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Hilscher M, Røder A, Helgstrand JT, Klemann N, Brasso K, Vickers AJ, Stroomberg HV. Risk of prostate cancer and death after benign transurethral resection of the prostate-A 20-year population-based analysis. Cancer 2022; 128:3674-3680. [PMID: 35975979 PMCID: PMC9804454 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncological risks after benign histology on a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) remain largely unknown. Here, the risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality following a benign histological assessment of TURP is investigated in a population-based setting. METHODS Between 1995 and 2016, 64,059 men in Denmark underwent TURP without prior biopsy of the prostate; 42,558 of these men had benign histology. The risks of prostate cancer, prostate cancer with a Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4, and prostate cancer-specific death were assessed with competing risks. Specific risks for pre-TURP prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at 10 and 15 years were visualized by locally estimated scatterplot smoothing. RESULTS The median age at TURP was 72 years (interquartile range [IQR], 65-78 years), and the median follow-up was 15 years (IQR, 10-19 years). The 10-year risks of any prostate cancer and prostate cancer with a Gleason score ≥ 3 + 4 and the 15-year risk of prostate cancer death showed clear visual relations with increasing PSA. The 15-year cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific death after benign TURP was 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3%-1.6%) for all men and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.6%-1.1%) for men with PSA levels <10 ng/ml. The primary limitation was exclusion due to missing PSA data. CONCLUSIONS Men with low PSA levels and a benign TURP can be reassured about their cancer risk and do not need to be monitored differently than any other men. Patients with high PSA levels can be considered for further follow-up with prostate magnetic resonance imaging. These findings add to the literature suggesting that normal histology from the prostate entails a low risk of death from the disease. LAY SUMMARY There is little knowledge about the oncological risks after the surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study shows a very low risk of adverse oncological outcomes in men with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels below 10 ng/ml at the time of transurethral resection of the prostate. Patients with higher PSA levels may need more extensive follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hilscher
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark,Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - J. Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark,Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Andrew Julian Vickers
- Department of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Hein Vincent Stroomberg
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of UrologyCenter for Cancer and Organ Disease, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University HospitalCopenhagenDenmark
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Friberg AS, Brasso K, Larsen SB, Andersen EW, Krøyer A, Helgstrand JT, Røder MA, Klemann N, Kessing LV, Johansen C, Dalton SO. Risk of depression after diagnostic prostate cancer workup - A nationwide, registry-based study. Psychooncology 2021; 30:1939-1947. [PMID: 34260790 DOI: 10.1002/pon.5766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the risk of depression after diagnostic workup for prostate cancer (PCa), regardless of the histopathologic outcome, with that of a cancer-free population. METHODS A nationwide cohort of Danish men who had a prostatic biopsy sample in 1998-2011 was identified from the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry and compared to an age-matched cohort from the background population. Men with other cancers, major psychiatric disorder, or prior use of antidepressants were excluded. The risk of depression defined as hospital contact for depression or prescription for antidepressants was determined from cumulative incidence functions and multivariate Cox regression models. RESULTS Of 54,766 men who underwent diagnostic workup for PCa, benign results were found for 21,418 and PCa was diagnosed in 33,347. During up to 18 years of follow-up, the adjusted hazard of depression was higher in men with PCa than in the background population, with the highest risk in the two years after diagnosis (hazard ratio (HR) 2.77, 95% CI 2.66-2.87). Comorbidity and lowest or highest income were significant risk factors for depression and the cumulative incidence was substantially higher in men with metastatic or high-risk disease. In men with benign histopathology the HR for depression was 1.22 (95% CI 1.14-1.31) in the first two years but no different from the background population after that. CONCLUSIONS Diagnostic workup for PCa is associated with an increased risk of depression, mainly among men with a diagnosis of PCa. Clinicians should be aware of depressive symptoms in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sofie Friberg
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Benzon Larsen
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Anja Krøyer
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Childhood Cancer Research Group, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John Thomas Helgstrand
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Department of Urology, Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton
- Department of Survivorship and Inequality in Cancer, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark
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Jønck S, Helgstrand JT, Røder MA, Klemann N, Grønkaer Toft B, Brasso K. The prognostic impact of incidental prostate cancer following radical cystoprostatectomy: a nationwide analysis. Scand J Urol 2019; 52:358-363. [PMID: 30624125 DOI: 10.1080/21681805.2018.1534885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine the prevalence and prognostic impact of incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. METHODS A nationwide population-based study of incidental prostate cancer diagnosed following radical cystoprostatectomy. Information on vital status, Gleason score, positive and negative tumor margins, pT-category and subsequent prostate cancer therapies were obtained from the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry and by manual chart review. RESULTS A total of 1,450 men who underwent radical cystoprostatectomy in Denmark from 1995-2011 were identified. Forty-six men were excluded from analysis, thus 1,404 patients were eligible. The median follow-up was 7.8 years. A total of 466 (33.2%) had incidental prostate cancer diagnosed. No statistical differences in 10- and 15-year cumulative overall mortality were observed when comparing men with, or without, incidental prostate cancer. In men diagnosed with incidental prostate cancer, neither Gleason score, positive surgical margins or locally advanced prostate cancer (pT3-4) was associated with mortality. Only 0.9% received post-operative prostate cancer-related treatment. CONCLUSION In this population-based cohort of patients with incidental prostate cancer diagnosed at radical cystoprostatectomy, we found no impact of incidental prostate cancer on overall mortality, regardless of Gleason score, surgical margin status and pathological T-category. Patients diagnosed with incidental prostate cancer following radical cystoprostatectomy are unlikely to benefit from additional follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jønck
- a Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - John Thomas Helgstrand
- a Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- a Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- a Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Birgitte Grønkaer Toft
- b Department of Pathology , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- a Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center , Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Helgstrand JT, Røder MA, Klemann N, Toft BG, Lichtensztajn DY, Brooks JD, Brasso K, Vainer B, Iversen P. Trends in incidence and 5-year mortality in men with newly diagnosed, metastatic prostate cancer-A population-based analysis of 2 national cohorts. Cancer 2018; 124:2931-2938. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John T. Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Martin A. Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birgitte G. Toft
- Department of Pathology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology; Stanford University Hospital; Stanford California
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology; Copenhagen University Hospital; Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
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Helgstrand JT, Røder MA, Klemann N, Toft BG, Brasso K, Vainer B, Iversen P. Diagnostic characteristics of lethal prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 84:18-26. [PMID: 28779631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic characteristics of men who eventually die from prostate cancer (PCa) and the extent to which early diagnostic strategies have affected these characteristics are unclear. We aimed to investigate trends in survival and clinical presentation at diagnosis in men who eventually died from PCa. PATIENTS AND METHODS Based on the national database, the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry, a nationwide population-based study of all 19,487 men who died from PCa in Denmark between 1995 and 2013 was conducted. Trends in median survival and trends in age, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), clinical stage, and Gleason score (GS) at diagnosis were analysed. RESULTS A total of 46.9%, 16.8%, and 36.3% had metastatic (M+), locally advanced/lymph node positive (LaN+), and localised disease, respectively, at diagnosis. Only 0.15% had localised disease, GS ≤ 6 and PSA<10. Over time, the proportion of men with M+ disease at diagnosis decreased from 54.0-38.3% (p < 0.0001), whereas the proportion LaN + disease increased from 8.6-27.3% (p < 0.0001). The proportion of localised disease remained stable at 33.2-41.9%. Median survival increased 2.11 years from 1.88 (95% CI: 1.68-2.08) in 1995 to 3.99 (95% CI: 3.71-4.28) years in 2013, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS In a large population-based study, the results confirmed concurrent literature that the majority of men who eventually died from PCa had LaN+ or M+ disease at diagnosis. The proportion of men with M+ disease at diagnosis decreased significantly over time, parallelled by an increase in median survival. Taken together, this indicates a lead-time effect on survival, which presently, however, is not substantial enough to result in a reduced PCa-specific mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Ole maaløes vej 24, Section 7521, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Ole maaløes vej 24, Section 7521, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Ole maaløes vej 24, Section 7521, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Grønkær Toft
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Ole maaløes vej 24, Section 7521, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Ole maaløes vej 24, Section 7521, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Iversen P, Røder MA, Klemann N. The drama of prostate cancer diagnostics – Authors' reply. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:e133. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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John HT, Klemann N, Toft BG, Vainer B, Røder MA, Iversen P, Brasso K. Nationwide analysis: Changes in the natural history of low risk localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.12.2017.1.test] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helgstrand Thomas John
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Grønkaer Toft
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thomas Helgstrand J, Klemann N, Toft BG, Vainer B, Brasso K, Brooks JD, Iversen P, Røder MA. Survival trends in patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer: A nationwide analysis. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
171 Background: The risk of prostate cancer (PCa)-death in men diagnosed with metastatic (M+) PCa is high. During the past decade, new life-prolonging therapies have been approved for the treatment of advanced PCa. Even though demonstrated in randomized clinical trials, the impact of these advancements on mortality of men with newly diagnosed M+ PCa has not been described in a nation-wide setting. Methods: In the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry (DaPCaR), all men diagnosed with M+ PCa in Denmark from 1995 to 2011 were identified. Patients were grouped according to the year of diagnosis; 1995-2000, 2001-2005 and 2006-2011. In a competing risk setting, the 5-year cumulative incidences of PCa, other-cause, and overall death were calculated. Multivariate cause-specific Cox analysis was performed. Results: A total of 1,892 (1995-2000), 2,329 (2001-2005), and 2,653 (2006-2011) men were included (total: 6,874). Patient characteristics at diagnosis showed essential differences as median age and median PSA decreased by 1.0 year (74.1 to 73.1) and 134 ng/mL (276 to 142), respectively, in the period studied. The 5-year PCa-specific mortality decreased by 17.0% from 72.8% (1995-2000) (95%CI: 70.8% – 74.8%) to 55.8% (2006-2011) (95%CI: 53.9% – 57.7%), p < 0.0001. The 5-year other-cause mortality increased by 5.7% from 11.4% (95%CI: 9.9% – 12.8%) to 17.1% (95%CI: 15.6 – 18.6), p < 0.0001. The risk of PCa-death decreased for patients diagnosed in 2000-2005; HR: 0.69 (95%CI 0.61-0.79) and for patients diagnosed in 2006-2011; HR: 0.53 (95%CI 0.47-0.61) compared to patients diagnosed in 1995-2000, when adjusting for age, PSA, and Gleason score (GS) in the statistical analysis. Conclusions: A significant reduction in 5-year PCa-specific mortality was observed in a nationwide cohort of patients diagnosed with M+ PCa since 1995. Changes in age and PSA at diagnosis suggest that lead-time introduced by increased PSA use may have affected the results. However, in multivariate analysis, a significant reduction in hazard of almost 50% was observed when adjusting for age, PSA, and GS. Only minor changes in other cause mortality were found, which suggests that the improvement to a large extend can be credited to improved management of men with advanced PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Grønkaer Toft
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Thomas Helgstrand J, Klemann N, Toft BG, Vainer B, Røder MA, Iversen P, Brasso K. Nationwide analysis: Changes in the natural history of low risk localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
12 Background: Increased use of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has introduced an increase in PCa incidence and a lead time and stage migration at diagnosis, altering the natural history of PCa. Contemporary PCa patients are likely younger and have smaller tumor burden at diagnosis. We investigated if changes in the PCa landscape have altered the course of low-risk localized PCa. Methods: In the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry (DaPCaR), patients diagnosed from 1995 to 2011 with localized (T1-2, N0/X, M0) PCa with Gleason score ≤ 6 were identified. Patients were stratified into three periods of diagnosis; 1995-2000 (period 1), 2001-2005 (period 2) and 2006-2011 (period 3). Competing risk analysis treating PCa and other-cause death as competing events was performed. Results: Of the 5,660 patients identified, 35.9% had undergone radical prostatectomy (RP). From period 1 to period 3, the median age at diagnosis decreased from 72.2 to 66.0 years and the median PSA decreased from 16.2 to 8.6 ng/mL. From period 1 to period 3, the 5-year risk of PCa-death decreased from 14.3% (95% CI: 12.1-16.4%) to 1.3% (95% CI: 0.83-1.7%), p < .0.0001 and the risk of other cause death decreased from 18.1% (95% CI: 15.8-20.5%) to 7.2% (95% CI: 6.2-8.2), p = 0.0001. In patients undergoing RP, the 5-year risk of PCa-death decreased from 0.67% (95% CI: 0.67-2.0%) for patients diagnosed in period 1 to 0.45% (95% CI: 0.0055-0.84), for patients diagnosed in period 3, p = 0.92. For patients not undergoing RP, the 5-year risk of PCa death decreased from 16.6% (95% CI: 14.1-19.1) to 2.0% (95% CI: 1.2-2.7%), p < 0.0001. Conclusions: In a nationwide cohort of patients with low risk localized PCa, the 5-year risk of PCa-death significantly decreased when comparing patients diagnosed during 2006-2011 to those diagnosed during 1995-2000. This was mainly driven by patients not undergoing RP. In the most recently diagnosed group, the difference in 5-year PCa-death between patients undergoing RP and not undergoing RP was small (0.45% vs. 2.0%). Our data demonstrate that the impact of PSA induced lead-time and stage migration has diminished the absolute effect of RP on the risk of 5-year PCa-death because contemporary low-risk localized patients have a significantly better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Grønkaer Toft
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Thomas Helgstrand J, Klemann N, Toft BG, Vainer B, Brasso K, Iversen P, Røder MA. Diagnostic characteristics of men harboring lethal prostate cancer: A population-based analysis. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.6_suppl.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
217 Background: Prostate specific antigen (PSA) based screening increases the number of men diagnosed with early localized prostate cancer (PCa). Further, curatively intended therapies have been demonstrated to reduce PCa mortality in randomized trials. However, controversy exists, and the overall impact on PCa mortality is less clear. Men who eventually die from PCa may constitute a subgroup with either adverse histopathological characteristics and/or clinically advanced disease at diagnosis. However, the clinical characteristics at diagnosis for men who eventually die from PCa are largely unknown. We retrieved clinical characteristics of all men dying from PCa in Denmark in an 18-year period. Methods: All men who died of PCa during the period 1995 to 2013 were identified in the Danish Causes of Death Registry. Age, Gleason score (GS), tumor stage classification, and PSA were retrieved from the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry (DaPCaR). For validation, manual revision of patient charts was performed. Patients were divided into three clinical phenotypes: distant metastatic disease, locally advanced/N+ disease, and localized disease. Patients with localized disease were further grouped according to GS and PSA. Results: A total of 19,487 men died of PCa in the period 1995-2013. In total, 46.7%, 16.8% and 25.1% of men presented with distant metastatic disease, locally advanced/N+ disease or localized disease, respectively. Among men with localized disease, 85.1% had GS ≥ 7 and only 2.1% (0.5% of all men dying from PCa) only, presented with low risk (PSA < 20 and GS ≤ 6) localized disease at the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: The majority of men (63.5%) who died from PCa had either locally advanced/N+ or M+ disease at diagnosis. Among men with localized PCa at diagnosis, the majority of men subsequently dying from PCa had either PSA > 20 ng/ml and/or adverse histopathological characteristics with Gleason score ≥ 7. A total of 94.5% of patients dying from PCa had either metastatic, locally advanced/N+, and/or GS ≥ 7 disease. Patients with localized disease, PSA < 20 ng/ml and GS ≤ 6 amounted for only 0.5% of all patients dying from PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, department of urology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Grønkaer Toft
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martin Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Klemann N, Røder MA, Helgstrand JT, Brasso K, Toft BG, Vainer B, Iversen P. Risk of prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality in men with a benign initial transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy set: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2017; 18:221-229. [PMID: 28094199 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of missing prostate cancer in the transrectal ultrasound-guided systematic biopsies of the prostate in men with suspected prostate cancer is a key problem in urological oncology. Repeat biopsy or MRI-guided biopsies have been suggested to increase sensitivity for diagnosis of prostate cancer, but the risk of disease-specific mortality in men who present with raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and a benign initial biopsy result remains unknown. We investigated the risk of overall and prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with a benign initial biopsy set. METHODS Data were extracted from the Danish Prostate Cancer Registry-a population-based registry including all men undergoing histopathological assessment of prostate tissue. All men who were referred for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy for assessment of suspected prostate cancer between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2011, in Denmark were eligible for inclusion. Follow-up data were obtained on April 28, 2015. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific mortality, analysed in a competing risk setting, with death from other causes as the competing event. FINDINGS Between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2011, 64 430 men were referred for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, of whom 63 454 were eligible for inclusion. Median follow-up was 5·9 years (IQR 3·8-8·5) and the total follow-up time, from the enrolment of the first patient on Jan 1, 1995, until the extraction of causes of death on April 28, 2015, was 20 years. 10 407 (30%) of 35 159 men with malignant initial biopsy sets died from prostate cancer, compared with 541 (2%) of 27 181 men with benign initial biopsy sets. Estimated overall 20-year mortality was 76·1% (95% CI 73·0-79·2). In all men referred for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy, the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific mortality after 20 years was 25·6% (24·7-26·5) versus 50·5% (47·5-53·5) for mortality from other causes. In men with benign initial biopsy sets, the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific mortality was 5·2% (3·9-6·5) versus 59·9% (55·2-64·6) for mortality from other causes. In men with PSA concentrations 10 μg/L or lower and benign initial biopsy sets (2779 men), the cumulative incidence of prostate cancer-specific mortality was 0·7% (0·2-1·3). Cumulative incidence of prostate cancer specific mortality in men with benign initial biopsy sets was 3·6% (95% CI 0·1-7·2) for men with a PSA higher than 10 ng/mL but 20 ng/mL or less (855 men) and 17·6% (12·7-22·4) and for men with a PSA higher than 20 ng/mL (454 men). INTERPRETATION The first systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy set holds important prognostic information. The 20-year risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality in men with benign initial results is low. Our findings question whether men with low PSA concentration and a benign initial biopsy set should undergo further diagnostic assessment in view of the high risk of mortality from other causes. FUNDING Capital Region of Denmark's Fund for Health Research, Danish Cancer Society, Danish Association for Cancer Research, and Krista and Viggo Petersen's Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - M Andreas Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Thomas Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte G Toft
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Klemann N, Helgstrand JT, Brasso K, Vainer B, Iversen P, Røder MA. Antibiotic prophylaxis and complications following prostate biopsies - a systematic review. Dan Med J 2017; 64:A5323. [PMID: 28007054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies (TRUS-gb) are associated with both mild and serious complications. Prophylactic antibiotics reduce the risk of septicaemia and mortality; however, no international consensus exists on the timing and duration of antibiotics, including the optimal drug strategy. We reviewed the current evidence supporting use of prophylactic antibiotics and the risk of complications following prostate biopsies. METHODS This review was drafted in accordance with the Prisma Guidelines. The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. RESULTS A total of 19 eligible trials were identified. One trial demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of infection after biopsy and reported that oral ciprofloxacin as either a single-dose or a three-day regimen was superior to oral chloramphenicol and norfloxacin. Of three studies investigating the timing of the first dose of antibiotic, one study found that administration 24 h before biopsy versus administration immediately before reduced the relative risk of post-biopsy infection by 55%. Seven studies compared different durations of antibiotic prophylaxis. None showed any benefit from continuing prophylaxis beyond a single dose or a one-day regimen. CONCLUSION Evidence supporting a specific antibiotic regimen for TRUS-gb prophylaxis is scarce. Widespread use of fluoroquinolone prophylaxis may be associated with an increase in resistant Escherichia coli strains, posing a potentially major health issue in the future. .
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Klemann N, Helgstrand J, Brasso K, Vainer B, Toft B, Røder M, Iversen P. Risk of prostate cancer mortality in men with an initial benign needle core biopsy set: a population based analysis with up to 20 years of follow-up. Ann Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw372.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Helgstrand JT, Klemann N, Røder MA, Toft BG, Brasso K, Vainer B, Iversen P. Danish Prostate Cancer Registry - methodology and early results from a novel national database. Clin Epidemiol 2016; 8:351-360. [PMID: 27729813 PMCID: PMC5045909 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s114917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes are computer-processable medical terms used to describe histopathological evaluations. SNOMED codes are not readily usable for analysis. We invented an algorithm that converts prostate SNOMED codes into an analyzable format. We present the methodology and early results from a new national Danish prostate database containing clinical data from all males who had evaluation of prostate tissue from 1995 to 2011. Materials and methods SNOMED codes were retrieved from the Danish Pathology Register. A total of 26,295 combinations of SNOMED codes were identified. A computer algorithm was developed to transcode SNOMED codes into an analyzable format including procedure (eg, biopsy, transurethral resection, etc), diagnosis, and date of diagnosis. For validation, ~55,000 pathological reports were manually reviewed. Prostate-specific antigen, vital status, causes of death, and tumor-node-metastasis classification were integrated from national registries. Results Of the 161,525 specimens from 113,801 males identified, 83,379 (51.6%) were sets of prostate biopsies, 56,118 (34.7%) were transurethral/transvesical resections of the prostate (TUR-Ps), and the remaining 22,028 (13.6%) specimens were derived from radical prostatectomies, bladder interventions, etc. A total of 48,078 (42.2%) males had histopathologically verified prostate cancer, and of these, 78.8% and 16.8% were diagnosed on prostate biopsies and TUR-Ps, respectively. Future perspectives A validated algorithm was successfully developed to convert complex prostate SNOMED codes into clinical useful data. A unique database, including males with both normal and cancerous histopathological data, was created to form the most comprehensive national prostate database to date. Potentially, our algorithm can be used for conversion of other SNOMED data and is available upon request.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Helgstrand
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology
| | - N Klemann
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology
| | - M A Røder
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology
| | - B G Toft
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Brasso
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology
| | - B Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Iversen
- Copenhagen Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology
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Klemann N, Helgstrand JT, Røder MA, Brasso K, Grønkær Toft B, Vainer B, Iversen P. PD26-01 CHANGES IN CLINICO-PATHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AT PROSTATE CANCER DIAGNOSIS DETECTED ON PROSTATE BIOPSIES IN DANISH MEN FROM 1995 TO 2011. J Urol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Klemann N, Hansen MV, Gögenur I. Factors affecting post-operative sleep in patients undergoing colorectal surgery – a systematic review. Dan Med J 2015; 62:A5053. [PMID: 25872556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding factors affecting post-operative recovery is of great importance to efforts at reducing morbidity and mortality after general surgery. Post-operatively, most patients suffer from objectively and subjectively measurable reduced sleep quality. We aimed to review the available literature on post-operative sleep in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. METHODS This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, searching the electronic data-bases PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. All articles were evaluated according to pre-defined inclusion criteria. RESULTS Five studies were included in the review. Sleep quality was affected by type of surgery (open or laparoscopic), the administration/mode of application of analgesics (epidural analgesia or continuous wound infusion) and the level of pain. Patients who listened to new age music and a "relaxing text" had better quality of post-operative sleep than controls. Overall, pain interfered with subjective, post-operative sleep quality and adequate treatment of pain improved subjective sleep quality. CONCLUSION Sleep quality is sensitive to various factors in the perioperative period, and impairment of sleep quality can be prevented by simple improvements in perioperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klemann
- Urologisk Klinik, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
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Esther A, Endepols S, Freise J, Klemann N, Runge M, Pelz HJ. Rodentizidresistenz und Konsequenzen. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014; 57:519-23. [PMID: 24781908 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-013-1930-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Esther
- Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Wirbeltierforschung, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Toppheideweg 88, 48161, Münster, Deutschland,
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Klemann N, Toft BG, Thind P. [Urethral cancer is rare and difficult to diagnose]. Ugeskr Laeger 2014; 176:V07130435. [PMID: 25347253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary cancer of the urethra is a rare condition with symptoms ranging from haematuria, urethral obstruction and pelvic pain to urethrocutaneous fistula and abscess. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered first choice of diagnostic imaging, but experience with treatment is scarce. We present a case of a 69-year-old woman with a one-year history of urinary obstruction. MRI revealed a tumour surrounding the urethra, and biopsies showed adenocarcinoma in situ. Surgery with removal of the bladder, urethra, internal genitals and lymph nodes revealed a periurethral cyst with both adenocarcinoma in situ and focal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klemann
- Urologisk Afdeling, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 København Ø.
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Abstract
We investigated whether the allocation of rodenticide baiting points to specific structural elements would result in complete rat eradication on livestock farms, as opposed to assigning the baiting points only to places where there were obvious signs of rat activity. The goal was to establish an effective rodent-control program that is easy for untrained persons to conduct.Rat-control strategies were examined on 25 farms in Velen (Muensterland), Germany, where an average of 20% of trapped rats were resistant for bromadiolone according to a blood-clotting response (BCR) test. All farms were investigated for signs of rat activity prior to and after the control measure. Differences in the percentage level of farmer compliance in setting up the baiting points as prescribed were analysed for each type of baiting point and in total, and were compared between the group of farms which achieved complete rat eradication and those which did not. Farms achieving complete eradication had an average of 81% compliance with prescribed control plans, whereas a significantly lower compliance level of only 51% was recorded on farms that did not achieve eradication. A >/=75% level of implementation of the control plan always resulted in complete control success. The new method of bait-point allocation was incorporated into a self-explanatory computer program, which was verified to be effective during a rat-control campaign in the restricted area after an outbreak of classical swine fever near Soltau in northern Germany, in July 2001. This program, which is available on the Internet, enables the creation of individualised rat-control plans, including complete documentation of the control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Endepols
- Bayer CropScience AG-Bayer Environmental Science, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, Building 6220, D-40789, Monheim, Germany.
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