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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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Remy MM, Schöbi N, Kottanattu L, Pfister S, Duppenthaler A, Suter-Riniker F. Cerebrospinal fluid CXCL13 as a diagnostic marker of neuroborreliosis in children: a retrospective case-control study. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:173. [PMID: 28859668 PMCID: PMC5580331 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is a frequent manifestation of Lyme disease in children and its current diagnosis has limitations. The elevation of the chemokine CXCL13 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of adult patients with LNB has been demonstrated and suggested as a new diagnostic marker. Our aim was to evaluate this marker in the CSF of children with suspected LNB and to determine a CXCL13 cut-off concentration that would discriminate between LNB and other central nervous system (CNS) infections. Methods For this single-center retrospective case-control study we used a diagnostic-approved ELISA to measure CXCL13 concentrations in the CSF of 185 children with LNB suspicion at presentation. Patients were classified into definite LNB (cases), non-LNB (controls with other CNS affections), and possible LNB. A receiver-operating characteristic curve was generated by comparison of cases and controls. Results CXCL13 was significantly elevated in the CSF of 53 children with definite LNB (median 774.7 pg/ml) compared to 91 control patients (median 4.5 pg/ml, p < 0.001). A cut-off of 55 pg/ml resulted in a sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 98.1% for the diagnosis of definite LNB and the test exhibited a diagnostic odds ratio of 1525.3. Elevated CSF CXCL13 levels were also detected in three controls with viral meningitis (enterovirus n = 1, varicella-zoster virus n = 2) while other CNS affections such as idiopathic facial palsy did not lead to CXCL13 elevation. Of the 41 patients with possible LNB, 27% had CXCL13 values above the cut-off of 55 pg/ml (median 16.7 pg/ml). Conclusions CSF CXCL13 is highly elevated in children during early LNB as previously shown in adults. CXCL13 is a highly sensitive and specific marker that helps to differentiate LNB from other CNS affections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Remy
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - N Schöbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L Kottanattu
- Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Pfister
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Duppenthaler
- Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Suter-Riniker
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbühlstrasse 51, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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Sommerstein R, Flatz L, Remy MM, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Fischer N, Sahin M, Bergthaler A, Igonet S, ter Meulen J, Rigo D, Meda P, Rabah N, Coutard B, Bowden TA, Lambert PH, Siegrist CA, Pinschewer DD. Arenavirus Glycan Shield Promotes Neutralizing Antibody Evasion and Protracted Infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005276. [PMID: 26587982 PMCID: PMC4654586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses such as Lassa virus (LASV) can cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. As a major impediment to vaccine development, delayed and weak neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses represent a unifying characteristic of both natural infection and all vaccine candidates tested to date. To investigate the mechanisms underlying arenavirus nAb evasion we engineered several arenavirus envelope-chimeric viruses and glycan-deficient variants thereof. We performed neutralization tests with sera from experimentally infected mice and from LASV-convalescent human patients. NAb response kinetics in mice correlated inversely with the N-linked glycan density in the arenavirus envelope protein’s globular head. Additionally and most intriguingly, infection with fully glycosylated viruses elicited antibodies, which neutralized predominantly their glycan-deficient variants, both in mice and humans. Binding studies with monoclonal antibodies indicated that envelope glycans reduced nAb on-rate, occupancy and thereby counteracted virus neutralization. In infected mice, the envelope glycan shield promoted protracted viral infection by preventing its timely elimination by the ensuing antibody response. Thus, arenavirus envelope glycosylation impairs the protective efficacy rather than the induction of nAbs, and thereby prevents efficient antibody-mediated virus control. This immune evasion mechanism imposes limitations on antibody-based vaccination and convalescent serum therapy. Neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) represent a key principle of antiviral immunity. Protective vaccines aim at inducing nAbs to prevent viral infection, and infusion of nAbs in convalescent patient serum can offer a potent antiviral therapy. Certain viruses, however, have found ways to evade nAb control. Amongst them are high-risk pathogens of the arenavirus family such as Lassa virus (LASV), which is a frequent cause of hemorrhagic fever in West Africa. Here we unveil the molecular strategy by which arenaviruses escape antibody neutralization and avoid efficient immune control. We show that their surface is decorated with sugar moieties, serving to shield the virus against the neutralizing effect of the host’s antibodies. This immune evasion strategy differs from those described for other viruses, in which sugars impair primarily the induction of antibodies or allow for viral mutational escape. The arenavirus sugar coat renders the host nAb response inefficient and as a consequence thereof, the host fails to promptly control the infection. Our results offer a compelling explanation for the long history of failures in trying to make a nAb-based vaccine against LASV or in using convalescent serum for therapy. These mechanistic insights will support vaccine development efforts against arenaviruses such as LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M. Remy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Mehmet Sahin
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bergthaler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Igonet
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale and CNRS UMR 3569 Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Jan ter Meulen
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dorothée Rigo
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Meda
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Rabah
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- AFMB, UMR7257 CNRS/Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Vaccine Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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