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Karamagi HC, Sy S, Kipruto H, Kembabazi B, Kidane SN, Moyo TN, Titi-Ofei R, Atweam D, Debpuur C, Ofosu A, Kasolo FC. Making districts functional for universal health coverage attainment: lessons from Ghana. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1159362. [PMID: 37228733 PMCID: PMC10204803 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1159362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the sub national level in the health system can function effectively is central to attainment of health results in countries. However, the current health agenda has not prioritized how districts can deploy their existing resources effectively, to maximize the efficiency equity and effectiveness in their use. Ghana initiated a self-assessment process to understand the functionality of districts to deliver on health results. The assessment was conducted by health managers in 33 districts during August-October 2022 using tools pre-developed by the World Health Organization. Functionality was explored around service provision, oversight, and management capacities, each with defined dimensions and attributes. The objective of the study was to highlight specific functionality improvements needed by districts in terms of investments and access to service delivery in achieving Universal Health Care. The results showed a lack of correlation between functionality and performance as is currently defined in Ghana; a higher functionality of oversight capacity compared to service provision or management capacities; and specifically low functionality for dimensions relating to capacity to make available quality services, responsiveness to beneficiaries and the systems and three structures for health management. The findings highlight the need to shift from quantitative outcome indicator-based performance approaches to measures of total health and wellbeing of beneficiaries. Specific functionality improvements are needed to improve the engagement and answerability to the beneficiaries, investments in access to services, and in building management architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sokona Sy
- World Health Organization—Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Bertha Kembabazi
- World Health Organization—Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Regina Titi-Ofei
- The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria, Switzerland, Geneva
| | | | | | | | - Francis Chisaka Kasolo
- World Health Organization—Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of Congo
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Sakeah E, Bawah AA, Asuming PO, Debpuur C, Welaga P, Awine T, Anyorikeya M, Kuwolamo I, Oh J, Lee HS, Lee HY, Lee I, Kim MS, Hong S, Awoonor-Williams JK, Phillips JF, Aboagye P, Oduro AR. Impact of community health interventions on maternal and child health indicators in the upper east region of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2023; 23:298. [PMID: 37118693 PMCID: PMC10141815 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-023-05577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper reports on results of a health system strengthening implementation research initiative conducted the Upper East Region of northern Ghana. Transformative interventions to accelerate and strengthen the health delivery were implemented that included empowering community leaders and members to actively participate in health delivery, strengthening the referral systems through the provision of community transport systems, providing basic medical equipment to community clinics, and improving the skills of critical health staff through training. METHODS A mixed method design was used to evaluate the impact of the interventions. A quantitative evaluation employed a flexible research design to test the effects of various component activities of the project. To assess impact, a pre-versus-post randomized cluster survey design was used. Qualitative research was conducted with focus group data and individual in depth interviews to gauge the views of various stakeholders associated with the implementation process. RESULTS After intervention, significant improvements in key maternal and child health indicators such as antenatal and postnatal care coverage were observed and increases in the proportion of deliveries occurring in health facilities and assisted by skilled health personnel relative to pre-intervention conditions. There was also increased uptake of oral rehydration salts (ORS) for treatment of childhood diarrhoea, as well as marked reductions in the incidence of upper respiratory infections (URI). CONCLUSIONS A pre-and post-evaluation of impact suggests that the programme had a strong positive impact on the functioning of primary health care. Findings are consistent with the proposition that the coverage and content of the Ghana Community-based Health Planning and Services programme was improved by program interventions and induced discernable changes in key indicators of health system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sakeah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- School of Public Health, CK Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Ayaga A Bawah
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Patrick O Asuming
- Business School, University of Ghana, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- School of Public Health, CK Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Timothy Awine
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Maria Anyorikeya
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Irene Kuwolamo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Juhwan Oh
- College of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Sang Lee
- RIGHT (Research Investment for Global Health Technology) Foundation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Lee
- Graduate School of Public Health and Healthcare Management, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseok Lee
- KOICA Ghana Project Implementation Unit, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Seoyeon Hong
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - James F Phillips
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
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Kawakatsu Y, Osei I, Debpuur C, Ayi A, Osei-Sarpong F, Shetye M, Aiga H, Augusto O, Wagenaar B. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on essential health and nutrition service utilisations in Ghana: interrupted time-series analyses from 2016 to 2020. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e061608. [PMID: 36690407 PMCID: PMC9871867 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to assess the national-level and subnational-level effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on essential health and nutrition service utilisation in Ghana. DESIGN Interrupted time-series. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study used facility-level data of 7950 governmental and non-governmental health facilities in Ghana between January 2016 and November 2020. OUTCOME MEASURES As the essential health and nutrition services, we selected antenatal care (ANC); institutional births, postnatal care (PNC); first and third pentavalent vaccination; measles vaccination; vitamin A supplementations (VAS); and general outpatient care. We performed segmented mixed effects linear models for each service with consideration for data clustering, seasonality and autocorrelation. Losses of patient visits for essential health and nutrition services due to the COVID-19 pandemic were estimated as outcome measures. RESULTS In April 2020, as an immediate effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients for all the services decreased except first pentavalent vaccine. While some services (ie, institutional birth, PNC, third pentavalent and measles vaccination) recovered by November 2020, ANC, VAS and outpatient services had not recovered to prepandemic levels. The total number of lost outpatient visits in Ghana was estimated to be 3 480 292 (95% CI: -3 510 820 to -3 449 676), followed by VAS (-180 419, 95% CI: -182 658 to -177 956) and ANC (-87 481, 95% CI: -93 644 to -81 063). The Greater Accra region was the most affected region by COVID-19, where four out of eight essential services were significantly disrupted. CONCLUSION COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the majority of essential healthcare services in Ghana, three of which had not recovered to prepandemic levels by November 2020. Millions of outpatient visits and essential ANC visits were lost. Furthermore, the immediate and long-term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on service utilisation varied by service type and region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kawakatsu
- Health and Nutrition Unit, UNICEF, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ivy Osei
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Atsu Ayi
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Hirotsugu Aiga
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Orvalho Augusto
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Bradley Wagenaar
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Agongo G, Raal F, Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Oduro AR, Ramsay M, Crowther NJ. Non-HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C are associated with self-reported cardiovascular disease in a rural West African population: Analysis of an array of lipid metrics in an AWI-Gen sub-study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278375. [PMID: 36477684 PMCID: PMC9728928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have compared the utility of serum levels of lipid fractions in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessment in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The current study interrogated this question among men and women aged 40-60 years in rural northern Ghana. This was a cross-sectional study in which data was collected on socio-demography, behaviour, health history, anthropometry and lipid levels. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of various lipid metrics with CVD. All tests were considered statistically significant at P<0.05. Data were available for 1839 participants. The prevalence of self-reported CVD was 1.6% (n = 29). Non-HDL-C (median (interquartile range): 2.4 (1.9-3.0) vs 2.0 (1.6-2.5) mmol/L; P = 0.009), LDL-C/HDL-C (1.8 (1.4-2.4) vs 1.5 (1.1-2.6); P = 0.019) and TC/HDL-C (3.3 (2.9-3.9) vs 2.9 (2.4-3.5); P = 0.003) were all significantly higher in participants with self-reported CVD compared to those without. However, after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES) and meals from vendors in a logistic regression model, only non-HDL-C (odds ratio [95% CIs]): (1.58 [1.05, 2.39]), P = 0.029 and LDL-C/HDL-C levels (odds ratio [95% CIs]): (1.26 [1.00, 1.59]), P = 0.045 remained significantly associated with self-reported CVD. While our findings suggest non-HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C measures may be appropriate biomarkers for assessing CVD risk in this population, further studies using established clinical endpoints are required to validate these findings in sub-Saharan Africans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Agongo
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C.K Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Navrongo, Ghana
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- * E-mail:
| | - Frederick Raal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Engelbert A. Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham R. Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Dalaba MA, Nonterah EA, Chatio ST, Adoctor JK, Dambayi E, Nonterah EW, Azalia S, Ayi-Bisah D, Erzse A, Watson D, Hardy-Johnson P, Kehoe SH, Tugendhaft A, Ward K, Debpuur C, Oduro A, Ofosu W, Danis M, Barker M. Engaging community members in setting priorities for nutrition interventions in rural northern Ghana. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000447. [PMID: 36962493 PMCID: PMC10022374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study used "Choosing All Together" (CHAT), a deliberative engagement tool to prioritise nutrition interventions and to understand reasons for intervention choices of a rural community in northern Ghana. The study took an exploratory cross-sectional design and used a mixed method approach to collect data between December 2020 and February 2021. Eleven nutrition interventions were identified through policy reviews, interaction with different stakeholders and focus group discussions with community members. These interventions were costed for a modified CHAT tool-a board-like game with interventions represented by colour coded pies and the cost of the interventions represented by sticker holes. Supported by trained facilitators, six community groups used the tool to prioritise interventions. Discussions were audio-recoded, transcribed and thematically analysed. The participants prioritised both nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions, reflecting the extent of poverty in the study districts and the direct and immediate benefits derived from nutrition-specific interventions. The prioritised interventions involved livelihood empowerment, because they would create an enabling environment for all-year-round agricultural output, leading to improved food security and income for farmers. Another nutrition-sensitive, education-related priority intervention was male involvement in food and nutrition practices; as heads of household and main decision makers, men were believed to be in a position to optimise maternal and child nutrition. The prioritised nutrition-specific intervention was micronutrient supplementation. Despite low literacy, participants were able to use CHAT materials and work collectively to prioritize interventions. In conclusion, it is feasible to modify and use the CHAT tool in public deliberations to prioritize nutrition interventions in rural settings with low levels of literacy. These communities prioritised both nutrition-sensitive and nutrition-specific interventions. Attending to community derived nutrition priorities may improve the relevance and effectiveness of nutrition health policy, since these priorities reflect the context in which such policy is implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Ayindenaba Dalaba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Science and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel T Chatio
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - James K Adoctor
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Edith Dambayi
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Esmond W Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Stephen Azalia
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Doreen Ayi-Bisah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Agnes Erzse
- SAMRC/ Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, PRICELESS SA, University of Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniella Watson
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Polly Hardy-Johnson
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- AECC University College, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah H Kehoe
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Aviva Tugendhaft
- SAMRC/ Wits Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, PRICELESS SA, University of Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kate Ward
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Winfred Ofosu
- Upper East Regional Health Directorate, Ghana Health Service, Bolgatanga, Ghana
| | - Marion Danis
- Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mary Barker
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
- School of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Watson D, Kehoe SH, Erzse A, Compaoré A, Debpuur C, Nonterah EA, Sorgho H, Norris SA, Hofman KJ, Lawrence W, Newell ML, Godfrey KM, Ward KA, Barker M. Community perspectives on maternal and child health during nutrition and economic transition in sub-Saharan Africa. Public Health Nutr 2021; 24:3710-3718. [PMID: 32928324 PMCID: PMC10195324 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980020003018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore community perceptions on maternal and child nutrition issues in Sub-Saharan Africa. DESIGN Thirty focus groups with men and women from three communities facilitated by local researchers. SETTING One urban (Soweto, South Africa) and two rural settings (Navrongo, Ghana and Nanoro, Burkina Faso) at different stages of economic transition. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred thirty-seven men and women aged 18-55 years, mostly subsistence farmers in Navrongo and Nanoro and low income in Soweto. RESULTS Differences in community concerns about maternal and child health and nutrition reflected the transitional stage of the country. Community priorities revolved around poor nutrition and hunger caused by poverty, lack of economic opportunity and traditional gender roles. Men and women felt they had limited control over food and other resources. Women wanted men to take more responsibility for domestic chores, including food provision, while men wanted more involvement in their families but felt unable to provide for them. Solutions suggested focusing on ways of increasing control over economic production, family life and domestic food supplies. Rural communities sought agricultural support, while the urban community wanted regulation of the food environment. CONCLUSIONS To be acceptable and effective, interventions to improve maternal and child nutrition need to take account of communities' perceptions of their needs and address wider determinants of nutritional status and differences in access to food reflecting the stage of the country's economic transition. Findings suggest that education and knowledge are necessary but not sufficient to support improvements in women's and children's nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Watson
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO16 5YA, UK
| | - Sarah H Kehoe
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Agnes Erzse
- SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, PRICELESS, University of Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Adélaïde Compaoré
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | | | - Hermann Sorgho
- Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Shane A Norris
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO16 5YA, UK
- SAMRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Karen J Hofman
- SAMRC Centre for Health Economics and Decision Science, PRICELESS, University of Witwatersrand School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Wendy Lawrence
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SouthamptonSO16 5YA, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mary Barker
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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7
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Dalaba MA, Nonterah EA, Chatio ST, Adoctor JK, Watson D, Barker M, Ward KA, Debpuur C. Culture and community perceptions on diet for maternal and child health: a qualitative study in rural northern Ghana. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:36. [PMID: 34261513 PMCID: PMC8281629 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study explored cultural and community perceptions of optimal diet for maternal and child health in northern Ghana. Methods This was an exploratory cross-sectional study using qualitative methods for data collection. Data were collected between March and April 2019 consisting of 10 focus group discussions with men and women community members between 18 and 50 years in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Ghana. Data were organised using QSR NVivo 12 qualitative software to facilitate thematic analysis. Results All study participants recognised the importance of an optimal diet for mother, child and better pregnancy and breastfeeding outcomes. However, there were different cultural beliefs and taboos about what foods are healthy and non-healthy for women at different stages of the reproductive period. Foods perceived to be unhealthy for pregnant women were fatty foods and fresh meat (uncooked or unprocessed meat) due to the belief that they can lead to delivery complications, which many women feared. In addition, some participants relayed the cultural belief that pregnant woman should not eat eggs because it would make the child a thief. Lactating mothers are not to eat foods such as vigna subterranean known locally as bambara bean and “gari” (local meal made from cassava) because it is believed to inhibit breastmilk production. Participants emphasised that food insecurity and economic constraints meant women could not achieve optimal diet and could not afford to be selective in food choices. Conclusion Community members recognized the importance of optimal nutrition but were constrained by poverty and cultural barriers. A dual approach which targets improvements of local food production and economic empowerment in combination with community-based discussion and education of the impacts of food taboos on health, should facilitate improvement in the diets of women and future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Dalaba
- Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana.
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana.,Julius Global Health, Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Samuel T Chatio
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - James K Adoctor
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Daniella Watson
- Global Health Research Institute, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mary Barker
- MRC Life Course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kate A Ward
- MRC Life Course Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana
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Boua PR, Soo CC, Debpuur C, Maposa I, Nkoana S, Mohamed SF, Choma S, Oduro A, Asiki G, Micklesfield LK, Gómez-Olivé FX, Sorgho H, Mall S, Ramsay M. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of tobacco and alcohol use in four sub-Saharan African countries: a cross-sectional study of middle-aged adults. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1126. [PMID: 34118914 PMCID: PMC8196437 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance misuse is a global public health problem. In addition to social and economic concerns, consumption of tobacco and alcohol is associated with susceptibility to cardiovascular, respiratory, and infectious diseases, cancers, and risk of transition to substance use disorders. African data suggest regional differences in the prevalence and patterns of substance use, but a number of key questions remain. This cross-sectional population-based study of middle-aged adults aims to examine prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of substance use in four sub-Saharan African countries, in rural and urban settings. METHODS Participants aged between 40 and 60 years were recruited from six research centres as part of the Africa Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic Research study. Data on patterns of tobacco and alcohol consumption was captured, and the latter further assessed using the CAGE (cut-annoyed-guilty-eye) questionnaire. RESULTS Data from 10,703 participants suggested that more men (68.4%) than women (33.3%) were current substance users. The prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher in men than in women (34.5% vs 2.1%, p < 0.001). Smokeless tobacco was used more by women than men (14.4% vs 5.3%, p < 0.001). Current smoking was associated with alcohol consumption in men, and smoking cessation in men was associated with being a former drinker, having higher socio-economic status, and if married or cohabiting. Current alcohol consumption was higher in men, compared to women (60.3% vs 29.3%), and highest in men from Soweto (70.8%) and women from Nanoro (59.8%). The overall prevalence of problematic alcohol consumption among men was 18.9%, and women 7.3%. Men were significantly more likely to develop problematic drinking patterns, and this was more common in those who were divorced or widowed, and in current smokers. CONCLUSIONS Regional variation in the patterns and prevalence of substance use was observed across study sites, and in rural and urban settings. The high levels of substance use recorded in this study are of concern due to the increased risk of associated morbidities. Further longitudinal data will be valuable in determining trends in substance misuse in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palwende Romuald Boua
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso.
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Cassandra Claire Soo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Innocent Maposa
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shai Nkoana
- DIMAMO, Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Shukri F Mohamed
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Solomon Choma
- DIMAMO, Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Department, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Gershim Asiki
- Health and Systems for Health Unit, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Francesc Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Sumaya Mall
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sakeah E, Aborigo RA, Debpuur C, Nonterah EA, Oduro AR, Awoonor-Williams JK. Assessing selection procedures and roles of Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees in Ghana's Community-based Health Planning and Services program. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249332. [PMID: 33951049 PMCID: PMC8099059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Community participation in health care delivery will ensure service availability and accessibility and guarantee community ownership of the program. Community-based strategies such as the involvement of Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) and Community Health Management Committees (CHMCs) are likely to advance primary healthcare in general, but the criteria for selecting CHVs, CHMCs and efforts to sustain these roles are not clear 20 years after implementing the Community-based Health Planning Services program. We examined the process of selecting these cadres of community health workers and their current role within Ghana’s flagship program for primary care–the Community-based Health Planning and Services program. Methods This was an exploratory study design using qualitative methods to appraise the health system and stakeholder participation in Community-based Health Planning and Services program implementation in the Upper East region of Ghana. We conducted 51 in-depth interviews and 33 focus group discussions with health professionals and community members. Results Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees are the representatives of the community in the routine implementation of the Community-based Health Planning and Services program. They are selected, appointed, or nominated by their communities. Some inherit the position through apprenticeship and others are recruited through advertisement. The selection is mostly initiated by the health providers and carried out by community members. Community Health Volunteers lead community mobilization efforts, support health providers in health promotion activities, manage minor illnesses, and encourage pregnant women to use maternal health services. Community Health Volunteers also translate health messages delivered by health providers to the people in their local languages. Community Health Management Committees mobilize resources for the development of Community-based Health Planning and Services program compounds. They play a mediatory role between health providers in the health compounds and the community members. Volunteers are sometimes given non-financial incentives but there are suggestions to include financial incentives. Conclusion Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees play a critical role in primary health care. The criteria for selecting Community Health Volunteers and Community Health Management Committees vary but need to be standardized to ensure that only self-motivated individuals are selected. Thus, CHVs and CHMCs should contest for their positions and be endorsed by their community members and assigned roles by health professionals in the CHPS zones. Efforts to sustain them within the health system should include the provision of financial incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sakeah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Upper East Region, Ghana
- * E-mail:
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10
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Agongo G, Debpuur C, Amenga-Etego L, Nonterah EA, Kaburise MB, Oduro A, Ramsay M, Tindana P. Community engagement and feedback of results in the H3Africa AWI-Gen project: Experiences from the Navrongo Demographic and Health Surveillance site in Northern Ghana. AAS Open Res 2021; 4:15. [PMID: 33959702 PMCID: PMC8063542 DOI: 10.12688/aasopenres.13081.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community and Public engagement (CE) have gained traction as an ethical best practice for the conduct of genomics research, particularly in the context of Africa. In the past 10 years, there has been growing scholarship on the value and practice of engaging key stakeholders including communities involved in genomics research. However, not much has been documented on how research teams, particularly in international collaborative research projects, are navigating the complex process of engagement including the return of key research findings. This paper is part of a series of papers describing the CE processes used in the AWI-Gen study sites. We describe the key processes of engagement, challenges encountered and the major lessons learned. We pay particular attention to the experiences in returning research results to participants and communities within the Demographic and Health Surveillance site in northern Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- West African Centre for Cell Biology and Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witswatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Paulina Tindana
- Health Policy, Plannng and Management, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon/Accra, Ghana
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11
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Agongo G, Amenga-Etego L, Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Choudhury A, Bentley AR, Oduro AR, Rotimi CN, Crowther NJ, Ramsay M, H Africa. Candidate Gene Analysis Reveals Strong Association of CETP Variants With High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and PCSK9 Variants With Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Ghanaian Adults: An AWI-Gen Sub-Study. Front Genet 2020; 11:456661. [PMID: 33193594 PMCID: PMC7661969 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.456661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Variations in lipid levels are attributed partly to genetic factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) mainly performed in European, African American and Asian cohorts have identified variants associated with LDL-C, HDL-C, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG), but few studies have been performed in sub-Saharan Africans. This study evaluated the effect of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in eight candidate loci (ABCA1, LCAT, LPL, PON1, CETP, PCSK9, MVK, and MMAB) on lipid levels among 1855 Ghanaian adults. All lipid levels were measured directly using an automated analyser. DNA was extracted and genotyped using the H3Africa SNV array. Linear regression models were used to test the association between SNVs and log-transformed lipid levels, adjusting for sex, age and waist circumference. In addition Bonferroni correction was performed to account for multiple testing. Several variants of CETP, LCAT, PCSK9, and PON1 (MAF > 0.05) were associated with HDL-C, LDL-C and TC levels at p < 0.05. The lead variants for association with HDL-C were rs17231520 in CETP (β = 0.139, p < 0.0001) and rs1109166 in LCAT (β = −0.044, p = 0.028). Lower LDL-C levels were associated with an intronic variant in PCSK9 (rs11806638 [β = −0.055, p = 0.027]) and increased TC was associated with a variant in PON1 (rs854558 [β = 0.040, p = 0.020]). In silico functional analyses indicated that these variants likely influence gene function through their effect on gene transcription. We replicated a strong association between CETP variants and HDL-C and between PCSK9 variant and LDL-C in West Africans, with two potentially functional variants and identified three novel variants in linkage disequilibrium in PON1 which were associated with increasing TC levels in Ghanaians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lucas Amenga-Etego
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Engelbert A Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Ananyo Choudhury
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amy R Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - H Africa
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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12
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Nonterah EA, Boua PR, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Asiki G, Micklesfield LK, Agongo G, Ali SA, Mashinya F, Sorgho H, Nakanabo-Diallo S, Debpuur C, Kyobutungi C, Alberts M, Norris S, Tollman S, Tinto H, Soo CC, Mukomana F, Hazelhurst S, Wade AN, Kahn K, Oduro AR, Grobbee DE, Sankoh O, Ramsay M, Bots ML, Crowther NJ. Classical Cardiovascular Risk Factors and HIV are Associated With Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Adults From Sub-Saharan Africa: Findings From H3Africa AWI-Gen Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e011506. [PMID: 31304842 PMCID: PMC6662137 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Studies on the determinants of carotid intima-media thickness ( CIMT ), a marker of sub-clinical atherosclerosis, mostly come from white, Asian, and diasporan black populations. We present CIMT data from sub-Saharan Africa, which is experiencing a rising burden of cardiovascular diseases and infectious diseases. Methods and Results The H3 (Human Hereditary and Health) in Africa's AWI-Gen (African-Wits-INDEPTH partnership for Genomic) study is a cross-sectional study conducted in adults aged 40 to 60 years from Burkina Faso, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa. Cardiovascular disease risk and ultrasonography of the CIMT of right and left common carotids were measured. Multivariable linear and mixed-effect multilevel regression modeling was applied to determine factors related to CIMT. Data included 8872 adults (50.8% men), mean age of 50±6 years with age- and sex-adjusted mean (±SE) CIMT of 640±123μm. Participants from Ghana and Burkina Faso had higher CIMT compared with other sites. Age (β = 6.77, 95%CI [6.34-7.19]), body mass index (17.6[12.5-22.8]), systolic blood pressure (7.52[6.21-8.83]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.08[2.10-8.06]) and men (10.3[4.75- 15.9]) were associated with higher CIMT. Smoking was associated with higher CIMT in men. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-12.2 [-17.9- -6.41]), alcohol consumption (-13.5 [-19.1--7.91]) and HIV (-8.86 [-15.7--2.03]) were inversely associated with CIMT. Conclusions Given the rising prevalence of cardiovascular diseases risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa, atherosclerotic diseases may become a major pan-African epidemic unless preventive measures are taken particularly for prevention of hypertension, obesity, and smoking. HIV -specific studies are needed to fully understand the association between HIV and CIMT in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert A Nonterah
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana.,2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Palwende R Boua
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso.,4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands.,6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Gershim Asiki
- 10 African Population and Health Research Centre (APHRC) Nairobi Kenya
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- 7 MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Godfred Agongo
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | - Stuart A Ali
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Felistas Mashinya
- 11 Dikgale Health Demographic Surveillance Site Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences School of Health Care Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa
| | - Herman Sorgho
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Seydou Nakanabo-Diallo
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | | | - Marianne Alberts
- 11 Dikgale Health Demographic Surveillance Site Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences School of Health Care Sciences Faculty of Health Sciences University of Limpopo Polokwane South Africa
| | - Shane Norris
- 7 MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Halidou Tinto
- 3 Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé Nanoro Burkina Faso
| | - Cassandra C Soo
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Freedom Mukomana
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Alisha N Wade
- 8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,8 MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt) School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Abraham R Oduro
- 1 Navrongo Health Research Centre Ghana Health Service Navrongo Ghana
| | - Diederick E Grobbee
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Osman Sankoh
- 6 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,12 INDEPTH-Network Accra Ghana
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- 4 Sydney Brenner Institute of Molecular Bioscience Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa.,5 Division of Human Genetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Michiel L Bots
- 2 Julius Global Health Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht University Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- 9 Department of Chemical Pathology National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS) Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
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Sakeah E, Debpuur C, Aborigo RA, Oduro AR, Sakeah JK, Moyer CA. Persistent female genital mutilation despite its illegality: Narratives from women and men in northern Ghana. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214923. [PMID: 31009478 PMCID: PMC6476474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, an estimated two million women have undergone Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), and approximately four percent of women who have been circumcised live in Ghana. In the Bawku Municipality and Pusiga District, sixty one percent of women have undergone the procedure. This study therefore aimed at identifying the factors that sustain the practice of FGM despite its illegality, in the Bawku Municipality and the Pusiga District. METHOD This study used a descriptive qualitative design based on grounded theory. We used purposive sampling to identify and recruit community stakeholders, and then used the snowball sampling to identify, recruit, and interview circumcised women. We then used community stakeholders to identify two types of focus group participants: men and women of reproductive age and older men and women from the community. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted and qualitative analysis undertaken to develop a conceptual framework for understanding both the roots and the drivers of FGM. RESULTS Historical traditions and religious rites preserve FGM and ensure its continuity, and older women and peers are a source of support for the practice through the pressure they exert. The easy movement of women across borders (to where FGM is still practice) helps to perpetuate the practice, as does the belief that FGM will preserve virginity and reduce promiscuity. In addition, male dominance and lack of female autonomy ensures continuation of the practice. CONCLUSION Female Genital Mutilation continues to persist despite its illegality because of social pressure on women/girls to conform to social norms, peer acceptance, fear of criticism and religious reasons. Implementing interventions targeting border towns, religious leaders and their followers, older men and women and younger men and women will help eradicate the practice.
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Agongo G, Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Amenga-Etego L, Ali S, Oduro A, Crowther NJ, Ramsay M. Correction: The burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels among adults in rural northern Ghana: An AWI-Gen sub-study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213233. [PMID: 30811505 PMCID: PMC6392312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Welaga P, Debpuur C, Aaby P, Hodgson A, Azongo DK, Benn CS, Oduro AR. Is the decline in neonatal mortality in northern Ghana, 1996-2012, associated with the decline in the age of BCG vaccination? An ecological study. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e023752. [PMID: 30552267 PMCID: PMC6303605 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between early Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination and neonatal mortality in northern Ghana. METHODS This ecological study used vaccination and mortality data from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System. First, we assessed and compared changes in neonatal mortality rates (NMRs) and median BCG vaccination age from 1996 to 2012. Second, we compared the changes in NMR and median BCG vaccination age from 2002 to 2012 by delivery place when data on delivery place were available. RESULTS Neonatal mortality rates declined from 46 to 12 per 1000 live births between 1996 and 2012 (trend test: p<0.001). Within the same period, median BCG vaccination age declined from 46 to 4 days (trend test: p<0.001). Among home deliveries, BCG vaccination age declined from 39 days in 2002 to 7 days in 2012 (trend test: p<0.001) and neonatal mortality declined by 24/1000 (trend test: p<0.001). Among health facility deliveries, BCG vaccination age was stable around 3 days from 2002 to 2012 (trend test: p=0.49) and neonatal mortality declined by 9/1000 (trend test: p=0.04). In a small study of children whose vaccination cards were inspected within the first 28 days of life, the HR for BCG-vaccinated compared with BCG-unvaccinated children was 0.55 (95% CI 0.12 to 2.40). CONCLUSION The data support the hypothesis that early BCG vaccination may be associated with a decrease in neonatal mortality. However, as suggested by WHO, randomised control trials are required to address the question of whether there is indeed a causal association between early BCG vaccination and neonatal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
- OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Christine S Benn
- OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
- CVIVA, Research Centre for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Agongo G, Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Amenga-Etego L, Ali S, Oduro A, Crowther NJ, Ramsay M. The burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels among adults in rural northern Ghana: An AWI-Gen sub-study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206326. [PMID: 30485283 PMCID: PMC6261546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia is a primary risk factor for cardiometabolic disease, causing over 17 million deaths globally in 2015. However, the burden of dyslipidaemia and factors associated with lipid levels remain unknown in many rural African populations. Therefore, this study evaluated the association of socio-demographic, anthropometric and behavioural factors with lipid levels in rural Ghana. The prevalence of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and elevated LDL-C in the total population of 1839 (846 men and 993 women) was 4.02%, 2.12%, and 5.55% respectively and did not differ between genders. The prevalence of low HDL-C levels was 60.30% and differed (p = 0.005) between men (56.86%) and women (63.24%). Subcutaneous abdominal fat was associated with TC (β = 0.067, p = 0.015) and TG (β = 0.137, p<0.001) among women and LDL-C (β = 0.139, p = 0.006) and TC (β = 0.071, p = 0.048) among men. Body mass index was associated with TC (β = 0.010, p = 0.043) among men while waist circumference was associated with LDL-C (β = 0.116, p<0.001) and TG (β = 0.094, p<0.001) among women. Hip circumference was negatively associated (β = -0.053, p = 0.043) while visceral fat was positively associated with TG (β = 0.033, p = 0.022) among women. Socioeconomic status, education, being unmarried and employment were associated with HDL-C (β = 0.081, p = 0.004), LDL-C (β = 0.095, p = 0.004) and TG (β = 0.095, p = 0.001) all among women, and TC (β = 0.070, p = 0.010) among men, respectively. Nankana women had lower TC (β = -0.069, p = 0.001), and men lower TG levels (β = -0.084, p = 0.008) than the other ethnic groups. Tobacco smoking (β = 0.066, p = 0.024) and alcohol intake (β = 0.084, p = 0.001) were associated with HDL-C levels among men and women respectively. Further studies are required to investigate whether high prevalence of low HDL-C levels in this population presents with any adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes. Associations of education, employment and adiposity with lipid levels suggest that future societal advances and increases in the prevalence of obesity may lead to associated adverse health consequences. Monitoring and interventions are required to limit these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Engelbert Adamwaba Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Stuart Ali
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Sakeah E, Debpuur C, Oduro AR, Welaga P, Aborigo R, Sakeah JK, Moyer CA. Prevalence and factors associated with female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age in the Bawku municipality and Pusiga District of northern Ghana. BMC Womens Health 2018; 18:150. [PMID: 30227845 PMCID: PMC6145319 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-018-0643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, three million girls are at risk of female genital mutilation (FGM) and an estimated 200 million girls and women in the world have undergone FGM. While the overall prevalence of FGM in Ghana is 4%, studies have shown that the overall prevalence in the Upper East Region is 38%, with Bawku municipality recording the highest at 82%. METHODS This study used a cross-sectional design with a quantitative approach: a survey with women of reproductive age (15-49). RESULTS Among all respondents, 830 women who participated in the study, 61% reported having undergone FGM. Of those circumcised, 66% indicated their mothers influenced it. Three quarters of the women think FGM could be stopped through health education. Women who live in the Pusiga district (AOR: 1.66; 95% CI: 1.16-2.38), are aged 35-49 (AOR: 4.24; 95% CI: 2.62-6.85), and have no formal education (AOR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.43-5.43) or primary education (AOR: 2.10; 95% CI: 1.03-4.31) were more likely to be circumcised relative to those who reside in Bawku Municipal, are aged 15-24, and had tertiary education. Likewise, married women (AOR: 3.82; 95% CI: 2.53-5.76) were more likely to have been circumcised compared with unmarried women. At a site-specific level, factors associated with FGM included age and marital status in Bawku, and age, marital status, and women's education in Pusiga. CONCLUSION Female Genital Mutilation is still being practiced in the Bawku Municipality and the Pusiga District of northern Ghana, particularly among women with low socio-economic status. Implementing interventions that would provide health education to communities and promote girl-child education beyond the primary level could help end the practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sakeah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region Ghana
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region Ghana
| | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region Ghana
| | - Raymond Aborigo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Upper East Region Ghana
| | | | - Cheryl A. Moyer
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1111 Catherine St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
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18
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Sakeah E, Okawa S, Rexford Oduro A, Shibanuma A, Ansah E, Kikuchi K, Gyapong M, Owusu-Agyei S, Williams J, Debpuur C, Yeji F, Kukula VA, Enuameh Y, Asare GQ, Agyekum EO, Addai S, Sarpong D, Adjei K, Tawiah C, Yasuoka J, Nanishi K, Jimba M, Hodgson A, The Ghana Embrace Team. Determinants of attending antenatal care at least four times in rural Ghana: analysis of a cross-sectional survey. Glob Health Action 2018; 10:1291879. [PMID: 28578634 PMCID: PMC5496066 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2017.1291879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving maternal health is a global challenge. In Ghana, maternal morbidity and mortality rates remain high, particularly in rural areas. Antenatal care (ANC) attendance is known to improve maternal health. However, few studies have updated current knowledge regarding determinants of ANC attendance. OBJECTIVE This study examined factors associated with ANC attendance in predominantly rural Ghana. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study at three sites (i.e. Navrongo, Kintampo, and Dodowa) in Ghana between August and September 2013. We selected 1500 women who had delivered within the two years preceding the survey (500 from each site) using two-stage random sampling. Data concerning 1497 women's sociodemographic characteristics and antenatal care attendance were collected and analyzed, and factors associated with attending ANC at least four times were identified using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 1497 participants, 86% reported attending ANC at least four times, which was positively associated with possession of national health insurance (AOR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.14-2.38) and having a partner with a high educational level (AOR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.02-2.64) and negatively associated with being single (AOR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.22-0.69) and cohabiting (AOR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34-0.97). In site-specific analyses, factors associated with ANC attendance included marital status in Navrongo; marital status, possession of national health insurance, partners' educational level, and wealth in Kintampo; and preferred pregnancy timing in Dodowa. In the youngest, least educated, and poorest women and women whose partners were uneducated, those with health insurance were more likely to report at least four ANC attendances relative to those who did not have insurance. CONCLUSIONS Ghanaian women with low socioeconomic status were less likely to report at least four ANC attendances during pregnancy if they did not possess health insurance. The national health insurance scheme should include a higher number of deprived women in predominantly rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Sakeah
- a Social Science Department , Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service , Navrongo , Upper East , Ghana
| | - Sumiyo Okawa
- b Department of Community and Global Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- c Navrongo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division , Ghana Health Service , Navrongo , Upper East , Ghana
| | - Akira Shibanuma
- b Department of Community and Global Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Evelyn Ansah
- d Research & Development Division , Ghana Health Service , Accra , Ghana
| | - Kimiyo Kikuchi
- b Department of Community and Global Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- e Dodowa Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division , Ghana Health Service , Dodowa , Greater Accra , Ghana
| | - Seth Owusu-Agyei
- f Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division , Ghana Health Service , Kintampo , Brong Ahafo , Ghana
| | - John Williams
- g Population Department , Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service , Navrongo , Upper East , Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- a Social Science Department , Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service , Navrongo , Upper East , Ghana
| | - Francis Yeji
- a Social Science Department , Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service , Navrongo , Upper East , Ghana
| | - Vida Ami Kukula
- h Maternal and Child Health Unit , Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service , Dodowa , Greater Accra , Ghana
| | - Yeetey Enuameh
- i Maternal and Child Health Unit, Kintampo Health Research Centre , Ghana Health Service , Kintampo , Brong Ahafo , Ghana
| | | | - Enoch Oti Agyekum
- k Japan International Cooperation Agency Health Section , Accra , Ghana
| | - Sheila Addai
- l Dodowa Health Research Centre , Ghana Health Service , Dodowa , Greater Accra , Ghana
| | - Doris Sarpong
- m Dodowa Health Research Centre and Regional Institute for Population Studies , University of Ghana , Accra , Ghana
| | - Kwame Adjei
- i Maternal and Child Health Unit, Kintampo Health Research Centre , Ghana Health Service , Kintampo , Brong Ahafo , Ghana
| | - Charlotte Tawiah
- n Maternal and Child Health Unit , Kintampo Health Research Centre , Kintampo , Brong Ahafo , Ghana
| | - Junko Yasuoka
- b Department of Community and Global Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Keiko Nanishi
- o Office of International Academic Affairs, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Masamine Jimba
- b Department of Community and Global Health , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- p Research and Development Division , Ghana Health Service , Accra , Greater Accra , Ghana
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Welaga P, Hodgson A, Debpuur C, Aaby P, Binka F, Azongo D, Oduro A. Measles Vaccination Supports Millennium Development Goal 4: Increasing Coverage and Increasing Child Survival in Northern Ghana, 1996-2012. Front Public Health 2018; 6:28. [PMID: 29487845 PMCID: PMC5816587 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measles vaccine (MV) administered as the last vaccine after the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) may be associated with better child survival unrelated to prevention of measles infection. Other studies have shown that MV administered after DTP was more beneficial and was associated with lower mortality compared with DTP administered after MV or DTP administered simultaneously with MV. We compared the difference in mortality between measles vaccinated after DTP3 and measles-unvaccinated children in Navrongo, Ghana. Methods This was a follow-up study involving annual cohort of children aged 9–23 months from 1996 to 2012. We assessed survival in relation to the measles vaccination status within the first 12 months from interview date and until 5 years of age using Cox proportional hazards models. Results In all, 38,333 children were included in the study. The proportion of children vaccinated with MV-after-DTP3 increased from 45% in 1996 to 95% in 2012. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for measles unvaccinated compared with MV-after-DTP3 vaccinated children was 1.38 (1.15–1.66) in the first 12 months after assessment of vaccination status and 1.22 (1.05–1.41) with follow-up to 5 years of age. The national immunization days campaigns with oral polio vaccine or MV might have reduced the effect of being MV-after-DTP3 vaccinated vs MV-unvaccinated. For 12 months of follow-up, the HR before a campaign for MV-unvaccinated children was 1.63 (1.23–2.17) compared to those who received MV-after-DTP3. After the campaign, the HR reduced to 1.23 (0.97–1.54). Stratifying the analysis by sex, measles-unvaccinated boys had a HR of 1.69 (1.33–2.61) compared to measles-unvaccinated girls who had a HR 1.06 (0.79–1.40) during 1-year follow-up. In 1989, only 7% of children in the area had received MV-after-DTP3; the increase in MV-after-DTP3 coverage from 1989 to 2012 may have lowered mortality rate among children aged 9 months to 3 years by 24%. Conclusion Though an observational study, our findings suggest that measles vaccination, administered in the recommended sequence, is associated with improved child survival and may have contributed importantly to the mortality decline toward the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana.,OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau.,Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Binka
- University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
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20
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Nonterah EA, Debpuur C, Agongo G, Amenga-Etego L, Crowther NJ, Ramsay M. Socio-demographic and behavioural determinants of body mass index among an adult population in rural Northern Ghana: the AWI-Gen study. Glob Health Action 2018; 11:1467588. [PMID: 29992851 PMCID: PMC6041816 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1467588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases are increasing in urban sub-Saharan Africa due to a complex epidemiological and nutritional transition. Related data on rural communities is scarce. OBJECTIVES The study characterized the socio-demographic and behavioural factors influencing body mass index (BMI) among adults in rural Northern Ghana Methods: A population-based cross-sectional study involving adults aged 40-60 years residing in the Kassena-Nankana districts was undertaken. Demographic, socio-economic and behavioural data were collected along with measures of anthropometry. We determined factors associated with BMI among women and men. RESULTS A total of 2014 adults were studied. The median age was 51 (IQR 45-57) years and 54% were women. The prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher among women than men (18.4% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001), whilst underweight was more prevalent in men (18.3% vs. 13.1%; p = 0.001). Participants with the highest level of education and a high household socio-economic status had higher BMIs than those in the lowest strata in both men (β = 0.074, p = 0.028 and β = 0.072, p < 0.001, respectively) and women (β = 0.174, p = 0.001 and β = 0.109, p < 0.001, respectively). Men (β = -0.050; p < 0.001) and women (β = -0.073; p < 0.001) of the Nankana ethnic group had a lower BMI than the Kassena ethnic group. Among men, alcohol consumption (β = -0.021; p = 0.001) and smoking (β = -0.216; p < 0.001) were associated with lower BMI. Smokeless tobacco was associated with lower BMI among women. Pesticide exposure was associated with higher BMI (β = 0.022; p = 0.022) among men. CONCLUSION Age, sex, ethno-linguistic group and prevailing socio-demographic and behavioural factors within this rural community in Northern Ghana influence BMI. The observed positive association between pesticide use and BMI warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engelbert Adamwaba Nonterah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Godfred Agongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Nigel J. Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rexford OduroAbraham
a
as members of AWI-Gen and the H3Africa Consortium
- Navrongo Health Research Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Division of Human Genetics, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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21
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Gomez-Olive FX, Schröders J, Aboderin I, Byass P, Chatterji S, Davies JI, Debpuur C, Hirve S, Hodgson A, Juvekar S, Kahn K, Kowal P, Nathan R, Ng N, Razzaque A, Sankoh O, Streatfield PK, Tollman SM, Wilopo SA, Witham MD. Variations in disability and quality of life with age and sex between eight lower income and middle-income countries: data from the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE collaboration. BMJ Glob Health 2017; 2:e000508. [PMID: 29333288 PMCID: PMC5759706 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disability and quality of life are key outcomes for older people. Little is known about how these measures vary with age and gender across lower income and middle-income countries; such information is necessary to tailor health and social care policy to promote healthy ageing and minimise disability. Methods We analysed data from participants aged 50 years and over from health and demographic surveillance system sites of the International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health Network in Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Vietnam, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh, using an abbreviated version of the WHO Study on global AGEing survey instrument. We used the eight-item WHO Quality of Life (WHOQoL) tool to measure quality of life and theWHO Disability Assessment Schedule, version 2 (WHODAS-II) tool to measure disability. We collected selected health status measures via the survey instrument and collected demographic and socioeconomic data from linked surveillance site information. We performed regression analyses to quantify differences between countries in the relationship between age, gender and both quality of life and disability, and we used anchoring vignettes to account for differences in interpretation of disability severity. Results We included 43 935 individuals in the analysis. Mean age was 63.7 years (SD 9.7) and 24 434 (55.6%) were women. In unadjusted analyses across all countries, WHOQoL scores worsened by 0.13 points (95% CI 0.12 to 0.14) per year increase in age and WHODAS scores worsened by 0.60 points (95% CI 0.57 to 0.64). WHODAS-II and WHOQoL scores varied markedly between countries, as did the gradient of scores with increasing age. In regression analyses, differences were not fully explained by age, socioeconomic status, marital status, education or health factors. Differences in disability scores between countries were not explained by differences in anchoring vignette responses. Conclusions The relationship between age, sex and both disability and quality of life varies between countries. The findings may guide tailoring of interventions to individual country needs, although these associations require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Xavier Gomez-Olive
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Julia Schröders
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Isabella Aboderin
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya.,Centre for Research on Ageing, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,OPTENTIA Research Focus, North West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Peter Byass
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Somnath Chatterji
- Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Justine I Davies
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Institute for Global Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Siddhivinayak Hirve
- Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.,Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | | | - Sanjay Juvekar
- Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India.,INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Paul Kowal
- Department of Health Statistics and Informatics, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rose Nathan
- Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Nawi Ng
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Osman Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone.,School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Stephen M Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Siswanto A Wilopo
- HDSS Purworejo and Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Miles D Witham
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Ageing and Health, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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22
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Welaga P, Oduro A, Debpuur C, Aaby P, Ravn H, Andersen A, Binka F, Hodgson A. Fewer out-of-sequence vaccinations and reduction of child mortality in Northern Ghana. Vaccine 2017; 35:2496-2503. [PMID: 28341115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine administered simultaneously with measles vaccine (MV) or DTP administered after MV are associated with higher child mortality than having MV-after-DTP3 as most recent vaccination. We tested this in Northern Ghana where the prevalence of such out-of-sequence vaccinations has declined. METHODS Using annual cohort data of children aged 12-23months from 1996 to 2012 and Cox proportional hazards models, we assessed survival in relation to the most recent vaccination status within the next 12months and until five years of age. We assessed whether mortality in children aged 12-59months was higher when the most recent vaccine was non-live (DTP) rather than live (MV or OPV). RESULTS Out-of-sequence vaccinations with DTP-containing vaccines and MV declined from 86% in 1989 to 24% in 1996 and 0.7% in 2012. Between 1996 and 2012, 38 070 children had their vaccinations status assessed: the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for out-of-sequence vaccinations (DTP>=MV) compared with the recommended sequence of MV-after-DTP3 was 1.42(1.06-1.90) during the first 12months after assessment of vaccination status and 1.29(1.03-1.60) with follow-up to five years of age; the HR was 2.58(1.14-5.84) before OPV or MV campaigns and 1.37(1.02-1.85) after the campaigns. CONCLUSION Out-of-sequence vaccinations with DTP and MV are associated with higher mortality than MV as most recent vaccination; the effect is unlikely to be due to confounding. Hence, the reduction in out-of-sequence vaccinations may have lowered child mortality. It is recommended not to give DTP with MV or DTP after MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana; OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana
| | | | - Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Apartado 861, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
| | - Henrik Ravn
- Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fred Binka
- University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
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Gómez-Olivé FX, Ali SA, Made F, Kyobutungi C, Nonterah E, Micklesfield L, Alberts M, Boua R, Hazelhurst S, Debpuur C, Mashinya F, Dikotope S, Sorgho H, Cook I, Muthuri S, Soo C, Mukomana F, Agongo G, Wandabwa C, Afolabi S, Oduro A, Tinto H, Wagner RG, Haregu T, Wade A, Kahn K, Norris SA, Crowther NJ, Tollman S, Sankoh O, Ramsay M. Regional and Sex Differences in the Prevalence and Awareness of Hypertension: An H3Africa AWI-Gen Study Across 6 Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Heart 2017; 12:81-90. [PMID: 28302553 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a high prevalence of hypertension and related cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, yet few large studies exploring hypertension in Africa are available. The actual burden of disease is poorly understood and awareness and treatment to control it is often suboptimal. OBJECTIVES The study sought to report the prevalence of measured hypertension and to assess awareness and control of blood pressure among older adults in rural and urban settings in 6 sites located in West, East, and Southern Africa. In addition, we examined regional, sex, and age differences related to hypertension. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was performed at 6 sites in 4 African countries: Burkina Faso (Nanoro), Ghana (Navrongo), Kenya (Nairobi), and South Africa (Agincourt, Dikgale, Soweto). Blood pressure measurements were taken using standardized procedures on 10,696 adults 40 to 60 years of age. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication. RESULTS The mean prevalence of hypertension ranged from 15.1% in Nanoro to 54.1% in Soweto. All 3 of the South African sites had a mean prevalence of hypertension of over 40.0%, significantly higher than in Nairobi (25.6%) and Navrongo (24.5%). Prevalence increased with age in both sexes and at all sites. A significantly higher prevalence of hypertension was observed in women in Agincourt, Dikgale, and Nairobi, whereas in Nanoro this trend was reversed. Within the hypertensive group the average proportion of participants who were aware of their blood pressure status was only 39.4% for men and 53.8% for women, and varied widely across sites. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the prevalence of hypertension and the level of disease awareness differ not only between but also within sub-Saharan African countries. Each nation must tailor their regional hypertension awareness and screening programs to match the characteristics of their local populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stuart A Ali
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Felix Made
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Lisa Micklesfield
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marianne Alberts
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Romuald Boua
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Scott Hazelhurst
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; School of Electrical & Information Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Felistas Mashinya
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Sekgothe Dikotope
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Hermann Sorgho
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ian Cook
- Physical Activity Epidemiology Laboratory (EDST), School of Education, Faculty of Humanities, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Stella Muthuri
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cassandra Soo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Freedom Mukomana
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Sulaimon Afolabi
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Halidou Tinto
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sante, Clinical Research Unit of Nanoro, Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Ryan G Wagner
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tilahun Haregu
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alisha Wade
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shane A Norris
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nigel J Crowther
- Department of Chemical Pathology, National Health Laboratory Service, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Osman Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Njala University, Njala, Sierra Leone
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Bawah AA, Asuming PO, Debpuur C, Phillips JF. Child Wanted and When? Fertility Intentions, Wantedness, and Child Survival in Rural Northern Ghana. Stud Fam Plann 2016; 47:252-63. [PMID: 27595238 DOI: 10.1111/sifp.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Panel survey data collected in rural northern Ghana asked women about the "wantedness" status of their children. Parous women were asked whether they wanted more children, while those who had never had a child were asked whether they wanted to have children in the future; those who said that they did not want to have any more children in the future were asked whether they wanted to become pregnant when they last became pregnant and, if so, whether they wanted to become pregnant at the time, or would have preferred to be pregnant earlier or later. This article analyzes longitudinal responses to these questions over a 10-year period. Birth and survival histories of subsequently born children linked to preference data permit investigation of the question: are "wanted" children more likely to survive than "unwanted" children? Hazard models are estimated to determine whether children born to women who indicated that they did not want to have a child at the time they did, or did not want any more children in the future, have a higher risk of mortality relative to children who were reported wanted at the time of pregnancy. Results show no significant differences in adjusted mortality risks between children who were reported to be wanted and those reported to be unwanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaga A Bawah
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Accra, Ghana. , /
| | | | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, P. O. Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - James F Phillips
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
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Bawah A, Houle B, Alam N, Razzaque A, Streatfield PK, Debpuur C, Welaga P, Oduro A, Hodgson A, Tollman S, Collinson M, Kahn K, Toan TK, Phuc HD, Chuc NTK, Sankoh O, Clark SJ. The Evolving Demographic and Health Transition in Four Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Evidence from Four Sites in the INDEPTH Network of Longitudinal Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157281. [PMID: 27304429 PMCID: PMC4909223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper contributes evidence documenting the continued decline in all-cause mortality and changes in the cause of death distribution over time in four developing country populations in Africa and Asia. We present levels and trends in age-specific mortality (all-cause and cause-specific) from four demographic surveillance sites: Agincourt (South Africa), Navrongo (Ghana) in Africa; Filabavi (Vietnam), Matlab (Bangladesh) in Asia. We model mortality using discrete time event history analysis. This study illustrates how data from INDEPTH Network centers can provide a comparative, longitudinal examination of mortality patterns and the epidemiological transition. Health care systems need to be reconfigured to deal simultaneously with continuing challenges of communicable disease and increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases that require long-term care. In populations with endemic HIV, long-term care of HIV patients on ART will add to the chronic care needs of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaga Bawah
- Regional Institute for Population Studies (RIPS), University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brian Houle
- School of Demography, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- CU Population Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nurul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | | | | | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Mark Collinson
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Tran Khan Toan
- Filabavi Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ho Dang Phuc
- Filabavi Health and Demographic Surveillance Site, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | - Samuel J. Clark
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- CU Population Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- ALPHA Network, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Yeji F, Shibanuma A, Oduro A, Debpuur C, Kikuchi K, Owusu-Agei S, Gyapong M, Okawa S, Ansah E, Asare GQ, Nanishi K, Williams J, Addei S, Tawiah C, Yasuoka J, Enuameh Y, Sakeah E, Wontuo P, Jimba M, Hodgson A. Continuum of Care in a Maternal, Newborn and Child Health Program in Ghana: Low Completion Rate and Multiple Obstacle Factors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142849. [PMID: 26650388 PMCID: PMC4674150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Slow progress has been made in achieving the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Ghana. Ensuring continuum of care (at least four antenatal visits; skilled birth attendance; postnatal care within 48 hours, at two weeks, and six weeks) for mother and newborn is crucial in helping Ghana achieve these goals and beyond. This study examined the levels and factors associated with continuum of care (CoC) completion among Ghanaian women aged 15–49. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted among women who experienced live births between January 2011 and April 2013 in three regions of Ghana. In a two-stage random sampling method, 1,500 women with infants were selected and interviewed about maternal and newborn service usage in line with CoC. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with CoC completion. Results Only 8.0% had CoC completion; the greatest gap and contributor to the low CoC was detected between delivery and postnatal care within 48 hours postpartum. About 95% of women had a minimum of four antenatal visits and postnatal care at six weeks postpartum. A total of 75% had skilled assisted delivery and 25% received postnatal care within 48 hours. Factors associated with CoC completion at 95% CI were geographical location (OR = 0.35, CI 0.13–0.39), marital status (OR = 0.45; CI 0.22–0.95), education (OR = 2.71; CI 1.11–6.57), transportation (OR = 1.97; CI 1.07–3.62), and beliefs about childhood illnesses (OR = 0.34; CI0.21–0.61). Conclusion The continuum of care completion rate is low in the study site. Efforts should focus on increasing postnatal care within 48 hours and overcoming the known obstacles to increasing the continuum of care completion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Yeji
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
- * E-mail: ;
| | - Akira Shibanuma
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Abraham Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
| | - Kimiyo Kikuchi
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Seth Owusu-Agei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- Dodowa Health Research Centre, P.O. Box DD1, Dodowa, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Sumiyo Okawa
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Evelyn Ansah
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra MB 190, Ghana
| | | | - Keiko Nanishi
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - John Williams
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
| | - Sheila Addei
- Dodowa Health Research Centre, P.O. Box DD1, Dodowa, Greater Accra, Ghana
| | - Charlotte Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo, Ghana
| | - Junko Yasuoka
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Yeetey Enuameh
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 200, Kintampo, Brong-Ahafo, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Sakeah
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
| | - Peter Wontuo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, P.O. Box 114, Navrongo, Upper-East, Ghana
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–0033, Japan
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Accra MB 190, Ghana
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Debpuur C, Dalaba MA, Chatio S, Adjuik M, Akweongo P. An exploration of moral hazard behaviors under the national health insurance scheme in Northern Ghana: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15:469. [PMID: 26472051 PMCID: PMC4606991 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-015-1133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The government of Ghana introduced the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in 2003 through an Act of Parliament (Act 650) as a strategy to improve financial access to quality basic health care services. Although attendance at health facilities has increased since the introduction of the NHIS, there have been media reports of widespread abuse of the NHIS by scheme operators, service providers and insured persons. The aim of the study was to document behaviors and practices of service providers and clients of the NHIS in the Kassena-Nankana District (KND) of Ghana that constitute moral hazards (abuse of the scheme) and identify strategies to minimize such behaviors. Methods Qualitative methods through 14 Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) and 5 individual in-depth interviews were conducted between December 2009 and January 2010. Thematic analysis was performed with the aid of QSR NVivo 8 software. Results Analysis of FGDs and in-depth interviews showed that community members, health providers and NHIS officers are aware of various behaviors and practices that constitute abuse of the scheme. Behaviors such as frequent and ‘frivolous’ visits to health facilities, impersonation, feigning sickness to collect drugs for non-insured persons, over charging for services provided to clients, charging clients for services not provided and over prescription were identified. Suggestions on how to minimize abuse of the NHIS offered by respondents included: reduction of premiums and registration fees, premium payments by installment, improvement in the picture quality of the membership cards, critical examination and verification of membership cards at health facilities, some ceiling on the number of times one can seek health care within a specified time period, and general education to change behaviors that abuse the scheme. Conclusion Attention should be focused on addressing the identified moral hazard behaviors and pursue cost containment strategies to ensure the smooth operation of the scheme and enhance its sustainability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1133-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Dalinjong PA, Welaga P, Azongo DK, Chatio S, Anaseba D, Kondayire F, Akazili J, Debpuur C, Oduro AR. A retrospective analysis of the association between tobacco smoking and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Kassena-Nankana districts of Northern Ghana. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:12. [PMID: 25937824 PMCID: PMC4416277 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0037-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is a public health problem, responsible for approximately six million deaths annually worldwide. It is a risk factor for many diseases including cancers, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In low-and middle-income countries, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases are important causes of death. Tobacco use is prevalent in Ghana, but no study had examined the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Hence the paper assessed the association between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in that region. METHODS The study used verbal autopsy data collected from the Kassena-Nankana East and West districts of the Upper East Region of Northern Ghana. Data from deceased individuals aged 15 to 59 years whose deaths occurred between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2011 and with a known cause as well as smoking status were analyzed. Two binary outcome variables were generated from the cause of death data; whether an individual died from respiratory diseases or not, and from cardiovascular diseases or not. Multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Out of 3,492 deaths with a known cause of death and smoking status, a third of them smoked. About 16.6% of smokers and 8.1% of non-smokers died from respiratory diseases. Approximately, 10.7% of smokers died from cardiovascular diseases compared to 10.6% of non-smokers. In multivariate analyses, individuals with a history of smoking had two-fold increased odds [OR=2.18, 95% CI (1.6-2.9)] of dying from respiratory diseases. Besides, the number of years of smoking as well as the frequency of smoking is significantly associated with deaths from respiratory diseases. No association existed between tobacco use and deaths from cardiovascular diseases. CONCLUSIONS Within our study we identified a strong relationship between tobacco use and deaths from respiratory diseases, but not an association with deaths from cardiovascular diseases. Our findings highlight the need to make appropriate health interventions to control tobacco use and thus help reduce premature deaths from respiratory and other tobacco linked diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Ayizem Dalinjong
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Daniel K Azongo
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Samuel Chatio
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Dominic Anaseba
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Felix Kondayire
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - James Akazili
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
| | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Post Office Box 114, Navrongo, Ghana Africa
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Streatfield PK, Khan WA, Bhuiya A, Hanifi SMA, Alam N, Bagagnan CH, Sié A, Zabré P, Lankoandé B, Rossier C, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Kone S, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Haile F, Melaku YA, Weldearegawi B, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Ansah P, Debpuur C, Oduro A, Wak G, Adjei A, Gyapong M, Sarpong D, Kant S, Misra P, Rai SK, Juvekar S, Lele P, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Laserson KF, Nyaguara A, Odhiambo FO, Phillips-Howard P, Ezeh A, Kyobutungi C, Oti S, Crampin A, Nyirenda M, Price A, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Douillot L, Sokhna C, Gómez-Olivé FX, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Herbst K, Mossong J, Chuc NTK, Bangha M, Sankoh OA, Byass P. Adult non-communicable disease mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25365. [PMID: 25377326 PMCID: PMC4220128 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a major global issue, as other categories of mortality have diminished and life expectancy has increased. The World Health Organization's Member States have called for a 25% reduction in premature NCD mortality by 2025, which can only be achieved by substantial reductions in risk factors and improvements in the management of chronic conditions. A high burden of NCD mortality among much older people, who have survived other hazards, is inevitable. The INDEPTH Network collects detailed individual data within defined Health and Demographic Surveillance sites. By registering deaths and carrying out verbal autopsies to determine cause of death across many such sites, using standardised methods, the Network seeks to generate population-based mortality statistics that are not otherwise available. Objective To describe patterns of adult NCD mortality from INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories, with separate consideration of premature (15–64 years) and older (65+ years) NCD mortality. Design All adult deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates. Results A total of 80,726 adult (over 15 years) deaths were documented over 7,423,497 person-years of observation. NCDs were attributed as the cause for 35.6% of these deaths. Slightly less than half of adult NCD deaths occurred in the 15–64 age group. Detailed results are presented by age and sex for leading causes of NCD mortality. Per-site rates of NCD mortality were significantly correlated with rates of HIV/AIDS-related mortality. Conclusions These findings present important evidence on the distribution of NCD mortality across a wide range of African and Asian settings. This comes against a background of global concern about the burden of NCD mortality, especially among adults aged under 70, and provides an important baseline for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kim Streatfield
- Matlab HDSS, Bangladesh; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Wasif A Khan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Bandarban HDSS, Bangladesh
| | - Abbas Bhuiya
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Syed M A Hanifi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Chakaria HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Equity and Health Systems, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul Alam
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; AMK HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Population, Urbanisation and Climate Change, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Cheik H Bagagnan
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Sié
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Pascal Zabré
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nouna HDSS, Burkina Faso; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Bruno Lankoandé
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Clementine Rossier
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdramane B Soura
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Siaka Kone
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eliezer K Ngoran
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Université Félix Houphoët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; , Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fisaha Haile
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Yohannes A Melaku
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Berhe Weldearegawi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilite-Awlaelo HDSS, Ethiopia; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Pierre Gomez
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Momodou Jasseh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Patrick Ansah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - George Wak
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Alexander Adjei
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India
| | - Doris Sarpong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India
| | - Shashi Kant
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Puneet Misra
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay K Rai
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ballabgarh HDSS, India; All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Juvekar
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Pallavi Lele
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Vadu HDSS, India; Vadu Rural Health Program, KEM Hospital Research Centre, Pune, India
| | - Evasius Bauni
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Mochamah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kayla F Laserson
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Amek Nyaguara
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Frank O Odhiambo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Penelope Phillips-Howard
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Alex Ezeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Kyobutungi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Oti
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amelia Crampin
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moffat Nyirenda
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Alison Price
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Delaunay
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laetitia Douillot
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - F Xavier Gómez-Olivé
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephen M Tollman
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kobus Herbst
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Joël Mossong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; National Health Laboratory, Surveillance & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Nguyen T K Chuc
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; FilaBavi HDSS, Vietnam; Health System Research, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Osman A Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Peter Byass
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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30
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Streatfield PK, Alam N, Compaoré Y, Rossier C, Soura AB, Bonfoh B, Jaeger F, Ngoran EK, Utzinger J, Gomez P, Jasseh M, Ansah A, Debpuur C, Oduro A, Williams J, Addei S, Gyapong M, Kukula VA, Bauni E, Mochamah G, Ndila C, Williams TN, Desai M, Moige H, Odhiambo FO, Ogwang S, Beguy D, Ezeh A, Oti S, Chihana M, Crampin A, Price A, Delaunay V, Diallo A, Douillot L, Sokhna C, Collinson MA, Kahn K, Tollman SM, Herbst K, Mossong J, Emina JBO, Sankoh OA, Byass P. Pregnancy-related mortality in Africa and Asia: evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites. Glob Health Action 2014; 7:25368. [PMID: 25377328 PMCID: PMC4220143 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v7.25368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Women continue to die in unacceptably large numbers around the world as a result of pregnancy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. Part of the problem is a lack of accurate, population-based information characterising the issues and informing solutions. Population surveillance sites, such as those operated within the INDEPTH Network, have the potential to contribute to bridging the information gaps.
Objective To describe patterns of pregnancy-related mortality at INDEPTH Network Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia in terms of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and cause-specific mortality rates. Design Data on individual deaths among women of reproductive age (WRA) (15–49) resident in INDEPTH sites were collated into a standardised database using the INDEPTH 2013 population standard, the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) standard, and the InterVA model for assigning cause of death. Results These analyses are based on reports from 14 INDEPTH sites, covering 14,198 deaths among WRA over 2,595,605 person-years observed. MMRs varied between 128 and 461 per 100,000 live births, while maternal mortality rates ranged from 0.11 to 0.74 per 1,000 person-years. Detailed rates per cause are tabulated, including analyses of direct maternal, indirect maternal, and incidental pregnancy-related deaths across the 14 sites. Conclusions As expected, these findings confirmed unacceptably high continuing levels of maternal mortality. However, they also demonstrate the effectiveness of INDEPTH sites and of the VA methods applied to arrive at measurements of maternal mortality that are essential for planning effective solutions and monitoring programmatic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kim Streatfield
- Matlab HDSS, Bangladesh; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana
| | - Nurul Alam
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; AMK HDSS, Bangladesh; Centre for Population, Urbanisation and Climate Change, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh
| | - Yacouba Compaoré
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Clementine Rossier
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; Institut d'Études Démographique et du parcours de vie, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Abdramane B Soura
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Ouagadougou HDSS, Burkina Faso; Institut Supérieur des Sciences de la Population, Université de Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabienne Jaeger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eliezer K Ngoran
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Félix Houphoët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Juerg Utzinger
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Taabo HDSS, Côte d'Ivoire; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Gomez
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Momodou Jasseh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Farafenni HDSS, The Gambia; Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, Fajara, The Gambia
| | - Akosua Ansah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Abraham Oduro
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - John Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Navrongo HDSS, Ghana; Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Sheila Addei
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Margaret Gyapong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana
| | - Vida A Kukula
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Dodowa HDSS, Ghana; Dodowa Health Research Centre, Dodowa, Ghana; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Evasius Bauni
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - George Mochamah
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Ndila
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Thomas N Williams
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kilifi HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Meghna Desai
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Hellen Moige
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Frank O Odhiambo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sheila Ogwang
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Kisumu HDSS, Kenya; KEMRI/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration and KEMRI Center for Global Health Research, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Donatien Beguy
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alex Ezeh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Oti
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Nairobi HDSS, Kenya; African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Menard Chihana
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia Crampin
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Price
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Karonga HDSS, Malawi; Karonga Prevention Study, Chilumba, Malawi; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Delaunay
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Aldiouma Diallo
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Laetitia Douillot
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh Sokhna
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Niakhar HDSS, Senegal; Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mark A Collinson
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Kahn
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephen M Tollman
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Agincourt HDSS, South Africa; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kobus Herbst
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Joël Mossong
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; Africa Centre HDSS, South Africa; Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Somkhele, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; National Health Laboratory, Surveillance & Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | | | - Osman A Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam;
| | - Peter Byass
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana; MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; WHO Collaborating Centre for Verbal Autopsy, Umeå Centre for Global Health Research, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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31
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Sankoh O, Welaga P, Debpuur C, Zandoh C, Gyaase S, Poma MA, Mutua MK, Hanifi SMMA, Martins C, Nebie E, Kagoné M, Emina JBO, Aaby P. The non-specific effects of vaccines and other childhood interventions: the contribution of INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:645-53. [PMID: 24920644 PMCID: PMC4052142 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyu101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most childhood interventions (vaccines, micronutrients) in low-income countries are justified by their assumed effect on child survival. However, usually the interventions have only been studied with respect to their disease/deficiency-specific effects and not for their overall effects on morbidity and mortality. In many situations, the population-based effects have been very different from the anticipated effects; for example, the measles-preventive high-titre measles vaccine was associated with 2-fold increased female mortality; BCG reduces neonatal mortality although children do not die of tuberculosis in the neonatal period; vitamin A may be associated with increased or reduced child mortality in different situations; effects of interventions may differ for boys and girls. The reasons for these and other contrasts between expectations and observations are likely to be that the immune system learns more than specific prevention from an intervention; such training may enhance or reduce susceptibility to unrelated infections. INDEPTH member centres have been in an ideal position to document such additional non-specific effects of interventions because they follow the total population long term. It is proposed that more INDEPTH member centres extend their routine data collection platform to better measure the use and effects of childhood interventions. In a longer perspective, INDEPTH may come to play a stronger role in defining health research issues of relevance to low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Sankoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (C
| | - Paul Welaga
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Cornelius Debpuur
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Charles Zandoh
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Stephney Gyaase
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Mary Atta Poma
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Martin Kavao Mutua
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - S M Manzoor Ahmed Hanifi
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Cesario Martins
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Eric Nebie
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Moubassira Kagoné
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques B O Emina
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Peter Aaby
- INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina FasoINDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam, Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, Ghana, Kintampo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo, Ghana, Dodowa Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, Dodowa, Ghana, African Population and Health Research Centre, Nairobi, Kenya, Chakaria Community Health Project Community Health Division, ICDDRB, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Bandim Health Project, Bandim, Guiné-Bissau and Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna (CRSN), Nouna, Burkina Faso
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Aborigo RA, Allotey P, Tindana P, Azongo D, Debpuur C. Cultural imperatives and the ethics of verbal autopsies in rural Ghana. Glob Health Action 2013; 6:18570. [PMID: 24054087 PMCID: PMC3779354 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.18570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to a paucity of statistics from vital registration systems in developing countries, the verbal autopsy (VA) approach has been used to obtain cause-specific mortality data by interviewing lay respondents on the signs and symptoms experienced by the deceased prior to death. In societies where the culture of mourning is adhered to, the use of VA could clash with traditional norms, thus warranting ethical consideration by researchers. Objective The study was designed to explore the ethics and cultural context of collecting VA information through a demographic and health surveillance system in the Kassena-Nankana District (KND) of Ghana. Study Design Data were collected through qualitative in-depth interviews (IDIs) with four field staff involved in the routine conduct of VAs, four physicians who code VAs, 20 selected respondents to the VA tool, and eight opinion leaders in the KND. The interviews were supplemented with observation by the researchers and with the field notes of field workers. Interviews were audio-recorded, and local language versions transcribed into English. Thematic analysis was performed using QSR NVivo 8 software. Results The data indicate that cultural sensitivities in VA procedures at both the individual and family levels need greater consideration not only for ethical reasons but also to ensure the quality of the data. Discussions of some deaths are culturally prohibited and therefore lead to refusal of interviews. Families were also concerned about the confidentiality of information because of the potential of blame for the death. VA teams do not necessarily engage in culturally appropriate bereavement practices such as the presentation of tokens. The desire by families for feedback on the cause of death, which is currently not provided by researchers, was frequently expressed. Finally, no standard exists on the culturally acceptable time interval between death and VA interviews. Conclusion Ethical issues need to be given greater consideration in the collection of cause of death data, and this can be achieved through the establishment of processes that allow active engagement with communities, authorities of civil registrations, and Institutional Review Boards to take greater account of local contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Aborigo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana; Global Public Health, MONASH University, Sunway Campus, Selangor, Malaysia; ;
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Hirve S, Gómez-Olivé X, Oti S, Debpuur C, Juvekar S, Tollman S, Blomstedt Y, Wall S, Ng N. Use of anchoring vignettes to evaluate health reporting behavior amongst adults aged 50 years and above in Africa and Asia--testing assumptions. Glob Health Action 2013; 6:21064. [PMID: 24011254 PMCID: PMC3765649 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v6i0.21064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comparing self-rating health responses across individuals and cultures is misleading due to different reporting behaviors. Anchoring vignettes is a technique that allows identifying and adjusting self-rating responses for reporting heterogeneity (RH). Objective This article aims to test two crucial assumptions of vignette equivalence (VE) and response consistency (RC) that are required to be met before vignettes can be used to adjust self-rating responses for RH. Design We used self-ratings, vignettes, and objective measures covering domains of mobility and cognition from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health, administered to older adults aged 50 years and above from eight low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Asia. For VE, we specified a hierarchical ordered probit (HOPIT) model to test for equality of perceived vignette locations. For RC, we tested for equality of thresholds that are used to rate vignettes with thresholds derived from objective measures and used to rate their own health function. Results There was evidence of RH in self-rating responses for difficulty in mobility and cognition. Assumptions of VE and RC between countries were violated driven by age, sex, and education. However, within a country context, assumption of VE was met in some countries (mainly in Africa, except Tanzania) and violated in others (mainly in Asia, except India). Conclusion We conclude that violation of assumptions of RC and VE precluded the use of anchoring vignettes to adjust self-rated responses for RH across countries in Asia and Africa.
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Oduro AR, Wak G, Azongo D, Debpuur C, Wontuo P, Kondayire F, Welaga P, Bawah A, Nazzar A, Williams J, Hodgson A, Binka F. Profile of the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System. Int J Epidemiol 2013; 41:968-76. [PMID: 22933645 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dys111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Located in the Kassena-Nankana districts of northern Ghana, the Navrongo health and demographic surveillance system (NHDSS) was established in 1992 by the Navrongo health research centre (NHRC). The NHRC is one of three research centres of the Ghana health service. The activities and potential of the NHDSS for collaborative research are described. The NHDSS monitors health and demographic dynamics of the two Kassena-Nankana districts of northern Ghana and facilitates evaluation of the morbidity and mortality impact of health and social interventions. The total population currently under surveillance is 152 000 residing in 32 000 households. Events monitored routinely include pregnancies, births, morbidity, deaths, migration, marriages and vaccination coverage. Data updates are done every 4 months by trained fieldworkers. The NHRC also undertakes biomedical and socio-economic studies. Additional features of the NHDSS include the community key informant system where trained volunteers routinely report key events, such as births and deaths as they occur in their locality and the verbal autopsy (VA) system for determining the probable causes of deaths that occur at the community level. Data from the NHDSS are shared with funders and collaborators and partners in the INDEPTH Network. The Director of the NHDSS is the contact person for potential collaboration with the NHDSS and the use of its data.
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Welaga P, Nielsen J, Adjuik M, Debpuur C, Ross DA, Ravn H, Benn CS, Aaby P. Non-specific effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and measles vaccinations? An analysis of surveillance data from Navrongo, Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1492-505. [PMID: 23006334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies from low-income countries have suggested that routine vaccinations may have non-specific effects on child mortality; measles vaccine (MV) is associated with lower mortality and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) with relatively higher mortality. We used data from Navrongo, Ghana, to examine the impact of vaccinations on child mortality. METHODS Vaccination status was assessed at the initiation of a trial of vitamin A supplementation and after 12 and 24 months of follow-up. Within the placebo group, we compared the mortality over the first 4 months and the full 2 years of follow-up for different vaccination status groups with different likelihoods of additional vaccinations during follow-up. The frequency of additional vaccinations was assessed among children whose vaccination card was seen at 12 and 24 months of follow-up. RESULTS Among children with a vaccination card, more than 75% received missing DTP or MV during the first 12 months of follow-up, whereas only 25% received these vaccines among children with no vaccination card at enrollment. Children without a card at enrollment had a significant threefold higher mortality over the 2-year follow-up period than those fully vaccinated. The small group of children with DTP3-4 but no MV at enrollment had lower mortality than children without a card and had the same mortality as fully vaccinated children. In contrast, children with 1-2 DTP doses but no MV had a higher mortality during the first 4 months than children without a card [MRR = 1.65 (0.95, 2.87)]; compared with the fully vaccinated children, they had significantly higher mortality after 4 months [MRR = 2.38 (1.07, 5.30)] and after 2 years [MRR = 2.41 (1.41, 4.15)]. Children with 0-2 DTP doses at enrollment had higher mortality after 4 months (MRR = 1.67 (0.82, 3.43) and after 2 years [MRR = 1.85 (1.16, 2.95)] than children who had all three doses of DTP at enrollment. CONCLUSIONS As hypothesised, DTP vaccination was associated with higher child mortality than measles vaccination. To optimise vaccination policies, routine vaccinations need to be evaluated in randomised trials measuring the impact on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Welaga
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Navrongo, Ghana Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK Bandim Health Project, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
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Baiden F, Baiden R, Williams J, Akweongo P, Clerk C, Debpuur C, Philips J, Hodgson A. Review of Antenatal-Linked Voluntary Counseling and HIV Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Lessons and Options for Ghana. Ghana Med J 2011; 39:8-13. [PMID: 17299534 PMCID: PMC1790809 DOI: 10.4314/gmj.v39i1.35974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryVoluntary counselling and HIV testing has become an integral part of HIV prevention and care programs in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa. A number of interventions offer potential to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission. These interventions, including antenatal and or intrapartum administration of antiretroviral drugs require the integration of voluntary counselling and HIV testing for pregnant women into antenatal care. Ghana's strategic framework for HIV control calls for the integration of voluntary counselling and HIV testing to antenatal care nationwide. It sets as target, the year 2005 when VCT would be widely available and accessible in the country. This paper reviews medline-indexed publications on antenatal-linked VCT programs of sub-Saharan Africa. Four critical themes were used in the medline search. These are acceptability, rates of return for test, disclosure of results vis-à-vis confidentiality and cost effectiveness. The growing consensuses on these issues are discussed in relations to the findings of a recent study conducted among 270 pregnant women in Navrongo in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana. Suggestions are made to guide the on-going pilot VCT and prevention of mother-to-child programs in Ghana. It is also suggested on the basis of the review and the findings of the Navrongo study that Ghana should explore options likely to promote universal access and overall acceptability. These include couple counselling, guarantee of confidentiality, free testing and continuum of care for mothers who are test positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baiden
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Upper East Region, Ghana
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Debpuur C, Welaga P, Wak G, Hodgson A. Self-reported health and functional limitations among older people in the Kassena-Nankana District, Ghana. Glob Health Action 2010; 3. [PMID: 20963186 PMCID: PMC2957305 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghana is experiencing significant increases in its ageing population, yet research on the health and quality of life of older people is limited. Lack of data on the health and well-being of older people in the country makes it difficult to monitor trends in the health status of adults and the impact of social policies on their health and welfare. Research on ageing is urgently required to provide essential data for policy formulation and programme implementation. Objective To describe the health status and identify factors associated with self-rated health (SRH) among older adults in a rural community in northern Ghana. Methods The data come from a survey on Adult Health and Ageing in the Kassena-Nankana District involving 4,584 people aged 50 and over. Survey participants answered questions pertaining to their health status, including self-rated overall health, perceptions of well-being and quality of life, and self-reported assessment of functioning on a range of different health domains. Socio-demographic information such as age, sex, marital status and education were obtained from a demographic surveillance database. Results The majority of older people rated their health status as good, with the oldest old reporting poorer health. Multivariate regression analysis showed that functional ability and sex are significant factors in SRH status. Adults with higher levels of functional limitations were much more likely to rate their health as being poorer compared with those having lower disabilities. Household wealth was significantly associated with SRH, with wealthier adults more likely to rate their health as good. Conclusion The depreciation in health and daily functioning with increasing age is likely to increase people's demand for health care and other services as they grow older. There is a need for regular monitoring of the health status of older people to provide public health agencies with the data they need to assess, protect and promote the health and well-being of older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Navrongo, Ghana
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Kowal P, Kahn K, Ng N, Naidoo N, Abdullah S, Bawah A, Binka F, Chuc NTK, Debpuur C, Ezeh A, Xavier Gómez-Olivé F, Hakimi M, Hirve S, Hodgson A, Juvekar S, Kyobutungi C, Menken J, Van Minh H, Mwanyangala MA, Razzaque A, Sankoh O, Kim Streatfield P, Wall S, Wilopo S, Byass P, Chatterji S, Tollman SM. Ageing and adult health status in eight lower-income countries: the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE collaboration. Glob Health Action 2010; 3. [PMID: 20959878 PMCID: PMC2957285 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, ageing impacts all countries, with a majority of older persons residing in lower- and middle-income countries now and into the future. An understanding of the health and well-being of these ageing populations is important for policy and planning; however, research on ageing and adult health that informs policy predominantly comes from higher-income countries. A collaboration between the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) and International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in developing countries (INDEPTH), with support from the US National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research (FAS), has resulted in valuable health, disability and well-being information through a first wave of data collection in 2006-2007 from field sites in South Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Ghana, Viet Nam, Bangladesh, Indonesia and India. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of the demographic and health characteristics of participating countries, describe the research collaboration and introduce the first dataset and outputs. METHODS Data from two SAGE survey modules implemented in eight Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) were merged with core HDSS data to produce a summary dataset for the site-specific and cross-site analyses described in this supplement. Each participating HDSS site used standardised training materials and survey instruments. Face-to-face interviews were conducted. Ethical clearance was obtained from WHO and the local ethical authority for each participating HDSS site. RESULTS People aged 50 years and over in the eight participating countries represent over 15% of the current global older population, and is projected to reach 23% by 2030. The Asian HDSS sites have a larger proportion of burden of disease from non-communicable diseases and injuries relative to their African counterparts. A pooled sample of over 46,000 persons aged 50 and over from these eight HDSS sites was produced. The SAGE modules resulted in self-reported health, health status, functioning (from the WHO Disability Assessment Scale (WHODAS-II)) and well-being (from the WHO Quality of Life instrument (WHOQoL) variables). The HDSS databases contributed age, sex, marital status, education, socio-economic status and household size variables. CONCLUSION The INDEPTH WHO-SAGE collaboration demonstrates the value and future possibilities for this type of research in informing policy and planning for a number of countries. This INDEPTH WHO-SAGE dataset will be placed in the public domain together with this open-access supplement and will be available through the GHA website (www.globalhealthaction.net) and other repositories. An improved dataset is being developed containing supplementary HDSS variables and vignette-adjusted health variables. This living collaboration is now preparing for a next wave of data collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kowal
- Multi-Country Studies Unit, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Ng N, Kowal P, Kahn K, Naidoo N, Abdullah S, Bawah A, Binka F, Chuc NTK, Debpuur C, Egondi T, Xavier Gómez-Olivé F, Hakimi M, Hirve S, Hodgson A, Juvekar S, Kyobutungi C, Van Minh H, Mwanyangala MA, Nathan R, Razzaque A, Sankoh O, Kim Streatfield P, Thorogood M, Wall S, Wilopo S, Byass P, Tollman SM, Chatterji S. Health inequalities among older men and women in Africa and Asia: evidence from eight Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in the INDEPTH WHO-SAGE Study. Glob Health Action 2010; 3. [PMID: 20967141 PMCID: PMC2958198 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v3i0.5420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Declining rates of fertility and mortality are driving demographic transition in all regions of the world, leading to global population ageing and consequently changing patterns of global morbidity and mortality. Understanding sex-related health differences, recognising groups at risk of poor health and identifying determinants of poor health are therefore very important for both improving health trajectories and planning for the health needs of ageing populations. Objectives To determine the extent to which demographic and socio-economic factors impact upon measures of health in older populations in Africa and Asia; to examine sex differences in health and further explain how these differences can be attributed to demographic and socio-economic determinants. Methods A total of 46,269 individuals aged 50 years and over in eight Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) sites within the INDEPTH Network were studied during 2006–2007 using an abbreviated version of the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) Wave I instrument. The survey data were then linked to longitudinal HDSS background information. A health score was calculated based on self-reported health derived from eight health domains. Multivariable regression and post-regression decomposition provide ways of measuring and explaining the health score gap between men and women. Results Older men have better self-reported health than older women. Differences in household socio-economic levels, age, education levels, marital status and living arrangements explained from about 82% and 71% of the gaps in health score observed between men and women in South Africa and Kenya, respectively, to almost nothing in Bangladesh. Different health domains contributed differently to the overall health scores for men and women in each country. Conclusion This study confirmed the existence of sex differences in self-reported health in low- and middle-income countries even after adjustments for differences in demographic and socio-economic factors. A decomposition analysis suggested that sex differences in health differed across the HDSS sites, with the greatest level of inequality found in Bangladesh. The analysis showed considerable variation in how differences in socio-demographic and economic characteristics explained the gaps in self-reported health observed between older men and women in African and Asian settings. The overall health score was a robust indicator of health, with two domains, pain and sleep/energy, contributing consistently across the HDSS sites. Further studies are warranted to understand other significant individual and contextual determinants to which these sex differences in health can be attributed. This will lay a foundation for a more evidence-based approach to resource allocation, and to developing health promotion programmes for older men and women in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawi Ng
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Centre for Global Health Research, Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Achana FS, Debpuur C, Akweongo P, Cleland J. Postpartum abstinence and risk of HIV among young mothers in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana. Cult Health Sex 2010; 12:569-581. [PMID: 20432081 DOI: 10.1080/13691051003783339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the role and shaping of postpartum abstinence on young mothers' sexual conduct and vulnerability to HIV infection in a rural setting of Northern Ghana. Young mothers in their mid-twenties to early-thirties and men married to young mothers were purposively selected for repeated semi-structured interviews. The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed and Nvivo software was used to organize and manage the data for analysis. In this setting, postpartum abstinence was perceived as a risk period for STIs due to increased male infidelity during this period. Yet, women's urge to take action to mitigate the risk of STIs is compromised by childbearing obligations. More assertive women, however, employ crafty and nifty protective strategies including the masturbation of their male partner when they perceive themselves at risk. We conclude that the advent of HIV and AIDS, coupled with improved access to sexual and reproductive health information and modern contraception, has eroded the logic of observance of postpartum abstinence in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana. Efforts should be made to facilitate easy access to modern contraceptives and HIV protection by rural women.
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Achan SF, Akweongo P, Debpuur C, Cleland J. Coping strategies of young mothers at risk of HIV/AIDS in the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Afr J Reprod Health 2009; 13:61-78. [PMID: 20687266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative study draws on interpretative principles with emphasis on understanding young mothers' vulnerability to HIV/AIDS and explores coping strategies used to mitigate risk of infection in a poor rural setting of Ghana. Young mothers in their mid-twenties to early thirties and their male partners were purposively selected with the assistance of key informants for repeated semi-structured interviews. Respondents included those in monogamous and polygynous marriages with two or more living children, and those with and without formal education. Young mothers in this study setting are confronted with complex realities as childbearing obligations make protective sex less optional. However, more assertive women insist their husbands use condoms when they perceive themselves at risk. We conclude that the advent of HIV may advance the cause of women's reproductive health empowerment by providing women with very strong reasons to minimize HIV risk within marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabastian F Achan
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ghana Health Service, PO Box 114, Upper East Region, Ghana.
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Duong L, Debpuur C, Kahn K. Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among School Pupils in Rural Ghana. Int J Infect Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.05.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Pence BW, Nyarko P, Phillips JF, Debpuur C. The effect of community nurses and health volunteers on child mortality: the Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project. Scand J Public Health 2008; 35:599-608. [PMID: 17852975 DOI: 10.1080/14034940701349225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite effective treatments and preventive measures for the major causes of child illness and death in less wealthy nations, child mortality remains high in resource-poor settings due in part to ineffective health service delivery models. METHODS The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a longitudinal community trial of alternative organizational strategies for health service delivery in a rural, impoverished area of Ghana. In one area, nurses are placed in communities with doorstep visitation and service responsibilities. A second area includes training of a local health volunteer and community involvement in health delivery. A third area combines both strategies. Under-five mortality rates were calculated and Poisson regression was used to adjust for potential confounding characteristics. RESULTS In areas with village-based community nurse services, under-five child mortality fell by 14% during five years of program implementation compared with before the intervention, with reductions in infant (5%), early child (18%), and late child (39%) mortality. The volunteer intervention was associated with a 14% increase in mortality, primarily driven by a 135% increase in early child mortality. Areas with both nurses and volunteers saw an 8% increase, with small increases in all age groups. Mortality in a comparison area with standard Ministry of Health services fell by 4% during the same time period. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that convenient, accessible professional nursing care can reduce child mortality in impoverished African settings. However, they do not demonstrate a beneficial effect of community volunteers and suggest a possible negative impact on children's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wells Pence
- Center for Health Policy, Health Inequalities Program, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0253, USA.
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Baiden F, Akanlu G, Hodgson A, Akweongo P, Debpuur C, Binka F. Using lay counsellors to promote community-based voluntary counselling and HIV testing in rural northern Ghana: a baseline survey on community acceptance and stigma. J Biosoc Sci 2007; 39:721-33. [PMID: 17207292 DOI: 10.1017/s0021932006001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Access to voluntary counselling and HIV testing (VCT) remains limited in most parts of Ghana with rural populations being the least served. Services remain facility-based and employ the use of an ever-dwindling number of health workers as counsellors. This study assessed approval for the use of lay counsellors to promote community-based voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and the extent of HIV/AIDS-related stigma in the Kassena-Nankana district of rural northern Ghana. A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of the tendency to stigmatize people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs). Focus group discussions were held and analytical coding of the data performed. The majority (91.1%) of the 403 respondents indicated a desire to know their HIV status. Most (88.1%) respondents considered locations outside of the health facility as preferred places for VCT. The majority (98.7%) of respondents approved the use of lay counsellors. About a quarter (24%) of respondents believed that it was possible to acquire HIV through sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA. About half (52.1%) of the respondents considered that a teacher with HIV/AIDS should not be allowed to teach, while 77.2% would not buy vegetables from a PLWHA. Respondents who believed that sharing a drinking cup with a PLWHA could transmit HIV infection (OR 2.50, 95%CI 1.52-4.11) and respondents without formal education (OR 2.94, 95%CI 1.38-6.27) were more likely to stigmatize PLWHAs. In contrast, respondents with knowledge of the availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs were less likely to do so (OR 0.40, 95%CI 0.22-0.73). Findings from the thirteen focus group discussions reinforced approval for community-based VCT and lay counsellors but revealed concerns about stigma and confidentiality. In conclusion, community-based VCT and the use of lay counsellors may be acceptable options for promoting access. Interventional studies are required to assess feasibility and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baiden
- Navrongo Health Research Center, Ghana Health Service, Navrongo, UER, Ghana
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Chattopadhyay A, White MJ, Debpuur C. Migrant fertility in Ghana: selection versus adaptation and disruption as causal mechanisms. Popul Stud (Camb) 2006; 60:189-203. [PMID: 16754251 DOI: 10.1080/00324720600646287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study presented in this paper is to disentangle the roles of three mechanisms -- selection, adaptation, and disruption -- in influencing migrant fertility in Ghana. Using data from the 1998 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, we fit Poisson and sequential logit regression models to discern the effects of the above mechanisms on cumulative fertility and annual probabilities of birth. Characteristics of migrants from four types of migration stream are examined and compared with those of non-migrants at origin and destination. We find substantial support for the selection hypothesis among both rural-urban and urban-rural migrants. Disruption is evident only in the fertility timing of second and higher-order births in Ghana. Our finding that migrants bear children at about the same rates as the natives at destination implies that the growth rate of cities will slow down quickly and that the rural population will continue to have high fertility. Thus to achieve a reduction in the national fertility level, family planning activities need to be directed towards rural areas.
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Ngom P, Debpuur C, Akweongo P, Adongo P, Binka FN. Gate-Keeping and Women's Health Seeking Behaviour in Navrongo, Northern Ghana. Afr J Reprod Health 2003. [DOI: 10.2307/3583341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ngom P, Debpuur C, Akweongo P, Adongo P, Binka FN. Gate-keeping and women's health seeking behaviour in Navrongo, northern Ghana. Afr J Reprod Health 2003; 7:17-26. [PMID: 12816310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana, compound heads and husbands impede women's prompt access to modern health care. This paper shows that such gate-keeping systems have a negative effect on child survival. To investigate the social construction of compound-based gate-keeping systems, the authors relied on a series of qualitative interviews conducted in the Kassena-Nankana district These data reveal that whilst compound heads are gate-keepers for spiritual reasons, husbands play such role for economic reasons. But more important, this article presents health interventions that are on trial in Navrongo (northen Ghana) and how they undermine such gate-keeping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Ngom
- African Population and Health Research Center, Population Council, P.O. Box 17643, Nairobi.
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Debpuur C, Phillips JF, Jackson EF, Nazzar A, Ngom P, Binka FN. The impact of the Navrongo Project on contraceptive knowledge and use, reproductive preferences, and fertility. Stud Fam Plann 2002; 33:141-64. [PMID: 12132635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2002.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project is a quasi-experimental study designed to test the hypothesis that introducing health and family planning services in a traditional African societal setting will introduce reproductive change. This article presents the impact of the initial three years of project exposure on contraceptive knowledge, awareness of supply sources, reproductive preferences, contraceptive use, and fertility. Findings show that knowledge of methods and supply sources increased as a result of exposure to project activities and that deployment of nurses to communities was associated with the emergence of preferences to limit childbearing. Fertility impact is evident in all treatment cells, most prominently in areas where nurse-outreach activities are combined with strategies for involving traditional leaders and male volunteers in promoting the program. In this combined cell, the initial three years of project exposure reduced the total fertility rate by one birth, comprising a 15 percent fertility decline relative to fertility levels in comparison communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Debpuur
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Navrongo Upper East Region, Ghana
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Adongo PB, Phillips JF, Kajihara B, Fayorsey C, Debpuur C, Binka FN. Cultural factors constraining the introduction of family planning among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Soc Sci Med 1997; 45:1789-804. [PMID: 9447629 DOI: 10.1016/s0277-9536(97)00110-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a focus group investigation of reasons why women in a rural, Sahelian community are reluctant to adopt family planning even when convenient services are made freely available. First, women opting to practice contraception must do so at considerable risk of social ostracism or familial conflict. Implementing individual preference is something that must be done without the support of others. Second, few women view personal decisions about contraceptives as theirs to make. Women and children are the property of the corporate family-kin and community militate against reproductive control. Third, although children are highly valued for a variety of economic, social, and cultural reasons, mortality risks remain extremely high. Low fertility imposes the unacceptable risk that a woman will have no surviving children at the end of her reproductive life. Taken together, these findings attest to the inadequacy of service strategies focused on the contribution of distribution, individual agency, or personal choice. Outreach should also build a sense of community legitimacy for the program, collective health action, and traditional leadership support for family planning behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Adongo
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Upper East Region, Ghana
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Nazzar A, Adongo PB, Binka FN, Phillips JF, Debpuur C. Developing a culturally appropriate family planning program for the Navrongo experiment. Stud Fam Plann 1995; 26:307-24. [PMID: 8826071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the first six months of the strategic planning process to develop a culturally appropriate community health and family planning program for a traditional community in a district of northern Ghana, served by the Navrongo Health Research Centre. To explain the context within which fertility decisions are made, this article describes the district's severe ecological, social, economic, and health constraints to family planning. It discusses related programmatic obstacles and presents the strategies developed to respond to them. A system of care has been developed that is closely coordinated with traditional leaders and communication networks. Management systems support outreach workers by emphasizing the importance of peer leadership, supervisory support, and community liaison in the implementation of village-based services. A large-scale experiment will be fielded to test the demographic impact of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nazzar
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Ministry of Health, Ghana
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