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Conan N, Paye CP, Ortuno R, Chijuwa A, Chiwandira B, Goemaere E, Garone DB, Coulborn RM, Chihana M, Maman D. Correction: What gaps remain in the HIV cascade of care? Results of a population-based survey in Nsanje District, Malawi. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299866. [PMID: 38412175 PMCID: PMC10898720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248410.].
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Chisenga T, Chihana M, Chishimba P, Chitembo L, Mulenga L, Silumesii A, Maman D, Johnson C. Maintaining HIV testing and treatment services in Zambia during COVID-19: a story of success and resilience. Glob Health Action 2023; 16:2175992. [PMID: 36809236 PMCID: PMC9946302 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2023.2175992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. As countries struggled to control the spread of the virus through among other measures closure of health facilities, repurposing of health care workers, and restrictions on people's movement, HIV service delivery was affected. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of COVID-19 on HIV service delivery in Zambia by comparing uptake of HIV services before and during COVID-19. METHODS We used repeated cross-sectional quarterly and monthly data on HIV testing, HIV positivity rate, people living with HIV initiating ART and use of essential hospital services from July 2018 to December 2020. We assessed quarterly trends and measured proportionate changes comparing periods before and during COVID-19 divided into three different comparison time frames: (1) annual comparison 2019 versus 2020; (2) April to December 2019 versus same period in 2020; and (3) Quarter 1 of 2020 as base period versus each of the other quarters of year 2020. RESULTS Annual HIV testing dropped by 43.7% (95%CI 43.6-43.7) in 2020 compared to 2019 and was similar by sex. Overall, annual recorded number of newly diagnosed PLHIV fell by 26.5% (95% CI 26.37-26.73) in 2020 compared to 2019, but HIV positivity rate was higher in 2020, 6.44% (95%CI 6.41-6.47) compared to 4.94% (95% CI 4.92-4.96) in 2019. Annual ART initiation dropped by 19.9% (95%CI 19.7-20.0) in 2020 compared to 2019 while use of essential hospital services dropped during the early months of COVID-19 April to August 2020 but picked up later in the year. CONCLUSION While COVID-19 had a negative impact on health service delivery, its impact on HIV service delivery was not huge. HIV policies that were implemented before COVID-19 on testing made it easier to adopt COVID-19 control measures and to continue providing HIV testing services without much disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Chisenga
- Ministry of Health Zambia, Department of Communicable Diseases, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Menard Chihana
- World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, Geneva, Switzerland,CONTACT Menard Chihana 760 Stellenberg Road, Roberts Place Unit 36, Equestria, Pretoria, Gauteng Province0184, South Africa
| | - Paul Chishimba
- Ministry of Health Zambia, Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lastone Chitembo
- World Health Organization, Department of HIV, Viral Hepatitis and STIs, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Lloyd Mulenga
- Department of Infectious Disease, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew Silumesii
- Ministry of Health Zambia, Department of Monitoring and Evaluation, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - David Maman
- World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, Geneva, Switzerland,The Global Fund, Technical Advice and Partnership Department, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cheryl Johnson
- World Health Organization, Global HIV, Hepatitis and STI Programmes, Geneva, Switzerland
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Bossard C, Chihana M, Nicholas S, Mauambeta D, Weinstein D, Conan N, Nicco E, Suzi J, OConnell L, Poulet E, Ellman T. HIV, sexual violence, and termination of pregnancy among adolescent and adult female sex workers in Malawi: A respondent-driven sampling study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279692. [PMID: 36584132 PMCID: PMC9803093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Female Sex Workers (FSWs) are a hard-to-reach and understudied population, especially those who begin selling sex at a young age. In one of the most economically disadvantaged regions in Malawi, a large population of women is engaged in sex work surrounding predominantly male work sites and transport routes. A cross-sectional study in February and April 2019 in Nsanje district used respondent driven sampling (RDS) to recruit women ≥13 years who had sexual intercourse (with someone other than their main partner) in exchange for money or goods in the last 30 days. A standardized questionnaire was filled in; HIV, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia tests were performed. CD4 count and viral load (VL) testing occurred for persons living with HIV (PLHIV). Among 363 study participants, one-quarter were adolescents 13-19 years (25.9%; n = 85). HIV prevalence was 52.6% [47.3-57.6] and increased with age: from 14.7% (13-19 years) to 87.9% (≥35 years). HIV status awareness was 95.2% [91.3-97.4], ART coverage was 98.8% [95.3-99.7], and VL suppression 83.2% [77.1-88.0], though adolescent FSWs were less likely to be virally suppressed than adults (62.8% vs. 84.4%). Overall syphilis prevalence was 29.7% [25.3-43.5], gonorrhea 9.5% [6.9-12.9], and chlamydia 12.5% [9.3-16.6]. 72.4% had at least one unwanted pregnancy, 17.9% had at least one abortion (40.1% of which were unsafe). Half of participants reported experiencing sexual violence (SV) (47.6% [42.5-52.7]) and more than one-tenth (14.2%) of all respondents experienced SV perpetrated by a police officer. Our findings show high levels of PLHIV-FSWs engaged in all stages of the HIV cascade of care. The prevalence of HIV, other STIs, unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion, and sexual violence remains extremely high. Peer-led approaches contributed to levels of ART coverage and HIV status awareness similar to those found in the general district population, despite the challenges and risks faced by FSWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bossard
- Epicentre, Médecins Sans Frontières, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Nicco
- OCB, Médecins Sans Frontières, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Joel Suzi
- The Malawi National Aids Commission, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Lucy OConnell
- Southern African Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Tom Ellman
- Southern African Medical Unit, Médecins Sans Frontières, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lynch E, Jensen TO, Assao B, Chihana M, Turuho T, Nyehangane D, Manyok JB, Pasquale H, Khim N, Witkowski B, Coldiron ME. Evaluation of HRP2 and pLDH-based rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and prevalence of pfhrp2/3 deletions in Aweil, South Sudan. Malar J 2022; 21:261. [PMID: 36085071 PMCID: PMC9461093 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) for malaria are the primary tool for malaria diagnosis in sub-Saharan Africa but the utility of the most commonly used histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) antigen-based tests is limited in high transmission settings due to the long duration of positivity after successful malaria treatment. HRP2 tests are also threatened by the emergence of Plasmodium that do not carry pfhrp2 or pfhrp 3 genes. Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)-based tests are promising alternatives, but less available. This study assessed the performances of HRP2 and pLDH(pan) tests under field conditions. METHODS The study performed a prospective facility-based diagnostic evaluation of two malaria RDTs in Aweil, South Sudan, during the high transmission season. Capillary blood by fingerprick was collected from 800 children under 15 years of age with fever and no signs of severity. SD Bioline HRP2 and CareStart pLDH(pan) RDTs were performed in parallel, thick and thin smears for microscopy were examined, and dried blood was used for PCR testing. RESULTS Using microscopy as the gold standard, the sensitivity of both tests was estimated at > 99%, but the specificity of each was lower: 55.0% for the pLDH test and 61.7% for the HRP2 test. When using PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity of both tests was lower than the values assessed using microscopy (97.0% for pLDH and 96.5% for HRP2), but the specificity increased (65.1% for pLDH and 72.9% for HRP2). Performance was similar across different production lots, sex, and age. Specificity of both the pLDH and HRP2 tests was significantly lower in children who reported taking a therapeutic course of anti-malarials in the 2 months prior to enrollment. The prevalence of pfhrp2/3 deletions in the study population was 0.6%. CONCLUSIONS The low specificity of the pLDH RDT in this setting confirms previous results and suggests a problem with this specific test. The prevalence of pfhrp2/3 deletions in the study area warrants continued monitoring and underscores the relevance of assessing deletion prevalence nationally. Improved malaria RDTs for high-transmission environments are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lynch
- Epicentre, 14-34 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Paris, France.
| | - Tomas O Jensen
- Médecins Sans Frontières, 14-34 Avenue Jean Jaurès, Paris, France.,Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (CHIP) and Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - John B Manyok
- Médecins Sans Frontières - France, Aweil, South Sudan
| | | | - Nimol Khim
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Conan N, Paye CP, Ortuno R, Chijuwa A, Chiwandira B, Goemaere E, Belen Garone D, Coulborn RM, Chihana M, Maman D. What gaps remain in the HIV cascade of care? Results of a population-based survey in Nsanje District, Malawi. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248410. [PMID: 33886575 PMCID: PMC8061928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Malawi Ministry of Health (MoH) has been in collaboration with Médecins sans Frontières (MSF) to increase access to quality HIV care through decentralization of antiretroviral therapy (ART) diagnosis and treatment from hospital to clinics in Nsanje District since 2011. A population-based household survey was implemented to provide information on HIV prevalence and cascade of care to inform and prioritize community-based HIV interventions in the district. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September 2016 and January 2017. Using two-stage cluster sampling, eligible adult individuals aged ≥15 years living in the selected households were asked to participate. Participants were interviewed and tested for HIV at home. Those tested HIV-positive had their HIV-RNA viral load (VL) measured, regardless of their ART status. All participants tested HIV-positive at the time of the survey were advised to report their HIV test result to the health facility of their choice that MSF was supported in the district. HIV-RNA VL results were made available in this health facility. RESULTS Among 5,315 eligible individuals, 91.1% were included in the survey and accepted an HIV test. The overall prevalence was 12.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 11.2-13.0) and was higher in women than in men: 14.0% versus 9.5%, P<0.001. Overall HIV-positive status awareness was 80.0% (95%CI: 76.4-83.1) and was associated with sex (P<0.05). Linkage to care was 78.0% (95%CI: 74.3-81.2) and participants in care 76.2% (95%CI: 72.4-79.5). ART coverage among participants aware of their HIV-positive status was 95.3% (95%CI: 92.9-96.9) and was not associated with sex (P = 0.55). Viral load suppression among participants on ART was 89.9% (95%CI: 86.6-92.4) and was not statistically different by sex (p = 0.40). CONCLUSIONS Despite encouraging results in HIV testing coverage, cascade of care, and UNAIDS targets in Nsanje District, some gap remains in the first 90, specifically among men and young adults. Enhanced community engagement and new strategies of testing, such as index testing, could be implemented to identify those who are still undiagnosed, particularly men and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brown Chiwandira
- Ministry of Health, Department of HIV & AIDS, Programme Officer (HIV Care, Treatment & Support programme), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Eric Goemaere
- Southern Africa Medical Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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Price AJ, Glynn J, Chihana M, Kayuni N, Floyd S, Slaymaker E, Reniers G, Zaba B, McLean E, Kalobekamo F, Koole O, Nyirenda M, Crampin AC. Sustained 10-year gain in adult life expectancy following antiretroviral therapy roll-out in rural Malawi: July 2005 to June 2014. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 46:479-491. [PMID: 28338707 PMCID: PMC5813794 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Improved life expectancy in high HIV prevalence populations has been observed since antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up. However, it is unclear if the benefits are sustained, and the mortality among HIV-positive individuals not (yet) on ART is not well described. We assessed temporal change in mortality over 9 years in rural Malawi. Methods: Within a demographic surveillance site in northern rural Malawi, we combined demographic, HIV and ART uptake data. We calculated life expectancy using Kaplan-Meier estimates, and compared mortality rates and rate ratios using Poisson regression, by period of ART availability (July 2005–June 2008, July 2008–June 2011 and July 2011–June 2014). Results: Among 32 664 individuals there were 1424 deaths; 1930 individuals were known HIV-positive, of whom 1382 started ART. Overall, life expectancy at age 15 years increased by 10 years within 5 years of ART introduction, and plateaued. Age-standardized adult mortality rates declined from 11.3/1000 to 7.5/1000 person-years between the first and last time period. In July 2011-June 2014 compared with July 2005–June 2008, mortality declined in HIV-positive individuals on ART (rate ratio adjusted (aRR) for age, sex, location and education, 0.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2–0.5) and in those not (yet) on ART (aRR 0.3; 95%CI 0.1–0.5) but not in HIV-negative individuals (aRR 1.1; 95%CI 0.7–1.9). Conclusions: Total population adult life expectancy increased toward that of HIV-negative individuals by 2011 and remained raised. The reduction in all-cause and HIV-related mortality in HIV-positive individuals not (yet) on ART suggests ART uptake is occurring at an earlier disease stage, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Price
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Judith Glynn
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | - Sian Floyd
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Slaymaker
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Georges Reniers
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Basia Zaba
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and
| | - Estelle McLean
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Olivier Koole
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Baschieri A, Machiyama K, Floyd S, Dube A, Molesworth A, Chihana M, Glynn JR, Crampin AC, French N, Cleland J. Unintended Childbearing and Child Growth in Northern Malawi. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:467-474. [PMID: 27491527 PMCID: PMC5357271 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective The study aims to assess whether unintended children experience slower growth than intended children. Methods We analysed longitudinal data linked to the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site collected over three rounds between 2008 and 2011 on women’s fertility intentions and anthropometric data of children. Using the prospective information on fertility intention we assessed whether unintended children are more likely to be stunted than intended children. We applied Propensity Score Matching technique to control for endogenous factors affecting both the probability that a family has an unwanted birth and a child with poor health outcomes. Results We found that 24 % of children from unwanted pregnancies were stunted compared with 18 % of mistimed pregnancies and 17 % of those from wanted pregnancies. However, these differences in probability of children being stunted, though in the expected direction, were not significant either for large or small families, after controlling for age. The number of children in the household was associated with stunting and boys were substantially more likely to be stunted than girls. Conclusion We found no significance difference in probability of being stunted by mother’s fertility intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Baschieri
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Kazuyo Machiyama
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sian Floyd
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Albert Dube
- Community Health Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Anna Molesworth
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Menard Chihana
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Judith R Glynn
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Karonga Prevention Study, Karonga, Malawi
| | - Neil French
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - John Cleland
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sunny BS, Elze M, Chihana M, Gondwe L, Crampin AC, Munkhondya M, Kondowe S, Glynn JR. Failing to progress or progressing to fail? Age-for-grade heterogeneity and grade repetition in primary schools in Karonga district, northern Malawi. Int J Educ Dev 2017; 52:68-80. [PMID: 29391662 PMCID: PMC5790161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Timely progression through school is an important measure for school performance, completion and the onset of other life transitions for adolescents. This study examines the risk factors for grade repetition and establishes the extent to which age-for-grade heterogeneity contributes to subsequent grade repetition at early and later stages of school. Using data from a demographic surveillance site in Karonga district, northern Malawi, a cohort of 8174 respondents (ages 5-24 years) in primary school was followed in 2010 and subsequent grade repetition observed in 2011. Grade repetition was more common among those at early (grades 1-3) and later (grades 7-8) stages of school, with little variation by sex. Being under-age or over-age in school has different implications on schooling outcomes, depending on the stage of schooling. After adjusting for other risk factors, boys and girls who were under-age at early stages were at least twice as likely to repeat a grade as those at the official age-for-grade (girls: adjusted OR 2.06 p < 0.01; boys: adjusted OR 2.37 p < 0.01); while those over-age at early stages were about 30% less likely to repeat (girls: adjusted OR 0.65 p < 0.01; boys: adjusted OR 0.72 p < 0.01). Being under/over-age at later grades (4-8) was not associated with subsequent repetition but being over-age was associated with dropout. Other risk factors identified that were associated with repetition included both family-level factors (living away from their mother, having young children in the household, lower paternal education) and school-level factors (higher student-teacher ratio, proportion of female teachers and schools without access to water). Reducing direct and indirect costs of schooling for households; and improving school quality and resources at early stages of school may enable timely progression at early stages for greater retention at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Elze
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
| | | | - Levie Gondwe
- Karonga Prevention Study (KPS), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia C. Crampin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
- Karonga Prevention Study (KPS), Chilumba, Malawi
| | | | - Scotch Kondowe
- District Education Office (DEO), Karonga District, Malawi
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Mclean EM, Chihana M, Mzembe T, Koole O, Kachiwanda L, Glynn JR, Zaba B, Nyirenda M, Crampin AC. Reliability of reporting of HIV status and antiretroviral therapy usage during verbal autopsies: a large prospective study in rural Malawi. Glob Health Action 2016; 9:31084. [PMID: 27293122 PMCID: PMC4904066 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v9.31084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Verbal autopsies (VAs) are interviews with a relative or friend of the deceased; VAs are a technique used in surveillance sites in many countries with incomplete death certification. The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy and validity of data on HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) usage reported in VAs and their influence on physician attribution of cause of death. Design This was a prospective cohort study. Methods The Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance Site monitors demographic events in a population in a rural area of northern Malawi; a VA is attempted on all deaths reported. VAs are reviewed by clinicians, who, with additional HIV test information collected pre-mortem, assign a cause of death. We linked HIV/ART information reported by respondents during adult VAs to database information on HIV testing and ART use and analysed agreement using chi-square and kappa statistics. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyse factors associated with agreement. Results From 2003 to 2014, out of a total of 1,952 VAs, 80% of respondents reported the HIV status of the deceased. In 2013–2014, this figure was 99%. Of those with an HIV status known to the study, there was 89% agreement on HIV status between the VA and pre-mortem data, higher for HIV-negative people (92%) than HIV-positive people (83%). There was 84% agreement on whether the deceased had started ART, and 72% of ART initiation dates matched within 1 year. Conclusions In this population, HIV/ART information was often disclosed during a VA and matched well with other data sources. Reported HIV/ART status appears to be a reliable source of information to help classification of cause of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle M Mclean
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK;
| | | | | | - Olivier Koole
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Judith R Glynn
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Basia Zaba
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Karonga, Malawi.,Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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10
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Mvula H, Heinsbroek E, Chihana M, Crampin AC, Kabuluzi S, Chirwa G, Mwansambo C, Costello A, Cunliffe NA, Heyderman RS, French N, Bar-Zeev N. Predictors of Uptake and Timeliness of Newly Introduced Pneumococcal and Rotavirus Vaccines, and of Measles Vaccine in Rural Malawi: A Population Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154997. [PMID: 27152612 PMCID: PMC4859501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malawi introduced pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) and monovalent rotavirus vaccine (RV1) in 2011 and 2012 respectively, and is planning the introduction of a second-dose measles vaccine (MV). We assessed predictors of availability, uptake and timeliness of these vaccines in a rural Malawian setting. METHODS Commencing on the first date of PCV13 eligibility we conducted a prospective population-based birth cohort study of 2,616 children under demographic surveillance in Karonga District, northern Malawi who were eligible for PCV13, or from the date of RV1 introduction both PCV13 and RV1. Potential predictors of vaccine uptake and timeliness for PCV13, RV1 and MV were analysed respectively using robust Poisson and Cox regression. RESULTS Vaccine coverage was high for all vaccines, ranging from 86.9% for RV1 dose 2 to 95.4% for PCV13 dose 1. Median time delay for PCV13 dose 1 was 17 days (IQR 7-36), 19 days (IQR 8-36) for RV1 dose 1 and 20 days (IQR 3-46) for MV. Infants born to lower educated or farming mothers and those living further away from the road or clinic were at greater risk of being not fully vaccinated and being vaccinated late. Delays in vaccination were also associated with non-facility birth. Vaccine stock-outs resulted in both a delay in vaccine timeliness and in a decrease in completion of schedule. CONCLUSION Despite high vaccination coverage in this setting, delays in vaccination were common. We identified programmatic and socio-demographic risk factors for uptake and timeliness of vaccination. Understanding who remains most vulnerable to be unvaccinated allows for focussed delivery thereby increasing population coverage and maximising the equitable benefits of universal vaccination programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ellen Heinsbroek
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amelia C. Crampin
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Storn Kabuluzi
- Expanded Programme for Immunisation Office and Preventive Services Office, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Geoffrey Chirwa
- Expanded Programme for Immunisation Office and Preventive Services Office, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Anthony Costello
- Institute of Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel A. Cunliffe
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Heyderman
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection & Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Neil French
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Naor Bar-Zeev
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail:
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11
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Reniers G, Wamukoya M, Urassa M, Nyaguara A, Nakiyingi-Miiro J, Lutalo T, Hosegood V, Gregson S, Gómez-Olivé X, Geubbels E, Crampin AC, Wringe A, Waswa L, Tollman S, Todd J, Slaymaker E, Serwadda D, Price A, Oti S, Nyirenda MJ, Nabukalu D, Nyamukapa C, Nalugoda F, Mugurungi O, Mtenga B, Mills L, Michael D, McLean E, McGrath N, Martin E, Marston M, Maquins S, Levira F, Kyobutungi C, Kwaro D, Kasamba I, Kanjala C, Kahn K, Kabudula C, Herbst K, Gareta D, Eaton JW, Clark SJ, Church K, Chihana M, Calvert C, Beguy D, Asiki G, Amri S, Abdul R, Zaba B. Data Resource Profile: Network for Analysing Longitudinal Population-based HIV/AIDS data on Africa (ALPHA Network). Int J Epidemiol 2016; 45:83-93. [PMID: 26968480 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georges Reniers
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,
| | | | - Mark Urassa
- Tazama Project, Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Tom Lutalo
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Rakai, Uganda
| | - Vicky Hosegood
- Africa Centre for Population Health, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Department of Social Statistics and Demography, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Simon Gregson
- Manicaland Centre for Public Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Amelia C Crampin
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Alison Wringe
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Laban Waswa
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Stephen Tollman
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umea° University, Umea°, Sweden
| | - Jim Todd
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emma Slaymaker
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Rakai, Uganda, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alison Price
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Samuel Oti
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moffat J Nyirenda
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Dorean Nabukalu
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Rakai, Uganda
| | - Constance Nyamukapa
- Manicaland Centre for Public Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Fred Nalugoda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Rakai, Uganda
| | - Owen Mugurungi
- Manicaland Centre for Public Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Baltazar Mtenga
- Tazama Project, Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Lisa Mills
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control, Kisumu, Kenya, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, CDC, Atlanta GA, USA and
| | - Denna Michael
- Tazama Project, Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Estelle McLean
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Nuala McGrath
- Africa Centre for Population Health, Mtubatuba, South Africa, Department of Social Statistics and Demography, Southampton University, Southampton, UK
| | - Emmanuel Martin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Milly Marston
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sewe Maquins
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Daniel Kwaro
- Kenya Medical Research Institute and the Centers for Disease Control, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ivan Kasamba
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Chifundo Kanjala
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Global Health Research, Umea° University, Umea°, Sweden
| | - Chodziwadziwa Kabudula
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kobus Herbst
- Africa Centre for Population Health, Mtubatuba, South Africa
| | - Dickman Gareta
- Africa Centre for Population Health, Mtubatuba, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey W Eaton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Samuel J Clark
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA
| | - Kathryn Church
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Menard Chihana
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, UK
| | - Clara Calvert
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Donatien Beguy
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gershim Asiki
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Shamte Amri
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Basia Zaba
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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12
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Chasimpha S, McLean E, Chihana M, Kachiwanda L, Koole O, Tafatatha T, Mvula H, Nyirenda M, Crampin AC, Glynn JR. Patterns and risk factors for deaths from external causes in rural Malawi over 10 years: a prospective population-based study. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:1036. [PMID: 26449491 PMCID: PMC4599750 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-2323-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the pattern or risk factors for deaths from external causes in sub-Saharan Africa: there is a lack of reliable data, and public health priorities have been focussed on other causes. This study assessed the prevalence and risk factor for deaths from external causes in rural Malawi. METHODS We analysed data from 2002-2012 from the Karonga demographic surveillance site which covers ~35,000 people in rural northern Malawi. Verbal autopsies with clinician coding are used to assign cause of death. Repeated annual surveys capture data on socio-economic factors. Using Poisson regression models we calculated age, sex and cause-specific rates and rate ratios of external deaths. We used a nested case-control study, matched on age, sex and time period, to investigate risk factors for these deaths, using conditional logistic regression. RESULTS In 315,580 person years at risk (pyar) there were 2673 deaths, including 143 from external causes. The mortality rate from external causes was 47.1/100,000 pyar (95 % CI 32.5-68.2) among under-fives; 20.1/100,000 pyar (95 % CI 13.1-32.2) among 5-14 year olds; 46.3/100,000 pyar (95 % CI 35.8-59.9) among 15-44 year olds; and 98.7/100,000 pyar (95 % CI 71.8-135.7) among those aged ≥45 years. Drowning (including four deaths in people with epilepsy), road injury and suicide were the leading external causes. Adult males had the highest rates (100.7/100,000 pyar), compared to 21.8/100,000pyar in adult females, and the rate continued to increase with increasing age in men. Alcohol contributed to 21 deaths, all in adult males. Children had high rates of drowning (9.2/100,000 pyar, 95 % CI 5.5-15.6) but low rates of road injury (2.6/100,000 pyar, 95 % CI 1.0-7.0). Among 5-14 year olds, attending school was associated with fewer deaths from external causes than among those who had never attended school (adjusted OR 0.15, 95 % CI 0.08-0.81). Fishermen had increased risks of death from drowning and suicide compared to farmers. DISCUSSION In this population the rate of deaths from external causes was lowest at age 5-14 years. Adult males had the highest rate of death from external causes, 5 times the rate in adult females. Drowning, road injury and suicide were the leading causes of death; alcohol consumption contributed to more than one quarter of the deaths in men CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of alcohol-related deaths in men, the predominance of drowning, deaths linked to uncontrolled epilepsy, and the possible protective effect of school attendance suggest areas for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steady Chasimpha
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Malawi National Cancer Registry, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | - Estelle McLean
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | | | - Olivier Koole
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | | | | | - Moffat Nyirenda
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi.
| | - Judith R Glynn
- Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
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13
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Price A, Chihana M, Kayuni N, Glynn JR, Mzembe T, Slaymaker E, Zaba B, French N, Kalobekamo F, Crampin AC. The Population Effect of ART on Mortality during an Eight year Period of Decentralised ART Care in Malawi; Rates in those Accessing ART and those not Accessing ART. Int J Epidemiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyv097.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, Hanifi SMA, Alam N, Diboulo E, Niamba L, Sié A, Lankoandé B, Millogo R, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Kone S, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Ashebir Y, Melaku YA, Weldearegawi B, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Azongo D, Oduro A, Wak G, Wontuo P, Attaa-Pomaa M, Gyapong M, Manyeh AK, Kant S, Misra P, Rai SK, Juvekar S, Patil R, Wahab A, Wilopo S, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Khaggayi C, Nyaguara A, Obor D, Odhiambo FO, Ezeh A, Oti S, Wamukoya M, Chihana M, Crampin A, Collinson MA, Kabudula CW, Wagner R, Herbst K, Mossong J, Emina JBO, Sankoh OA, Byass P. Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25366. [PMID: 25377327 PMCID: PMC4220124 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality from external causes, of all kinds, is an important component of overall mortality on a global basis. However, these deaths, like others in Africa and Asia, are often not counted or documented on an individual basis. Overviews of the state of external cause mortality in Africa and Asia are therefore based on uncertain information. The INDEPTH Network maintains longitudinal surveillance, including cause of death, at population sites across Africa and Asia, which offers important opportunities to document external cause mortality at the population level across a range of settings. OBJECTIVE To describe patterns of mortality from external causes at INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories. DESIGN All deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates. RESULTS A total of 5,884 deaths due to external causes were documented over 11,828,253 person-years. Approximately one-quarter of those deaths were to children younger than 15 years. Causes of death were dominated by childhood drowning in Bangladesh, and by transport-related deaths and intentional injuries elsewhere. Detailed mortality rates are presented by cause of death, age group, and sex. CONCLUSIONS The patterns of external cause mortality found here generally corresponded with expectations and other sources of information, but they fill some important gaps in population-based mortality data. They provide an important source of information to inform potentially preventive intervention designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kim Streatfield
- Matlab HDSS, Bangladesh; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Bandarban HDSS, Bangladesh
| | - Abbas Bhuiya
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Syed M A Hanifi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Alam
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; AMK HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Population, Urbanisation and Climate Change, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Diboulo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Louis Niamba
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Sié
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Lankoandé
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch Millogo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdramane B Soura
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Kone
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eliezer K Ngoran
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphoët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yemane Ashebir
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes A Melaku
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Berhe Weldearegawi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pierre Gomez
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Momodou Jasseh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Daniel Azongo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - George Wak
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Peter Wontuo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Mary Attaa-Pomaa
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Alfred K Manyeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Shashi Kant
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Misra
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay K Rai
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Rutuja Patil
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Abdul Wahab
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Purworejo HDSS, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siswanto Wilopo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Purworejo HDSS, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Evasius Bauni
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Mochamah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Khaggayi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - David Obor
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Frank O Odhiambo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Alex Ezeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Oti
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marylene Wamukoya
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menard Chihana
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia Crampin
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Collinson
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chodziwadziwa W Kabudula
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ryan Wagner
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kobus Herbst
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Joël Mossong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; National Health Laboratory, Surveillance & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Osman A Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Peter Byass
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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15
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Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, Hanifi SMA, Alam N, Millogo O, Sié A, Zabré P, Rossier C, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Kone S, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Abera SF, Melaku YA, Weldearegawi B, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Ansah P, Azongo D, Kondayire F, Oduro A, Amu A, Gyapong M, Kwarteng O, Kant S, Pandav CS, Rai SK, Juvekar S, Muralidharan V, Wahab A, Wilopo S, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Khagayi S, Laserson KF, Nyaguara A, Van Eijk AM, Ezeh A, Kyobutungi C, Wamukoya M, Chihana M, Crampin A, Price A, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Douillot L, Sokhna C, Gómez-Olivé FX, Mee P, Tollman SM, Herbst K, Mossong J, Chuc NTK, Arthur SS, Sankoh OA, Byass P. HIV/AIDS-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH health and demographic surveillance system sites. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25370. [PMID: 25377330 PMCID: PMC4220131 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the HIV/AIDS pandemic has evolved over recent decades, Africa has been the most affected region, even though a large proportion of HIV/AIDS deaths have not been documented at the individual level. Systematic application of verbal autopsy (VA) methods in defined populations provides an opportunity to assess the mortality burden of the pandemic from individual data. OBJECTIVE To present standardised comparisons of HIV/AIDS-related mortality at sites across Africa and Asia, including closely related causes of death such as pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and pneumonia. DESIGN Deaths related to HIV/AIDS were extracted from individual demographic and VA data from 22 INDEPTH sites across Africa and Asia. VA data were standardised to WHO 2012 standard causes of death assigned using the InterVA-4 model. Between-site comparisons of mortality rates were standardised using the INDEPTH 2013 standard population. RESULTS The dataset covered a total of 10,773 deaths attributed to HIV/AIDS, observed over 12,204,043 person-years. HIV/AIDS-related mortality fractions and mortality rates varied widely across Africa and Asia, with highest burdens in eastern and southern Africa, and lowest burdens in Asia. There was evidence of rapidly declining rates at the sites with the heaviest burdens. HIV/AIDS mortality was also strongly related to PTB mortality. On a country basis, there were strong similarities between HIV/AIDS mortality rates at INDEPTH sites and those derived from modelled estimates. CONCLUSIONS Measuring HIV/AIDS-related mortality continues to be a challenging issue, all the more so as anti-retroviral treatment programmes alleviate mortality risks. The congruence between these results and other estimates adds plausibility to both approaches. These data, covering some of the highest mortality observed during the pandemic, will be an important baseline for understanding the future decline of HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kim Streatfield
- Matlab HDSS, Bangladesh; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Bandarban HDSS, Bangladesh
| | - Abbas Bhuiya
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Syed M A Hanifi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Alam
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; AMK HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Population, Urbanisation and Climate Change, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Ourohiré Millogo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Sié
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Zabré
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Clementine Rossier
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdramane B Soura
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Kone
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eliezer K Ngoran
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Université Félix Houphoët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Semaw F Abera
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes A Melaku
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Berhe Weldearegawi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pierre Gomez
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Momodou Jasseh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Patrick Ansah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Daniel Azongo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Felix Kondayire
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Alberta Amu
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Odette Kwarteng
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Shashi Kant
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Chandrakant S Pandav
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay K Rai
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Veena Muralidharan
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Abdul Wahab
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Purworejo HDSS, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Siswanto Wilopo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Purworejo HDSS, Indonesia; Department of Public Health, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Evasius Bauni
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Mochamah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sammy Khagayi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kayla F Laserson
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Anna M Van Eijk
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Alex Ezeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Kyobutungi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marylene Wamukoya
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menard Chihana
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amelia Crampin
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Price
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Delaunay
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laetitia Douillot
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paul Mee
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen M Tollman
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kobus Herbst
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Joël Mossong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; National Health Laboratory, Surveillance & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nguyen T K Chuc
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; FilaBavi HDSS, Vietnam; Health System Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Osman A Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; FilaBavi HDSS, Vietnam; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Peter Byass
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Sweden
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16
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Streatfield PK, Alam N, Compaoré Y, Rossier C, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Jaeger F, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Ansah A, Debpuur C, Oduro A, Williams J, Addei S, Gyapong M, Kukula VA, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Desai M, Moige H, Odhiambo FO, Ogwang S, Beguy D, Ezeh A, Oti S, Chihana M, Crampin A, Price A, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Douillot L, Sokhna C, Collinson MA, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Herbst K, Mossong J, Emina JBO, Sankoh OA, Byass P. Pregnancy-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25368. [PMID: 25377328 PMCID: PMC4220143 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women continue to die in unacceptably large numbers around the world as a result of pregnancy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Part of the problem is a lack of accurate, population-based information characterising the issues and informing solutions. Population surveillance sites, such as those operated within the INDEPTH Network, have the potential to contribute to bridging the information gaps.
Objective To describe patterns of pregnancy-related mortality at INDEPTH Network Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia in terms of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and cause-specific mortality rates. Design Data on individual deaths among women of reproductive age (WRA) (15–49) resident in INDEPTH sites were collated into a standardised database using the INDEPTH 2013 population standard, the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) standard, and the InterVA model for assigning cause of death. Results These analyses are based on reports from 14 INDEPTH sites, covering 14,198 deaths among WRA over 2,595,605 person-years observed. MMRs varied between 128 and 461 per 100,000 live births, while maternal mortality rates ranged from 0.11 to 0.74 per 1,000 person-years. Detailed rates per cause are tabulated, including analyses of direct maternal, indirect maternal, and incidental pregnancy-related deaths across the 14 sites. Conclusions As expected, these findings confirmed unacceptably high continuing levels of maternal mortality. However, they also demonstrate the effectiveness of INDEPTH sites and of the VA methods applied to arrive at measurements of maternal mortality that are essential for planning effective solutions and monitoring programmatic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kim Streatfield
- Matlab HDSS, Bangladesh; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nurul Alam
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; AMK HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Population, Urbanisation and Climate Change, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Yacouba Compaoré
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Clementine Rossier
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdramane B Soura
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabienne Jaeger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliezer K Ngoran
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphoët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gomez
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Momodou Jasseh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Akosua Ansah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - John Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Sheila Addei
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Vida A Kukula
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Evasius Bauni
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Mochamah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meghna Desai
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hellen Moige
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Frank O Odhiambo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sheila Ogwang
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Donatien Beguy
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex Ezeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Oti
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menard Chihana
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia Crampin
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Price
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Delaunay
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laetitia Douillot
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mark A Collinson
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephen M Tollman
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kobus Herbst
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Joël Mossong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; National Health Laboratory, Surveillance & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Osman A Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Peter Byass
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Glynn JR, Calvert C, Price A, Chihana M, Kachiwanda L, Mboma S, Zaba B, Crampin AC. Measuring causes of adult mortality in rural northern Malawi over a decade of change. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:23621. [PMID: 24802384 PMCID: PMC4007026 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.23621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verbal autopsy could be more widely used if interpretation by computer algorithm could be relied on. We assessed how InterVA-4 results compared with clinician review in diagnosing HIV/AIDS-related deaths over the period of antiretroviral (ART) roll-out. DESIGN In the Karonga Prevention Study demographic surveillance site in northern Malawi, all deaths are followed by verbal autopsy using a semi-structured questionnaire. Cause of death is assigned by two clinicians with a third as a tie-breaker. The clinician review diagnosis was compared with the InterVA diagnosis using the same questionnaire data, including all adult deaths from late 2002 to 2012. For both methods data on HIV status were used. ART was first available in the district from 2005, and within the demographic surveillance area from 2006. RESULTS There were 1,637 adult deaths, with verbal autopsy data for 1,615. Adult mortality and the proportion of deaths attributable to HIV/AIDS fell dramatically following ART introduction, but for each year the proportion attributed to HIV/AIDS by InterVA was lower than that attributed by clinician review. This was partly explained by the handling of TB cases. Using clinician review as the best available 'gold standard', for those aged 15-59, the sensitivity of InterVA for HIV/AIDS deaths was 59% and specificity 88%. Grouping HIV/AIDS/TB sensitivity was 78% and specificity 83%. Sensitivity was lower after widespread ART use. CONCLUSIONS InterVA underestimates the proportion of deaths due to HIV/AIDS. Accepting that it is unrealistic to try and differentiate TB and AIDS deaths would improve the estimates. Caution is needed in interpreting trends in causes of death as ART use may affect the performance of the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith R Glynn
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK;
| | - Clara Calvert
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Alison Price
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
| | | | | | | | - Basia Zaba
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK
| | - Amelia C Crampin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, UK; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
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18
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Floyd S, Marston M, Baisley K, Wringe A, Herbst K, Chihana M, Kasamba I, Bärnighausen T, Urassa M, French N, Todd J, Zaba B. The effect of antiretroviral therapy provision on all-cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality at the population level--a comparative analysis of data from four settings in Southern and East Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:e84-93. [PMID: 22943383 PMCID: PMC3443384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a broad and up-to-date picture of the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) provision on population-level mortality in Southern and East Africa. METHODS Data on all-cause, AIDS and non-AIDS mortality among 15-59 year olds were analysed from demographic surveillance sites (DSS) in Karonga (Malawi), Kisesa (Tanzania), Masaka (Uganda) and the Africa Centre (South Africa), using Poisson regression. Trends over time from up to 5 years prior to ART roll-out, to 4-6 years afterwards, are presented, overall and by age and sex. For Masaka and Kisesa, trends are analysed separately for HIV-negative and HIV-positive individuals. For Karonga and the Africa Centre, trends in AIDS and non-AIDS mortality are analysed using verbal autopsy data. RESULTS For all-cause mortality, overall rate ratios (RRs) comparing the period 2-6 years following ART roll-out with the pre-ART period were 0.58 (5.9 vs. 10.2 deaths per 1000 person-years) in Karonga, 0.79 (7.2 vs. 9.1 deaths per 1000 person-years) in Kisesa, 0.61 (6.7 compared with 11.0 deaths per 1000 person-years) in Masaka and 0.79 (14.8 compared with 18.6 deaths per 1000 person-years) in the Africa Centre DSS. The mortality decline was seen only in HIV-positive individuals/AIDS mortality, with no decline in HIV-negative individuals/non-AIDS mortality. Less difference was seen in Kisesa where ART uptake was lower. CONCLUSIONS Falls in all-cause mortality are consistent with ART uptake. The largest falls occurred where ART provision has been decentralised or available locally, suggesting that this is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Floyd
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Chihana M, Floyd S, Molesworth A, Crampin AC, Kayuni N, Price A, Zaba B, Jahn A, Mvula H, Dube A, Ngwira B, Glynn JR, French N. Adult mortality and probable cause of death in rural northern Malawi in the era of HIV treatment. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:e74-83. [PMID: 22943382 PMCID: PMC3443368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02929.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Developing countries are undergoing demographic transition with a shift from high mortality caused by communicable diseases (CD) to lower mortality rates caused by non-communicable diseases (NCD). HIV/AIDS has disrupted this trend in sub-Saharan Africa. However, in recent years, HIV-associated mortality has been reduced with the introduction of widely available antiretroviral therapy (ART). Side effects of ART may lead to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, raising the prospects of an accelerated transition towards NCD as the primary cause of death. We report population-based data to investigate changes in cause of death owing to NCD during the first 4 years after introduction of HIV treatment. Methods We analysed data from a demographic surveillance system in Karonga district, Malawi, from September 2004 to August 2009. ART was introduced in mid-2005. Clinician review of verbal autopsies conducted 2–6 weeks after a death was used to establish a single principal cause of death. Results Over the entire period, there were 905 deaths, AIDS death rate fell from 505 to 160/100 000 person-years, and there was no evidence of an increase in NCD rates. The proportion of total deaths attributable to AIDS fell from 42% to 17% and from NCD increased from 37% to 49%. Discussion Our findings show that 4 years after the introduction of ART into HIV care in Karonga district, all-cause mortality has fallen dramatically, with no evidence of an increase in deaths owing to NCD.
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Crampin AC, Dube A, Mboma S, Price A, Chihana M, Jahn A, Baschieri A, Molesworth A, Mwaiyeghele E, Branson K, Floyd S, McGrath N, Fine PEM, French N, Glynn JR, Zaba B. Profile: the Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Int J Epidemiol 2012; 41:676-85. [PMID: 22729235 PMCID: PMC3396313 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Karonga Health and Demographic Surveillance System (Karonga HDSS) in northern Malawi currently has a population of more than 35 000 individuals under continuous demographic surveillance since completion of a baseline census (2002–2004). The surveillance system collects data on vital events and migration for individuals and for households. It also provides data on cause-specific mortality obtained by verbal autopsy for all age groups, and estimates rates of disease for specific presentations via linkage to clinical facility data. The Karonga HDSS provides a structure for surveys of socio-economic status, HIV sero-prevalence and incidence, sexual behaviour, fertility intentions and a sampling frame for other studies, as well as evaluating the impact of interventions, such as antiretroviral therapy and vaccination programmes. Uniquely, it relies on a network of village informants to report vital events and household moves, and furthermore is linked to an archive of biological samples and data from population surveys and other studies dating back three decades.
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Glynn J, Price A, Floyd S, Molesworth A, Kayuni N, Chihana M, Nyirenda V, Crampin A, French N. P1-S6.53 Antiretroviral therapy reduces HIV transmission in discordant couples in Northern Malawi. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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