Assessing population structure and migration patterns of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Japan

Geographical wildlife patterns reflect historical range expansion and connectivity and provide insights into wildlife population management. In our large-scale phylogeographic population analysis of wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in Japan, we identified 15 clusters using 29 microsatellite markers, each structured within a range of approximately 200 km. This suggests that evolution was essentially driven by isolation by distance, and that the range of gene flow was limited. One cluster contained subpopulations located approximately 900 km apart, indicating the occurrence of past anthropogenic introductions. Moreover, we estimated effective migration to visualize the geographic genetic population diversity. This analysis identified six potential barriers, one of which involved large plains and mountainous areas in the Kanto region of eastern Japan. This barrier likely persisted in the two eastern clusters for an extended period, restricting migration to the neighboring areas. Overall, our study sheds light on the demographic history of wild boar in Japan, provides evidence of past anthropogenic introductions from distant areas, and highlights the importance of geographic barriers in shaping genetic diversity and population dynamics. This knowledge will be beneficial for forming informed wildlife management strategies toward the conservation of genetic integrity and ecological balance of wild boar populations in Japan.

Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (chief cell predominant type) with unique endoscopic appearance curatively treated by endoscopic submucosal resection

Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type [chief cell predominant type; (GA-FD-CCP)] is a rare gastric cancer variant arising from non-atrophic mucosa without Helicobacter pylori infection in the upper third portion of the stomach. GA-FD-CCP originates deep in the mucosal layer; hence, endoscopic lesion detection is often difficult at an early stage because of a minimal change in the mucosal surface. Here we present a 66-year-old man with an early stage of GA-FD-CCP showing characteristic endoscopic features. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy demonstrated a flat, slightly reddish area with black pigment dispersion and irregular micro-surface structure at the gastric fornix. The tumor was resected by endoscopic submucosal dissection and was pathologically diagnosed as GA-FD-CCP. Prussian blue staining revealed that the black pigment was a hemosiderin deposition. We reported a rare case of successfully treated GA-FD-CCP with black pigmentation that aided in early lesion detection.

Circadian variation of basal total vascular tone and chronotherapy in patients with vasospastic angina pectoris

Vasospastic angina pectoris (VSA) is an anginal attack which occurs characteristically between night and early morning. The aim of this study was to clarify the cause of VSA. The subjects consisted of 16 patients with VSA, 18 patients with effort angina (EAP) and 15 healthy individuals, who were used as the control group. Subjects were attached to an ambulatory blood pressure monitor and a non-invasive continuous cardiac output monitor concurrently, over a 24-hour period. Mean blood pressure (MBP), and cardiac index (CI) were measured. Then basal total vascular tone (TVT) was calculated as follows: basal TVT = (MBP/CI) x 1,332 dyne/sec/cm5. The decrement of CO was greater during sleeping hours as compared with the decrement of the MBP in the VSA group. Nocturnal basal TVT was significantly greater in the VSA group than in the EAP group or the control group. The increased nocturnal basal TVT was significantly suppressed by long acting calcium antagonists to the level of the EAP and the control groups. The treatment also decreased the frequency of ischemic attacks.

Experimental observation of vertically polarized transverse dust-lattice wave propagating in a one-dimensional strongly coupled dust chain

Externally driven, vertically polarized transverse dust-lattice waves were observed in a one-dimensional strongly coupled dust chain levitated in the plasma-sheath boundary of a dc argon plasma at low gas pressure around 5 mtorr. Real and imaginary parts of the complex wave number were measured in the experiments. The experimental result clearly shows that the observed transverse dust-lattice wave propagates as a backward wave, which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction.

Cell cycle-dependent switch of up-and down-regulation of human hsp70 gene expression by interaction between c-Myc and CBF/NF-Y

A CCAAT box-binding protein subunit, CBF-C/NF-YC, was cloned as a protein involved in the c-Myc complex formed on the G(1)-specific enhancer in the human hsp70 gene. CBF-C/NF-YC directly bound to c-Myc in vitro and in vivo in cultured cells. The CBF/NF-Y.c-Myc complex required the HSP-MYC-B element as well as CCAAT in the hsp70 G(1)-enhancer, while the purified CBF subunits recognized only CCAAT even in the presence of c-Myc. Both the HSP-MYC-B and CCAAT elements were also required for the enhancer activity. In transient transfection experiments, the CBF/NF-Y.c-Myc complex, as well as transcription due to the G(1)-enhancer, was increased by the introduction of c-Myc at low doses but decreased at high doses. The repression of both complex formation and transcription by c-Myc at high doses was abrogated by the introduction of CBF/NF-Y in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the CBF/NF-Y.c-Myc complex bound to the G(1)-enhancer appeared in the early G(1) phase of the cell cycle when c-Myc was not higly expressed and gradually disappeared after the c-Myc expression reached its maximum. The results indicate that the cell cycle-dependent expression of the hsp70 gene is regulated by the intracellular amount of c-Myc through the complex formation states between CBF/NF-Y and c-Myc.

Expression of the Bombyx mori beta-tubulin-encoding gene in testis

We have isolated a beta-tubulin-encoding cDNA clone of Bombyx mori from testes and determined the nucleotide sequence. Northern analyses showed that its expression is testis-specific and most active in the pupal stage.

Isolation and characterization of activin receptor from mouse embryonal carcinoma cells. Identification of its serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase activity

The activin receptor protein was isolated from the mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line P19 by three cycles of affinity chromatography on an activin A-immobilized column. The purified receptor had a specific and high affinity for activins A, AB, and B (Kd = 345 pM), but not for transforming growth factor beta. The purified activin receptor was identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ligand blotting analysis as a single protein of 70 kDa. The amino acid sequence of the first 18 NH2-terminal residues revealed that the receptor is a member of the activin receptor family. The purified receptor phosphorylated itself and exogenous substrate proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues, indicating that the activin receptor is a transmembrane serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase. These results suggest that signal transduction of activin employs a novel pathway via a new class of cellular receptor in EC P19 cells.

Reversible G1 arrest induced by dimethyl sulfoxide in human lymphoid cell lines: kinetics of the arrest and expression of the cell cycle marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen in Raji cells

In order to elucidate further the mechanism of reversible cell cycle arrest induced by treatment of Raji cells with 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), we have performed a detailed analysis of the kinetics of arrest and of reentry into the cell cycle after removal of DMSO and have correlated cell cycle progression with expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). No significant effect of DMSO on cell cycle patterns, assessed by flow cytometric analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-prelabeled cells, was seen for the first 19 h of treatment. A clear reduction of entry into S phase was detected by about 25 h of treatment; essentially all cells were arrested with a G1 content of DNA after 96 h of treatment. When DMSO-arrested cells were released from the block, entry into S phase began at 12 h after release and continued in a fairly asynchronous manner for a further 12-14 h. In arrested cells, the content of PCNA was reduced to about 25% of the amount present in logarithmically growing G1 phase cells. Six h after release from DMSO, PCNA RNA transcripts were first detected by Northern blotting. The increase of PCNA protein, detected by Western blotting, was seen by 9 h after release. The kinetics of entry into the cell cycle and restoration of PCNA protein are similar to that seen in serum stimulation of quiescent cells. These results suggest that DMSO reversibly arrests proliferation of Raji cells at G0 or at an early point in G1 phase and that progression through late G1 phase and entry into S phase are correlated with synthesis of the PCNA gene product.

[Evaluation of myocardial oxygen extraction dynamics in syndrome X by continuous measurement of coronary sinus oxygen saturation and its relation to clinical features]

We investigated the relation of myocardial oxygen extraction dynamics to pathophysiology and clinical features in syndrome X. In patients with syndrome X who underwent cardiac catheterization, coronary sinus oxygen saturation (n = 21) during rapid atrial pacing loading was continuously measured using a fiberoptic catheter system, and global and regional left ventricular function (n = 14) was evaluated before and immediately after pacing loading. Results were as follows: 1) In 5 of 21 patients with syndrome X, coronary sinus oxygen saturation during pacing loading fell less than 5% below the baseline without any impairments of global and regional left ventricular function. 2) In 16 patients with syndrome X, coronary sinus oxygen saturation during the pacing loading continuously fell over 5% below the baseline accompanied by impairment of both global and regional left ventricular function. The decrease in regional wall motion of the left ventricle was mainly observed in the apical area. These findings imply that changes in myocardial oxygen extraction dynamics in syndrome X during rapid atrial pacing may show the extent of a patchy area where myocardial oxygen demand-supply imbalance occurs due to coronary microcirculatory disturbances.

DNA ligase I mRNA and enzyme levels in human hematopoietic cells under dimethyl sulfoxide-induced growth-arrest and differentiation

About half the activity level of DNA ligase I in cycling human lymphoblastoid cells (Raji and Akata) remained in the cells arrested at G1 by a 4-day treatment with 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and one-third the enzyme activity in actively growing promyelocytic leukemia cells HL-60 was detected in the terminally differentiated cells after DMSO-treatment. In contrast, DNA ligase I mRNA was negligible in the G1-arrested Raji and differentiated HL-60 cells. The steady-state mRNA level was increased 9 h after release from DMSO in the G1-arrested Raji cells and reached a maximum at 18 h. These results indicate that gene expression of human DNA ligase I, but not activity level of the enzyme, is closely correlated with activity of cell proliferation.

[A case of adult type of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery--with a referential consideration to the disease in Japan]

A case of a 33-year-old man with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCP) was reported with a referential consideration to the adult type of ALCP previously reported in Japan. The patient visited our hospital for further examination of cardiac murmur detected on a mass physical checkup. He was found to have a continuous murmur, the loudest in the left sternal border of 3rd intercostal space, and developed evidence of ischemia during the exercise stress test in the ECG leads of L2, L3, aVF, and V2 through V6. In addition, studies using echocardiography and color Doppler-echocardiography detected a hypertrophied intraventricular septum and a pattern of turbulent blood flow in the proximal pulmonary artery. Cardiac catheterization and aortography proved the existence of ALCP with a markedly developed collateral circulation from the right coronary artery to the left coronary artery. After surgical restoration by ligating the anomalous opening of the left coronary artery, and by bypass grafting to the left coronary artery, it was clear that dilation and kinking of the right coronary artery was lessened and hypoperfusion in the anterior left ventricular wall was improved. As far as we know, this case is the 35th of adult type ALCP reported in our country. Results from this case and others suggest that early detection and therapy for adult type ALCP is important from the point of view preventing ischemic progression, and indicate that restoration by ligation and bypass grafting may be one of the effective surgical procedures for ALCP.

Expression of c-fos and c-myc in Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cells during the progression of DMSO-induced G1 cells into S phase

Using flow cytometry, we have recently found that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reversibly induces G1-arrest in the cell cycle of human lymphoid cell lines such as Raji, Akata, and Molt-4. Here we investigated c-fos and c-myc expression in Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cells at DMSO-induced G1 arrest and after release from DMSO. A small but significant accumulation of c-fos mRNA was observed in G1-arrested Raji cells after treatment with 1.5% DMSO for 96 h. When G1-arrested Raji cells were transferred to DMSO-free medium, a transient increase in c-fos transcripts was detected 30-60 min after the release. The steady state level of c-myc transcripts in G1-arrested Raji cells was found to be one-third that in the log-phase cells. After removal of DMSO, the level of c-myc mRNA was restored and reached a maximum at 4.5-6 h. Immunoblot analysis with a monoclonal antibody against human c-myc protein indicated that c-myc protein in the G1-arrested cells was decreased less than one-tenth that in the log-phase cells. The level of c-myc protein gradually increased after the release from DMSO and reached a maximum at 6-9 h.

[Coronary venous oxygen saturation dynamics during intracoronary infusion of ergonovine or acetylcholine in vasospastic angina]

We investigated changes in coronary venous oxygen saturation (CSO2-Sat) dynamics during intracoronary infusion of ergonovine (ERG) or acetylcholine (ACh) in patients with vasospastic angina. In 16 patients with suspected vasospasm in the left coronary artery, intracoronary ERG injection provoked vasospasm in 4 out of 6 patients, and intracoronary ACh in 6 out of 11 patients. A gradual decrease in CSO2-Sat, anteceding angina and ischemic ECG evidence, was characteristic in ERG-induced vasospastic patients, while no significant change of CSO2-Sat was observed in non ERG-induced patients. Intracoronary infusion of ACh was followed in all 11 patients by a transient increase in CSO2-Sat, suggesting decreased myocardial oxygen extraction due to increased coronary blood flow with ACh. However, earlier and sudden decreases in CSO2-Sat below the control levels were characteristic in 6 patients with ACh-induced vasospastic angina. These findings suggest that effects of ERG and ACh on coronary flow dynamics are essentially different although both drugs can provoke vasospasm.

Measurement of bronchial hyperreactivity in infants and preschool children using a new method

We report a new method for examination of bronchial reactivity by measuring transcutaneous oxygen pressure (tcPO2) during the inhalation of histamine in stepwise incremental concentrations. The correlation between changes in tcPO2 and those in PEFR or FEV1 was high (P less than .001). When the fall in PEFR or FEV1 was more than 20% compared with baseline, the fall in tcPO2 was more than 10%. We also measured the dose of radiolabeled aerosol (99mTc-DTPA) inhaled into the lung using a scintillation camera. When aerosol is inhaled during tidal breathing, there are adequate correlations between the dose of aerosol in the lung and both the age and height of the patients (P less than .001). When aerosol was inhaled during crying, little deposit within the lung was shown. When the inhalation challenge test was done during a sleeping period for children aged under 2 years, the loading dose of aerosol in the lung was sufficient. The geometrical means of respiratory threshold of histamine (RT-Hist) among 106 asthmatic and 11 control children, aged 2 to 6 years, were 1182 and 4414 micrograms/mL, respectively. The means of RT-Hist in 17 children with bronchial asthma, nine with atopic dermatitis, five with respiratory disease, and nine controls, aged under 2 years, were 1152, 964, 544, and 3402 micrograms/mL, respectively.

Reversible G1 arrest in the cell cycle of human lymphoid cell lines by dimethyl sulfoxide

Proliferation of human B- and T-lymphoid cell lines including Raji and Akata cells was found to be arrested at the G1 stage in the cell cycle by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The G1 arrest by DMSO occurred gradually and was completed within 96 h after addition of 1.5% DMSO concomitantly with a decrease in growth rate. Progression of G1-phase cells containing a larger amount of RNA into S-phase began 9-12 h after removal of DMSO. At 24 h, the DNA pattern of the cell cycle was similar to that of nontreated log-phase cells. The expression of six differentiation markers on the lymphoid cells was not appreciably changed by treatment with DMSO. On the other hand, the expression of transferrin receptor (one of the growth-related markers) on G1-phase cells 96 h after addition of DMSO was decreased to one-fourth that on log-phase cells and was completely restored 24 h after removal of DMSO. These results indicate that DMSO, known as an inducer of differentiation in several myeloid cell lines, acts as an agent inducing G1 arrest in the cell cycle of the lymphoid cells.

[Right ventricular free wall imaging using thallium-201 exercise myocardial scintigraphy with special reference to coronary angiography]

Right ventricular wall images of ischemic heart disease were evaluated during exercise myocardial scintigraphy using thallium-201. Among 33 subjects, ten were normal controls, 11 had left coronary artery disease (LAD group), 12 had right coronary artery disease (RCA group), all of whom received exercise myocardial scintigraphy. The submaximal or symptom-related ergometer exercise test was performed by the protocol being with 25 watt (W) loading, and then increased by 25 W every 3 min, while 3 mCi thallium-201 were injected intravenously at the maximal exercise point. Early imaging was obtained 5 min after exercise; delayed imagings, 1 and 4 hours after exercise. Early imaging and delayed imaging at 4 hours after exercise were obtained in the AP, lateral, LAO 30 degrees, LAO 45 degrees, and LAO 60 degrees projections. Only the LAO 45 degrees was obtained for delayed imaging 1 hour after exercise. To assess the radioactivity in the right ventricular wall, with regions of interest (ROI) in the upper part of the right ventricle [RV (U)] lower part of the right ventricle [RV (L)] and the most radioactive region in the left ventricle [LV (P)], we calculated the count ratio of the RV(U) or RV(L) to the LV(P) and defined it as the RV uptake ratio [RV(U)/LV(P)] or [RV(L)/LV(P)]. The results obtained were as follows: There were no significant changes in the RV uptake ratio between the early and delayed images both in the control and LAD groups, but the RV uptake ratio decreased significantly in the delayed images compared with an early image in the RCA group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

DNA ligase from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells

The molecular (Mr = 120,000; s20, w = 5S) and catalytic properties (Km (ATP) = 3 microM; Km (nicked DNA) = 0.2 microM; Km (Mg2+) = 3 mM) of DNA ligase from mouse Ehrlich ascites tumor cells are similar to those of the enzymes from calf thymus and rodent liver. The activity level of DNA ligase from the tumor cells is about 10-fold higher than that from mouse liver. Immunochemical titration of DNA ligase with antibodies against the calf thymus enzyme showed that the higher level of DNA ligase activity in the tumor cells is due to an increase in enzyme quantity and not to elevation of the catalytic efficiency of the enzyme molecule. These results suggest that there is little apparent difference between the qualities of DNA ligases from the tumor cells and normal tissues of rodents and calf.

Kinetic studies on the reaction catalyzed by DNA ligase from calf thymus

Kinetic analysis of the reaction catalyzed by calf thymus DNA ligase (EC 6.5.1.1) has been carried out using [5'-32P]nicked DNA as substrate. The results of initial velocity and product inhibition studies indicate that the ligase reaction is likely to proceed through the 'uni-uni uni-bi ping-pong' mechanism. The order of substrate addition and product release is as follows: ATP, PPi, nicked DNA, sealed DNA and 5'-AMP. The true Km values for ATP and for nicked DNA (5'-phosphoryl ends) were 2 microM and 0.11 microM, respectively. The turnover number was estimated to be 7 sealing events per min. dATP was an inhibitor competitive with ATP (Ki = 25 microM). The addition of 0.5 mM spermine or 5 mM spermidine resulted in an increase in the apparent Km for nicked DNA as well as in the apparent V, whereas 0.1 M KCl increased only the apparent Km for nicked DNA. Neither polyamine nor KCl affected the apparent Km for ATP. The ligase reaction was not significantly affected by aphidicolin and various phosphate compounds tested.

Basic and clinical evaluation of the measurement of bone resonant frequency

A new computerized apparatus was constructed to measure the resonant frequency of human ulna in vivo with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Experimental studies using aluminum bar and dried human bone revealed the importance of the ulna being positioned parallel to the radius, approximately 90 degree flexion of the elbow joint, and minimal muscle activity in order to demonstrate maximum resonant frequency of ulna. Measurement of bone resonance in monkeys in vivo and after removal of the bone in vitro showed good agreement. Product of F (maximum resonant frequency in Hz) and L (ulnar length in cm), FL, indicating the speed of propagation of sound wave through the ulna, showed a significant positive correlation with bone mineral content/bone width (BM/BW) measured by Norland-Cameron apparatus and age-bound decline in both sexes. Patients with osteomalacia and primary hyperparathyroid bone disease tended to have higher FL values than expected from BM/BW. Two-dimensional display of FL and BM/BW thus appears to be useful in distinguishing osteoporosis from osteomalacia better than the use of BM/BW alone.

[Water intake and urinary output in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)]

Water intake (drinking water and water from food) and urinary output in rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus monkey (M. fascicularis) watered ad libitum in individual cage were examined with 52 animals. The animal room was maintained at 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 55 +/- 10% with relative humidity, being lit at 12 hours interval. Water intake was found in wide variation between individuals, and about 20% of the monkeys were recognized as polydipsia without another abnormal behavior. No significant variation was found between daily water intake, but periodical (or seasonal) variation was observed in polydipsic monkey. Urinary output changed accordingly with water intake. Rate of the urinary output to the water intake was 76% in male rhesus, 59% in male cynomolgus and 49% in female cynomolgus. The rate was higher in the polydipsia than in the normal monkey. Diurnal patterns of water drinking and urinary output indicated that the monkeys were mostly active during the hours of lighting. Some effects of experimental procedure were observed on drinking and voiding in cynomolgus monkeys while no effect on rhesus monkeys. Prandial drinking was observed in monkeys as was reported on other laboratory animals such as rats.

Antigen--antibody reaction investiaged with use of a chemically modified electrode

The antigen-antibody reaction of human choriogenadotropin has been potentiometrically investigated by use of a cyanogen bromide-treated electrode coated with the corresponding anti-serum. The potential of the modified electrode shifts in the positive direction upon contact with a solution of choriogonadotropin. The rate of the reaction at the interface between the electrode and the solution is estimated from the potentiometric measurement to be of the order of 10(4) mol-1 s-1 in diethyl barbiturate buffer, depending to some extent on the rotation speed of the stirrer. The change in potential is almost proportional to choriogonadotropin concentration. It is also pH dependent, the maximum response being at pH 8.7. The technique, applied to samples of human urine, has shown a specific response to choriogonadotropin.

Antigen--antibody reaction investiaged with use of a chemically modified electrode

The antigen-antibody reaction of human choriogenadotropin has been potentiometrically investigated by use of a cyanogen bromide-treated electrode coated with the corresponding anti-serum. The potential of the modified electrode shifts in the positive direction upon contact with a solution of choriogonadotropin. The rate of the reaction at the interface between the electrode and the solution is estimated from the potentiometric measurement to be of the order of 10(4) mol-1 s-1 in diethyl barbiturate buffer, depending to some extent on the rotation speed of the stirrer. The change in potential is almost proportional to choriogonadotropin concentration. It is also pH dependent, the maximum response being at pH 8.7. The technique, applied to samples of human urine, has shown a specific response to choriogonadotropin.

[Clinical studies of cefamandole in children (author's transl)]

Clinical studies on cefamandole were carried out with the following results. (1) Cefamandole was administered 100 mg/kg/day (q.i.d.) by intravenous route to 29 cases of children. In 10 out of 29 cases bacteriological effect was observed. Bacteriological response was effective in 8 cases (80.0%). Clinical responses were effective in 27 cases (93.1%). (2) As to adverse reactions, granulocytopenia and elevation of S-GOT, S-GPT developed in each two cases.

[Morphological studies on antibacterial activities of cefotiam (author's transl)]

1. Cefotiam was demonstrated to be more potent than cefazolin in its antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus morganii and Proteus inconstans. MICs of cefotiam with 10(6) cells/ml inoculum size were considerably lower than those with 10(8) cells/ml. 2. Organisms lysed when exposed to cefotiam at concentrations higher than the MICs with 10(8) cells/ml. Morphological changes of organisms into filament occurred even at concentrations lower than the MICs with 10(6) cells/ml. This indicates that cefotiam is incorporated into organisms at remarkably low concentrations and exerts its antibacterial activities. 3. Cefotiam showed a high affinity for penicillin-binding proteins (PBP) 1A, 1Bs and 3. The formation of filament at low concentrations of cefotiam is possibly attributable to the high affinity of cefotiam for PBP 3 in addition to its high permeability through outer cell membrane. 4. As the antibacterial activities of cefotiam are displayed at lower concentrations, it is reasonable to consider that doses of cefotiam on clinical use can be reduced in comparison with those of conventional cephalosporins.

[Clinical evaluation of CS-1170 in pediatric field (author's transl)]

CS-1170 was used for treatment of 26 children who were diagnosed as bacterial infections, and a response rate of 88% was obtained as the drug was effective in 15 of 17 determinable cases. In our evaluation, daily dosage of 75 approximately 270 mg/kg (100 approximately 200 mg/kg in the majority of the cases) was divided into 4 doses, and administered intravenously by one-shot injection over a 10-minute period. The period of drug administration ranged from 1.5 to 25.5 days, but in most cases it was 3 to 6 days. Elevation of GOT and GPT as a side effect of the drug was seen in one case (3.8%), which was reverted to normal level upon cessation of the drug administration.

Potentiometric investigations of antigen-antibody and enzyme-enzyme inhibitor reactions using chemically modified metal electrodes

The electrical potential between an immunoreactive electrode and a reference electrode in a buffer solution was studied. The immunoelectrode was made of titanium wire, on which an antigen or an antibody was chemically fixed. The electric potential of the electrode sensitized with anti-hCG gamma-globulin shifted in the positive direction in the presence of a small amount of hCG in the solution. On the other hand, the potential of the hCG-sensitized electrode ran in the negative direction upon addition of anti-hCG to the buffer solution. Similar changes in potential were observed between trypsin and its inhibitor, aprotinin. Kinetic analysis was made for the reactions between these species and the change in potential was explained by a simple charge transfer model.

[In vivo cytogenetic studies of 10-chloro-11b-(2-fluorophenyl)-7-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2, 3, 5, 11b-tetrahydrooxazolo-(3, 2-d) (1, 4) benzodiazepine-6(7H)-one (MS-4101) on rat bone marrow cells (author's transl)]

Chromosome aberrations induced by MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Female rats were administered orally via stomach tube daily doses of 200, 500 and 2000 mg/kg of MS-4101, 200 and 500mg/kg of diazepam, 40 and 200mg/kg of nitrazepam and 20 and 50 mg/kg of cylcophosphamide as the positive control for one, 5 and 10 days. In this study, we used bone marrow cells derived from rat femur at 6 or 24 hours after the last drug administration. No significant chromosome aberrations were seen in the treated groups with MS-4101, diazepam, and nitrazepam when compared with the nontreated control. The increase of structural aberration on gap and break was observed in the group of cyclophosphamide as the positive control. These findings indicate that MS-4101, and diazepam and nitrazepam as similar comparative drugs, do not have the potential of induction of chromosome aberrations in rat bone marrow cells.