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Volkov OM, Pylypovskyi OV, Porrati F, Kronast F, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Kákay A, Kuprava A, Barth S, Rybakov FN, Eriksson O, Lamb-Camarena S, Makushko P, Mawass MA, Shakeel S, Dobrovolskiy OV, Huth M, Makarov D. Three-dimensional magnetic nanotextures with high-order vorticity in soft magnetic wireframes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2193. [PMID: 38467623 PMCID: PMC10928081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive nanotechnology enable curvilinear and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic architectures with tunable topology and functionalities surpassing their planar counterparts. Here, we experimentally reveal that 3D soft magnetic wireframe structures resemble compact manifolds and accommodate magnetic textures of high order vorticity determined by the Euler characteristic, χ. We demonstrate that self-standing magnetic tetrapods (homeomorphic to a sphere; χ = + 2) support six surface topological solitons, namely four vortices and two antivortices, with a total vorticity of + 2 equal to its Euler characteristic. Alternatively, wireframe structures with one loop (homeomorphic to a torus; χ = 0) possess equal number of vortices and antivortices, which is relevant for spin-wave splitters and 3D magnonics. Subsequent introduction of n holes into the wireframe geometry (homeomorphic to an n-torus; χ < 0) enables the accommodation of a virtually unlimited number of antivortices, which suggests their usefulness for non-conventional (e.g., reservoir) computation. Furthermore, complex stray-field topologies around these objects are of interest for superconducting electronics, particle trapping and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Kyiv Academic University, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A Fernandez-Roldan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filipp N Rybakov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad-Assaad Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4 - 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shahrukh Shakeel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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Bogush I, Fomin VM, Dobrovolskiy OV. Steering of Vortices by Magnetic Field Tilting in Open Superconductor Nanotubes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:420. [PMID: 38470751 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In planar superconductor thin films, the places of nucleation and arrangements of moving vortices are determined by structural defects. However, various applications of superconductors require reconfigurable steering of fluxons, which is hard to realize with geometrically predefined vortex pinning landscapes. Here, on the basis of the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation, we present an approach for the steering of vortex chains and vortex jets in superconductor nanotubes containing a slit. The idea is based on the tilting of the magnetic field B at an angle α in the plane perpendicular to the axis of a nanotube carrying an azimuthal transport current. Namely, while at α=0∘, vortices move paraxially in opposite directions within each half-tube; an increase in α displaces the areas with the close-to-maximum normal component |Bn| to the close(opposite)-to-slit regions, giving rise to descending (ascending) branches in the induced-voltage frequency spectrum fU(α). At lower B values, upon reaching the critical angle αc, the close-to-slit vortex chains disappear, yielding fU of the nf1 type (n≥1: an integer; f1: the vortex nucleation frequency). At higher B values, fU is largely blurry because of multifurcations of vortex trajectories, leading to the coexistence of a vortex jet with two vortex chains at α=90∘. In addition to prospects for the tuning of GHz-frequency spectra and the steering of vortices as information bits, our findings lay the foundation for on-demand tuning of vortex arrangements in 3D superconductor membranes in tilted magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Bogush
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Moldova State University, Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Str. A. Mateevici 60, 2009 Chişinău, Moldova
| | - Vladimir M Fomin
- Leibniz IFW Dresden, Institute for Emerging Electronic Technologies, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Moldova State University, Faculty of Physics and Engineering, Str. A. Mateevici 60, 2009 Chişinău, Moldova
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Lamb-Camarena S, Porrati F, Kuprava A, Wang Q, Urbánek M, Barth S, Makarov D, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. 3D Magnonic Conduits by Direct Write Nanofabrication. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1926. [PMID: 37446442 DOI: 10.3390/nano13131926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a rapidly developing domain of nanomagnetism, with application potential in information processing systems. Realisation of this potential and miniaturisation of magnonic circuits requires their extension into the third dimension. However, so far, magnonic conduits are largely limited to thin films and 2D structures. Here, we introduce 3D magnonic nanoconduits fabricated by the direct write technique of focused-electron-beam induced deposition (FEBID). We use Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectroscopy to demonstrate significant qualitative differences in spatially resolved spin-wave resonances of 2D and 3D nanostructures, which originates from the geometrically induced non-uniformity of the internal magnetic field. This work demonstrates the capability of FEBID as an additive manufacturing technique to produce magnetic 3D nanoarchitectures and presents the first report of BLS spectroscopy characterisation of FEBID conduits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Michal Urbánek
- CEITEC BUT, Brno University of Technology, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Abstract
Extending of nanostructures into the third dimension has become a major research avenue in condensed-matter physics, because of geometry- and topology-induced phenomena. In this regard, superconductor 3D nanoarchitectures feature magnetic field inhomogeneity, non-trivial topology of Meissner currents and complex dynamics of topological defects. Here, we investigate theoretically topological transitions in the dynamics of vortices and slips of the phase of the order parameter in open superconductor nanotubes under a modulated transport current. Relying upon the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation, we reveal two distinct voltage regimes when (i) a dominant part of the tube is in either the normal or superconducting state and (ii) a complex interplay between vortices, phase-slip regions and screening currents determines a rich FFT voltage spectrum. Our findings unveil novel dynamical states in superconductor open nanotubes, such as paraxial and azimuthal phase-slip regions, their branching and coexistence with vortices, and allow for control of these states by superimposed dc and ac current stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Fomin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Laboratory of Physics and Engineering of Nanomaterials, Department of Theoretical Physics, Moldova State University, strada A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. .,Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Roman O Rezaev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin av. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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6
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Schneider M, Breitbach D, Serha RO, Wang Q, Serga AA, Slavin AN, Tiberkevich VS, Heinz B, Lägel B, Brächer T, Dubs C, Knauer S, Dobrovolskiy OV, Pirro P, Hillebrands B, Chumak AV. Control of the Bose-Einstein Condensation of Magnons by the Spin Hall Effect. Phys Rev Lett 2021; 127:237203. [PMID: 34936781 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.237203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it has been shown that rapid cooling of yttrium-iron-garnet-platinum nanostructures, preheated by an electric current sent through the Pt layer, leads to overpopulation of a magnon gas and to subsequent formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of magnons. The spin Hall effect (SHE), which creates a spin-polarized current in the Pt layer, can inject or annihilate magnons depending on the electric current and applied field orientations. Here we demonstrate that the injection or annihilation of magnons via the SHE can prevent or promote the formation of a rapid cooling-induced magnon BEC. Depending on the current polarity, a change in the BEC threshold of -8% and +6% was detected. These findings demonstrate a new method to control macroscopic quantum states, paving the way for their application in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - David Breitbach
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Rostyslav O Serha
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Qi Wang
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander A Serga
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrei N Slavin
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48326, USA
| | | | - Björn Heinz
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Bert Lägel
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Brächer
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Carsten Dubs
- INNOVENT e.V. Technologieentwicklung, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Knauer
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Philipp Pirro
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Burkard Hillebrands
- Fachbereich Physik and Landesforschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Andrii V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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7
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Barman A, Gubbiotti G, Ladak S, Adeyeye AO, Krawczyk M, Gräfe J, Adelmann C, Cotofana S, Naeemi A, Vasyuchka VI, Hillebrands B, Nikitov SA, Yu H, Grundler D, Sadovnikov AV, Grachev AA, Sheshukova SE, Duquesne JY, Marangolo M, Csaba G, Porod W, Demidov VE, Urazhdin S, Demokritov SO, Albisetti E, Petti D, Bertacco R, Schultheiss H, Kruglyak VV, Poimanov VD, Sahoo S, Sinha J, Yang H, Münzenberg M, Moriyama T, Mizukami S, Landeros P, Gallardo RA, Carlotti G, Kim JV, Stamps RL, Camley RE, Rana B, Otani Y, Yu W, Yu T, Bauer GEW, Back C, Uhrig GS, Dobrovolskiy OV, Budinska B, Qin H, van Dijken S, Chumak AV, Khitun A, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Zingsem BW, Winklhofer M. The 2021 Magnonics Roadmap. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:413001. [PMID: 33662946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abec1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Gianluca Gubbiotti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche (IOM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - S Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, United Kingdom
| | - M Krawczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - S Cotofana
- Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - A Naeemi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - V I Vasyuchka
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - B Hillebrands
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S A Nikitov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
| | - H Yu
- Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Microelectronics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brian Computing, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
| | - D Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - A V Sadovnikov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Grachev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - S E Sheshukova
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - J-Y Duquesne
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Marangolo
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - G Csaba
- Pázmány University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - W Porod
- University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - V E Demidov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - S O Demokritov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - D Petti
- Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - H Schultheiss
- Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - S Sahoo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J Sinha
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - H Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Münzenberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Moriyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
| | - S Mizukami
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - P Landeros
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - R A Gallardo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - G Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Instituto Nanoscienze, Modena, Italy
| | - J-V Kim
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - R L Stamps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - R E Camley
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, United States of America
| | | | - Y Otani
- RIKEN, Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Yu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - T Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G E W Bauer
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen University, The Netherlands
| | - C Back
- Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - G S Uhrig
- Technical University Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - B Budinska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Qin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - S van Dijken
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Khitun
- University of California Riverside, United States of America
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - B W Zingsem
- The University of Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Germany
| | - M Winklhofer
- The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
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8
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Bunyaev SA, Vovk NR, Navas D, Gruszecki P, Krawczyk M, Sachser R, Huth M, Chumak AV, Guslienko KY, Kakazei GN. Spin-wave spectroscopy of individual ferromagnetic nanodisks. Nanoscale 2020; 12:21207-21217. [PMID: 33057527 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07015g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for nanoscale magnetic devices requires development of 3D magnetic nanostructures. In this regard, focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a technique of choice for direct-writing of complex nano-architectures with applications in nanomagnetism, magnon spintronics, and superconducting electronics. However, intrinsic properties of nanomagnets are often poorly known and can hardly be assessed by local optical probe techniques. Here, an original spatially resolved approach is demonstrated for spin-wave spectroscopy of individual circular magnetic elements with sample volumes down to about 10-3 μm3. The key component of the setup is a coplanar waveguide whose microsized central part is placed over a movable substrate with well-separated CoFe-FEBID nanodisks which exhibit standing spin-wave resonances. The circular symmetry of the disks allows for the deduction of the saturation magnetization and the exchange stiffness of the material using an analytical theory. A good correspondence between the results of analytical calculations and micromagnetic simulations is revealed, indicating a validity of the used analytical model going beyond the initial thin-disk approximation used in the theoretical derivation. The presented approach is especially valuable for the characterization of direct-write magnetic elements opening new horizons for 3D nanomagnetism and magnonics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey A Bunyaev
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolay R Vovk
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Department of Physics, V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv 61022, Ukraine
| | - David Navas
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal and Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM-CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pawel Gruszecki
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland and Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mariana Smoluchowskiego St. 17, 60-179 Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego St. 2, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Roland Sachser
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrii V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Konstantin Y Guslienko
- Division de Fisica de Materiales, Depto. Polimeros y Materiales Avanzados: Fisica, Quimica y Tecnologia, Universidad del Pais Vasco, UPV/EHU, Paseo M. Lardizabal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain and IKERBASQUE, the Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gleb N Kakazei
- Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Nanotechnology and Photonics (IFIMUP)/Departamento de Física e Astronomia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Vodolazov DY, Porrati F, Sachser R, Bevz VM, Mikhailov MY, Chumak AV, Huth M. Ultra-fast vortex motion in a direct-write Nb-C superconductor. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3291. [PMID: 32620789 PMCID: PMC7335109 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultra-fast dynamics of superconducting vortices harbors rich physics generic to nonequilibrium collective systems. The phenomenon of flux-flow instability (FFI), however, prevents its exploration and sets practical limits for the use of vortices in various applications. To suppress the FFI, a superconductor should exhibit a rarely achieved combination of properties: weak volume pinning, close-to-depairing critical current, and fast heat removal from heated electrons. Here, we demonstrate experimentally ultra-fast vortex motion at velocities of 10-15 km s-1 in a directly written Nb-C superconductor with a close-to-perfect edge barrier. The spatial evolution of the FFI is described using the edge-controlled FFI model, implying a chain of FFI nucleation points along the sample edge and their development into self-organized Josephson-like junctions (vortex rivers). In addition, our results offer insights into the applicability of widely used FFI models and suggest Nb-C to be a good candidate material for fast single-photon detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Dobrovolskiy
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- School of Physics, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - D Yu Vodolazov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures, Russian Academy of Sciences, Academicheskaya Str. 7, Afonino, Nizhny Novgorod region, 603087, Russia
- Physics Department, Moscow Pedagogical State University, Malaya Pirogovskaya Str. 29/7, Bld. 1, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - F Porrati
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - R Sachser
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - V M Bevz
- School of Physics, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Svobody Sq. 4, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - M Yu Mikhailov
- B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Nauky Avenue 47, Kharkiv, 61103, Ukraine
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Porrati F, Barth S, Sachser R, Dobrovolskiy OV, Seybert A, Frangakis AS, Huth M. Crystalline Niobium Carbide Superconducting Nanowires Prepared by Focused Ion Beam Direct Writing. ACS Nano 2019; 13:6287-6296. [PMID: 31046238 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting planar nanostructures are widely used in applications, e.g., for highly sensitive magnetometers and in basic research, e.g., to study finite size effects or vortex dynamics. In contrast, 3D superconducting nanostructures, despite their potential in quantum information processing and nanoelectronics, have been addressed only in a few pioneering experiments. This is due to the complexity of fabricating 3D nanostructures by conventional techniques such as electron-beam lithography and to the scarce number of superconducting materials available for direct-writing techniques, which enable the growth of 3D free-standing nanostructures. Here, we present a comparative study of planar nanowires and free-standing 3D nanowires fabricated by focused electron- and ion (Ga+)-beam induced deposition (FEBID and FIBID) using the precursor Nb(NMe2)3(N- t-Bu). FEBID nanowires contain about 67 atomic percent C, 22 atomic percent N, and 11 atomic percent Nb, while FIBID samples are composed of 43 atomic percent C, 13 atomic percent N, 15.5 atomic percent Ga, and 28.5 atomic percent Nb. Transmission electron microscopy shows that FEBID samples are amorphous, while FIBID samples exhibit a fcc NbC polycrystalline structure, with grains about 15-20 nm in diameter. Electrical transport measurements show that FEBID nanowires are highly resistive following a variable-range-hopping behavior. In contradistinction, FIBID planar nanowires become superconducting at Tc ≈ 5 K. In addition, the critical temperature of free-standing 3D nanowires is as high as Tc ≈ 11 K, which is close to the value of bulk NbC. In conclusion, FIBID-NbC is a promising material for the fabrication of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPD) and for the development of 3D superconductivity with applications in quantum information processing and nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Institute of Materials Chemistry , TU Wien , Getreidemarkt 9/BC/02 , A-1060 Wien , Austria
| | - Roland Sachser
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Anja Seybert
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Achilleas S Frangakis
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe-Universität , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1 , D-60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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12
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Sachser R, Bunyaev SA, Navas D, Bevz VM, Zelent M, Śmigaj W, Rychły J, Krawczyk M, Vovk RV, Huth M, Kakazei GN. Spin-Wave Phase Inverter upon a Single Nanodefect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:17654-17662. [PMID: 31007012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b02717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Local modification of magnetic properties of nanoelements is a key to design future-generation magnonic devices in which information is carried and processed via spin waves. One of the biggest challenges here is to fabricate simple and miniature phase-controlling elements with broad tunability. Here, we successfully realize such spin-wave phase shifters upon a single nanogroove milled by a focused ion beam in a Co-Fe microsized magnonic waveguide. By varying the groove depth and the in-plane bias magnetic field, we continuously tune the spin-wave phase and experimentally evidence a complete phase inversion. The microscopic mechanism of the phase shift is based on the combined action of the nanogroove as a geometrical defect and the lower spin-wave group velocity in the waveguide under the groove where the magnetization is reduced due to the incorporation of Ga ions during the ion-beam milling. The proposed phase shifter can easily be on-chip integrated with spin-wave logic gates and other magnonic devices. Our findings are crucial for designing nanomagnonic circuits and for the development of spin-wave nano-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe University , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- Physics Department , V. Karazin National University , 61077 Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Roland Sachser
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe University , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Sergey A Bunyaev
- IFIMUP-IN/Departamento de Física e Astronomia University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - David Navas
- IFIMUP-IN/Departamento de Física e Astronomia University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Volodymyr M Bevz
- ICST Faculty , Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport , 61050 Kharkiv , Ukraine
- Physics Department , V. Karazin National University , 61077 Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Mateusz Zelent
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań 61-712 , Poland
| | - Wojciech Śmigaj
- Synopsys Northern Europe Ltd. , Bradninch Hall, Castle Street , EX4 3PL Exeter , U.K
| | - Justyna Rychły
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań 61-712 , Poland
| | - Maciej Krawczyk
- Faculty of Physics , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań , Poznań 61-712 , Poland
| | - Ruslan V Vovk
- ICST Faculty , Ukrainian State University of Railway Transport , 61050 Kharkiv , Ukraine
- Physics Department , V. Karazin National University , 61077 Kharkiv , Ukraine
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut , Goethe University , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Gleb N Kakazei
- IFIMUP-IN/Departamento de Física e Astronomia University of Porto , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
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13
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Lösch S, Alfonsov A, Dobrovolskiy OV, Keil R, Engemaier V, Baunack S, Li G, Schmidt OG, Bürger D. Microwave Radiation Detection with an Ultrathin Free-Standing Superconducting Niobium Nanohelix. ACS Nano 2019; 13:2948-2955. [PMID: 30715846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a superconducting bolometer fabricated by a rolled-up technology that allows one to combine the two-dimensionality (2D) of the superconducting layer with a helical spiral curvature. The bolometer is formed as a free-standing Nb nanohelix acting as an ultrathin transition-edge sensor (TES) and having a negligible thermal contact to the substrate. We demonstrate the functionality of the thin-film TES by examining its microwave-detection performance in comparison with a commercial cryogenic bolometer from QMC Instruments. The nanohelix has been revealed to feature a noise equivalent power (NEP) of about 2 × 10-10 W Hz-1/2 at a microwave radiation power of 9 W m-2, which is 4 orders of magnitude smaller than the NEP of the QMC sensor at a similar radiation power. Furthermore, the forecast for the nanohelix is a 1 to 2 orders of magnitude shorter response time as compared to sensors based on commonly used 1 μm thick Si3N4 membranes. The reason is the extremely low heat capacity of the 50 nm thick supporting material and the few contact points between the TES and the substrate. Our findings indicate that microwave radiation detection can be substantially improved by extending 2D superconducting structures into the 3D space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Lösch
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics , Chemnitz University of Technology , Reichenhainer Strasse 70 , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Alexey Alfonsov
- Institute for Solid State Research , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics , Goethe University , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1 , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
- Physics Department , V. Karazin National University , Svobody Sq. 4 , Kharkiv 61077 , Ukraine
| | - Robert Keil
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Vivienne Engemaier
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Stefan Baunack
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Guodong Li
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics , Chemnitz University of Technology , Reichenhainer Strasse 70 , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics , Chemnitz University of Technology , Reichenhainer Strasse 70 , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences , Leibniz IFW Dresden , Helmholtzstrasse 20 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Danilo Bürger
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics , Chemnitz University of Technology , Reichenhainer Strasse 70 , 09107 Chemnitz , Germany
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14
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Huth M, Shklovskij VA, Vovk RV. Mobile fluxons as coherent probes of periodic pinning in superconductors. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13740. [PMID: 29062080 PMCID: PMC5653780 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of (quasi)particles with a periodic potential arises in various domains of science and engineering, such as solid-state physics, chemical physics, and communication theory. An attractive test ground to investigate this interaction is represented by superconductors with artificial pinning sites, where magnetic flux quanta (Abrikosov vortices) interact with the pinning potential U(r) = U(r + R) induced by a nanostructure. At a combination of microwave and dc currents, fluxons act as mobile probes of U(r): The ac component shakes the fluxons in the vicinity of their equilibrium points which are unequivocally determined by the local pinning force counterbalanced by the Lorentz force induced by the dc current, linked to the curvature of U(r) which can then be used for a successful fitting of the voltage responses. A good correlation of the deduced dependences U(r) with the cross sections of the nanostructures points to that pinning is primarily caused by vortex length reduction. Our findings pave a new route to a non-destructive evaluation of periodic pinning in superconductor thin films. The approach should also apply to a broad class of systems whose evolution in time can be described by the coherent motion of (quasi)particles in a periodic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany. .,Physics Department, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine.
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, 60438, Germany
| | - Valerij A Shklovskij
- Physics Department, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
| | - Ruslan V Vovk
- Physics Department, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, 61022, Ukraine
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15
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Tsindlekht MI, Genkin VM, Felner I, Zeides F, Katz N, Gazi Š, Chromik Š, Dobrovolskiy OV, Sachser R, Huth M. dc and ac magnetic properties of thin-walled Nb cylinders with and without a row of antidots. J Phys Condens Matter 2016; 28:215701. [PMID: 27143621 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/21/215701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
dc and ac magnetic properties of two thin-walled superconducting Nb cylinders with a rectangular cross-section are reported. Magnetization curves and the ac response were studied on as-prepared and patterned samples in magnetic fields parallel to the cylinder axis. A row of micron-sized antidots (holes) was made in the film along the cylinder axis. Avalanche-like jumps of the magnetization are observed for both samples at low temperatures for magnetic fields not only above H c1, but in fields lower than H c1 in the vortex-free region. The positions of the jumps are not reproducible and they change from one experiment to another, resembling vortex lattice instabilities usually observed for magnetic fields larger than H c1. At temperatures above [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] the magnetization curves become smooth for the patterned and the as-prepared samples, respectively. The magnetization curve of a reference planar Nb film in the parallel field geometry does not exhibit jumps in the entire range of accessible temperatures. The ac response was measured in constant and swept dc magnetic field modes. Experiment shows that ac losses at low magnetic fields in a swept field mode are smaller for the patterned sample. For both samples the shapes of the field dependences of losses and the amplitude of the third harmonic are the same in constant and swept field near H c3. This similarity does not exist at low fields in a swept mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Tsindlekht
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Dobrovolskiy OV, Kompaniiets M, Sachser R, Porrati F, Gspan C, Plank H, Huth M. Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:1082-90. [PMID: 26171284 PMCID: PMC4464159 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Controlling magnetic properties on the nanometer-scale is essential for basic research in micro-magnetism and spin-dependent transport, as well as for various applications such as magnetic recording, imaging and sensing. This has been accomplished to a very high degree by means of layered heterostructures in the vertical dimension. Here we present a complementary approach that allows for a controlled tuning of the magnetic properties of Co/Pt heterostructures on the lateral mesoscale. By means of in situ post-processing of Pt- and Co-based nano-stripes prepared by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) we are able to locally tune their coercive field and remanent magnetization. Whereas single Co-FEBID nano-stripes show no hysteresis, we find hard-magnetic behavior for post-processed Co/Pt nano-stripes with coercive fields up to 850 Oe. We attribute the observed effects to the locally controlled formation of the CoPt L10 phase, whose presence has been revealed by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Physics Department, V. Karazin Kharkiv National University, 61077 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Maksym Kompaniiets
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roland Sachser
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Harald Plank
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, TU Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Begun E, Dobrovolskiy OV, Kompaniiets M, Sachser R, Gspan C, Plank H, Huth M. Post-growth purification of Co nanostructures prepared by focused electron beam induced deposition. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:075301. [PMID: 25620617 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/7/075301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the majority of cases nanostructures prepared by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) employing an organometallic precursor contain predominantly carbon-based ligand dissociation products. This is unfortunate with regard to using this high-resolution direct-write approach for the preparation of nanostructures for various fields, such as mesoscopic physics, micromagnetism, electronic correlations, spin-dependent transport and numerous applications. Here we present an in situ cleaning approach to obtain pure Co-FEBID nanostructures. The purification procedure lies in the exposure of heated samples to a H2 atmosphere in conjunction with the irradiation by low-energy electrons. The key finding is that the combination of annealing at 300 °C, H2 exposure and electron irradiation leads to compact, carbon- and oxygen free Co layers down to a thickness of about 20 nm starting from as-deposited Co-FEBID structures. In addition to this, in temperature-dependent electrical resistance measurements on post-processed samples we find a typical metallic behavior. In low-temperature magnetoresistance and Hall effect measurements we observe ferromagnetic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Begun
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Shklovskij VA, Sosedkin VV, Dobrovolskiy OV. Vortex ratchet reversal in an asymmetric washboard pinning potential subject to combined dc and ac stimuli. J Phys Condens Matter 2014; 26:025703. [PMID: 24304564 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/2/025703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mixed-state resistive response of a superconductor thin film with an asymmetric washboard pinning potential subject to superimposed dc and ac currents of arbitrary amplitudes and frequency at finite temperature is theoretically investigated. The problem is considered in the single-vortex approximation, relying upon the exact solution of the Langevin equation in terms of a matrix continued fraction. The dc voltage response and the absorbed power in ac response are analyzed as functions of dc bias and ac current amplitude and frequency in a wide range of corresponding dimensionless parameters. Predictions are made of (i) a reversal of the rectified voltage at small dc biases and strong ac drives and (ii) a non-monotonic enhancement of the absorbed power in the nonlinear ac response at far sub-depinning frequencies. It is elucidated how and why both these effects appear due to the competition of the fixed internal and the tunable, dc bias-induced external asymmetry of the potential as the only reason. This is distinct from other scenarios used for explaining the vortex ratchet reversal effect so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerij A Shklovskij
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, NSC-KIPT, 61108 Kharkiv, Ukraine. Physical Department, Kharkiv National University, 61077 Kharkiv, Ukraine
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