1
|
Kim SH, Bulos ML, Adams JA, Yun BK, Bishop AC. Single Ion Pair Is Essential for Stabilizing SHP2's Open Conformation. Biochemistry 2024; 63:273-281. [PMID: 38251939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Src-homology-2-domain-containing PTP-2 (SHP2) is a widely expressed signaling enzyme whose misregulation is associated with multiple human pathologies. SHP2's enzymatic activity is controlled by a conformational equilibrium between its autoinhibited ("closed") state and its activated ("open") state. Although SHP2's closed state has been extensively characterized, the putative structure of its open form has only been revealed in the context of a highly activated mutant (E76K), and no systematic studies of the biochemical determinants of SHP2's open-state stabilization have been reported. To identify amino-acid interactions that are critical for stabilizing SHP2's active state, we carried out a mutagenic study of residues that lie at potentially important interdomain interfaces of the open conformation. The open/closed equilibria of the mutants were evaluated, and we identified several interactions that contribute to the stabilization of SHP2's open state. In particular, our findings establish that an ion pair between glutamate 249 on SHP2's PTP domain and arginine 111 on an interdomain loop is the key determinant of SHP2's open-state stabilization. Mutations that disrupt the R111/E249 ion pair substantially shift SHP2's open/closed equilibrium to the closed state, even compared to wild-type SHP2's basal-state equilibrium, which strongly favors the closed state. To the best of our knowledge, the ion-pair variants uncovered in this study are the first known SHP2 mutants in which autoinhibition is augmented with respect to the wild-type protein. Such "hyperinhibited" mutants may provide useful tools for signaling studies that investigate the connections between SHP2 inhibition and the suppression of human disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean H Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Biochemistry & Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Maya L Bulos
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Biochemistry & Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Jennifer A Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Biochemistry & Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - B Koun Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Biochemistry & Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| | - Anthony C Bishop
- Department of Chemistry and Program in Biochemistry & Biophysics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bulos ML, Grzelak EM, Li-Ma C, Chen E, Hull M, Johnson KA, Bollong MJ. Pharmacological inhibition of CLK2 activates YAP by promoting alternative splicing of AMOTL2. eLife 2023; 12:RP88508. [PMID: 38126343 PMCID: PMC10735217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, promotes cellular proliferation and coordinates certain regenerative responses in mammals. Small molecule activators of YAP may, therefore, display therapeutic utility in treating disease states involving insufficient proliferative repair. From a high-throughput chemical screen of the comprehensive drug repurposing library ReFRAME, here we report the identification of SM04690, a clinical stage inhibitor of CLK2, as a potent activator of YAP-driven transcriptional activity in cells. CLK2 inhibition promotes alternative splicing of the Hippo pathway protein AMOTL2, producing an exon-skipped gene product that can no longer associate with membrane-bound proteins, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and membrane localization of YAP. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which pharmacological perturbation of alternative splicing inactivates the Hippo pathway and promotes YAP-dependent cellular growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya L Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Edyta M Grzelak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Chloris Li-Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps ResearchLa JollaUnited States
| | - Mitchell Hull
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps ResearchLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Michael J Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bulos ML, Grzelak EM, Li-Ma C, Chen E, Hull M, Johnson KA, Bollong MJ. Pharmacological inhibition of CLK2 activates YAP by promoting alternative splicing of AMOTL2. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.19.537449. [PMID: 37131806 PMCID: PMC10153145 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream effector of the evolutionarily conserved Hippo pathway, promotes cellular proliferation and coordinates certain regenerative responses in mammals. Small molecule activators of YAP may therefore display therapeutic utility in treating disease states involving insufficient proliferative repair. From a high-throughput chemical screen of the comprehensive drug repurposing library ReFRAME, here we report the identification of SM04690, a clinical stage inhibitor of CLK2, as a potent activator of YAP driven transcriptional activity in cells. CLK2 inhibition promotes alternative splicing of the Hippo pathway protein AMOTL2, producing an exon-skipped gene product that can no longer associate with membrane-bound proteins, resulting in decreased phosphorylation and membrane localization of YAP. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which pharmacological perturbation of alternative splicing inactivates the Hippo pathway and promotes YAP dependent cellular growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya L. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Edyta M. Grzelak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chloris Li-Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Emily Chen
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Mitchell Hull
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grzelak EM, Elshan NGRD, Shao S, Bulos ML, Joseph SB, Chatterjee AK, Chen JJ, Nguyên-Trân V, Schultz PG, Bollong MJ. Pharmacological YAP activation promotes regenerative repair of cutaneous wounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305085120. [PMID: 37399395 PMCID: PMC10334740 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305085120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cutaneous wounds remain a persistent unmet medical need that decreases life expectancy and quality of life. Here, we report that topical application of PY-60, a small-molecule activator of the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP), promotes regenerative repair of cutaneous wounds in pig and human models. Pharmacological YAP activation enacts a reversible pro-proliferative transcriptional program in keratinocytes and dermal cells that results in accelerated re-epithelization and regranulation of the wound bed. These results demonstrate that transient topical administration of a YAP activating agent may represent a generalizable therapeutic approach to treating cutaneous wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta M. Grzelak
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | | | - Sida Shao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Maya L. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Sean B. Joseph
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, San Diego, CA92037
| | | | | | | | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ko Y, Hong M, Lee S, Kumar M, Ibrahim L, Nutsch K, Stanton C, Sondermann P, Sandoval B, Bulos ML, Iaconelli J, Chatterjee AK, Wiseman RL, Schultz PG, Bollong MJ. S-lactoyl modification of KEAP1 by a reactive glycolytic metabolite activates NRF2 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300763120. [PMID: 37155889 PMCID: PMC10193962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300763120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein), a cytoplasmic repressor of the oxidative stress responsive transcription factor Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), senses the presence of electrophilic agents by modification of its sensor cysteine residues. In addition to xenobiotics, several reactive metabolites have been shown to covalently modify key cysteines on KEAP1, although the full repertoire of these molecules and their respective modifications remain undefined. Here, we report the discovery of sAKZ692, a small molecule identified by high-throughput screening that stimulates NRF2 transcriptional activity in cells by inhibiting the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase. sAKZ692 treatment promotes the buildup of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a metabolite which leads to S-lactate modification of cysteine sensor residues of KEAP1, resulting in NRF2-dependent transcription. This work identifies a posttranslational modification of cysteine derived from a reactive central carbon metabolite and helps further define the complex relationship between metabolism and the oxidative stress-sensing machinery of the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjin Ko
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Mannkyu Hong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Seungbeom Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Lara Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Kayla Nutsch
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Caroline Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Phillip Sondermann
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Braddock Sandoval
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Maya L. Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Jonathan Iaconelli
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | | | - R. Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Peter G. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
- Calibr, A Division of Scripps Research, San Diego, CA92037
| | - Michael J. Bollong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA92037
| |
Collapse
|