maltais F, Murcko M, Wang T, Wannamaker MW, Bennett HB, Leeman JR, McNeil C, Taylor WP, Memmott C, Jiang M, Rijnbrand R, Bral C, Germann U, Nezami A, Zhang Y, Salituro FG, Bennani YL, Charifson PS. Discovery of a Novel, First-in-Class, Orally Bioavailable Azaindole Inhibitor (VX-787) of Influenza PB2. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6668-78. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5007275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Clark
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Ioana Davies
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randal A. Byrn
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Steven M. Jones
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Emanuele Perola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Alice Tsai
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Marc Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Kwame Nti-Addae
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Upul K. Bandarage
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Randy S. Bethiel
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John J. Court
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hongbo Deng
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Warren A. Dorsch
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Luc J. Farmer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Huai Gao
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Wenxin Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Katrina Jackson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Dylan H. Jacobs
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joseph M. Kennedy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Brian Ledford
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Jianglin Liang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - François Maltais
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Mark Murcko
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - M. Woods Wannamaker
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Hamilton B. Bennett
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Joshua R. Leeman
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Colleen McNeil
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - William P. Taylor
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christine Memmott
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Min Jiang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Rene Rijnbrand
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Christopher Bral
- Arrowhead Research Corporation, 465 Science Drive, Suite C, Madison, Wisconsin 53711, United States
| | - Ursula Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Azin Nezami
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | - Yuegang Zhang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
| | | | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Canada) Inc., 275 Armand-Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Paul S. Charifson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 50 Northern Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, United States
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Verhein KC, Salituro FG, Ledeboer MW, Fryer AD, Jacoby DB. Dual p38/JNK mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors prevent ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75351. [PMID: 24058677 PMCID: PMC3776780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone exposure causes airway hyperreactivity and increases hospitalizations resulting from pulmonary complications. Ozone reacts with the epithelial lining fluid and airway epithelium to produce reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation products, which then activate cell signaling pathways, including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Both p38 and c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) are MAPK family members that are activated by cellular stress and inflammation. To test the contribution of both p38 and JNK MAPK to ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity, guinea pigs were pretreated with dual p38 and JNK MAPK inhibitors (30 mg/kg, ip) 60 minutes before exposure to 2 ppm ozone or filtered air for 4 hours. One day later airway reactivity was measured in anesthetized animals. Ozone caused airway hyperreactivity one day post-exposure, and blocking p38 and JNK MAPK completely prevented ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity. Blocking p38 and JNK MAPK also suppressed parasympathetic nerve activity in air exposed animals, suggesting p38 and JNK MAPK contribute to acetylcholine release by airway parasympathetic nerves. Ozone inhibited neuronal M2 muscarinic receptors and blocking both p38 and JNK prevented M2 receptor dysfunction. Neutrophil influx into bronchoalveolar lavage was not affected by MAPK inhibitors. Thus p38 and JNK MAPK mediate ozone-induced airway hyperreactivity through multiple mechanisms including prevention of neuronal M2 receptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten C. Verhein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Allison D. Fryer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David B. Jacoby
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Wang T, Ledeboer MW, Duffy JP, Salituro FG, Pierce AC, Zuccola HJ, Block E, Shlyakter D, Hogan JK, Bennani YL. Corrigendum to “A novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors: Discovery of 3,4-ring fused 7-azaindoles and deazapurines as potent JAK2 inhibitors” [Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 20 (2010) 153]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang T, Ledeboer MW, Duffy JP, Pierce AC, Zuccola HJ, Block E, Shlyakter D, Hogan JK, Bennani YL. A novel chemotype of kinase inhibitors: Discovery of 3,4-ring fused 7-azaindoles and deazapurines as potent JAK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ledeboer MW, Pierce AC, Duffy JP, Gao H, Messersmith D, Salituro FG, Nanthakumar S, Come J, Zuccola HJ, Swenson L, Shlyakter D, Mahajan S, Hoock T, Fan B, Tsai WJ, Kolaczkowski E, Carrier S, Hogan JK, Zessis R, Pazhanisamy S, Bennani YL. 2-Aminopyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as potent and selective inhibitors of JAK2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6529-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wang T, Duffy JP, Wang J, Halas S, Salituro FG, Pierce AC, Zuccola HJ, Black JR, Hogan JK, Jepson S, Shlyakter D, Mahajan S, Gu Y, Hoock T, Wood M, Furey BF, Frantz JD, Dauffenbach LM, Germann UA, Fan B, Namchuk M, Bennani YL, Ledeboer MW. Janus Kinase 2 Inhibitors. Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Polycyclic Azaindole. J Med Chem 2009; 52:7938-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901383u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - John P. Duffy
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Jian Wang
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Summer Halas
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Francesco G. Salituro
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Albert C. Pierce
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Harmon J. Zuccola
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - James R. Black
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - James K. Hogan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Scott Jepson
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Dina Shlyakter
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Sudipta Mahajan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Yong Gu
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Thomas Hoock
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark Wood
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Brinley F. Furey
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - J. Daniel Frantz
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Lisa M. Dauffenbach
- Mosaic Laboratories, LLC, 12 Spectrum Pointe Drive, Lake Forest, California 92630
| | - Ursula A. Germann
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Bin Fan
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark Namchuk
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Youssef L. Bennani
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., 130 Waverly Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4242
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Masaharu Kume
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark Searcey
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Qing Jin
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Abstract
The relative and absolute stereochemistry of the naturally occurring potent HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors 1 and 2, quinoxapeptin A and B, were established by total synthesis. Their synthetic precursor 3 (dubbed quinoxapeptin C) was found to be a more potent HIV-1 RT inhibitor and to lack the potent cytotoxic activity characteristic of 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- DL Boger
- Department of Chemistry and, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mark W. Ledeboer
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Masaharu Kume
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn A. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
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