Effects of oral probiotic and lactoferrin interventions on iron-zinc homeostasis, oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium and diarrhoea incidence of neonatal piglets

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of early-life host specific probiotic and lactoferrin (LF) supplementations on diarrhoea incidence, iron (Fe)-zinc (Zn) balance and antioxidant capabilities in serum of neonatal piglets. A total of eight sow litters obtained from parity matched sows were randomly divided into four groups and assigned to one of the four interventions: control (2.0 ml normal saline), bovine lactoferrin (bLF) (100 mg bLF in normal saline), probiotic (Pb) (1×10⁹ cfu of swine origin Pediococcus acidilactici FT28 strain) and bLF+Pb (both 100 mg bLF and 1×10⁹ cfu of P. acidilactici FT28). All the piglets received supplementations once daily orally for first 7 days of life. The incidence of diarrhoea markedly decreased in bLF group compared to control group. Notably, no incidences of diarrhoea were recorded in Pb and bLF+Pb groups. The Zn and Fe concentrations were significantly increased from day 7 to 21 in bLF and on day 21 in bLF+Pb group. No such changes were noted in Pb group. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in serum was significantly increased on days 7 and 15 in bLF group and on days 7 and 21 in bLF+Pb group. Malonaldehyde concentration was markedly reduced from day 7 to 21 in bLF and bLF+Pb groups. The concentrations of nitrate on days 15 and 21 and malonaldehyde on day 7 were significantly higher in Pb group, but mean TAC was unaltered from day 0 to 21. Although no correlation between the incidence of diarrhoea and Zn/Fe and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis was noted in the Pb group, the supplementation of P. acidilactici FT28 alone was sufficient to prevent the incidence of diarrhoea in neonatal piglets. Taken together, it is concluded that strategic supplementation of P. acidilactici FT28 in early life could help in preventing diarrhoea until weaning of piglets.

Enhanced Thermo-Fluidic Performance of Aqueous SiO2 Nanofluid Flow Through a Horizontal Tube—An Experimental Investigation

The thermo-fluidic performance of SiO2-water nanofluid (NF) flow inside a horizontal tube of circular cross section were examined applying constant heat flux. An aqua based dispersion of SiO2 nanopowders with 16.58 nm average particle diameter were used as the working fluid with 0.15–0.35 vol.%. Experiments are conducted in the Reynolds number (Re) range of 2798.96–27989.62 maintaining the bulk temperature of the flow at 45 °C. Thermo-physical properties namely conductivity (k) and viscosity (μ) of NF were determined at various temperatures range of 25–65 °C. Maximum 13% enhancement in k and a maximum of 20% enhancement in μ were obtained at 0.35 vol.% as compared to basefluid. Heat transfer and friction factor (f) were increased with enhancing concentration and Re. The Nusselt number (Nu) increased upto 40% along with a maximum increase of 28.57% in f as compared to their basefluid. New empirical correlations for Nu and f of nanofluids were developed. Finally, a figure of merit (FOM) was determined, which reveals the potency of nanofluids as working fluid for rapid cooling applications.

Prospective evaluation of the diagnostic potential of LipL32 based latex agglutination test for Bovine leptospirosis

The Livestock Sector of India plays an important role in livelihood security and socioeconomic development of rural households. Leptospirosis is an important zoonotic disease responsible for septicaemia, interstitial nephritis, jaundice, abortion, reproductive problem in most of the animal species. Reproductive disturbances in bovine population is most often restricted to investigation of brucellosis, however apart from brucellosis, there are many undiagnosed diseases like leptospirosis that takes a toll in the reproductive anomalies of cattle and buffalo. Hence, the present study was elucidated to screen the seroprevalence of Leptospira in cattle and buffalo in various hamlets of North India using a user friendly screening test i.e. LipL32 latex agglutination test. The overall seropositivity was found to be 26.01% (230/884) in case of bovine in this study and the LipL32 LAT showed a profound sensitivity and specificity with level of 94.97% and 99.53% respectively.

Creep and flow of glasses: strain response linked to the spatial distribution of dynamical heterogeneities

Mechanical properties are of central importance to materials sciences, in particular if they depend on external stimuli. Here we investigate the rheological response of amorphous solids, namely colloidal glasses, to external forces. Using confocal microscopy and computer simulations, we establish a quantitative link between the macroscopic creep response and the microscopic single-particle dynamics. We observe dynamical heterogeneities, namely regions of enhanced mobility, which remain localized in the creep regime, but grow for applied stresses leading to steady flow. These different behaviors are also reflected in the average particle dynamics, quantified by the mean squared displacement of the individual particles, and the fraction of active regions. Both microscopic quantities are found to be proportional to the macroscopic strain, despite the non-equilibrium and non-linear conditions during creep and the transient regime prior to steady flow.

Zweikernige Komplexe des Molybdan(III): Die Kristallstruktur von μ-Bromo-μ-hydroxo-bis- [bromo(1,4,7-triazacyclononan)molybdan(III)]dibromid · Tetrahvdrat Dinuclear / Complexes of Molybdenum(III): The Crystal Structure of μ-Bromo-μ-hydroxo-bis- [bromo(1 ,4,7-triazacyclononane)molybdenum(III)]dibromide · tetrahydrate

The syntheses of two binuclear complexes of molybdenum(III) is reported. The oxidation of LMo(CO)3 (L = 1,4,7-triazacyclononane, C6Hi5N3) with bromine in chloroform (0.75% ethanol) yields the monomeric complex [MovLOBr2](Br3) (μeff(298 K) = 1.61 μB). Reduction of this species in aqueous solution with Zn under an argon atmosphere at 25 °C affords - upon addition of NaBr - green crystals of [Mo2L2(μ-OH)(μ-Br)Br2]Br2 · 4H2O. The reduction at elevated temperatures yields green crystals of [Mo2L2(μ-OH)2Br2]Br2 ·2 H2O. Both complexes exhibit antiferromagnetic behaviour. The crystal structure of [Mo2L2(μ-OH)(μ-Br)Br2]Br2 · 4 H2O con­sists of dinuclcar cations, bromide ions and water of crystallization. It crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with cell constants a = 821.3(3). b = 837.7(2), c = 1008.1(3) pm, α = 103.63(2)°, β = 98.92(2)°, γ = 79.54(2)° and Z = 1. The two Mo(III)-centers are in a distorted octahedral environment of the tridentate amine, a terminal bromo-ligand and one hydroxo- and one bromide bridging ligand (edge sharing). The short Mo-Mo distance of 255.8(3) pm indicates strong metal- metal bonding.

Screening obesity by direct and derived anthropometric indices with evaluation of physical efficiency among female college students of kolkata

BACKGROUND

The available information regarding the obesity pattern of the undergraduate female students of Kolkata is inadequate, though there are several reports which indicate the complications and/or awful consequences of obesity on female health particularly, during the reproductive years.

AIM

The present investigation has thus been carried out to report their present physiological status along with the prevalence of obesity, based on their body mass index (BMI), some direct and derived anthropometric indices, and physical fitness.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

This small-scale cross-sectional study conducted in randomly selected 100 female students of different colleges of Kolkata with the age of 18-22 [mean age 20.4 (2.3)] years. Measurements of body composition included total 24 variables, with thirteen direct and eleven derived anthropometric variables; while physical efficiency parameters were physical fitness index, VO2max, energy expenditure and anaerobic power. The data of the experimental group were compared with those of the control group by t-test, using SPSS v.15.0 and MS-Excel v.2013.

RESULTS

Analysis of collected data showed majority of the students have normal range of BMI (67.95%), but, 21.95% of students found to be overweight and 3.84% are obese. They also showed higher fat mass [14.40 (4.11)], but, lower waist-to-hip ratio and conicity index. They were found to have poor to moderate physical fitness [57.60 (3.90)] and higher energy expenditure [5.61 (0.72)].

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present obesity screening reports almost one of four female students (24 out of 100 participants) are overweight/obese, indicated higher body fat distribution and increased propensity of being obese with age. Thus, the overall data along with their low physical fitness points out to health risks among female undergraduates of Kolkata.

A Triangular Iron(III) Complex Potentially Relevant to Iron(III)-Binding Sites in Ferreascidin

An asymmetric triangular Fe(III) complex has been synthesized by an unusual Fe(II) -promoted activation of salicylaldoxime. Formation of the ligand 2-(bis(salicylideneamino)methyl)phenol in situ is believed to occur through the reductive deoximation of salicylaldoxime by ferrous ions. The trinuclear ferric complex has been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The molecular structure established by X-ray diffraction consists of a trinuclear structure with a [Fe3 (μ3 -O)(μ2 -OPh)](6+) core. Two iron ions are in a distorted octahedral environment having FeN2 O4 coordination spheres, and the five-coordinated third iron ion, with an FeNO4 coordination sphere, is in a trigonal bipyramidal environment. The magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed an St = 5/2 ground state with the antiparallel exchange interactions J = - 34.3 cm(-1) , J' = - 4.7 cm(-1) , and D = - 0.90 cm(-1) . The EPR results are consistent with a ground state of S = 5/2 together with a negative D5/2 value. The Mössbauer isomer shifts together with the quadrupole splitting also provide evidence for the high-spin state of the three ferric sites. Magnetic Mössbauer spectra lead to the conclusion that the internal magnetic fields possibly lie in the plane of the three ferric ions.

Comparative efficacy of rHaa86 and rBm86 against Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus are the most economically important tick species in India and other tropical and subtropical regions of the world and transmit pathogens causing animal and human diseases. We demonstrated that vaccination of animal by rHaa86 could be used for the control of both H. a. anatolicum and R. (B.) microplus infestations. By comparing the efficacy of rHaa86 and rBm86, it was observed that vaccine based on rHaa86 will be more effective in controlling homologous challenge infestations (68·7% against larvae and 45·8% against adults). The results of this trial demonstrated that species-specific antigens are the better choice for vaccine development and could serve as an effective tool for the integrated control of H. a. anatolicum.

Formation of nanocrystalline diamond in polymer like carbon films deposited by plasma CVD

Conventional plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) method is generally not suitable for the growth of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. However, our study shows that conditions favourable for powder formation help to grow large amount of nanocrystallites in conventional PECVD. With CH4 as the carbon source gas, dilution with Ar and moderate (50 W) rf power enhances formations of powders (nanoparticles) and C2 dimers within the plasma. On the other hand, with pure CH4 or with hydrogen diluted CH4, powder formation as also NCD growth is hindered. It is proposed that the nanoparticles formed in the plasma act as the "islands" while the C2 dimers are the "seeds" for the NCD growth. The structure of the films deposited on the grounded anode under different conditions of dilution has been studied. It is observed that with high Ar dilution the films contain NCD embedded in polymer like carbon (PLC) matrix.

Molecular characterization of Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup-A:1 based on amplification of repetitive regions by PCR

Repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP)-PCR (polymerase chain reaction), enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and single primer PCR assays were employed to characterize 66 strains of Pasteurella multocida serogroup A:1 isolated from avian species belonging to different regions of India. REP-PCR resulted in amplification of REP sequences from the genome which were in the range of approximately 200 to approximately 3000 bp and accounted for a total of 54 distinguishing profiles (D=0.99). ERIC-PCR analysis also generated amplified products in the range of approximately 200 to approximately 3200 bp categorizing strains into a total of 50 different profiles (D=0.98). Amplification of repetitive regions using a microsatellite primer (GTG)(5), resulted in clear distinctive bands ranging from approximately 200 to approximately 2400 bp. Strains were assigned to 43 profiles (D=0.96). No correlation could be drawn between genotypic profiles and avian hosts with their geographical area of origin. Avian strains of P. multocida serogroup A:1 were found to be highly heterogeneous with diverse profiles. REP-PCR was found to be highly discriminatory and simple method for differentiation of phenotypically similar strains. The present study also indicated that PCR based amplification of repetitive regions of P. multocida is a rapid technique with good discrimination and could be employed directly for routine typing of field isolates from fowl cholera outbreaks.

REP-PCR analysis of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wild and domestic animals in India

Repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) was used to characterize 67 field isolates of Pasteurella multocida originating from different animal species and geographical regions of India. REP-PCR was found to be rapid and reproducible (three repeats were done). These isolates yielded different 23 profiles which were clustered into eight groups. The discrimination index was moderate (D value 0.83). Somatic and antigenic typing of the isolates did not reveal any correlation with REP-PCR profiles. There was no host-specific, type-specific, region-specific or pathenogenicity-specific pattern. The REP profiles of isolates obtained from wild animals were similar to those obtained from domestic animals. Two common bands were present in all the isolates irrespective of somatic or antigenic types. The results were not comparable with earlier findings, which had shown high discrimination index and correlation with disease presentation.

Liposomised recombinant ribosomal L7/L12 protein protects BALB/c mice against Brucella abortus 544 infection

Brucella abortus, a facultative intracellular pathogen, is of tremendous zoonotic importance because of its ability to induce spontaneous abortion in cattle and other livestock. It is also known to cause persistent undulant fever, endocarditis, arthritis, osteomyelitis and meningitis in humans. The available vaccines against this dreadful infection suffer from limitations like short-term immunity, increased risk of hypersensitivity and low prophylactic index in the recipients. In the present study, we have demonstrated that liposomal form of a recombinant ribosomal L7/L12 protein, a B-T cell antigen of B. abortus, activates strong immune response in the host. In contrast, free antigen generates moderate immune response in the immunised animals. The liposomisation of rL7/L12 protein causes tremendous increase in cell-mediated immune response in terms of delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell proliferation and up-regulation in type I cytokine expression, etc. Moreover, the liposome encapsulated antigen elicited stronger humoral immune response as compared to standard vaccine (S-19) or IFA-L7/L12 combination in the immunised animals. The effectiveness of liposome-based vaccine was also substantiated by better systemic clearance of bacterial load after challenging the animals with B. abortus 544 pathogen. The results of the present study suggest the potential of liposome-based rL7/L12 antigen as prospective and efficient candidate vaccine capable of eliciting both cell mediated as well as humoral immune responses against experimental murine brucellosis.

Immunoreactive outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola strain Hond Utrecht IV

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES

Leptospirosis is a severe and complex zoonotic disease prevalent in many countries including India. Current leptospiral research is focussed on the identification of the outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of the organism that could be used in developing diagnostic assays for leptospirosis.

METHODS

The Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola was grown in EMJH medium and the cells were subjected to sarcosyl detergent treatment. The sarcosyl soluble (SS) and sarcosyl insoluble (SI) fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting to deduce their protein profile and identifying various immunodominant antigens.

RESULTS

The protein profile of SS fractions indicated the presence of three major bands of 41, 32 and 25 kDa and minor bands of 85 and 46 kDa. The SI fraction in serovar Canicola revealed the presence of 112, 93, 77, 43, 36, 29 and 22.5 kDa as major bands and minor bands of 102 and 53 kDa. In immunoblotting, the SS proteins of 41, 32 and 25 kDa and SI proteins of 112, 77, 36 and 22.5 kDa were detected to be major immunogenic proteins.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION

In our study immunogenic proteins were extracted from SS and SI fractions and OMPs were similar to those reported in other pathogenic Leptospira strains. These OMPs being unique to all the pathogenic leptospires, can be targeted for diagnostic purpose. Further analysis of the cellular location and expression of leptospiral proteins will be useful in the annotation of genomic sequence data and in providing insight into the biology of Leptospira cells.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in India

The usefulness of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for typing Indian strains of M. tuberculosis was investigated. M. tuberculosis H37Rv, M. tuberculosis DT and 42 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis were subjected to RAPD-PCR using 7 random decamer primers. All 7 primers were found to be differentiated and produced specific RAPD profiles. The polymorphic amplicons served as RAPD markers for M. tuberculosis. The dendrograms, obtained by different primers, showed the discriminatory ability of the primers. RAPD analysis provided a rapid and easy means of identifying polymorphism in M. tuberculosis isolates, and it was found to be a valuable alternative epidemiological tool. In addition, the results of the present study showed heterogeneity in the M. tuberculosis strains in the population studied.

Characterization of avian strains of Pasteurella multocida by restriction endonuclease and amplified fragment length polymorphism

Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida were typed by employing restriction endonuclease analysis (REA) and single enzyme-amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to evaluate their applicability for epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks. A total of 72 strains isolated from different avian species (chicken, duck, turkey, quail and goose) belonging to various geographical regions of India were characterized. REA using two different enzymes HhaI and HpaII produced 9 and 18 clusters respectively, whereas Single enzyme-AFLP recognized 32 patterns out of 72 strains typed. The study indicated that REA using HpaII is a simple and resource efficient method, however, further typing with more stringent and rapid method like Single enzyme-AFLP, could drastically enhance investigation in epidemiological studies of fowl cholera outbreaks.

Detection of Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken eggs by PCR assay

Applicability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to detect Pasteurella multocida in experimentally infected embryonated chicken egg was assessed in the present study. PCR assay rapidly and specifically detected the genome of P. multocida in amniotic fluid, allantoic fluid and homogenates of infected embryo and its membranes. The sensitivity of detection was as low as 20 bacterial cells/ml of allantoic or amniotic fluids. Detection of P. multocida in dead embryos by PCR was possible up to 6 and 30 days or more following storage of dead embryos at 37 degrees C, and at 4 degrees C as well as at -20 degrees C, respectively. The study revealed that PCR assays could be employed directly for detection and confirmation of P. multocida infection in experimentally infected chicken embryos.

Detection of multiple strains ofPasteurella multocidain fowl cholera outbreaks by polymerase chain reaction-based typing

Applicability of molecular methods for the detection and differentiation of Pasteurella multocida strains involved in two separate fowl cholera outbreaks in a single poultry farm was investigated. A total of 12 and 18 strains of P. multocida obtained from two separate outbreaks were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Phenotypically, all strains were similar; however, DNA-based techniques by employing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were found to be highly specific and sensitive for rapid detection and differentiation of strains. All 30 strains gave amplicons of approximately 460 bp and approximately 1,044 bp specific for P. multocida and capsular serogroup A in the Multiplex Capsular PCR typing system. Molecular typing techniques such as repetitive extragenic palindromic PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and single primer PCR differentiated all 30 strains into different profiles. However, similar patterns of genome fragments were observed among all strains following restriction endonuclease analysis using the enzyme HpaII. The current investigation revealed involvement of the same and multiple strains of P. multocida in two outbreaks. The results also indicated that molecular methods of detection and typing are rapid in comparison with conventional methods for epidemiological investigations of fowl cholera outbreaks.

Cloning and sequencing of a 16 kDa outer membrane protein gene of Pasteurella multocida P52

The outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Pasteurella multocida are potential immunogens. The 16 kDa OMP of P. multocida P52, serotype B:2, was identified as one of the major immunodominant antigens. The gene omp16, encoding a 16 kDa outer membrane protein, was amplified, cloned into a pBluescript SK(-) vector and sequenced. Complete sequence homology was observed between the 16 kDa OMP gene of P. multocida P52 (serotypes B:2) and P. multocida T16 (somatic serotype 3,4). This gene was distributed among different serotypes of P. multocida and found to localize in a 6.0 kb HindII fragment of the P. multocida genome.

Cloning and sequencing of beta toxin gene of Clostridium perfringens type C

A gene encoding beta toxin was amplified by polymerase chain reaction from C. perfringens type C isolate and cloned in pUC 19 vector. The nucleotide sequence was identical with C. perfringens type B beta toxin gene sequence. The Southern hybridization using labelled beta toxin gene probe revealed the presence of positive signals only in beta producing C. perfingens.

Tris(pyridinealdoximato)metal complexes as ligands for the synthesis of asymmetric heterodinuclear Cr(III)M species [M = Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Fe(II), Mn(II), Cr(II), Co(III)]: a magneto-structural study

Reactions of the LCr(III) unit with an in situ prepared M(PyA)(3)(n-) ion, where L represents 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane and PyA(-) is the monoanion of pyridine-2-aldoxime, yield heterodinuclear complexes of general formula [LCr(III)(PyA)(3)M](2+/3+) as perchlorate salts, where M = Cr(II) (1), Mn(II) (2), low-spin Fe(II) (3), Ni(II) (4), Cu(II) (5), Zn(II) (6), and low-spin Co(III) (7). These compounds contain three oximato anions as bridging ligands. The hexadentate ligand with the identical donor atoms, tris(2-aldoximato-6-pyridyl)phosphine, P(PyA)(3), has been employed to prepare a second Cr(III)Ni(II) species 8, whose magnetic properties differ significantly from those of 4. Complexes 1-8 have been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR, UV-vis, Mössbauer, and EPR spectroscopies, and variable-temperature (2-295 K) magnetic susceptibility measurements. They are isostructural in the sense that they all contain a terminal Cr(III) ion in a distorted octahedral environment, CrN(3)O(3), and a second six-coordinated metal ion M in a mostly trigonal prismatic MN(6) geometry. The crystal structures of the perchlorate salts of 2-5, 7, and 8 have been determined by X-ray crystallography at 100 K. The structures consist of mixed-metal Cr(III)M(II) and Cr(III)Co(III) complexes with a geometry in which two pseudooctahedral polyhedra are joined by three oximato (=N-O(-)) groups, with an intramolecular Cr.M(Co) distance in the range of 3.4-3.7 A. The cyclic voltammograms of the complexes reveal ligand oxidation and reduction processes, and in addition, metal-centered oxidation processes have been observed. X-band EPR spectroscopy has been used to establish the electronic ground state of the heterodinuclear complexes. Analysis of the susceptibility data indicates the presence of weak exchange interactions, both ferro- and antiferromagnetic, between the paramagnetic centers. A qualitative rationale on the basis of the Goodenough-Kanamori rules is provided for the difference in magnetic behaviors.

Molecular and electronic structure of octahedral o-aminophenolato and o-iminobenzosemiquinonato complexes of V(V), Cr(III), Fe(III), and Co(III). Experimental determination of oxidation levels of ligands and metal ions

The coordination chemistry of the ligands 2-anilino-4,6-di-tert-butylphenol, H[L(AP)], and N,N"'-bis[2-(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol]diethylenetriamine, H(2)[(L(AP))N(L(AP))], has been studied with the first-row transition metal ions V, Cr, Fe, and Co. The ligands are noninnocent in the sense that the aminophenolato parts, [L(AP)](-) and [L(AP)-H](2)(-), can be readily oxidized to their o-iminobenzosemiquinonato, [L(ISQ)](-), and o-iminobenzoquinone, [L(ISB)], forms. The following neutral octahedral complexes have been isolated as crystalline materials, and their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography at 100 K: [Cr(III)(L(ISQ))(3)] (1), [Fe(III)(L(ISQ))(3)] (2), [Co(III)(L(ISQ))(3)] (3), [V(V)(L(ISQ))(L(AP)-H)(2)] (4), [V(V)(L(AP)-H)(2)(L(AP))] (5), and [V(V)O[(L(AP))N(L(AP)-H)]] (6). From variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements and X-band EPR spectroscopy it has been established that they possess the ground states: 1, S = 0; 2, S = 1; 3, S = (3)/(2); 4, S = (1)/(2); 5, S = 0; 6, S = 0. The o-iminobenzosemiquinonato radicals (S(rad) = (1)/(2)) couple strongly intramolecularly antiferromagnetically to singly occupied orbitals of the t(2g) subshell at the respective metal ion but ferromagnetically to each other in 3 containing a Co(III) ion with a filled t(2g)(6) subshell. It is demonstrated that the oxidation level of the ligands and metal ions can be unequivocally determined by high-quality X-ray crystallography in conjunction with EPR, UV-vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The spectro- and electrochemistry of these complexes have also been studied in detail. Metal- and ligand-based redox chemistry has been observed. The molecular and electronic structures are compared with those of their o-semiquinonato analogues.

Cloning of 87 kDa outer membrane protein gene of Pasteurella multocida P52

Pasteurella multocida serotype B:2 is the causative agent of haemorrhagic septicaemia, a fatal disease of cattle and buffaloes. Formalin inactivated whole cell bacterin is used to prepare vaccines in India. However, outer membrane proteins (OMPS) of P. multocida were reported to be potential immunogens. The 87-kDa OMP of P. multocida P52, serotype B:2 has been identified as one of the major antigens because this protein reacted with serum of vaccinated animals. The gene omp87, encoding an 87-kDa OMP was amplified and cloned into pBluescript SK(-) vector. This gene was found to localise in a 9.0 kb Hind III fragment of P. multocida genome.