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Perko A, Trapp O, Maul E, Röckel F, Piltaver A, Vršič S. Monitoring and Genotyping of Wild Grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris) in Slovenia. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:1234. [PMID: 38732448 PMCID: PMC11085864 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris (sylvestris) is the only native wild grapevine in Eurasia (Europe and western Asia) and is the existing ancestor of the grapevine varieties (for wine and table grape production) belonging to the subsp. sativa. In Slovenia, the prevailing opinion has been that there are no Slovenian sylvestris habitats. This study describes sylvestris in Slovenia for the first time and aims to present an overview of the locations of the wild grapevine in the country. In this project, a sample set of 89 accessions were examined using 24 SSR and 2 SSR markers plus APT3 markers to determine flower sex. The accessions were found in forests on the left bank of the Sava River in Slovenia, on the border between alluvial soils and limestone and dolomite soils, five different sites, some of which are described for the first time. The proportion of female to male accessions differed between sites. At two sites, female plants dominated; at others, the ratio was balanced. The plants' genetic diversity and structure were compared with autochthonous and unique varieties of subsp. sativa from old vineyards in Slovenia and with rootstocks escaped from nature from abandoned vineyards. Sylvestris was clearly distinguishable from vinifera and the rootstocks. Based on genetic analyses, it was confirmed that Slovenian sylvestris is closest to the Balkan and German sylvestris groups. Meanwhile, a safety duplication of the wild grapevine accessions has been established at the University Centre of Viticulture and Enology Meranovo, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences at the University of Maribor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Perko
- University Centre of Viticulture and Enology Meranovo, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (O.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (O.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Franco Röckel
- Julius Kühn Institute (JKI)-Federal Research Centre of Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, 76833 Siebeldingen, Germany; (O.T.); (F.R.)
| | - Andrej Piltaver
- Institute for the Systematics of Higher Fungi, Velika vas 17, 1262 Dol pri Ljubljani, Slovenia;
| | - Stanko Vršič
- University Centre of Viticulture and Enology Meranovo, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, 2311 Hoče, Slovenia;
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Menke JM, Trapp O. Pronounced Self-Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism in Anisidine Amino Acid Diamides. Chemistry 2024:e202400623. [PMID: 38656599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The emergent properties resulting from selective supramolecular interactions are of significant importance for materials and chemical systems. For the directed use of such properties, a fundamental understanding of the interaction mechanism and the resulting mode of function is necessary for a tailored design. The self-induced diastereomeric anisochronism effect (SIDA), which occurs in the intermolecular interaction of chiral molecules, generates unique properties such as chiral self-recognition and nonlinear effects. Here we show that anisidine amino acid diamides lead to extraordinary signal splitting in NMR spectra through supramolecular interaction and homochiral self-recognition. By systematic experiments we have investigated the underlying SIDA effect, explored its limits and finally successfully utilized it in the determination of enantiomeric ratios by NMR spectroscopy of chiral 'SIDA-inactive' compounds such as thalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department Chemie, Butenandtstr. 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, GERMANY
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3
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Trapp O, Berova N, Collina S, Pescitelli G. Chiral separations: Recent developments in chiral stationary phases and chromatographic separations of chiral compounds. Chirality 2024; 36:e23657. [PMID: 38420696 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Berova
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Simona Collina
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gennaro Pescitelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Hensinger MJ, Eitzinger A, Trapp O, Ofial AR. Nucleophilicity of 4-(Alkylthio)-3-imidazoline Derived Enamines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302764. [PMID: 37850416 PMCID: PMC10962604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidine-4-thiones (ITOs) are cyclic, secondary amines that were considered as potential prebiotic organocatalysts for light-driven α-alkylations of aldehydes by bromoacetonitrile (BAN). Recent studies showed that the initially supplied ITOs represent the pre-catalyst because they undergo S-alkylation with BAN to give 4-(alkylthio)-3-imidazolines (TIMs). Given that the same reagent mix that undergoes light-driven α-alkylations is also effective in the dark, we synthesized ten ITO- or TIM-derived enamines of aldehydes and characterized their nucleophilic reactivities by kinetic studies in acetonitrile. The experimental second-order rate constants k2 for reactions of enamines with benzhydrylium ions (reference electrophiles) were evaluated by the Mayr-Patz equation, lg k2 (20 °C)=sN (N+E). The determined nucleophilicities N (and sN ) reveal the reactivity profiles of these enamines under prebiotically relevant conditions as well as their potential for use in organocatalytic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magenta J. Hensinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Andreas Eitzinger
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universtität MünchenButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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Pescitelli G, Di Bari L, Lacour J, Oda R, Berova N, Trapp O, Collina S. Chiral materials: Recent progress in structural analysis and emerging new technologies. Chirality 2024; 36:e23609. [PMID: 37408323 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nina Berova
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Kahr B, Vaccaro P, Petrovic A, Berova N, Pescitelli G, Trapp O, Collina S. Editors' note. Chirality 2024; 36:e23603. [PMID: 37410057 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart Kahr
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Ana Petrovic
- New York Institute of Technology, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Berova
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Margaryan K, Töpfer R, Gasparyan B, Arakelyan A, Trapp O, Röckel F, Maul E. Wild grapes of Armenia: unexplored source of genetic diversity and disease resistance. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1276764. [PMID: 38143573 PMCID: PMC10739323 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1276764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study is the first in-depth research evaluating the genetic diversity and potential resistance of Armenian wild grapes utilizing DNA-based markers to understand the genetic signature of this unexplored germplasm. In the proposed research, five geographical regions with known viticultural history were explored. A total of 148 unique wild genotypes were collected and included in the study with 48 wild individuals previously collected as seed. A total of 24 nSSR markers were utilized to establish a fingerprint database to infer information on the population genetic diversity and structure. Three nSSR markers linked to the Ren1 locus were analyzed to identify potential resistance against powdery mildew. According to molecular fingerprinting data, the Armenian V. sylvestris gene pool conserves a high genetic diversity, displaying 292 different alleles with 12.167 allele per loci. The clustering analyses and diversity parameters supported eight genetic groups with 5.6% admixed proportion. The study of genetic polymorphism at the Ren1 locus revealed that 28 wild genotypes carried three R-alleles and 34 wild genotypes carried two R-alleles associated with PM resistance among analyzed 107 wild individuals. This gene pool richness represents an immense reservoir of under-explored genetic diversity and breeding potential. Therefore, continued survey and research efforts are crucial for the conservation, sustainable management, and utilization of Armenian wild grape resources in the face of emerging challenges in viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Margaryan
- Research Group of Plant Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences Republic of Armenia (RA), Yerevan, Armenia
- Department of Genetics and Cytology, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Boris Gasparyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography, National Academy of Sciences Republic of Armenia (RA), Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Arsen Arakelyan
- Research Group of Plant Genomics, Institute of Molecular Biology of National Academy of Sciences Republic of Armenia (RA), Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Franco Röckel
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Erika Maul
- Julius Kuehn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
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Groß D, van Otterlo WAL, Trapp O, Berthold D. Atroposelective Ni II -Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Enable a Deeper Understanding of Negishi Couplings: Isolation and Application of Solid Aryl Higher-Order Zincates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302841. [PMID: 37665654 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The Negishi cross-coupling reactions involves the application of organozinc reagents and is a highly versatile reaction in synthetic organic chemistry. The transmetallation step plays a pivotal role in the mechanism of these types of cross-coupling reactions. In this study, mechanistic investigations are presented indicating that higher-order zincates are the transmetallating active species in Pd- and Ni-catalyzed Negishi cross-coupling reactions. These findings are supported by halide salt addition experiments and by obtaining a single X-ray crystal structure of the solid monoaryl higher-order zincate [1-NaphthylZnX3 ]2- Mg(THF)2 2+ . The procedure developed in this work was further applied to the synthesis of various monoaryl higher-order zincates, after which their synthetic usefulness in terms of high reactivity towards transmetallation in Negishi cross-couplings, as well as stability, was exemplified in several reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Groß
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Willem A L van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland, 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa) ORTEP
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Dino Berthold
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstraße 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
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Bechtel M, Ebeling M, Huber L, Trapp O. (Photoredox) Organocatalysis in the Emergence of Life: Discovery, Applications, and Molecular Evolution. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2801-2813. [PMID: 37752618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusLife as we know it is built on complex and perfectly interlocking processes that have evolved over millions of years through evolutionary optimization processes. The emergence of life from nonliving matter and the evolution of such highly efficient systems therefore constitute an enormous synthetic and systems chemistry challenge. Advances in supramolecular and systems chemistry are opening new perspectives that provide insights into living and self-sustaining reaction networks as precursors for life. However, the ab initio synthesis of such a system requires the possibility of autonomous optimization of catalytic properties and, consequently, of an evolutionary system at the molecular level. In this Account, we present our discovery of the formation of substituted imidazolidine-4-thiones (photoredox) organocatalysts from simple prebiotic building blocks such as aldehydes and ketones under Strecker reaction conditions with ammonia and cyanides in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. The necessary aldehydes are formed from CO2 and hydrogen under prebiotically plausible meteoritic or volcanic iron-particle catalysis in the atmosphere of the early Earth. Remarkably, the investigated imidazolidine-4-thiones undergo spontaneous resolution by conglomerate crystallization, opening a pathway for symmetry breaking, chiral amplification, and enantioselective organocatalysis. These imidazolidine-4-thiones enable α-alkylations of aldehydes and ketones by photoredox organocatalysis. Therefore, these photoredox organocatalysts are able to modify their aldehyde building blocks, which leads in an evolutionary process to mutated second-generation and third-generation catalysts. In our experimental studies, we found that this mutation can occur not only by new formation of the imidazolidine core structure of the catalyst from modified aldehyde building blocks or by continuous supply from a pool of available building blocks but also by a dynamic exchange of the carbonyl moiety in ring position 2 of the imidazolidine moiety. Remarkably, it can be shown that by incorporating aldehyde building blocks from their environment, the imidazolidine-4-thiones are able to change and adapt to altering environmental conditions without undergoing the entire formation process. The selection of the mutated catalysts is then based on the different catalytic activities in the modification of the aldehyde building blocks and on the catalysis of subsequent processes that can lead to the formation of molecular reaction networks as progenitors for cellular processes. We were able to show that these imidazolidine-4-thiones not only enable α-alkylations but also facilitate other important transformations, such as the selective phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides as a key step leading to the oligomerization to RNA and DNA. It can therefore be expected that evolutionary processes have already taken place on a small molecular level and have thus developed chemical tools that change over time, representing a hidden layer on the path to enzymatically catalyzed biochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bechtel
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Marian Ebeling
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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von Rüden C, Rehme-Röhrl J, Augat P, Friederichs J, Hackl S, Stuby F, Trapp O. Evidence on treatment of clavicle fractures. Injury 2023; 54 Suppl 5:110818. [PMID: 37217399 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Depending on the severity of the injury and the involvement of the soft tissue envelope, clavicle fractures can be treated operatively or non-operatively. In the past, displaced fractures of the clavicle shaft in adults have been treated non-operatively. However, the rate of nonunion following non-operative treatment seems to be higher than previously reported. In addition, publications reporting better functional outcomes following operative treatment are increasing. In recent years this has led to a paradigm shift towards an increase of operative fracture treatment. The aim of this review article was to summarize the currently available evidence on the treatment of clavicle fractures. Classifications, indications, and treatment options for different fracture patterns of the medial, midshaft, and lateral clavicles are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Rüden
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopaedics and Hand Surgery, Weiden Medical Center, Weiden/ Oberpfalz, Germany; Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Institute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Julia Rehme-Röhrl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Institute for Biomechanics, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Jan Friederichs
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Simon Hackl
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany; Institute for Biomechanics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fabian Stuby
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Trauma Surgery, BG Unfallklinik Murnau, Murnau, Germany
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Hensinger MJ, Closs AC, Trapp O, Ofial AR. The effect of S-alkylation on organocatalytic enamine activation through imidazolidine-4-thiones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37293771 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01912h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidine-4-thiones have been suggested as potential prebiotic organocatalysts for light-driven α-alkylations of aldehydes by bromoacetonitrile. However, imidazolidine-4-thiones react with bromoacetonitrile to give S-cyanomethylated dihydroimidazoles. Kinetic studies show that enamines derived from these cyclic secondary amines and aldehydes are more nucleophilic than enamines derived from aldehydes and MacMillan organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magenta J Hensinger
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany.
| | - Anna C Closs
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Armin R Ofial
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, München 81377, Germany.
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Peters S, Semenov DA, Hochleitner R, Trapp O. Synthesis of prebiotic organics from CO 2 by catalysis with meteoritic and volcanic particles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6843. [PMID: 37231067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of prebiotic organics was a mandatory step toward the origin of life. The significance of the exogenous delivery versus the in-situ synthesis from atmospheric gases is still under debate. We experimentally demonstrate that iron-rich meteoritic and volcanic particles activate and catalyse the fixation of CO2, yielding the key precursors of life-building blocks. This catalysis is robust and produces selectively aldehydes, alcohols, and hydrocarbons, independent of the redox state of the environment. It is facilitated by common minerals and tolerates a broad range of the early planetary conditions (150-300 °C, ≲ 10-50 bar, wet or dry climate). We find that up to 6 × 108 kg/year of prebiotic organics could have been synthesized by this planetary-scale process from the atmospheric CO2 on Hadean Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dmitry A Semenov
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rupert Hochleitner
- Mineralogische Staatssammlung München, Theresienstr. 41, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Heitsch S, Mayer LC, Pignot YL, Trapp O. Synthesis and stereodynamics of intramolecular hemiacetals in biaryl aldehyde-alcohols. Chirality 2023. [PMID: 36951009 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis represents a highly remarkable example for spontaneous symmetry breaking and enantioselective amplification in the enantioselective alkylation of pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes to the corresponding chiral pyrimidine alcohols. Recently, zinc hemiacetalate complexes, formed from pyrimidine-5-carbaldehydes and the chiral product alcohol, were identified by in situ high-resolution mass spectrometric measurements as highly active transient asymmetric catalysts in this autocatalytic transformation. To study the formation of such hemiacetals and their stereodynamic properties, we focused on the synthesis of coumarin homolog biaryl systems with carbaldehyde and alcohol substituents. Such systems are able to form hemiacetals by intramolecular cyclization. An interesting feature of the substituted biaryl backbone is that tropos and atropos systems can be obtained, enabling or disabling the intramolecular cyclization to hemiacetals. Biaryl structures with various functional groups were synthesized, and the equilibrium and stereodynamics between the closed and open structures were investigated by dynamic enantioselective HPLC (DHPLC). The enantiomerization barriers ΔGǂ and activation parameters ΔHǂ and ΔSǂ were determined from temperature dependent kinetic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Heitsch
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Carina Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yanis Luca Pignot
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
Asymmetric synthesis constitutes a key technology for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds as well as for the selective control of individual stereocenters in the synthesis of complex compounds. It is thus of extraordinary importance for the synthesis of chiral drugs, dietary supplements, flavors, and fragrances, as well as novel materials with tunable and reconfigurable chiroptical properties or the assembly of complex natural products. Typically, enantiomerically pure catalysts are used for this purpose. To prepare enantiomerically pure ligands or organocatalysts, one can make use of the natural chiral pool. Ligands and organocatalysts with an atropisomeric biphenyl and binaphthyl system have become popular, as they are configurationally stable and contain a C2-symmetric skeleton, which has been found to be particularly privileged. For catalysts with opposite configurations, both product enantiomers can be obtained. Configurationally flexible biphenyl systems initially appeared to be unsuitable for this purpose, as they racemize after successful enantiomer separation and thus are neither storable nor afford a reproducible enantioselectivity. However, there are strategies that exploit the dynamics of such ligands to stereoconvergently enrich one of the catalyst enantiomers. This can be achieved, for example, by coordinating an enantiomerically pure additive to a ligand-metal complex, which results in deracemization of the configurationally flexible biphenyl system, thereby enriching the thermodynamically preferred diastereomer. In this Account, we present our strategy to design stereochemically flexible catalysts that combine the properties of supramolecular recognition, stereoconvergent alignment, and catalysis. Such systems are capable to recognize the chirality of the target product, leading to an increase in enantioselectivity during asymmetric catalysis. We have systematically developed and investigated these smart catalyst systems and have found ways to specifically design and synthesize them for various applications. In addition to (i) reaction product-induced chiral amplification, we have developed systems with (ii) intermolecular and (iii) intramolecular recognition, and successfully applied them in asymmetric catalysis. Our results pave the way for new applications such as temperature-controlled enantioselectivity, controlled inversion of enantioselectivity with the same chirality of the recognition unit, generation of positive nonlinear effects, and targeted design of autocatalytic systems through dynamic formation of transient catalysts. Understanding such systems is of enormous importance for catalytic processes leading to symmetry breaking and amplification of small imbalances of enantiomers and offer a possible explanation of homochirality of biological systems. In addition, we are learning how to target supramolecular interactions to enhance enantioselectivities in asymmetric catalysis through secondary double stereocontrol. Configurationally flexible catalysts will enable future resource-efficient development of asymmetric syntheses, as enantioselectivities can be fully switched by stereoselective alignment of the stereochemically flexible ligand core on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena C Mayer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Simone Heitsch
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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15
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Sydow C, Seiband C, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Phosphorylation in liquid sulfur dioxide under prebiotically plausible conditions. Commun Chem 2022; 5:143. [PMID: 36697619 PMCID: PMC9814524 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, organophosphates provide key functions such as information storage and transport, structural tasks, and energy transfer. Since condensations are unfavourable in water and nucleophilic attack at phosphate is kinetically inhibited, various abiogenesis hypotheses for the formation of organophosphate are discussed. Recently, the application of phosphites as phosphorylation agent showed promising results. However, elevated temperatures and additional reaction steps are required to obtain organophosphates. Here we show that in liquid sulfur dioxide, which acts as solvent and oxidant, efficient organophosphate formation is enabled. Phosphorous acid yields up to 32.6% 5' nucleoside monophosphate, 3.6% 5' nucleoside diphosphate, and the formation of nucleoside triphosphates and dinucleotides in a single reaction step at room temperature. In addition to the phosphorylation of organic compounds, we observed diserine formation. Thus, we suggest volcanic environments as reaction sites for biopolymer formation on Early Earth. Because of the simple recyclability of sulfur dioxide, the reaction is also interesting for synthesis chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Sydow
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christiane Seiband
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.429508.20000 0004 0491 677XMax-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Töpfer R, Trapp O. A cool climate perspective on grapevine breeding: climate change and sustainability are driving forces for changing varieties in a traditional market. Theor Appl Genet 2022; 135:3947-3960. [PMID: 35389053 PMCID: PMC9729149 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of diverse breeding goals need to be combined in a new cultivar, which always forces to compromise. The biggest challenge grapevine breeders face is the extraordinarily complex trait of wine quality, which is the all-pervasive and most debated characteristic. Since the 1920s, Germany runs continuous grapevine breeding programmes. This continuity was the key to success and lead to various new cultivars on the market, so called PIWIs. Initially, introduced pests and diseases such as phylloxera, powdery and downy mildew were the driving forces for breeding. However, preconceptions about the wine quality of new resistant selections impeded the market introduction. These preconceptions are still echoing today and may be the reason in large parts of the viticultural community for: (1) ignoring substantial breeding progress, and (2) sticking to successful markets of well-known varietal wines or blends (e.g. Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Riesling). New is the need to improve viticulture´s sustainability and to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Climate change with its extreme weather will impose the need for a change in cultivars in many wine growing regions. Therefore, a paradigm shift is knocking on the door: new varieties (PIWIs) versus traditional varieties for climate adapted and sustainable viticulture. However, it will be slow process and viticulture is politically well advised to pave the way to variety innovation. In contrast to the widely available PIWIs, competitive cultivars created by means of new breeding technologies (NBT, e.g. through CRISPR/Cas) are still decades from introduction to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Töpfer
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany.
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Siebeldingen, Germany
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17
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Yao G, Kosol S, Wenz MT, Irran E, Keller BG, Trapp O, Süssmuth RD. The occurrence of ansamers in the synthesis of cyclic peptides. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6488. [PMID: 36310176 PMCID: PMC9618573 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34125-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Amanitin is a bicyclic octapeptide composed of a macrolactam with a tryptathionine cross-link forming a handle. Previously, the occurrence of isomers of amanitin, termed atropisomers has been postulated. Although the total synthesis of α-amanitin has been accomplished this aspect still remains unsolved. We perform the synthesis of amanitin analogs, accompanied by in-depth spectroscopic, crystallographic and molecular dynamics studies. The data unambiguously confirms the synthesis of two amatoxin-type isomers, for which we propose the term ansamers. The natural structure of the P-ansamer can be ansa-selectively synthesized using an optimized synthetic strategy. We believe that the here described terminology does also have implications for many other peptide structures, e.g. norbornapeptides, lasso peptides, tryptorubins and others, and helps to unambiguously describe conformational isomerism of cyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Yao
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Simone Kosol
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius T. Wenz
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina G. Keller
- grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.429508.20000 0004 0491 677XMax-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roderich D. Süssmuth
- grid.6734.60000 0001 2292 8254Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Sydow C, Sauer F, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Iron‐mediated peptide formation in water and liquid sulfur dioxide under prebiotically plausible conditions. ChemSystemsChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Sydow
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Fabian Sauer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department Chemie Butenandtstr. 5-13Haus F 81377 München GERMANY
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19
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Grosch M, Stiebritz MT, Bolney R, Winkler M, Jückstock E, Busch H, Peters S, Siegle AF, van Slageren J, Ribbe M, Hu Y, Trapp O, Robl C, Weigand W. Mackinawite‐Supported Reduction of C
1
Substrates into Prebiotically Relevant Precursors. ChemSystemsChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grosch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin T. Stiebritz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
- Present address: Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Robert Bolney
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mario Winkler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Eric Jückstock
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Busch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sophia Peters
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Markus Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-2025 United States
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Christian Robl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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20
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Grosch M, Stiebritz MT, Bolney R, Winkler M, Jückstock E, Busch H, Peters S, Siegle AF, van Slageren J, Ribbe M, Hu Y, Trapp O, Robl C, Weigand W. Front Cover: Mackinawite‐Supported Reduction of C
1
Substrates into Prebiotically Relevant Precursors (ChemSystemsChem 5/2022). ChemSystemsChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grosch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin T. Stiebritz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
- Present address: Institute of Industrial Control Systems and Computing Universitat Politècnica de València Camino de Vera, s/n. 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Robert Bolney
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Mario Winkler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Eric Jückstock
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Hannah Busch
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Sophia Peters
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Institute of Physical Chemistry University of Stuttgart 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Markus Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-2025 United States
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 United States
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilians University Munich 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Christian Robl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena 07743 Jena Germany
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21
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Abstract
To understand chiral symmetry breaking on the molecular level, we developed a method to efficiently investigate reaction kinetics of single molecules. The model systems include autocatalysis as well as a reaction cascade to gain further insight into the prebiotic origin of homochirality. The simulated reactions start with a substrate and only a single catalyst molecule, and the occurrence of symmetry breaking was examined for its degree of dependence on randomness. The results demonstrate that interlocking processes, which e.g., form catalysts, autocatalytic systems, or reaction cascades that build on each other and lead to a kinetic acceleration, can very well amplify a statistically occurring symmetry breaking. These results suggest a promising direction for the experimental implementation and identification of such processes, which could have led to a shift out of thermodynamic equilibrium in the emergence of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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22
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Trapp O. Origins of life research: A roadmap for the transition from chemistry to biology. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200157. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München München Germany
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23
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Abstract
For the preparation of chiral drugs, both stereochemically stable and flexible catalysts in combination with chiral auxiliaries can be used. Here, chiral induction plays an important role in generating an enantiomerically pure catalyst. We demonstrate a successful approach to the spontaneous deracemization of tropos ligands for asymmetric catalysis. Three different constitutional isomers of a bisphosphinite ligand decorated with l-valine moieties (interaction units) linked to the flexible biphenyl system by a phenylene bridge for inducing a chiral switch were prepared. The substitution pattern's influence on the attached intermolecular recognition sites was systematically investigated. We can show that biomimetic intramolecular hydrogen bonding leads to a pronounced diastereoselective enrichment of one of the ligand stereoisomers. As a result, in the asymmetric Rh-catalyzed hydrogenation of prochiral olefins using these ligands, enantiomeric ratios of up to 95.8:4.2 (S) were obtained. Of particular note is the inversion of enantioselectivity relative to the previously reported BIBIPHOS-Rh catalyst due to the altered orientation of the biphenyl moiety from (Rax) to (Sax). The enantioselectivities achieved by appropriate intramolecular interlocking are remarkable for a tropos ligand/catalyst. The strategy presented here represents a powerful approach for the spontaneous alignment of tropos ligands, yielding high enantioselectivities in asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Michael Menke
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 München, Germany
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24
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Bechtel M, Hümmer E, Trapp O. Selective Phosphorylation of RNA‐ and DNA‐Nucleosides under Prebiotically Plausible Conditions. ChemSystemsChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Eva Hümmer
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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25
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Kräh S, Kachel I, Trapp O. Electron‐rich silicon containing phosphinanes for rapid Pd‐catalyzed C‐X coupling reactions. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Kräh
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Iris Kachel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Department Chemie Butenandtstr. 5-13Haus F 81377 München GERMANY
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26
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Grosch M, Stiebritz MT, Bolney R, Winkler M, Jückstock E, Busch H, Peters S, Siegle AF, van Slageren J, Ribbe M, Hu Y, Trapp O, Robl C, Weigand W. Mackinawite supported reduction of C1 substrates into prebiotically relevant precursors. ChemSystemsChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/syst.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grosch
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat IAAC GERMANY
| | - Martin T Stiebritz
- UC Irvine: University of California Irvine Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Robert Bolney
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat IAAC GERMANY
| | - Mario Winkler
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie IPC GERMANY
| | - Eric Jückstock
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat IAAC GERMANY
| | - Hannah Busch
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat IAAC GERMANY
| | - Sophia Peters
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Chemie und Pharmazie Department of Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie IPC GERMANY
| | - Markus Ribbe
- UC Irvine: University of California Irvine Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Yilin Hu
- UC Irvine: University of California Irvine Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Fakultät für Geowissenschaften: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen Fakultat fur Geowissenschaften Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Christian Robl
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat IAAC GERMANY
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institut fuer Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena Humboldtstrasse 8 07743 Jena GERMANY
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27
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Betzenbichler G, Huber L, Kräh S, Morkos MLK, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Chiral stationary phases and applications in gas chromatography. Chirality 2022; 34:732-759. [PMID: 35315953 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds are ubiquitous in nature and play a pivotal role in biochemical processes, in chiroptical materials and applications, and as chiral drugs. The analysis and determination of the enantiomeric ratio (er) of chiral compounds is of enormous scientific, industrial, and economic importance. Chiral separation techniques and methods have become indispensable tools to separate chiral compounds into their enantiomers on an analytical as well on a preparative level to obtain enantiopure compounds. Chiral gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography have paved the way and fostered several research areas, that is, asymmetric synthesis and catalysis in organic, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and supramolecular chemistry. The development of highly enantioselective chiral stationary phases was essential. In particular, the elucidation and understanding of the underlying enantioselective supramolecular separation mechanisms led to the design of new chiral stationary phases. This review article focuses on the development of chiral stationary phases for gas chromatography. The fundamental mechanisms of the recognition and separation of enantiomers and the selectors and chiral stationary phases used in chiral gas chromatography are presented. An overview over syntheses and applications of these chiral stationary phases is presented as a practical guidance for enantioselective separation of chiral compound classes and substances by gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kräh
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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28
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Auras S, Trapp O. Diastereoselective synthesis of a cyclic diamide-bridged biphenyl as chiral atropos ligand. Chirality 2022; 34:813-819. [PMID: 35253262 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chiral compounds with a 1,2-diamine structure motif and their derivatives are of great interest in organic chemistry and are broadly used in asymmetric transformations, as chiral auxiliaries, (co)ligands, and ligand core structure. Here, we present a straightforward, diastereoselective synthesis for a diamide-bridged biaryl ligand. The ring closing reaction of the racemic atropos biphenyl 6,6'-dimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2,2'-dicarboxylic acid with (R,R)-diaminocyclohexane yields the diasteromerically and enantiomerically pure cyclic (Sax ,R,R)-BIPOL, which can be used as a versatile chiral ligand. By NMR spectroscopy, we observed the formation of intermolecular aggregates of the diamide-bridged BIPOL with anhydrous DMSO-d6 . DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory corroborate the high interconversion barrier for the biaryl axis of ΔGǂ = 148.7 kJ mol-1 and the favoured formation of (Sax ,R,R)-BIPOL as single stereoisomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Auras
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Guy L, Oda R, Avarvari N, Crassous J, Berova N, Pescitelli G, Trapp O, Collina S. Special issue: Chirality in France. Chirality 2022; 34:697-698. [PMID: 35238416 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Guy
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon, France
| | - Reiko Oda
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, Pessac, France
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, Angers, France
| | | | - Nina Berova
- Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Yashima E, Maeda K, Trapp O, Berova N, Collina S, Pescitelli G. Editors' note. Chirality 2022; 34:699-700. [PMID: 35218077 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nina Berova
- Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
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31
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Closs AC, Bechtel M, Trapp O. Dynamischer Austausch von Substituenten in einem präbiotischen Organokatalysator: Erste Schritte auf dem Weg zu einem evolutionären System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Closs
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Maximilian Bechtel
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstr. 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Deutschland
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Schurig J, Ipach U, Helmstätter B, Kling L, Hahn M, Trapp O, Winterhagen P. Selected Genotypes with the Genetic Background of Vitis aestivalis and Vitis labrusca Are Resistant to Xiphinema index. Plant Dis 2021; 105:4132-4137. [PMID: 34110229 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-20-2716-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index transmits grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) during feeding on grapevine roots, causing fanleaf degeneration in the plant. Hence, resistance breeding is a key to develop novel rootstocks to overcome such threats. In past years, various grapevine species were screened, and a few candidates with partial resistance were identified. However, they were hardly sufficient for viticulture because of their many agronomical defects. To develop reliably resistant rootstocks applicable in viticulture, multiple Vitis spp. genotypes were analyzed using root inoculation with nematodes in glass vials as an early and easy evaluation test. Resistance levels were evaluated 35 days after inoculation based on nematode reproduction factors, focusing on juveniles and eggs. Infection of grapevines with GFLV was analyzed after inoculation with viruliferous X. index. With this fast screening system, putative candidates with resistances against X. index have been identified for future breeding programs. Particularly, genotypes with the genetic background of Vitis aestivalis and Vitis labrusca were found to be nematode-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schurig
- Institute for Plant Protection, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 67435, Germany
| | - Ulrike Ipach
- Institute for Plant Protection, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 67435, Germany
| | - Brigitte Helmstätter
- Institute for Plant Protection, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 67435, Germany
| | - Lilo Kling
- Institute for Plant Protection, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 67435, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Faculty of Biology, Division of Phytopathology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern 67653, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Siebeldingen 76833, Germany
| | - Patrick Winterhagen
- Institute for Plant Protection, Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum Rheinpfalz, Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 67435, Germany
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Menke J, Scholz K, Trapp O. Synthesis of Stereochemically Flexible Cyclic Biphenylbisphosphinite Ligands: Control of the Dynamics and Selectivity. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan‐Michael Menke
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 DE-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina Scholz
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 DE-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 DE-81377 Munich Germany
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Closs AC, Bechtel M, Trapp O. Dynamic Exchange of Substituents in a Prebiotic Organocatalyst: Initial Steps towards an Evolutionary System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202112563. [PMID: 34705315 PMCID: PMC9298921 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
All evolutionary biological processes lead to a change in heritable traits over successive generations. The responsible genetic information encoded in DNA is altered, selected, and inherited by mutation of the base sequence. While this is well known at the biological level, an evolutionary change at the molecular level of small organic molecules is unknown but represents an important prerequisite for the emergence of life. Here, we present a class of prebiotic imidazolidine-4-thione organocatalysts able to dynamically change their constitution and potentially capable to form an evolutionary system. These catalysts functionalize their building blocks and dynamically adapt to their (self-modified) environment by mutation of their own structure. Depending on the surrounding conditions, they show pronounced and opposing selectivity in their formation. Remarkably, the preferentially formed species can be associated with different catalytic properties, which enable multiple pathways for the transition from abiotic matter to functional biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Closs
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bechtel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Auras
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 DE-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 DE-81377 Munich Germany
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Leopold M, Siebert M, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Cover Feature: Reaction Network Analysis of the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Dimethoxymethane (ChemCatChem 12/2021). ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Leopold
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Max Siebert
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
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Leopold M, Siebert M, Siegle AF, Trapp O. Reaction Network Analysis of the Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Dimethoxymethane. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max Leopold
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Max Siebert
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13 D-81377 Munich Germany
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Herzog K, Schwander F, Kassemeyer HH, Bieler E, Dürrenberger M, Trapp O, Töpfer R. Towards Sensor-Based Phenotyping of Physical Barriers of Grapes to Improve Resilience to Botrytis Bunch Rot. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:808365. [PMID: 35222454 PMCID: PMC8866247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.808365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis bunch rot is one of the economically most important fungal diseases in viticulture (aside from powdery mildew and downy mildew). So far, no active defense mechanisms and resistance loci against the necrotrophic pathogen are known. Since long, breeders are mostly selecting phenotypically for loose grape bunches, which is recently the most evident trait to decrease the infection risk of Botrytis bunch rot. This study focused on plant phenomics of multiple traits by applying fast sensor technologies to measure berry impedance (Z REL ), berry texture, and 3D bunch architecture. As references, microscopic determined cuticle thickness (MS CT ) and infestation of grapes with Botrytis bunch rot were used. Z REL hereby is correlated to grape bunch density OIV204 (r = -0.6), cuticle thickness of berries (r = 0.61), mean berry diameter (r = -0.63), and Botrytis bunch rot (r = -0.7). However, no correlation between Z REL and berry maturity or berry texture was observed. In comparison to the category of traditional varieties (mostly susceptible), elite breeding lines show an impressive increased Z REL value (+317) and a 1-μm thicker berry cuticle. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on LGs 2, 6, 11, 15, and 16 were identified for Z REL and berry texture explaining a phenotypic variance of between 3 and 10.9%. These QTLs providing a starting point for the development of molecular markers. Modeling of Z REL and berry texture to predict Botrytis bunch rot resilience revealed McFadden R 2 = 0.99. Taken together, this study shows that in addition to loose grape bunch architecture, berry diameter, Z REL , and berry texture values are probably additional parameters that could be used to identify and select Botrytis-resilient wine grape varieties. Furthermore, grapevine breeding will benefit from these reliable methodologies permitting high-throughput screening for additional resilience traits of mechanical and physical barriers to Botrytis bunch rot. The findings might also be applicable to table grapes and other fruit crops like tomato or blueberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Herzog
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Katja Herzog,
| | - Florian Schwander
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Hanns-Heinz Kassemeyer
- Plant Pathology & Diagnostic, State Institute for Viticulture and Enology Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group & Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evi Bieler
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Dürrenberger
- Nano Imaging Lab, Swiss Nano Science Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Töpfer
- Institute for Grapevine Breeding Geilweilerhof, Julius Kühn-Institut, Siebeldingen, Germany
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Abstract
Mechanisms leading to a molecular evolution and the formation of homochirality in nature are interconnected and a key to the underlying principles that led to the emergence of life. So far proposed mechanisms leading to a non-linear reaction behavior are based mainly on the formation of homochiral and heterochiral dimers. Since homochiral and heterochiral dimers are diastereomers of each other, the minor enantiomer is shifted out of equilibrium with the major enantiomer by dimer formation and thus a reaction or catalysis can be dominated by the remaining molecules of the major enantiomer. In this article a mechanism is shown that leads to homochirality by the formation of a highly catalytically active transient intermediate in a stereodynamically controlled reaction. This is demonstrated by Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, in which aldehydes are transformed into the corresponding alcohols by addition of dialkylzinc reagents. The mechanism of chirogenesis proposed here shows that an apparently inefficient reaction is the best prerequisite for a selection mechanism. In addition, stereodynamic control offers the advantage that the minor diastereomeric intermediate can be interconverted into the major diastereomer and thus be stereoeconomically efficient. This is supported by computer simulation of reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
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Trapp O, Lamour S, Maier F, Siegle AF, Zawatzky K, Straub BF. Front Cover: In Situ Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Investigations of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis (Chem. Eur. J. 68/2020). Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Maier
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Alexander F. Siegle
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Bernd F. Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Kruse FM, Teichert JS, Trapp O. Frontispiece: Prebiotic Nucleoside Synthesis: The Selectivity of Simplicity. Chemistry 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202086561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian M. Kruse
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13' 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Jennifer S. Teichert
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13' 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Butenandtstr. 5–13' 81377 Munich Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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Abstract
Ever since the discovery of nucleic acids 150 years ago,[1] major achievements have been made in understanding and decrypting the fascinating scientific questions of the genetic code.[2] However, the most fundamental question about the origin and the evolution of the genetic code remains a mystery. How did nature manage to build up such intriguingly complex molecules able to encode structure and function from simple building blocks? What conditions were required? How could the precursors survive the unhostile environment of early Earth? Over the past decades, promising synthetic concepts were proposed providing clarity in the field of prebiotic nucleic acid research. In this Minireview, we show the current status and various approaches to answer these fascinating questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M. Kruse
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
| | - Jennifer S. Teichert
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of ChemistryLudwig-Maximilians-University MunichButenandtstr. 5–13'81377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
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Trapp O, Lamour S, Maier F, Siegle AF, Zawatzky K, Straub BF. In Situ Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Investigations of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:15758. [PMID: 33118668 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Invited for the cover of this issue is Oliver Trapp and his co-workers at Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, the Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy and Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg. The image depicts a magic trick representing the autocatalytic process reported in the manuscript. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202003260.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, postCode/>81377, Munich (Germany).,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, postCode/>81377, Munich (Germany).,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, postCode/>81377, Munich (Germany)
| | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, postCode/>81377, Munich (Germany)
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, postCode/>81377, Munich (Germany)
| | - Bernd F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Fuks E, Huber L, Schinkel T, Trapp O. Front Cover: Investigation of Straightforward, Photoinduced Alkylations of Electron‐Rich Heterocompounds with Electron‐Deficient Alkyl Bromides in the Sole Presence of 2,6‐Lutidine (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 39/2020). European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Fuks
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thea Schinkel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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Haas M, Lamour S, Christ SB, Trapp O. Mineral-mediated carbohydrate synthesis by mechanical forces in a primordial geochemical setting. Commun Chem 2020; 3:140. [PMID: 36703456 PMCID: PMC9814773 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00387-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of carbohydrates represents an essential step to provide building blocks and a source of chemical energy in several models for the emergence of life. Formaldehyde, glycolaldehyde and a basic catalyst are the initial components forming a variety of sugar molecules in the cascade-type multi-step formose reaction. While numerous side reactions and even deterioration can be observed in aqueous media, selective prebiotic sugar formation is feasible in solid-state, mechanochemical reactions and might have occurred in early geochemistry. However, the precise role of different basic catalysts and the influence of the atmospheric conditions in the solid-state formose reaction remain unknown. Here we show, that in a primordial scenario the mechanochemical formose reaction is capable to form monosaccharides with a broad variety of mineral classes as catalysts with only minute amounts of side products such as lactic acid or methanol, independent of the atmospheric conditions. The results give insight into recent findings of formose sugars on meteorites and offer a water-free and robust pathway for monosaccharides independent of the external conditions both for the early Earth or an extra-terrestrial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Haas
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.429508.20000 0004 0491 677XMax-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Babette Christ
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XDepartment of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany ,grid.429508.20000 0004 0491 677XMax-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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Trapp O, Lamour S, Maier F, Siegle AF, Zawatzky K, Straub BF. In Situ Mass Spectrometric and Kinetic Investigations of Soai's Asymmetric Autocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:15871-15880. [PMID: 32822103 PMCID: PMC7756584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions that lead to a spontaneous symmetry breaking or amplification of the enantiomeric excess are of fundamental interest in explaining the formation of a homochiral world. An outstanding example is Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, in which small enantiomeric excesses of the added product alcohol are amplified in the reaction of diisopropylzinc and pyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehydes. The exact mechanism is still in dispute due to complex reaction equilibria and elusive intermediates. In situ high‐resolution mass spectrometric measurements, detailed kinetic analyses and doping with in situ reacting reaction mixtures show the transient formation of hemiacetal complexes, which can establish an autocatalytic cycle. We propose a mechanism that explains the autocatalytic amplification involving these hemiacetal complexes. Comprehensive kinetic experiments and modelling of the hemiacetal formation and the Soai reaction allow the precise prediction of the reaction progress, the enantiomeric excess as well as the enantiomeric excess dependent time shift in the induction period. Experimental structural data give insights into the privileged properties of the pyrimidyl units and the formation of diastereomeric structures leading to an efficient amplification of even minimal enantiomeric excesses, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Saskia Lamour
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Königstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Maier
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander F Siegle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Zawatzky
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd F Straub
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
AbstractThe local transmission of chiral information by noncovalent interactions is one of the most fundamental processes broadly found in nature, i.e. in complex biochemical systems. This review summarizes our accomplishments in investigating chiral induction in stereodynamic ligands and catalysts by weak intermolecular interactions. It includes our efforts to characterize numerous stereodynamic compounds in detail with respect to their thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Furthermore, many stereolabile ligands for enantioselective catalysis are described, where directed stereoinduction afforded highly enantio- or diastereoenriched catalysts for subsequent selective asymmetric transformations. Various approaches for the dynamic enrichment of one of the catalyst’s conformers are presented, such as noncovalent interaction of the ligand with a chiral environment or a chiral solute. Finally, successful chemical systems are presented in which a process of chiral induction can be coupled with an autoinductive mechanism triggered by the chirality of its own reaction product, realizing Nature-inspired feedback loops resulting in self-amplifying, enantioselective catalytic reactions.1 Introduction2 Mapping the Stereodynamic Landscape3 Chiral Induction by Noncovalent Interactions4 Autoinduction and Chiral Amplification5 Self-Alignment and Emergence of Chirality6 Conclusion
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Closs AC, Fuks E, Bechtel M, Trapp O. Prebiotically Plausible Organocatalysts Enabling a Selective Photoredox α-Alkylation of Aldehydes on the Early Earth. Chemistry 2020; 26:10702-10706. [PMID: 32233051 PMCID: PMC7496864 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis is a powerful approach to extend and (enantio-) selectively modify molecular structures. Adapting this concept to the Early Earth scenario offers a promising solution to explain their evolution into a complex homochiral world. Herein, we present a class of imidazolidine-4-thione organocatalysts, easily accessible from simple molecules available on an Early Earth under highly plausible prebiotic reaction conditions. These imidazolidine-4-thiones are readily formed from mixtures of aldehydes or ketones in presence of ammonia, cyanides and hydrogen sulfide in high selectivity and distinct preference for individual compounds of the resulting catalyst library. These organocatalysts enable the enantioselective α-alkylation of aldehydes under prebiotic conditions and show activities that correlate with the selectivity of their formation. Furthermore, the crystallization of single catalysts as conglomerates opens the pathway for symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Closs
- Department of ChemistryLudwig Maximilian University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elina Fuks
- Department of ChemistryLudwig Maximilian University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Maximilian Bechtel
- Department of ChemistryLudwig Maximilian University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of ChemistryLudwig Maximilian University MunichButenandtstrasse 5–1381377MunichGermany
- Max-Planck-Institute for AstronomyKönigstuhl 1769117HeidelbergGermany
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Fuks E, Huber L, Schinkel T, Trapp O. Investigation of Straightforward, Photoinduced Alkylations of Electron‐Rich Heterocompounds with Electron‐Deficient Alkyl Bromides in the Sole Presence of 2,6‐Lutidine. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elina Fuks
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Laura Huber
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Thea Schinkel
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department of Chemistry Ludwig Maximilian University Munich Butenandtstr. 5‐13 81377 Munich Germany
- Max‐Planck‐Institute for Astronomy Königstuhl 17 69117 Heidelberg Germany
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Sauer F, Sydow C, Trapp O. A robust sheath-flow CE-MS interface for hyphenation with Orbitrap MS. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1280-1286. [PMID: 32358866 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with high-resolution mass spectrometry, such as Orbitrap MS, is of broad interest for the unambiguous and exceptionally sensitive identification of compounds. However, the coupling of these techniques requires a robust ionization interface that does not influence the stability of the separation voltage while coping with oxidation of the emitter tip at large ionization voltages. Herein, we present the design of a sheath-flow CE-ESI-MS interface which combines a robust and easy to operate set-up with high-resolution Orbitrap MS detection. The sheath liquid interface is equipped with a gold coated electrospray emitter which increases the stability and overall lifetime of the system. For the characterization of the interface, the spray stability and durability were investigated in dependence of the sheath-flow rate, electrospray voltage, and additional gold coating. The optimized conditions were applied to a separation of angiotensin II and neurotensin resulting in LODs of 2.4 and 3.5 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sauer
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Constanze Sydow
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Oliver Trapp
- Department Chemie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
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