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Moeini B, Pinder JW, Avval TG, Jacobsen C, Brongersma HH, Průša S, Bábík P, Vaníčková E, Argyle MD, Strohmeier BR, Jones B, Shollenberger D, Bell DS, Linford MR. Controlling the surface silanol density in capillary columns and planar silicon via the self-limiting, gas-phase deposition of tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane, and quantification of surface silanols after silanization by low energy ion scattering. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464248. [PMID: 37598532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Surface silanols (Si-OH) play a vital role on fused silica surfaces in chromatography. Here, we used an atmospheric-pressure, gas-phase reactor to modify the inner surface of a gas chromatography, fused silica capillary column (0.53 mm ID) with a small, reactive silane (tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane, TDMAMS). The deposition of TDMAMS on planar witness samples around the capillary was confirmed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ex situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and wetting. The number of surface silanols on unmodified and TDMAMS-modified native oxide-terminated silicon were quantified by tagging with dimethylzinc (DMZ) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) and counting the resulting zinc atoms with high sensitivity-low energy ion scattering (HS-LEIS). A bare, clean native oxide - terminated silicon wafer has 3.66 OH/nm2, which agrees with density functional theory (DFT) calculations from the literature. After TDMAMS modification of native oxide-terminated silicon, the number of surface silanols decreases by a factor of ca. 10 (to 0.31 OH/nm2). Intermediate surface testing (IST) was used to characterize the surface activities of functionalized capillaries. It suggested a significant deactivation/passivation of the capillary with some surface silanols remaining; the modified capillary shows significant deactivation compared to the native/unmodified fused silica tubing. We believe that this methodology for determining the number of residual silanols on silanized fused silica will be enabling for chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Joshua W Pinder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Hidde H Brongersma
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stanislav Průša
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bábík
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Vaníčková
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic; CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Morris D Argyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Brian R Strohmeier
- Materials Group, Avery Dennison Corp., 8080 Norton Parkway, Mentor, OH 44060, USA
| | - Brian Jones
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | | | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
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2
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Moeini B, Avval TG, Brongersma HH, Průša S, Bábík P, Vaníčková E, Strohmeier BR, Bell DS, Eggett D, George SM, Linford MR. Area-Selective Atomic Layer Deposition of ZnO on Si\SiO 2 Modified with Tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4688. [PMID: 37445002 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Delayed atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO, i.e., area selective (AS)-ALD, was successfully achieved on silicon wafers (Si\SiO2) terminated with tris(dimethylamino)methylsilane (TDMAMS). This resist molecule was deposited in a home-built, near-atmospheric pressure, flow-through, gas-phase reactor. TDMAMS had previously been shown to react with Si\SiO2 in a single cycle/reaction and to drastically reduce the number of silanols that remain at the surface. ZnO was deposited in a commercial ALD system using dimethylzinc (DMZ) as the zinc precursor and H2O as the coreactant. Deposition of TDMAMS was confirmed by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and wetting. ALD of ZnO, including its selectivity on TDMAMS-terminated Si\SiO2 (Si\SiO2\TDMAMS), was confirmed by in situ multi-wavelength ellipsometry, ex situ SE, XPS, and/or high-sensitivity/low-energy ion scattering (HS-LEIS). The thermal stability of the TDMAMS resist layer, which is an important parameter for AS-ALD, was investigated by heating Si\SiO2\TDMAMS in air and nitrogen at 330 °C. ALD of ZnO takes place more readily on Si\SiO2\TDMAMS heated in the air than in N2, suggesting greater damage to the surface heated in the air. To better understand the in situ ALD of ZnO on Si\SiO2\TDMAMS and modified (thermally stressed) forms of it, the ellipsometry results were plotted as the normalized growth per cycle. Even one short pulse of TDMAMS effectively passivates Si\SiO2. TDMAMS can be a useful, small-molecule inhibitor of ALD of ZnO on Si\SiO2 surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Hidde H Brongersma
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stanislav Průša
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Bábík
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Vaníčková
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brian R Strohmeier
- Materials Group-NA, Avery Dennison Corporation, 8080 Norton Parkway, Mentor, OH 44060, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Dennis Eggett
- Department of Statistics, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Steven M George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, 215 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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Patel DI, Major GH, Jacobsen C, Shah D, Strohmeier BR, Shollenberger D, Bell DS, Argyle MD, Linford MR. Flow-Through Atmospheric Pressure-Atomic Layer Deposition Reactor for Thin-Film Deposition in Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7483-7491. [PMID: 35579626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the development of a new atmospheric pressure-atomic layer deposition(AP-ALD) system to coat the inner walls of capillary columns for gas chromatography (GC). Unlike traditional ALD, this reactor operates at near-atmospheric pressure and addresses the challenges of depositing thin films inside capillaries, which include long pump down times, deposition in high-aspect-ratio materials, and temperature control. We show ALD of alumina in 5 and 12 m capillaries (0.53 mm ID) via sequential half reactions of trimethylaluminum and water. Our system yields pinhole-free, uniform thin films. It includes small witness chambers for witness silicon shards before and after the capillary. An engineering flow/transport analysis of the device is provided. Our ALD alumina thin films are characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Alumina film growth achieved is 1.4-1.5 Å/cycle, which is consistent with previously reported results. Film thickness measurements by SE on witness shards of silicon and by TEM at both ends of the capillary are in good agreement. A capillary column coated with alumina is used to separate different gases by GC, although the retention times of gases are essentially the same as with an untreated fused silica capillary. This successful deposition of ALD alumina in long capillaries opens the door for other possible ALD coatings, including hybrid organic-inorganic coatings, using the 450+ ALD precursors available today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay I Patel
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - George H Major
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Brian R Strohmeier
- Label and Graphic Materials, Avery Dennison Corporation, North America, 8080 Norton Parkway, Mentor, Ohio 44060, United States
| | - Daniel Shollenberger
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823, United States
| | - Morris D Argyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Major GH, Fernandez V, Fairley N, Linford MR. A detailed view of the Gaussian–Lorentzian sum and product functions and their comparison with the Voigt function. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George H. Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel ‐ Sciences Université of Nantes Nantes France
| | | | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
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Moeini B, Linford MR, Fairley N, Barlow A, Cumpson P, Morgan D, Fernandez V, Baltrusaitis J. Definition of a new (Doniach‐Sunjic‐Shirley) peak shape for fitting asymmetric signals applied to reduced graphene oxide/graphene oxide XPS spectra. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | | | - Anders Barlow
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform, Department of Chemical Engineering University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Peter Cumpson
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David Morgan
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Cardiff UK
- HarwellXPS – EPSRC National Facility for Photoelectron Spectroscopy Research Complex at Harwell (RCaH) Didcot UK
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN) Université de Nantes, CNRS Nantes France
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Lehigh University Bethlehem PA USA
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6
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Avval TG, Moeini B, Carver V, Fairley N, Smith EF, Baltrusaitis J, Fernandez V, Tyler BJ, Gallagher N, Linford MR. The Often-Overlooked Power of Summary Statistics in Exploratory Data Analysis: Comparison of Pattern Recognition Entropy (PRE) to Other Summary Statistics and Introduction of Divided Spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE). J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:4173-4189. [PMID: 34499501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unsupervised exploratory data analysis (EDA) is often the first step in understanding complex data sets. While summary statistics are among the most efficient and convenient tools for exploring and describing sets of data, they are often overlooked in EDA. In this paper, we show multiple case studies that compare the performance, including clustering, of a series of summary statistics in EDA. The summary statistics considered here are pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the mean, standard deviation (STD), 1-norm, range, sum of squares (SSQ), and X4, which are compared with principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate curve resolution (MCR), and/or cluster analysis. PRE and the other summary statistics are direct methods for analyzing data-they are not factor-based approaches. To quantify the performance of summary statistics, we use the concept of the "critical pair," which is employed in chromatography. The data analyzed here come from different analytical methods. Hyperspectral images, including one of a biological material, are also analyzed. In general, PRE outperforms the other summary statistics, especially in image analysis, although a suite of summary statistics is useful in exploring complex data sets. While PRE results were generally comparable to those from PCA and MCR, PRE is easier to apply. For example, there is no need to determine the number of factors that describe a data set. Finally, we introduce the concept of divided spectrum-PRE (DS-PRE) as a new EDA method. DS-PRE increases the discrimination power of PRE. We also show that DS-PRE can be used to provide the inputs for the k-nearest neighbor (kNN) algorithm. We recommend PRE and DS-PRE as rapid new tools for unsupervised EDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Behnam Moeini
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Victoria Carver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Neal Fairley
- Casa Software Ltd., Bay House, 5 Grosvenor Terrace, Teignmouth, Devon TQ14 8NE, U.K
| | - Emily F Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre (NMRC) and School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Université de Nantes, CNRS, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Institut für Physik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Neal Gallagher
- Eigenvector Research, Inc., Manson, Washington 98831, United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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7
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Major GH, Avval TG, Patel DI, Shah D, Roychowdhury T, Barlow AJ, Pigram PJ, Greiner M, Fernandez V, Herrera‐Gomez A, Linford MR. A discussion of approaches for fitting asymmetric signals in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), noting the importance of Voigt‐like peak shapes. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George H. Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Tahereh G. Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Dhananjay I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Anders J. Barlow
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics, School of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Paul J. Pigram
- Centre for Materials and Surface Science and Department of Chemistry and Physics, School of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Mark Greiner
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions / Surface Analysis Group Max‐Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion Mülheim an der Ruhr 45413 Germany
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel – Sciences University of Nantes Nantes 44100 France
| | - Alberto Herrera‐Gomez
- Department of Materials Science CINVESTAV – Unidad Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro 36824 Mexico
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
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Patel DI, Roychowdhury T, Shah D, Jacobsen C, Herrington JS, Hoisington J, Myers C, Salazar BG, Walker AV, Bell DS, Linford MR. 6-Phenylhexyl silane derivatized, sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fiber for the parts-per-trillion detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water and baby formula. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:2824-2836. [PMID: 33989452 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report the fabrication of 6-phenylhexylsilane derivatized, sputtered silicon, solid phase microextraction fibers that show parts per trillion detection limits for polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and negligible carry over and phase bleed. Their fabrication involves sputtering silicon on silica fibers under various conditions. Six different fibers were evaluated by generating three different thicknesses of sputtered silicon at two different throw distances, which altered the morphologies of the silicon surfaces. All of the fibers were coated with similar thicknesses of 6-phenylhexylsilane (ca. 2 nm). These fibers were characterized with multiple analytical techniques. The optimum fiber configuration was then used to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons via direct immersion, gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Our best fiber for the extraction of low molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water had similar performance to that of a commercial fiber. However, our fiber demonstrated ca. 3 times the extraction efficiency for higher molecular weight polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In addition, it outperformed the commercial fiber by showing better linearity, repeatability, and detection limits. A method for analyzing polyaromatic hydrocarbons in baby formula was developed, which showed very good linearity (0.5-125 ppb), repeatability (2-26%), detection limits (0.12-0.81 ppb), and recoveries (103-135%). In addition, our fiber showed much less (negligible) carry over and phase bleed than the commercially available fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay I Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Collin Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
| | - Jason S Herrington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Jason Hoisington
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Colton Myers
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Bryan G Salazar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - Amy V Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, 75080, USA
| | - David S Bell
- Restek Corporation, 110 Benner Circle, Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, 16823, USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84602, USA
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9
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Reed BP, Cant DJH, Spencer SJ, Carmona-Carmona AJ, Bushell A, Herrera-Gómez A, Kurokawa A, Thissen A, Thomas AG, Britton AJ, Bernasik A, Fuchs A, Baddorf AP, Bock B, Theilacker B, Cheng B, Castner DG, Morgan DJ, Valley D, Willneff EA, Smith EF, Nolot E, Xie F, Zorn G, Smith GC, Yasufuku H, Fenton JL, Chen J, Counsell JDP, Radnik J, Gaskell KJ, Artyushkova K, Yang L, Zhang L, Eguchi M, Walker M, Hajdyła M, Marzec MM, Linford MR, Kubota N, Cortazar-Martínez O, Dietrich P, Satoh R, Schroeder SLM, Avval TG, Nagatomi T, Fernandez V, Lake W, Azuma Y, Yoshikawa Y, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene. J Vac Sci Technol A 2020; 38:063208. [PMID: 33281279 PMCID: PMC7688089 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen P. Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Bushell
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Surface Analysis), East Grinstead RH19 1XZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akira Kurokawa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Andreas Thissen
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Materials, Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Britton
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus, 71272 Renningen, Germany
| | - Arthur P. Baddorf
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bill Theilacker
- Medtronic, 710 Medtronic Parkway, LT240, Fridley, Minnesota 55432
| | - Bin Cheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Valley
- Physical Electronics Inc., East Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317
| | - Elizabeth A. Willneff
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gilad Zorn
- GE Research, 1 Research Circle, K1 1D7A, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Graham C. Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Chester CH2 4NU, United Kingdom
| | - Hideyuki Yasufuku
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jeffery L. Fenton
- Medtronic, 6700 Shingle Creek Parkway, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota 55430
| | - Jian Chen
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jörg Radnik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen J. Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | | | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Makiho Eguchi
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariusz Hajdyła
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Naoyoshi Kubota
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | | | - Paul Dietrich
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Riki Satoh
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Sven L. M. Schroeder
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh G. Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Takaharu Nagatomi
- Platform Laboratory for Science and Technology, Asahi Kasei Corporation, 2-1 Samejima, Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wayne Lake
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Yasushi Azuma
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Material Analysis Department, Yazaki Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corporation, 1500 Mishuku, Susono-city, Shizuoka 410-1194, Japan
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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10
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Major GH, Chapman SC, Chapman JT, Wheeler JI, Chatterjee S, Cushman CV, Ess DH, Linford MR. Spectroscopic ellipsometry of SU‐8 photoresist from 190 to 1680 nm (0.740–6.50 eV). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George H. Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Sean C. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Joshua I. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | | | - Cody V. Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Daniel H. Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo Utah USA
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11
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Shah D, Patel DI, Major GH, Argyle MD, Linford MR. A new holder/container with a porous cover for atomic layer deposition on particles, with transport analysis and detailed characterization of the resulting materials. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Dhananjay I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - George H. Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Morris D. Argyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
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12
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Zuppa Neto TDO, Avval TG, Morais PADO, Ellis WC, Chapman SC, de Oliveira AE, Linford MR, Farnsworth PB, Antoniosi Filho NR. Direct Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Promotes Rapid and Simple Lubricant Oil Fingerprinting. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2020; 31:1525-1535. [PMID: 32453588 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Petroleomics, which is the characterization, separation, and quantification of the components of petroleum and crude oil, is an emerging area of study. However, the repertoire of analytical methods available to understand commercial automotive lubricant oils (ALOs) is very limited. Ambient mass spectrometry is one of the most sensitive analytical methods for real-time and in situ chemical analysis. With this technique, the chemical fingerprinting of ALOs can be performed quickly and simply using dielectric barrier discharge ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In this study, the mass spectra of 35 samples were obtained without any sample preparation in positive-ion mode, and no carryover was observed. To elucidate the similarities and differences between the ALO samples, the data generated from these spectra were analyzed using four chemometric techniques: principal component analysis, multivariate curve resolution, hierarchical cluster analysis, and pattern recognition entropy. The ALO samples were readily differentiated according to their American Petroleum Institute classification and base oil types: mineral, semisynthetic, and synthetic. The development of this new methodology will aid in the semiquantitative control analysis of ALOs and offers an improved ability to identify the components therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana de O Zuppa Neto
- Extraction and Separation Methods Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, CP.131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Pedro A de Oliveira Morais
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Wade C Ellis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Sean C Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Anselmo E de Oliveira
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Paul B Farnsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nelson R Antoniosi Filho
- Extraction and Separation Methods Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Goias, CP.131, Goiânia, GO 74001-970, Brazil
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13
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Roychowdhury T, Patel DI, Shah D, Diwan A, Kaykhaii M, Herrington JS, Bell DS, Linford MR. Sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fibers with a polydimethylsiloxane stationary phase with negligible carry-over and phase bleed. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Lebanov L, Chatterjee S, Tedone L, Chapman SC, Linford MR, Paull B. Comprehensive characterisation of ylang-ylang essential oils according to distillation time, origin, and chemical composition using a multivariate approach applied to average mass spectra and segmented average mass spectral data. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1618:460853. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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15
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Roychowdhury T, Shah D, Jain V, Patel DI, Dodson B, Skinner W, Hilfiker JN, Smith SJ, Linford MR. Multi‐instrument characterization of HiPIMS and DC magnetron sputtered tungsten and copper films. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Dhruv Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Varun Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Dhananjay I. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Berg Dodson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N283 Eyring Science CenterBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - William Skinner
- Future Industries InstituteUniversity of South Australia Mawson Lakes SA Australia
| | | | - Stacey J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science BuildingBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
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16
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Johnson BI, Avval TG, Wheeler J, Anderson HC, Diwan A, Stowers KJ, Ess DH, Linford MR. Semiempirical Peak Fitting Guided by ab Initio Calculations of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Narrow Scans of Chemisorbed, Fluorinated Silanes. Langmuir 2020; 36:1878-1886. [PMID: 32013448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we address the issue of finding correct CF2/CF3 area ratios from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) C 1s narrow scans of materials containing -CH2CH2(CF2)nCF3 (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) moieties. For this work, we modified silicon wafers with four different fluorosilanes. The smallest had a trifluoropropyl (n = 0) moiety, followed by nonafluorohexyl (n = 3), tridecafluoro (n = 5), and finally, heptadecafluoro (n = 7) moieties. Monolayer deposition of the fluorosilanes was confirmed by spectroscopic ellipsometry, wetting, and XPS. Analysis of the trifluoropropyl (n = 0) surface and a sample of polytetrafluoroethylene provided pure-component XPS spectra for -CF3 and -(CF2)n- moieties, respectively. Initial XPS C 1s peak fitting, which follows the literature precedent, was not entirely adequate. To address this issue, six different fitting approaches with increasing complexity and/or input from the Hartree-Fock theory (HF) were considered. Ultimately, we show that by combining HF results with empirical analyses, we obtain more accurate CF2/CF3 area ratios while maintaining high-quality fits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian I Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tahereh G Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joshua Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hans C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | | | - Kara J Stowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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17
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Linford MR, Smentkowski VS, Grant JT, Brundle CR, Sherwood PMA, Biesinger MC, Terry J, Artyushkova K, Herrera-Gómez A, Tougaard S, Skinner W, Pireaux JJ, McConville CF, Easton CD, Gengenbach TR, Major GH, Dietrich P, Thissen A, Engelhard M, Powell CJ, Gaskell KJ, Baer DR. Proliferation of Faulty Materials Data Analysis in the Literature. Microsc Microanal 2020; 26:1-2. [PMID: 31948499 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT84602, USA
| | | | - John T Grant
- Surface Analysis Consultant, Clearwater, FL33767, USA
| | | | | | - Mark C Biesinger
- Surface Science Western, University of Western Ontario, London, OntarioN6G 0J3, Canada
| | - Jeff Terry
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL60616, USA
| | | | | | - Sven Tougaard
- Department of Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense5230, Denmark
| | - William Skinner
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - George H Major
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT84602, USA
| | - Paul Dietrich
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, 13355Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Mark Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA99354, USA
| | - Cedric J Powell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899, USA
| | | | - Donald R Baer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA99354, USA
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18
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Baer DR, Artyushkova K, Brundle CR, Castle JE, Engelhard MH, Gaskell KJ, Grant JT, Haasch RT, Linford MR, Powell CJ, Shard AG, Sherwood PMA, Smentkowski VS. Practical Guides for X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): First Steps in planning, conducting and reporting XPS measurements. J Vac Sci Technol A 2019; 37:10.1116/1.5065501. [PMID: 31579351 PMCID: PMC6774202 DOI: 10.1116/1.5065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the widespread utility and applicability of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in research and applications has made it the most popular and widely used method of surface analysis. Associated with this increased use has been an increase in the number of new or inexperienced users which has led to erroneous uses and misapplications of the method. This article is the first in a series of guides assembled by a committee of experienced XPS practitioners that are intended to assist inexperienced users by providing information about good practices in the use of XPS. This first guide outlines steps appropriate for determining whether XPS is capable of obtaining the desired information, identifies issues relevant to planning, conducting and reporting an XPS measurement, and identifies sources of practical information for conducting XPS measurements. Many of the topics and questions addressed in this article also apply to other surface-analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Baer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | | | | | - James E. Castle
- University of Surrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland Washington 99352
| | - Karen J. Gaskell
- University of Maryland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College Park, Maryland 20720
| | - John T. Grant
- Surface Analysis Consulting, Clearwater, Florida 33767
| | - Richard T. Haasch
- University of Illinois, Materials Research Laboratory, 104 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2902
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Brigham Young University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Cedric J. Powell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8370
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19
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Chatterjee S, Chapman SC, Lunt BM, Linford MR. Using Cross-Correlation with Pattern Recognition Entropy to Obtain Reduced Total Ion Current Chromatograms from Raw Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Data. BCSJ 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Sean C. Chapman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Barry M. Lunt
- Information Technology, School of Technology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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20
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Lebanov L, Tedone L, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR, Paull B. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography in Essential Oil Analysis. Part 2: Application to Characterisation and Identification. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3651-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Saini G, Trenchevska O, Howell LJ, Boyd JG, Smith DP, Jain V, Linford MR. Performance Comparison of Three Chemical Vapor Deposited Aminosilanes in Peptide Synthesis: Effects of Silane on Peptide Stability and Purity. Langmuir 2018; 34:11925-11932. [PMID: 30208711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon oxide substrates underwent gas-phase functionalization with various aminosilanes, and the resulting surfaces were evaluated for their suitability as a solid support for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane), APDEMS (3-aminopropyldiethoxymethylsilane), and APDIPES (3-aminopropyldiisopropylethoxysilane) were individually applied to thermal oxide-terminated silicon substrates via gas-phase deposition. Coated surfaces were characterized by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), contact angle goniometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectrophotometry. Model oligopeptides with 16 residues were synthesized on the amino surfaces, and the chemical stabilities of the resulting surfaces were evaluated against a stringent side chain deprotection (SCD) step, which contained trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TFMSA). Functionalized surface thickness loss during SCD was most acute for APDIPES and the observed relative stability order was APTES > APDEMS > APDIPES. Amino surfaces were evaluated for compatibility with stepwise peptide synthesis where complete deprotection and coupling cycles are paramount. Model trimer syntheses indicated that routine capping of unreacted amines with acetic anhydride significantly increased purity as measured by MALDI-MS. An inverse correlation between the amine loading density and peptide purity was observed. In general, peptide purity was highest for the lowest amine density APDIPES surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Saini
- HealthTell Inc. , Chandler , Arizona 85226 , United States
| | | | - Loren J Howell
- HealthTell Inc. , Chandler , Arizona 85226 , United States
| | - James G Boyd
- HealthTell Inc. , Chandler , Arizona 85226 , United States
| | - David P Smith
- HealthTell Inc. , Chandler , Arizona 85226 , United States
| | - Varun Jain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Matthew R Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Sargazi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
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23
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Chatterjee S, Major GH, Paull B, Rodriguez ES, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Using pattern recognition entropy to select mass chromatograms to prepare total ion current chromatograms from raw liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry data. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Chatterjee S, Linford MR. Reordered (Sorted) Spectra. A Tool for Understanding Pattern Recognition Entropy (PRE) and Spectra in General. BCSJ 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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25
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Gupta V, Kazarian AA, Gaskell B, Linford MR, Jensen DS, Paull B, Nesterenko PN. Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography on Core Shell Stationary Phases based on Layer-By-Layer Nanodiamond/Polyamine Architecture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2174/2213240605666180226114029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Gupta
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Artaches A. Kazarian
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Ben Gaskell
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | | | - Brett Paull
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania7001, Australia
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26
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Laughlin K, Jamieson S, Pearson AC, Wang H, Vanfleet RR, Davis RC, Linford MR, Lunt BM. Thin-Film Carbon Nanofuses for Permanent Data Storage. ACS Omega 2017; 2:2432-2438. [PMID: 31457591 PMCID: PMC6641109 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have fabricated nanofuses from thin-film, arc-deposited carbon for use in permanent data storage. Thin-film carbon fuses have fewer fabrication barriers and retain the required resistivity and structural stability to act as a data-storage medium. Carbon thin films were characterized for their electrical, microstructural, and chemical bonding properties. Annealing these films in an argon environment at 400 °C reduced the resistivity from about 4 × 10-2 Ω cm as deposited to about 5 × 10-4 Ω cm, allowing a lower blowing voltage. Nanofuses with widths ranging from 200 to 60 nm were fabricated and tested. They blow with voltages between 2 and 5.5 V, and the nanofuses remain stable in both "1" and "0" states under a constantly applied read voltage of 1 V for over 90 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
R. Laughlin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Sarah Jamieson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Anthony C. Pearson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Richard R. Vanfleet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Barry M. Lunt
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, N215, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry,
C389 BNSN, and School of Technology, 265 CTB, Brigham
Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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27
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Abstract
Resist lithography is an important microfabrication technique in the electronics industry. In this, patterns are transferred by irradiation onto a photosensitive polymer. SU-8 has emerged as a favorite photoresist for High Aspect Ratio (HAR) lithography, showing high chemical and mechanical stability and biocompatibility. Unfortunately, its poor adhesion to substrates is a drawback, with possible solutions being the use of low-viscosity SU-8, surface modification with a low molecular weight adsorbate like hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), or a commercial adhesion promotion reagent. However, HMDS and the commercial reagent require surface dehydration and/or curing, and a modified form of SU-8 is not always desirable. Here, we demonstrate the use of a water-soluble, amine-containing polymer, polyallylamine (PAAm), which spontaneously adsorbs to silica surfaces, as a simple, easy-to-apply, and reactive adhesion promoter for SU-8. Conditions for the use of PAAm are explored, and the resulting materials are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and wetting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Chatterjee
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Brigham Young University,Provo,UT 84602,USA
| | - George H Major
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Brigham Young University,Provo,UT 84602,USA
| | - Barry M Lunt
- 2Department of Information Technology,Brigham Young University,Provo,UT 84602,USA
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Brigham Young University,Provo,UT 84602,USA
| | - Matthew R Linford
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Brigham Young University,Provo,UT 84602,USA
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28
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Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Application of Microextraction Techniques Including SPME and MESI to the Thermal Degradation of Polymers: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:172-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1242062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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29
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Bagley JD, Dennis Tolley H, Linford MR. Reevaluating the conventional approach for analyzing spectroscopic ellipsometry psi/delta versus time data. Additional statistical rigor may often be appropriate. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D. Bagley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - H. Dennis Tolley
- Department of Statistics; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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30
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Diwan A, Singh B, Roychowdhury T, Yan D, Tedone L, Nesterenko PN, Paull B, Sevy ET, Shellie RA, Kaykhaii M, Linford MR. Porous, High Capacity Coatings for Solid Phase Microextraction by Sputtering. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1593-600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Diwan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tuhin Roychowdhury
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - DanDan Yan
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Laura Tedone
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Brett Paull
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Eric T. Sevy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Robert A. Shellie
- Australian
Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Physical
Sciences, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Massoud Kaykhaii
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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31
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Singh B, Smith SJ, Jensen DS, Jones HF, Dadson AE, Farnsworth PB, Vanfleet R, Farrer JK, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of five nanodiamond samples: a thorough example of nanomaterial characterization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1107-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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32
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Diwan A, Singh B, Hurley CJ, Linford MR. Layer-by-layer deposition of nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid and Zr(IV): an XPS, ToF-SIMS, ellipsometry, and AFM study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anubhav Diwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Christopher J. Hurley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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33
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Madaan N, Romriell N, Tuscano J, Schlaad H, Linford MR. Introduction of thiol moieties, including their thiol–ene reactions and air oxidation, onto polyelectrolyte multilayer substrates. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 459:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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34
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Diwan A, Jensen DS, Gupta V, Johnson BI, Evans D, Telford C, Linford MR. Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Very Low Hysteresis Prepared by Aggregation of Silica Nanoparticles During In Situ Urea-Formaldehyde Polymerization. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2015; 15:10022-10036. [PMID: 26682448 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a new method for the preparation of superhydrophobic materials by in situ aggregation of silica nanoparticles on a surface during a urea-formaldehyde (UF) polymerization. This is a one-step process in which a two-tier topography is obtained. The polymerization is carried out for 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min on silicon shards. Silicon surfaces are sintered to remove the polymer. SEM and AFM show both an increase in the area covered by the nanoparticles and their aggregation with increasing polymerization time. Chemical vapor deposition of a fluorinated silane in the presence of a basic catalyst gives these surfaces hydrophobicity. Deposition of this low surface energy silane is confirmed by the F 1s signal in XPS. The surfaces show advancing water contact angles in excess of 160 degrees with very low hysteresis (< 7) after 120 min and 60 min polymerization times for 7 nm and 14 nm silica, respectively. Depositions are successfully demonstrated on glass substrates after they are primed with a UF polymer layer. Superhydrophobic surfaces can also be prepared on unsintered substrates.
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35
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Hung CH, Zukowski J, Jensen DS, Miles AJ, Sulak C, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Separation of cannabinoids on three different mixed-mode columns containing carbon/nanodiamond/amine-polymer superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2968-74. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsi Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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36
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Hung CH, Singh B, Landowski MG, Ibrahim M, Miles AJ, Jensen DS, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Smith SJ, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres for use in liquid chromatography: as received, air oxidized, carbonized, and acid treated. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsi Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science Building; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science Building; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stacey J. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science Building; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, C100 Benson Science Building; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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37
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Udumula V, Tyler JH, Davis DA, Wang H, Linford MR, Minson PS, Michaelis DJ. Dual Optimization Approach to Bimetallic Nanoparticle Catalysis: Impact of M1/M2 Ratio and Supporting Polymer Structure on Reactivity. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatareddy Udumula
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jefferson H. Tyler
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Donald A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Paul S. Minson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - David J. Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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38
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Kanyal SS, Singh B, Cushman CV, Jankowski DT, Linford MR. Hydroxylation of the silica in microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates as probed by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya S. Kanyal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Cody V. Cushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Daniel T. Jankowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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39
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Madaan N, Diwan A, Linford MR. Fluorine plasma treatment of bare and nitrilotris(methylene)triphosphonic acid (NP) protected aluminum: an XPS and ToF-SIMS study. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Madaan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Anubhav Diwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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40
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Hung CH, Wiest LA, Singh B, Diwan A, Valentim MJC, Christensen JM, Davis RC, Miles AJ, Jensen DS, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Linford MR. Improved efficiency of reversed-phase carbon/nanodiamond/polymer core-shell particles for HPLC using carbonized poly(divinylbenzene) microspheres as the core materials. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:3821-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hsi Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Landon A. Wiest
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Bhupinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | - Anubhav Diwan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | | | | | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics & Astronomy; Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Brigham Young University; Provo UT USA
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41
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Gupta V, Tuscano JA, Romriell NR, Davis RC, Linford MR. Data and device protection: A ToF-SIMS, wetting, and XPS study of an Apple iPod nano. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Joshua A. Tuscano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Naomi R. Romriell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Robert C. Davis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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42
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Wang H, Lunt BM, Gates RJ, Asplund MC, Shutthanandan V, Davis RC, Linford MR. Carbon/ternary alloy/carbon optical stack on mylar as an optical data storage medium to potentially replace magnetic tape. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013; 5:8407-8413. [PMID: 23964822 DOI: 10.1021/am401693u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel write-once-read-many (WORM) optical stack on Mylar tape is proposed as a replacement for magnetic tape for archival data storage. This optical tape contains a cosputtered bismuth-tellurium-selenium (BTS) alloy as the write layer sandwiched between thin, protective films of reactively sputtered carbon. The composition and thickness of the BTS layer were confirmed by Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The C/BTS/C stack on Mylar was written to/marked by 532 nm laser pulses. Under the same conditions, control Mylar films without the optical stack were unaffected. Marks, which showed craters/movement of the write material, were characterized by optical microscopy and AFM. The threshold laser powers for making marks on C/BTS/C stacks with different thicknesses were explored. Higher quality marks were made with a 60× objective compared to a 40× objective in our marking apparatus. The laser writing process was simulated with COMSOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Information Technology, and ∥Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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43
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Pearson AC, Linford MR, Harb JN, Davis RC. Dual patterning of a poly(acrylic acid) layer by electron-beam and block copolymer lithographies. Langmuir 2013; 29:7433-7438. [PMID: 23342948 DOI: 10.1021/la304486x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We show the controllable patterning of palladium nanoparticles in both one and two dimensions using electron-beam lithography and reactive ion etching of a thin film of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). After the initial patterning of the PAA, a monolayer of polystyrene-b-poly-2-vinylpyridine micelles is spun cast onto the surface. A short reactive ion etch is then used to transfer the micelle pattern into the patterned poly(acrylic acid). Finally, PdCl2 is loaded from solution into the patterned poly(acrylic acid) features, and a reactive-ion etching process is used to remove the remaining polymer and form Pd nanoparticles. This method yields location-controlled patches of nanoparticles, including single- and double-file lines and nanoparticle pairs. A locational accuracy of 9 nm or less in one direction was achieved by optimizing the size of the PAA features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Pearson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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44
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Jensen DS, Kanyal SS, Madaan N, Hancock JM, Dadson AE, Vail MA, Vanfleet R, Shutthanandan V, Zhu Z, Engelhard MH, Linford MR. Multi-instrument characterization of the surfaces and materials in microfabricated, carbon nanotube-templated thin layer chromatography plates. An analogy to ‘The Blind Men and the Elephant’. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Supriya S. Kanyal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Nitesh Madaan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - Jared M. Hancock
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | | | | | - Richard Vanfleet
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
| | - V. Shutthanandan
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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45
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Pearson AC, Jamieson S, Linford MR, Lunt BM, Davis RC. Oxidation of graphene 'bow tie' nanofuses for permanent, write-once-read-many data storage devices. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:135202. [PMID: 23478811 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/13/135202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated nanoscale fuses from CVD graphene sheets with a 'bow tie' geometry for write-once-read-many data storage applications. The fuses are programmed using thermal oxidation driven by Joule heating. Fuses that were 250 nm wide with 2.5 μm between contact pads were programmed with average voltages and powers of 4.9 V and 2.1 mW, respectively. The required voltages and powers decrease with decreasing fuse sizes. Graphene shows extreme chemical and electronic stability; fuses require temperatures of about 400 °C for oxidation, indicating that they are excellent candidates for permanent data storage. To further demonstrate this stability, fuses were subjected to applied biases in excess of typical read voltages; stable currents were observed when a voltage of 10 V was applied to the devices in the off state and 1 V in the on state for 90 h each.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Pearson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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46
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Gupta V, Madaan N, Jensen DS, Kunzler SC, Linford MR. Hydrogen plasma treatment of silicon dioxide for improved silane deposition. Langmuir 2013; 29:3604-3609. [PMID: 23438055 DOI: 10.1021/la304491x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for plasma cleaning silicon surfaces in a commercial tool that removes adventitious organic contamination and enhances silane deposition. As shown by wetting, ellipsometry, and XPS, hydrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas effectively clean Si/SiO2 surfaces. However, only hydrogen plasmas appear to enhance subsequent low-pressure chemical vapor deposition of silanes. Chemical differences between the surfaces were confirmed via (i) deposition of two different silanes: octyldimethylmethoxysilane and butyldimethylmethoxysilane, as evidenced by spectroscopic ellipsometry and wetting, and (ii) a principal components analysis (PCA) of TOF-SIMS data taken from the different plasma-treated surfaces. AFM shows no increase in surface roughness after H2 or O2 plasma treatment of Si/SiO2. The effects of surface treatment with H2/O2 plasmas in different gas ratios, which should allow greater control of surface chemistry, and the duration of the H2 plasma (complete surface treatment appeared to take place quickly) are also presented. We believe that this work is significant because of the importance of silanes as surface functionalization reagents, and in particular because of the increasing importance of gas phase silane deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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47
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Jensen DS, Kanyal SS, Gupta V, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Engelhard M, Vanfleet R, Davis RC, Linford MR. Stable, microfabricated thin layer chromatography plates without volume distortion on patterned, carbon and Al2O3-primed carbon nanotube forests. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:195-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Nelson KA, Linford MR, Wheeler DR, Harb JN. Use of a plating additive to enable continuous metallization of nanoscale electrochemically patterned chemical templates. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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49
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Wiest LA, Jensen DS, Hung CH, Olsen RE, Davis RC, Vail MA, Dadson AE, Nesterenko PN, Linford MR. Pellicular Particles with Spherical Carbon Cores and Porous Nanodiamond/Polymer Shells for Reversed-Phase HPLC. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5488-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200436a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pavel N. Nesterenko
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
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Quast AD, Zhang F, Linford MR, Patterson JE. Back-surface gold mirrors for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency (VR-SFG) spectroscopy using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as an adhesion promoter. Appl Spectrosc 2011; 65:634-641. [PMID: 21639985 DOI: 10.1366/11-06289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Back-surface mirrors are needed as reference materials for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) probing of liquid-solid interfaces. Conventional noble metal mirrors are not suitable for back-surface applications due to the presence of a metal adhesion layer (chromium or titanium) between the window substrate and the reflective metal surface. Using vapor deposited 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as a bi-functional adhesion promoter, gold mirrors were fabricated on fused silica substrates. These mirrors exhibit excellent gold adhesion as determined by the Scotch(®) tape test. They also produce minimal spectroscopic interference in the C-H stretching region (2800-3000 cm(-1)), as characterized by VR-SFG. These mirrors are thus robust and can be used as back-surface mirrors for a variety of applications, including reference mirrors for VR-SFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Quast
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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