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Abstract
We asked whether young children raised in an environment strongly promoting compassion for others, as in the case of Tibetan Buddhism, would show less proclivity toward self-maximizing in sharing. We replicated the procedure of Rochat et al. with a group of 3- and 5-year-old Tibetan children living in exile and attending a traditional Buddhist school where the Dalai Lama resides. We report that Tibetan children, like children of seven other cultures, start from a marked self-maximizing propensity at 3 years of age, becoming significantly more fair by 5 years. These data confirm that the developing sense of equity by young children is comparable in the context of a compassion-based culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Starr
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Abstract
Sequentially evolved bilateral epidural haematomas, where the second haematoma evolves after surgical removal of the first haematoma, are rarely reported. We report two cases of this entity. One patient was involved in a road traffic accident and the other was suffering from a head injury after an assault. CT scans showed that both patients had an unilateral epidural haematoma with a thin presumably epidural haemorrhage on the opposite side. Both patients were operated for their epidural haematomas, but did not improve after surgical treatment, and postoperative CT scans revealed evolving of an epidural haematoma on the opposite side. After evacuation of the second epidural haematoma both patients recovered quickly. Sequentially evolved bilateral epidural haematomas are rare, but must be considered in the postoperative intensive care treatment in patients with epidural haematomas. Both cases emphasize the need for intensive care monitoring after an operation for an epidural haematoma and the need for CT scans if the patient does not improve quickly after removal of the haematoma. This is especially important if a small contralateral haematoma is seen on the initial CT scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Rochat P, von Buchwald C, Wagner A. Sinusitis and ischemic stroke. Rhinology 2001; 39:173-5. [PMID: 11721511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute sinusitis is a prevalent and generally uncomplicated infection that is normally resolved by medical therapy. However, severe neurological complications are known, and comprise of cerebral abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, and epidural or subdural empyema. We report a case about a 10-year-old girl with a severe acute pansinusitis and ischemic stroke in the right lentiform nucleus and the anterior part of the right internal capsule. Possible explanations for this rare combination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
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5
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Hauerberg J, Ma X, Bay-Hansen R, Pedersen DB, Rochat P, Juhler M. Effects of alterations in arterial CO2 tension on cerebral blood flow during acute intracranial hypertension in rats. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2001; 13:213-21. [PMID: 11426095 DOI: 10.1097/00008506-200107000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 in clinical and experimental studies has been found to be impaired during increased intracranial pressure (ICP). However, from previous study results it has not been possible to estimate whether the impairment was caused by elevated ICP, or caused by decreased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). The current study was carried out in a group of unmanipulated control rats and in six investigation groups of six rats each: two groups with elevated ICP (30 and 50 mm Hg) and spontaneous arterial blood pressure (MABP), two groups with spontaneous ICP and arterial hypotension (77 and 64 mm Hg), and two groups with elevated ICP (30 and 50 mm Hg) and arterial hypertension (124 mm Hg). Intracranial hypertension was induced by continuous infusion of lactated Ringer's solution into the cisterna magna, arterial hypotension by controlled bleeding, and arterial hypertension by continuous administration of norepinephrine intravenously. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured repetitively by the intraarterial 133Xe method at different levels of arterial PCO2. In each individual animal, CO2 reactivity was calculated from an exponential regression line obtained from the corresponding CBF/PaCO2 values. By plotting each individual value of CO2 reactivity against the corresponding CPP value from the seven investigation groups, CPP was significantly and directly related to CO2 reactivity of CBF (P < .001). No correlation was found by plotting CO2 reactivity values against the corresponding MABP values or the corresponding ICP values. Thus, the results show that CO2 reactivity is at least partially determined by CPP and that the impaired CO2 reactivity observed at intracranial hypertension and arterial hypotension may be caused by reduced CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hauerberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and The Neurobiology Research Unit, The Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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6
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to use prescription data from a Danish database to analyse and evaluate antiepileptic drug (AED) utilization, and compare with other prevalence studies. METHODS A Danish research database covering outpatient prescription data from a population of 471,873 persons was used. Prescription records on all patients prescribed AEDs during 1998 were retrieved. A cohort was extracted from the group of AED users. RESULTS We identified 5426 AED users. A total of 3756 of the 5426 AED users were included in our cohort. Of the subjects in the cohort 74% were on monotherapy, 19% used two AEDs and only 7% used three or more AEDs. The eight most frequent regimens were all monotherapy: carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, valproic acid, lamotrigine, clonazepam, phenytoin and primidon in that order. The estimated crude 1-year prevalence of AED use was 0.77% for women and 0.83% for men (P<0.001), and it increased with age for both genders. CONCLUSIONS The prescription pattern reported here is in accordance with the general guidelines for the treatment of epilepsy in Denmark, except for a surprisingly extensive use of phenobarbital. With specific reservations the figures appear to be reasonable estimates of the prevalence of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
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7
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Abstract
Thirty-six 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old infants were videotaped while interacting with a female adult stranger engaging in either organized or disorganized 1-min peekaboo games. Two-month-old infants gazed and smiled equally at the stranger, regardless of the relative organization of the peekaboo game. In contrast, 4- and 6-month-old infants smiled significantly more and gazed significantly less in the organized peekaboo condition than in the disorganized peekaboo condition. These results suggest that from a diffuse sensitivity to the presence of a social partner, infants by 4 months develop a new sensitivity to the narrative envelope of protoconversation, in particular the timing and the structure of social exchanges scaffolded by adults. These observations are interpreted as evidence of developing social expectations in the first 6 months of life. This early development is viewed as announcing and preparing the communicative competence that blossoms by the end of the 1st year.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Thirty-six 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old infants were videotaped while interacting with a female adult stranger engaging in either organized or disorganized 1-min peekaboo games. Two-month-old infants gazed and smiled equally at the stranger, regardless of the relative organization of the peekaboo game. In contrast, 4- and 6-month-old infants smiled significantly more and gazed significantly less in the organized peekaboo condition than in the disorganized peekaboo condition. These results suggest that from a diffuse sensitivity to the presence of a social partner, infants by 4 months develop a new sensitivity to the narrative envelope of protoconversation, in particular the timing and the structure of social exchanges scaffolded by adults. These observations are interpreted as evidence of developing social expectations in the first 6 months of life. This early development is viewed as announcing and preparing the communicative competence that blossoms by the end of the 1st year.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Abstract
By 2-3 months, infants engage in exploration of their own body as it moves and acts in the environment. They babble and touch their own body, attracted and actively involved in investigating the rich intermodal redundancies, temporal contingencies, and spatial congruence of self-perception. Recent research is presented, which investigates the spatial and temporal determinants of self-perception and action infancy. This research shows that, in the course of the first weeks of life, infants develop an ability to detect intermodal invariants and regularities in their sensorimotor experience, which specify themselves as separate entities agent in the environment. Recent observations on the detection of intermodal invariants regarding self-produced leg movements and auditory feedback of sucking by young infants are reported. These observations demonstrate that, early in development and long before mirror self-recognition, infants develop a perceptual ability to specify themselves. It is tentatively proposed that young infants' propensity to engage in self-perception and systematic exploration of the perceptual consequences of their own action plays an important role in the intermodal calibration of the body and is probably at the origin of an early sense of self: the ecological self.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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11
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Rochat P, Madsen C, Christensen JK. "Flight-induced" neurological symptoms due to undiagnosed craniocervical bone pneumatization. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1998; 139:1187-8. [PMID: 9479428 DOI: 10.1007/bf01410982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Abstract
The perceptual strategies used by 4 orangutans (2 subadults, 2 adults) when choosing the larger of 2 volumes in a Piagetian conservation task were investigated. Three possible perceptual strategies were investigated: (a) direct perceptual estimation of the container's content independent of its shape, (b) use of the spatial and temporal cues provided by the pouring of liquid from one container to another, and (c) ability to initially identify the larger volume and track it across transformations disregarding misleading perceptual cues. Results indicated that the direct perceptual estimation strategy was the best candidate to explain the orangutan's systematic choice of the larger of 2 quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Call
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Recent research indicates that 4- to 8-month-old infants can track and anticipate the final orientation of an object following different invisible spatial transformations (Rochat, P., Hespos, S.J. (1996). Cognitive Development, 11, 3-17). Six experiments were designed to specify further the nature and development of early expectation for a set of dynamic events. A violation of expectation method was used to assess infants' reactions to probable and improbable outcomes of an objects' orientation following an invisible transformation. The availability of orientation cues, the path of motion, and the amount of invisible spatial transformation was systematically varied. The studies indicate that infants as young as 4 months of age detect orientation-specific cues for objects undergoing invisible spatial transformations. Developmental differences in this ability between 4 and 6 months of age lend insight to the nature and limitations of this early representational ability. These findings provide evidence for dynamic mental representation in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Hespos
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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14
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Abstract
An account of the postural determinants of perceived reachability is proposed to explain systematic overestimations of the distance at which an object is perceived to be reachable. In this account, these errors are due to a mapping of the limits of prehensile space onto a person's perceived region of maximum stretchability, in the context of a whole-body engagement. In support of this account, 6 experiments on the judged reachability of both static and dynamic objects are reported. We tentatively conclude that the mental imagery of action is grounded and calibrated in reference to multiple skeletal degrees of behavioral freedom. Accordingly, this calibration is a source of systematic error in reachability judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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15
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Abstract
An account of the postural determinants of perceived reachability is proposed to explain systematic overestimations of the distance at which an object is perceived to be reachable. In this account, these errors are due to a mapping of the limits of prehensile space onto a person's perceived region of maximum stretchability, in the context of a whole-body engagement. In support of this account, 6 experiments on the judged reachability of both static and dynamic objects are reported. We tentatively conclude that the mental imagery of action is grounded and calibrated in reference to multiple skeletal degrees of behavioral freedom. Accordingly, this calibration is a source of systematic error in reachability judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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16
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Abstract
Non-nutritive sucking (NNS) activities were recorded in preterm infants born at gestational age 32 weeks or less during nasogastric feedings. Six infants on intermittent nasogastric feeding schedules were tested with a pacifier in their mouth for three 5-minute periods (before, during, and after gavage feeding). Analysis of the recordings revealed that NNS activities increased markedly during the intermittent nasogastric feeding schedule. The overall proportions of sucking engagement, the mean duration of sucking burst, the mean number of sucks per burst, and the mean duration of individual sucks within a burst increased markedly during gavage feeding compared with both pre-test and post-test periods. NNS by a group of five infants on continuous nasogastric feedings was similar to the pre-test and post-test of the infants on the intermittent nasogastric feeding schedule. These results indicate that in the context of intermittent nasogastric feedings, NNS engagement in tube-fed infants depends on stomach cues and/or temperature changes associated with tube feedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Abstract
Four orangutans (1 juvenile, 2 subadults, and 1 adult) and ten 6-8-year-old children were tested in 4 liquid conservation tasks of increasing levels of difficulty. Task difficulty depended on the type of transformation (continuous vs. discontinuous quantities) and the relative contrast between the shapes of the containers. Results indicate that orangutans did not display conservation in the strict sense; instead they showed "partial" conservation (intermediate reactions according to J. Piaget & B. Inhelder, 1941). In contrast, some of the children provided evidence of conservation in all 4 tasks, showing "true" or logically necessary conservation in the original sense proposed by J. Piaget and B. Inhelder (1941). Although orangutans did not show conservation in the strict sense, as J. Piaget (1955) and others have generally agreed it should be defined, orangutans behaved as individual and creative problem solvers, adopting different perceptual strategies depending on the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Call
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Ability to perceive the distance at which an object is within reach was assessed in 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children and adults. In different situations, subjects had to judge whether an object placed in the vertical or horizontal plane was reachable for themselves or for someone else (the experimenter). Adults as well as children differentiated between the limits of their own prehensile space and those of another person. At all ages, children tend to attribute systematically more reachability to the adult experimenter. Furthermore, both children and adults systematically underestimate reachability for others in a horizontal presentation of the object. For all age groups, judgments of reachability for self are bodily scaled and based on perceived degrees of behavioral freedom for self and for others. From 3 years of age, children are shown to resemble adults in their ability to perceive what objects afford for action, either for self or for others. These results are interpreted as further evidence of early allocentrism (i.e., spatial decentration and perspective taking) in the context of a practical task.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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20
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Abstract
Six-month-old infants were presented with sounding objects under 3 conditions of illumination: in full vision, in the dark with target location specified by a glowing and sounding object, and in the dark with location specified by sound alone. Reaching behavior was videotaped with an infrared camera, and hand movement was measured by infrared-emitting diodes on the hand that were tracked by a motion analysis system. No differences were found in reaching behavior for objects in the light and glowing objects in the dark. Reaches for sounding objects in the dark had higher speeds, shorter durations, and more errors compared to the other 2 conditions. These findings indicate that vision of the hand did not appear to affect infants' reaching in this situation, whereas vision of the target did.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Clifton
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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21
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Abstract
Six-month-old infants were presented with sounding objects under 3 conditions of illumination: in full vision, in the dark with target location specified by a glowing and sounding object, and in the dark with location specified by sound alone. Reaching behavior was videotaped with an infrared camera, and hand movement was measured by infrared-emitting diodes on the hand that were tracked by a motion analysis system. No differences were found in reaching behavior for objects in the light and glowing objects in the dark. Reaches for sounding objects in the dark had higher speeds, shorter durations, and more errors compared to the other 2 conditions. These findings indicate that vision of the hand did not appear to affect infants' reaching in this situation, whereas vision of the target did.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Clifton
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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Borradori L, Hohl D, Rochat P, Frenk E. Annular bullous eruption in a patient with the CREST syndrome, primary biliary cirrhosis, and Sjögren's syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29:648-50. [PMID: 8408804 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(08)81874-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Borradori
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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23
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Abstract
The relation between progress in the control of posture (i.e., the achievement of self-sitting posture) and the developmental transition from two-handed to one-handed engagement in infant reaching was investigated. Two groups of 5- to 8-month-old infants, who were either able or yet unable to sit on their own, were videotaped while they reached for objects in four different posture conditions that provided varying amounts of body support. Videotapes of infant reaches were microanalyzed to determine the relative engagement of both hands during reaches. Results demonstrate the interaction between postural development and the morphology of infant reaching. Nonsitting infants displayed symmetrical and synergistic engagement of both arms and hands while reaching in all but the seated posture condition. Sitting infants, by contrast, showed asymmetrical and lateralized (one-handed) reaches in all posture conditions. Results also show that, aside from posture, the perceived spatial arrangement of the object display is a determinant of infant reaching. Combined, these results are discussed as evidence for the interaction between postural and perceptual development in the control of early eye-hand coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rochat
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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24
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Abstract
Infants were presented with two sounding objects of different sizes in light and dark, in which sound cued the object's identity. Reaching behavior was assessed to determine if object size influenced preparation for grasping the object. In both light and dark, infants aligned their hands when contacting the large object compared with the small object, which resulted in a reach with both hands extended for the large object and reach with one hand more extended for the small object. Infants contacted the large object more frequently on the bottom and sides rather than the top, where the sound source was located. Reaching in the dark by 6 1/2-month-olds is not merely directed toward a sound source but rather shows preparation in relation to the object's size. These findings were interpreted as evidence that mental representation of previously seen objects can guide subsequent motor action by 6 1/2-month-old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Clifton
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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25
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Abstract
Infants were presented with two sounding objects of different sizes in light and dark, in which sound cued the object's identity. Reaching behavior was assessed to determine if object size influenced preparation for grasping the object. In both light and dark, infants aligned their hands when contacting the large object compared with the small object, which resulted in a reach with both hands extended for the large object and reach with one hand more extended for the small object. Infants contacted the large object more frequently on the bottom and sides rather than the top, where the sound source was located. Reaching in the dark by 6 1/2-month-olds is not merely directed toward a sound source but rather shows preparation in relation to the object's size. These findings were interpreted as evidence that mental representation of previously seen objects can guide subsequent motor action by 6 1/2-month-old infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Clifton
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 01003
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Rochat P, Störi P. [Objective and subjective study of the copper-7 (author's transl)]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1978; 67:668-77. [PMID: 652725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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