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Dar GH, Mendes CC, Kuan WL, Speciale AA, Conceição M, Görgens A, Uliyakina I, Lobo MJ, Lim WF, El Andaloussi S, Mäger I, Roberts TC, Barker RA, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Wood MJA. Author Correction: GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7357. [PMID: 34916508 PMCID: PMC8677793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27700-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Cláudia C Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Wei-Li Kuan
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Alfina A Speciale
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Mariana Conceição
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholme, Sweden
| | - Inna Uliyakina
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Wooi F Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholme, Sweden
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Deborah C I Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK.
- Oxford-Harrington Rare Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK.
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Dar GH, Mendes CC, Kuan WL, Speciale AA, Conceição M, Görgens A, Uliyakina I, Lobo MJ, Lim WF, El Andaloussi S, Mäger I, Roberts TC, Barker RA, Goberdhan DCI, Wilson C, Wood MJA. GAPDH controls extracellular vesicle biogenesis and enhances the therapeutic potential of EV mediated siRNA delivery to the brain. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6666. [PMID: 34795295 PMCID: PMC8602309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles with important roles in intercellular communication, and potential as drug delivery vehicles. Here we demonstrate a role for the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) in EV assembly and secretion. We observe high levels of GAPDH binding to the outer surface of EVs via a phosphatidylserine binding motif (G58), which promotes extensive EV clustering. Further studies in a Drosophila EV biogenesis model reveal that GAPDH is required for the normal generation of intraluminal vesicles in endosomal compartments, and promotes vesicle clustering. Fusion of the GAPDH-derived G58 peptide to dsRNA-binding motifs enables highly efficient loading of small interfering RNA (siRNA) onto the EV surface. Such vesicles efficiently deliver siRNA to multiple anatomical regions of the brain in a Huntington's disease mouse model after systemic injection, resulting in silencing of the huntingtin gene in different regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hassan Dar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Cláudia C Mendes
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Wei-Li Kuan
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Alfina A Speciale
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Mariana Conceição
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - André Görgens
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholme, Sweden
| | - Inna Uliyakina
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Wooi F Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, 14186, Stockholme, Sweden
| | - Imre Mäger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Thomas C Roberts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Deborah C I Goberdhan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Clive Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
- MDUK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK.
- Oxford-Harrington Rare Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 9DU, UK.
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Abstract
The field of cAMP signaling is witnessing exciting developments with the recognition that cAMP is compartmentalized and that spatial regulation of cAMP is critical for faithful signal coding. This realization has changed our understanding of cAMP signaling from a model in which cAMP connects a receptor at the plasma membrane to an intracellular effector in a linear pathway to a model in which cAMP signals propagate within a complex network of alternative branches and the specific functional outcome strictly depends on local regulation of cAMP levels and on selective activation of a limited number of branches within the network. In this review, we cover some of the early studies and summarize more recent evidence supporting the model of compartmentalized cAMP signaling, and we discuss how this knowledge is starting to provide original mechanistic insight into cell physiology and a novel framework for the identification of disease mechanisms that potentially opens new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zerio
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lobo MJ, Reverte-Salisa L, Chao YC, Koschinski A, Gesellchen F, Subramaniam G, Jiang H, Pace S, Larcom N, Paolocci E, Pfeifer A, Zanivan S, Zaccolo M. Phosphodiesterase 2A2 regulates mitochondria clearance through Parkin-dependent mitophagy. Commun Biol 2020; 3:596. [PMID: 33087821 PMCID: PMC7578833 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy, an essential process to maintain mitochondrial homeostasis, is not completely understood. Here we uncover a regulatory process that controls mitophagy and involves the cAMP-degrading enzyme phosphodiesterase 2A2 (PDE2A2). We find that PDE2A2 is part of a mitochondrial signalosome at the mitochondrial inner membrane where it interacts with the mitochondrial contact site and organizing system (MICOS). As part of this compartmentalised signalling system PDE2A2 regulates PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the MICOS component MIC60, resulting in modulation of Parkin recruitment to the mitochondria and mitophagy. Inhibition of PDE2A2 is sufficient to regulate mitophagy in the absence of other triggers, highlighting the physiological relevance of PDE2A2 in this process. Pharmacological inhibition of PDE2 promotes a 'fat-burning' phenotype to retain thermogenic beige adipocytes, indicating that PDE2A2 may serve as a novel target with potential for developing therapies for metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ying-Chi Chao
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Koschinski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Gesellchen
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - He Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Samuel Pace
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Natasha Larcom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ester Paolocci
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Uliyakina I, Botelho HM, da Paula AC, Afonso S, Lobo MJ, Felício V, Farinha CM, Amaral MD. Full Rescue of F508del-CFTR Processing and Function by CFTR Modulators Can Be Achieved by Removal of Two Regulatory Regions. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124524. [PMID: 32630527 PMCID: PMC7350234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR), the only ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter functioning as a channel. Unique to CFTR is a regulatory domain which includes a highly conformationally dynamic region—the regulatory extension (RE). The first nucleotide-binding domain of CFTR contains another dynamic region—regulatory insertion (RI). Removal of RI rescues the trafficking defect of CFTR with F508del, the most common CF-causing mutation. Here we aimed to assess the impact of RE removal (with/without RI or genetic revertants) on F508del-CFTR trafficking and how CFTR modulator drugs VX-809/lumacaftor and VX-770/ivacaftor rescue these variants. We generated cell lines expressing ΔRE and ΔRI CFTR (with/without genetic revertants) and assessed CFTR expression, stability, plasma membrane levels, and channel activity. Our data demonstrated that ΔRI significantly enhanced rescue of F508del-CFTR by VX-809. While the presence of the RI seems to be precluding full rescue of F508del-CFTR processing by VX-809, this region appears essential to rescue its function by VX-770, suggesting some contradictory role in rescue of F508del-CFTR by these two modulators. This negative impact of RI removal on VX-770-stimulated currents on F508del-CFTR can be compensated by deletion of the RE which also leads to the stabilization of this mutant. Despite both regions being conformationally dynamic, RI precludes F508del-CFTR processing while RE affects mostly its stability and channel opening.
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Musheshe N, Lobo MJ, Schmidt M, Zaccolo M. Targeting FRET-Based Reporters for cAMP and PKA Activity Using AKAP79. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E2164. [PMID: 29976855 PMCID: PMC6068576 DOI: 10.3390/s18072164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensors for 3′⁻5′cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) allow real-time imaging of cAMP levels and kinase activity in intact cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. The development of FRET-based sensors has made it possible to directly demonstrate that cAMP and PKA signals are compartmentalized. These sensors are currently widely used to dissect the organization and physiological function of local cAMP/PKA signaling events in a variety of cell systems. Fusion to targeting domains has been used to direct the sensors to a specific subcellular nanodomain and to monitor cAMP and PKA activity at specific subcellular sites. Here, we investigate the effects of using the A-kinase anchoring protein 79 (AKAP79) as a targeting domain for cAMP and PKA FRET-based reporters. As AKAP79 interacts with PKA itself, when used as a targeting domain, it can potentially impact on the amplitude and kinetics of the signals recorded locally. By using as the targeting domain wild type AKAP79 or a mutant that cannot interact with PKA, we establish that AKAP79 does not affect the amplitude and kinetics of cAMP changes or the level of PKA activity detected by the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nshunge Musheshe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 72, 9700 AB Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK.
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Monterisi S, Lobo MJ, Livie C, Castle JC, Weinberger M, Baillie G, Surdo NC, Musheshe N, Stangherlin A, Gottlieb E, Maizels R, Bortolozzi M, Micaroni M, Zaccolo M. PDE2A2 regulates mitochondria morphology and apoptotic cell death via local modulation of cAMP/PKA signalling. eLife 2017; 6:e21374. [PMID: 28463107 PMCID: PMC5423767 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP/PKA signalling is compartmentalised with tight spatial and temporal control of signal propagation underpinning specificity of response. The cAMP-degrading enzymes, phosphodiesterases (PDEs), localise to specific subcellular domains within which they control local cAMP levels and are key regulators of signal compartmentalisation. Several components of the cAMP/PKA cascade are located to different mitochondrial sub-compartments, suggesting the presence of multiple cAMP/PKA signalling domains within the organelle. The function and regulation of these domains remain largely unknown. Here, we describe a novel cAMP/PKA signalling domain localised at mitochondrial membranes and regulated by PDE2A2. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches combined with real-time FRET imaging and high resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that in rat cardiac myocytes and other cell types mitochondrial PDE2A2 regulates local cAMP levels and PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Drp1. We further demonstrate that inhibition of PDE2A, by enhancing the hormone-dependent cAMP response locally, affects mitochondria dynamics and protects from apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Monterisi
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel J Lobo
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Livie
- Institute of Neuroscioence and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - John C Castle
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Weinberger
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - George Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoletta C Surdo
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nshunge Musheshe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Stangherlin
- Institute of Neuroscioence and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Beatson Institute, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Maizels
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Bortolozzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Micaroni
- Swedish National Centre for Cellular Imaging, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- BHF Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Lobo MJ, Amaral MD, Zaccolo M, Farinha CM. EPAC1 activation by cAMP stabilizes CFTR at the membrane by promoting its interaction with NHERF1. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2599-612. [PMID: 27206858 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) activates protein kinase A (PKA) but also the guanine nucleotide exchange factor 'exchange protein directly activated by cAMP' (EPAC1; also known as RAPGEF3). Although phosphorylation by PKA is known to regulate CFTR channel gating - the protein defective in cystic fibrosis - the contribution of EPAC1 to CFTR regulation remains largely undefined. Here, we demonstrate that in human airway epithelial cells, cAMP signaling through EPAC1 promotes CFTR stabilization at the plasma membrane by attenuating its endocytosis, independently of PKA activation. EPAC1 and CFTR colocalize and interact through protein adaptor NHERF1 (also known as SLC9A3R1). This interaction is promoted by EPAC1 activation, triggering its translocation to the plasma membrane and binding to NHERF1. Our findings identify a new CFTR-interacting protein and demonstrate that cAMP activates CFTR through two different but complementary pathways - the well-known PKA-dependent channel gating pathway and a new mechanism regulating endocytosis that involves EPAC1. The latter might constitute a novel therapeutic target for treatment of cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel J Lobo
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Margarida D Amaral
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Carlos M Farinha
- University of Lisboa, Faculty of Sciences, BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
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Lobo MJ, Remesar X, Alemany M. Effect of chronic intravenous injection of steroid hormones on body weight and composition of female rats. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1993; 29:349-58. [PMID: 8495217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the constant infusion with mini-osmotic pumps of several steroid hormones on body weight, energy balance and protein/lipid/water composition in young female rats has been studied for a period of 15 days. Despite unchanged food consumption, progesterone strongly induced fat deposition, with higher protein accrual efficiency coupled with lowered energy losses through thermogenesis. Estrogens lowered body weight but maintained higher protein levels and protein accrual rates; beta-estradiol induced the loss of lipid and diminished food intake. Heat production was unchanged or lower in all estrogen-treated animals; beta-estradiol had a more marked effect on body weight (through food intake, heat production and lipid mobilization/storage combined) than estrone. Testosterone and 5-androstenediol increased the proportion of protein, but none of them had a significant effect on lipid deposition or heat production. Nortestosterone, increased energy expenditure, fuelled in part by a higher food ingestion, a trait shared by 4-androstenedione, but not by the other androgens. The effect of androgens on body weight may thus be a combination of their actions on a) food intake, b) efficiency of protein deposition and c) activation of heat production or of lipid (energy) storage. Practically all increased the efficiency of protein deposition. Nortestosterone increased heat production. Androstenedione increased lipid storage. Dehydroepiandrosterone did not decrease body weight or metabolic rate. Cortisol depressed heat production and food intake, with a net loss of weight. Cortisol and cortisone did not increase protein deposition, but corticosterone did; deoxycorticosterone showed a high efficiency of protein deposition and increased the size of fat stores, also increasing the metabolic rate by a mean 26% versus controls, compared with a reduction of about the same magnitude induced by cortisol. The data presented suggest that cortisol-cortisone and corticosterone may represent two distinct groups of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lobo
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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