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Srinivasan AJ, Secunda ZA, Mota-Alvidrez RI, Luc NF, Disharoon D, Traylor B, Pawlowski CL, Brown JB, Bruckman MA, Sen Gupta A, Neal MD. Platelet-inspired synthetic nanoparticles improve hemostasis and hemodynamics in a rabbit model of abdominal hemorrhage. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 96:101-108. [PMID: 38057963 PMCID: PMC10746291 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000003938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early platelet transfusion is associated with reduced mortality in traumatic hemorrhage. However, platelet usage is severely limited because of the challenges of donor availability, platelet portability, and storage. Here, we report on a bioinspired synthetic platelet (SP) nanoconstruct that utilizes liposome surface-decoration with peptides that mimic injury site-specific platelet adhesion to von Willebrand Factor and collagen, and fibrinogen-mediated platelet aggregation. Synthetic platelet has previously shown promising hemostatic outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Here, we evaluated hemostasis and hemodynamic effects of SP in a rabbit model of abdominal hemorrhage. METHODS Twenty-three adult male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5-3.5 kg) were treated with either buffer, control particles (CPs), or SP. Under general anesthesia with invasive monitoring, rabbits underwent laparotomy with combined splenic and hepatic injury. Hemodynamics were monitored for 30 minutes and blood loss was quantified. Blood counts, aggregometry, catecholamine and platelet factor 4 (PF4) assays were performed at multiple timepoints. Analysis used analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey testing with α = 0.05. RESULTS Rabbits in the SP (n = 7) group had significantly lower weight-normalized blood loss compared with both buffer (n = 8) and CP (n = 8) animals (21.1 vs. 33.2 vs. 40.4 g/kg, p < 0.001). Synthetic platelet-treated animals had higher systolic blood pressure area under curve compared with buffer- and CP-treated animals (1567 vs. 1281 vs. 1109 mm Hg*min, p = 0.006), although post hoc differences were only significant for the SP/CP comparison ( p = 0.005). Platelet counts, catecholamine levels, PF4, and aggregometry were similar between groups. CONCLUSION Synthetic platelet treatment significantly reduced blood loss and improved hemodynamics in a rabbit abdominal hemorrhage model. Synthetic platelet has potential as an intravenous hemostatic platelet surrogate with donor-independent availability and scalable manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amudan J. Srinivasan
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Zachary A. Secunda
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Roberto I. Mota-Alvidrez
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | - Norman F. Luc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Dante Disharoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | | | | | - Joshua B. Brown
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
| | | | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Matthew D. Neal
- Trauma and Transfusion Medicine Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15213
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Valdera FA, Nuutila K, Varon DE, Cooper LE, Chapa J, Christy S, Luc NF, Ditto A, Bruckman MA, Gupta AS, Chan RK, Carlsson AH. Topical Synthetic Platelets Loaded With Gentamicin Decrease Bacteria in Deep Partial-Thickness Burns. J Surg Res 2023; 291:167-175. [PMID: 37422958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolonged inflammation and infection in burns may cause inadequate healing. Platelet granules contain anti-inflammatory mediators that impact wound healing. Synthetic platelets (SPs) avoid portability and storage difficulties of natural platelets and can be loaded with bioactive agents. We evaluated wound healing outcomes in deep partial-thickness (DPT) burns treated topically with SP loaded with antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty DPT burns were created on the dorsum of two Red Duroc hybrid pigs. Six wounds were randomized into five groups: SP alone, SP loaded with gentamicin vesicles, SP with gentamicin mixture, vehicle control (saline), or dry gauze. Wounds were assessed from postburn days 3-90. Primary outcome was re-epithelialization percentage at postburn day 28. Secondary outcomes included wound contraction percentage, superficial blood flow relative to normal skin controls, and bacterial load score. RESULTS Results showed that re-epithelialization with the standard of care (SOC) was 98%, SP alone measured 100%, SP loaded with gentamicin vesicles was 100%, and SP with gentamicin mixture was 100%. Wound contraction was 5.7% in the SOC and was ∼10% in both the SP loaded with gentamicin vesicles and SP with gentamicin mixture groups. Superficial blood flow in the SOC was 102.5%, SP alone was 170%, the SP loaded was 155%, and gentamicin mixture 162.5%. Bacterial load score in the SOC was 2.2/5.0 and was significantly less at 0.8/5.0 in SP loaded with gentamicin vesicles (P > 0.05). SP and gentamicin mixture scored 2.7 and 2.3/5.0. CONCLUSIONS Topical SP treatment did not significantly improve outcomes. However, SP loaded with gentamicin-infused vesicles decreased bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin A Valdera
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Kristo Nuutila
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - David E Varon
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Laura E Cooper
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Javier Chapa
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | | | - Norman F Luc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rodney K Chan
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Anders H Carlsson
- United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas; Metis Foundation, San Antonio, Texas.
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Guillaumin J, Satchell PW, Yaxley PE, Bruckman MA, Sen Gupta A. Safety profile of repeated infusion of platelet-like nanoparticles in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2022; 83:ajvr.22.04.0069. [PMID: 35895758 PMCID: PMC10071578 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.04.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and efficacy of the platelet-like nanoparticle (PLN), and to assess its safety in repeated administration. ANIMALS 6 purpose-bred dogs. PROCEDURES The PLN was administered IV at 3 different doses using a randomized crossover design. Each dog received a full dose of 8 X 1010 particles/10 kg, half dose, and 10 times the dose, with a 14-day washout period between doses. Biochemical, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen analyses were performed at baseline and 96 hours postinfusion. A CBC, kaolin-activated thromboelastography, platelet function assay closure time, and buccal mucosal bleeding time were performed at baseline and 1, 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postinfusion. RESULTS No significant changes were observed over time in the thromboelastography parameters, closure time, and buccal mucosal bleeding time. After the administration of the half dose, hematocrit levels decreased significantly at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 96 hours, with all values within the reference range. The platelet count was decreased significantly at hours 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 after administration of the half dose, with values less than the reference range at all hours but hour 72. No significant changes in serum biochemistry, coagulation panel, and fibrinogen were observed for all doses. No adverse events were noted during the first infusion. Three dogs experienced transient sedation and nausea after repeat infusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The PLN resulted in a dilution of hematocrit and platelets, and did not significantly alter hemostasis negatively. The safety of repeated doses should be investigated further in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Guillaumin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Patrick W Satchell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Page E Yaxley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | | | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Abstract
Nature has designed nanosized particles, specifically viruses, equipped to deliver cargo to cells. We report the chemical bioconjugation and shape shifting of a hollow, rod-shaped tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to dense spherical nanoparticles (SNPs). We describe methods to transform TMV rods to spheres, load TMV rods and spheres with the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX), to deliver modified particles to breast cancer cells, and to determine the IC50 values of the plant virus-based drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- NanoBio Systems, Elyria, OH, USA.
| | - Anna E Czapar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Bruckman MA, Czapar AE, VanMeter A, Randolph LN, Steinmetz NF. Tobacco mosaic virus-based protein nanoparticles and nanorods for chemotherapy delivery targeting breast cancer. J Control Release 2016; 231:103-13. [PMID: 26941034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems are required for drug targeting to avoid adverse effects associated with chemotherapy treatment regimes. Our approach is focused on the study and development of plant virus-based materials as drug delivery systems; specifically, this work focuses on the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Native TMV forms a hollow, high aspect-ratio nanotube measuring 300×18nm with a 4nm-wide central channel. Heat-transformation can be applied to TMV yielding spherical nanoparticles (SNPs) measuring ~50nm in size. While bioconjugate chemistries have been established to modify the TMV rod, such methods have not yet been described for the SNP platform. In this work, we probed the reactivity of SNPs toward bioconjugate reactions targeting lysine, glutamine/aspartic acid, and cysteine residues. We demonstrate functionalization of SNPs using these chemistries yielding efficient payload conjugation. In addition to covalent labeling techniques, we developed encapsulation techniques, where the cargo is loaded into the SNP during heat-transition from rod-to-sphere. Finally, we developed TMV and SNP formulations loaded with the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin, and we demonstrate the application of TMV rods and spheres for chemotherapy delivery targeting breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anna E Czapar
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Allen VanMeter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren N Randolph
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Worden M, Bruckman MA, Kim MH, Steinmetz NF, Kikkawa JM, LaSpina C, Hegmann T. Aqueous synthesis of polyhedral "brick-like" iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia and T2 MRI contrast enhancement. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6877-6884. [PMID: 26693011 PMCID: PMC4675363 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01138h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A low temperature, aqueous synthesis of polyhedral iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is presented. The modification of the co-precipitation hydrolysis method with Triton X surfactants results in the formation of crystalline polyhedral particles. The particles are herein termed iron oxide "nanobricks" (IONBs) as the variety of particles made are all variations on a simple "brick-like" rhombohedral shape as evaluated by TEM. These IONBs can be easily coated with hydrophilic silane ligands, allowing them to be dispersed in aqueous media. The dispersed particles are investigated for potential applications as hyperthermia and T2 MRI contrast agents. The results demonstrate that the IONBs perform better than comparable spherical IONPs in both applications, and show r2 values amongst the highest for iron oxide based materials reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Worden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH ; Departments of Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - James M Kikkawa
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Catherine LaSpina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH ; Liquid Crystal Institute, Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH
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Bruckman MA, Randolph LN, Gulati NM, Stewart PL, Steinmetz NF. Silica-coated Gd(DOTA)-loaded protein nanoparticles enable magnetic resonance imaging of macrophages. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7503-7510. [PMID: 26659591 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01014d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The molecular imaging of in vivo targets allows non-invasive disease diagnosis. Nanoparticles offer a promising platform for molecular imaging because they can deliver large payloads of imaging reagents to the site of disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often preferred for clinical diagnosis because it uses non-ionizing radiation and offers both high spatial resolution and excellent penetration. We have explored the use of plant viruses as the basis of for MRI contrast reagents, specifically Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which can assemble to form either stiff rods or spheres. We loaded TMV particles with paramagnetic Gd ions, increasing the ionic relaxivity compared to free Gd ions. The loaded TMV particles were then coated with silica maintaining high relaxivities. Interestingly, we found that when Gd(DOTA) was loaded into the interior channel of TMV and the exterior was coated with silica, the T1 relaxivities increased by three-fold from 10.9 mM-1 s-1 to 29.7 mM-1s-1 at 60 MHz compared to uncoated Gd-loaded TMV. To test the performance of the contrast agents in a biological setting, we focused on interactions with macrophages because the active or passive targeting of immune cells is a popular strategy to investigate the cellular components involved in disease progression associated with inflammation. In vitro assays and phantom MRI experiments indicate efficient targeting and imaging of macrophages, enhanced contrast-to-noise ratio was observed by shape-engineering (SNP > TMV) and silica-coating (Si-TMV/SNP > TMV/SNP). Because plant viruses are in the food chain, antibodies may be prevalent in the population. Therefore we investigated whether the silica-coating could prevent antibody recognition; indeed our data indicate that mineralization can be used as a stealth coating option to reduce clearance. Therefore, we conclude that the silica-coated protein-based contrast agent may provide an interesting candidate material for further investigation for in vivo delineation of disease through macrophage imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Radiology, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cleveland, OH ; Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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8
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Bruckman MA, VanMeter A, Steinmetz NF. Nanomanufacturing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Spherical Biomaterials Using a Continuous Flow Method. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2014; 1:13-18. [PMID: 25984569 PMCID: PMC4426350 DOI: 10.1021/ab500059s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Nanomanufacturing of nanoparticles
is critical for potential translation
and commercialization. Continuous flow devices can alleviate this
need through unceasing production of nanoparticles. Here we demonstrate
the scaled-up production of spherical nanoparticles functionalized
with biomedical cargos from the rod-shaped plant virus tobacco mosaic
virus (TMV) using a mesofluidic, continued flow method. Production
yields were increased 30-fold comparing the mesofluidic device versus
batch methods. Finally, we produced MRI contrast agents of select
sizes, with per particle relaxivity reaching 979,218 mM–1 s–1 at 60 MHz. These TMV-based spherical nanoparticle
MRI contrast agents are in the top echelon of relaxivity per nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Allen VanMeter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Radiology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Macromolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University Schools of Medicine and Engineering , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Abstract
Viral nanoparticles derived from tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) find applications in various fields. We report the purification and chemical modification of TMV which is a hollow rod-shaped plant viral nanoparticle with modifiable interior and exterior surfaces. We describe methods to isolate TMV from its tobacco plant host for spatially controlled interior and exterior chemical modification and to characterize the resulting TMV hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technique capable of obtaining high-resolution anatomical images of the body. Major drawbacks of MRI are the low contrast agent sensitivity and inability to distinguish healthy tissue from diseased tissue, making early detection challenging. To address this technological hurdle, paramagnetic contrast agents have been developed to increase the longitudinal relaxivity, leading to an increased signal-to-noise ratio. This review focuses on methods and principles that enabled the design and engineering of nanoparticles to deliver contrast agents with enhanced ionic relaxivities. Different engineering strategies and nanoparticle platforms will be compared in terms of their manufacturability, biocompatibility properties, and their overall potential to make an impact in clinical MR imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Bruckman MA, Hern S, Jiang K, Flask CA, Yu X, Steinmetz NF. Tobacco mosaic virus rods and spheres as supramolecular high-relaxivity MRI contrast agents. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:1482-1490. [PMID: 23589767 DOI: 10.1039/c3tb00461a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To compensate for the low sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), nanoparticles have been developed to deliver high payloads of contrast agents to sites of disease. Here, we report the development of supramolecular MRI contrast agents using the plant viral nanoparticle tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Rod-shaped TMV nanoparticles measuring 300×18 nm were loaded with up to 3,500 or 2,000 chelated paramagnetic gadolinium (III) ions selectively at the interior (iGd-TMV) or exterior (eGd-TMV) surface, respectively. Spatial control is achieved through targeting either tyrosine or carboxylic acid side chains on the solvent exposed exterior or interior TMV surface. The ionic T1 relaxivity per Gd ion (at 60 MHz) increases from 4.9 mM-1s-1 for free Gd(DOTA) to 18.4 mM-1s-1 for eGd-TMV and 10.7 mM-1s-1 for iGd-TMV. This equates to T1 values of ~ 30,000 mM-1s-1 and ~ 35,000 mM-1s-1 per eGd-TMV and iGd-TMV nanoparticle. Further, we show that interior-labeled TMV rods can undergo thermal transition to form 170 nm-sized spherical nanoparticles containing ~ 25,000 Gd chelates and a per particle relaxivity of almost 400,000 mM-1s-1 (15.2 mM-1s-1 per Gd). This work lays the foundation for the use of TMV as a contrast agent for MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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12
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Abstract
The use of nanomaterials has the potential to revolutionize materials science and medicine. Currently, a number of different nanoparticles are being investigated for applications in imaging and therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) derived from plants can be regarded as self-assembled bionanomaterials with defined sizes and shapes. Plant viruses under investigation in the Steinmetz lab include icosahedral particles formed by Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and Brome mosaic virus (BMV), both of which are 30 nm in diameter. We are also developing rod-shaped and filamentous structures derived from the following plant viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), which forms rigid rods with dimensions of 300 nm by 18 nm, and Potato virus X (PVX), which form filamentous particles 515 nm in length and 13 nm in width (the reader is referred to refs. (1) and (2) for further information on VNPs). From a materials scientist's point of view, VNPs are attractive building blocks for several reasons: the particles are monodisperse, can be produced with ease on large scale in planta, are exceptionally stable, and biocompatible. Also, VNPs are "programmable" units, which can be specifically engineered using genetic modification or chemical bioconjugation methods. The structure of VNPs is known to atomic resolution, and modifications can be carried out with spatial precision at the atomic level, a level of control that cannot be achieved using synthetic nanomaterials with current state-of-the-art technologies. In this paper, we describe the propagation of CPMV, PVX, TMV, and BMV in Vigna ungiuculata and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Extraction and purification protocols for each VNP are given. Methods for characterization of purified and chemically-labeled VNPs are described. In this study, we focus on chemical labeling of VNPs with fluorophores (e.g. Alexa Fluor 647) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). The dyes facilitate tracking and detection of the VNPs, and PEG reduces immunogenicity of the proteinaceous nanoparticles while enhancing their pharmacokinetics. We demonstrate tumor homing of PEGylated VNPs using a mouse xenograft tumor model. A combination of fluorescence imaging of tissues ex vivo using Maestro Imaging System, fluorescence quantification in homogenized tissues, and confocal microscopy is used to study biodistribution. VNPs are cleared via the reticuloendothelial system (RES); tumor homing is achieved passively via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The VNP nanotechnology is a powerful plug-and-play technology to image and treat sites of disease in vivo. We are further developing VNPs to carry drug cargos and clinically-relevant imaging moieties, as well as tissue-specific ligands to target molecular receptors overexpressed in cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University
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13
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Yin Z, Nguyen HG, Chowdhury S, Bentley P, Bruckman MA, Miermont A, Gildersleeve JC, Wang Q, Huang X. Tobacco mosaic virus as a new carrier for tumor associated carbohydrate antigens. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1694-703. [PMID: 22812480 DOI: 10.1021/bc300244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are being actively studied as targets for antitumor vaccine development. One serious challenge was the low immunogenecity of these antigens. Herein, we report the results of using the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) capsid as a promising carrier of a weakly immunogenic TACA, the monomeric Tn antigen. The copper(I) catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction was highly efficient in covalently linking Tn onto the TMV capsid without resorting to a large excess of the Tn antigen. The location of Tn attachment turned out to be important. Tn introduced at the N terminus of TMV was immunosilent, while that attached to tyrosine 139 elicited strong immune responses. Both Tn specific IgG and IgM antibodies were generated as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a glycan microarray screening study. The production of high titers of IgG antibodies suggested that the TMV platform contained the requisite epitopes for helper T cells and was able to induce antibody isotype switching. The antibodies exhibited strong reactivities toward Tn antigen displayed in its native environment, i.e., cancer cell surface, thus highlighting the potential of TMV as a promising TACA carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Building, Room 426, 578 S. Shaw Lane, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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14
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Zhou JC, Soto CM, Chen MS, Bruckman MA, Moore MH, Barry E, Ratna BR, Pehrsson PE, Spies BR, Confer TS. Biotemplating rod-like viruses for the synthesis of copper nanorods and nanowires. J Nanobiotechnology 2012; 10:18. [PMID: 22548773 PMCID: PMC3474170 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade spherical and rod-like viruses have been used for the design and synthesis of new kind of nanomaterials with unique chemical positioning, shape, and dimensions in the nanosize regime. Wild type and genetic engineered viruses have served as excellent templates and scaffolds for the synthesis of hybrid materials with unique properties imparted by the incorporation of biological and organic moieties and inorganic nanoparticles. Although great advances have been accomplished, still there is a broad interest in developing reaction conditions suitable for biological templates while not limiting the material property of the product. Results We demonstrate the controlled synthesis of copper nanorods and nanowires by electroless deposition of Cu on three types of Pd-activated rod-like viruses. Our aqueous solution-based method is scalable and versatile for biotemplating, resulting in Cu-nanorods 24–46 nm in diameter as measured by transmission electron microscopy. Cu2+ was chemically reduced onto Pd activated tobacco mosaic virus, fd and M13 bacteriophages to produce a complete and uniform Cu coverage. The Cu coating was a combination of Cu0 and Cu2O as determined by X- ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. A capping agent, synthesized in house, was used to disperse Cu-nanorods in aqueous and organic solvents. Likewise, reactions were developed to produce Cu-nanowires by metallization of polyaniline-coated tobacco mosaic virus. Conclusions Synthesis conditions described in the current work are scalable and amenable for biological templates. The synthesized structures preserve the dimensions and shape of the rod-like viruses utilized during the study. The current work opens the possibility of generating a variety of nanorods and nanowires of different lengths ranging from 300 nm to micron sizes. Such biological-based materials may find ample use in nanoelectronics, sensing, and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing C Zhou
- Naval Research Laboratory, Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington DC 20375, USA
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Bruckman MA, Soto CM, McDowell H, Liu JL, Ratna BR, Korpany KV, Zahr OK, Blum AS. Role of hexahistidine in directed nanoassemblies of tobacco mosaic virus coat protein. ACS Nano 2011; 5:1606-16. [PMID: 21361370 DOI: 10.1021/nn1025719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A common challenge in nanotechnology is the fabrication of materials with well-defined nanoscale structure and properties. Here we report that a genetically engineered tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP), to which a hexahistidine (His) tag was incorporated, can self-assemble into disks, hexagonally packed arrays of disks, stacked disks, helical rods, fibers, and elongated rafts. The insertion of a His tag to the C-terminus of TMV-CP was shown to significantly affect the self-assembly in comparison to the wild type, WT-TMV-CP. Furthermore, the His tag interactions attributed to the alternative self-assembly of His-TMV-CP can be controlled through ethanol and nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) additions as monitored with atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Bruckman
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20375, United States
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Wu L, Zang J, Lee LA, Niu Z, Horvatha GC, Braxtona V, Wibowo AC, Bruckman MA, Ghoshroy S, zur Loye HC, Li X, Wang Q. Electrospinning fabrication, structural and mechanical characterization of rod-like virus-based composite nanofibers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm00078k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Bruckman MA, Liu J, Koley G, Li Y, Benicewicz B, Niu Z, Wang Q. Tobacco mosaic virus based thin film sensor for detection of volatile organic compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00634c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Li T, Wu L, Suthiwangcharoen N, Bruckman MA, Cash D, Hudson JS, Ghoshroy S, Wang Q. Controlled assembly of rodlike viruses with polymers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2869-71. [PMID: 19436893 DOI: 10.1039/b901995b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A practical method to assemble rodlike tobacco mosaic virus and bateriophage M13 with polymers was developed, which afforded a 3D core-shell composite with morphological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Bruckman MA, Kaur G, Lee LA, Xie F, Sepulveda J, Breitenkamp R, Zhang X, Joralemon M, Russell TP, Emrick T, Wang Q. Cover Picture: Surface Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus with “Click” Chemistry (ChemBioChem 4/2008). Chembiochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200890009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bruckman MA, Kaur G, Lee LA, Xie F, Sepulveda J, Breitenkamp R, Zhang X, Joralemon M, Russell TP, Emrick T, Wang Q. Surface Modification of Tobacco Mosaic Virus with “Click” Chemistry. Chembiochem 2008; 9:519-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Niu Z, Liu J, Lee LA, Bruckman MA, Zhao D, Koley G, Wang Q. Biological templated synthesis of water-soluble conductive polymeric nanowires. Nano Lett 2007; 7:3729-3733. [PMID: 18020388 DOI: 10.1021/nl072134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) conductive nanowire is one of the most important components for the development of nanosized electronic devices, sensors, and energy storage units. Great progresses have been made to prepare the 1D-conducting polymeric nanofibers by the low concentration process or the synthesis with hard or soft templates. However, it still remains as a great challenge to prepare polymeric nanofibers with narrow dispersity, high aspect ratio, and good processibility. With the rod-like tobacco mosaic virus as the template, 1D-conducting polyaniline and polypyrrole nanowires can be readily prepared via a hierarchical assembly process. This synthesis discloses a unique way to produce composite fibrillar materials with controlled morphology and great processibility, which can promote many potential applications including electronics, optics, sensing, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Niu Z, Bruckman MA, Li S, Lee LA, Lee B, Pingali SV, Thiyagarajan P, Wang Q. Assembly of tobacco mosaic virus into fibrous and macroscopic bundled arrays mediated by surface aniline polymerization. Langmuir 2007; 23:6719-24. [PMID: 17474763 DOI: 10.1021/la070096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) polyaniline/tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) composite nanofibers and macroscopic bundles of such fibers were generated via a self-assembly process of TMV assisted by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the surface of TMV. At near-neutral reaction pH, branched polyaniline formed on the surface of TMV preventing lateral association. Therefore, long 1D nanofibers were observed with high aspect ratios and excellent processibility. At a lower pH, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that initially long nanofibers were formed which resulted in bundled structures upon long-time reaction, presumably mediated by the hydrophobic interaction because of the polyaniline on the surface of TMV. In-situ time-resolved small-angle X-ray scattering study of TMV at different reaction conditions supported this mechanism. This novel strategy to assemble TMV into 1D and 3D supramolecular composites could be utilized in the fabrication of advanced materials for potential applications including electronics, optics, sensing, and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Nanocenter, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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