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Dashorst P, Huntjens R, Mooren TM, Kleber RJ, de Jong PJ. Personal characteristics of World War Two survivor offspring related to the presence of indirect intrusions. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2022; 13:2101349. [PMID: 35928522 PMCID: PMC9344957 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2022.2101349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Background: A substantial proportion of clinical World War Two survivor offspring reports intrusions about war events they did not experience themselves. Objective: To help identify factors that contribute to the development of such indirect intrusions (i.e. intrusions about non-self-experienced traumatic events), we examined the personal characteristics of survivor offspring that were related to the presence of indirect intrusions. To explore the specificity of these relationships, we compared characteristics related to the presence of indirect and direct intrusions (i.e. intrusions about self-experienced traumatic events). Methods: Participants (N = 98) were post-war offspring of World War Two survivors in treatment in one of two clinics specialized in mental health services for war victims. We assessed the presence of indirect and direct intrusions as well as the following personal characteristics: gender, education level, trait dissociation, affect intensity, attentional control, mental imagery, fantasy proneness, and current psychopathology. Results: Reports of indirect intrusions were more frequent in individuals high in fantasy proneness, trait dissociation, and current psychopathology. Reports of direct intrusions were more frequent in women, individuals scoring high on trait dissociation, affect intensity, and current psychopathology. Fantasy proneness was a unique correlate of indirect intrusions. Conclusions: These findings are consistent with the idea that intrusions are the result of (re)constructive processes affected by several factors including personal characteristics. HIGHLIGHTS Offspring of World War Two survivors often experience indirect intrusions.We examined personal characteristics related to indirect and direct intrusions.Fantasy proneness was the best predictor of indirect intrusions.Gender was the best predictor of direct intrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dashorst
- ARQ Centrum'45, Diemen/Oegstgeest, the Netherlands
| | - R Huntjens
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - T M Mooren
- ARQ Centrum'45, Diemen/Oegstgeest, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R J Kleber
- ARQ Centrum'45, Diemen/Oegstgeest, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - P J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology & Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Ackermans MA, Jonker NC, Bennik EC, de Jong PJ. Hunger increases negative and decreases positive emotions in women with a healthy weight. Appetite 2021; 168:105746. [PMID: 34637770 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The term 'hangry' is colloquially used to describe being "bad tempered or irritable as a result of hunger," but remarkably few studies have examined the effect of hunger on emotions. Yet, women attempting to restrict their food intake may be at risk of becoming entangled in a vicious cycle of hunger and negative emotions. That is, hunger may lead to negative emotions, which can lead to overeating and overeating can, in turn, provoke subsequent restriction leading to more hunger. Therefore the aim of this study was to examine the effect of hunger on positive and negative emotions in women with a healthy BMI, and the role of subclinical eating disorder symptoms in this effect. We randomly assigned women to a hunger condition (fasting for 14 h, n = 53) or satiated condition (eat breakfast before the study, n = 55), and they completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and the Profile of Mood States in the lab. Hungry women reported overall higher negative emotions (higher tension, anger, fatigue, and confusion) and lower positive emotions (lower vigour and marginally lower esteem-related affect) than satiated women. Moreover, for satiated but not for hungry women, higher eating disorder symptoms were associated with lower esteem-related affect. These findings show that food restriction leads to negative emotions, and practitioners and individuals should be aware of these implications of food restriction on mental health. Second, clinicians and individuals should be wary of relatively low esteem-related affect when satiated in individuals with eating disorder symptoms, as it could serve as a maintaining factor in eating pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ackermans
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, the Netherlands
| | - N C Jonker
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, the Netherlands.
| | - E C Bennik
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, the Netherlands
| | - P J de Jong
- University of Groningen, Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, the Netherlands
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3
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Kreuze LJ, Jonker NC, Hartman CA, Nauta MH, de Jong PJ. Attentional Bias for Cues Signaling Punishment and Reward in Adolescents: Cross-Sectional and Prognostic Associations with Symptoms of Anxiety and Behavioral Disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2020; 48:1007-1021. [PMID: 32445103 PMCID: PMC7351843 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-020-00654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heightened reward sensitivity has been proposed as a risk factor for developing behavioral disorders whereas heightened punishment sensitivity has been related to the development of anxiety disorders in youth. Combining a cross-sectional (n = 696, mean age = 16.14) and prospective (n = 598, mean age = 20.20) approach, this study tested the hypotheses that an attentional bias for punishing cues is involved in the development of anxiety disorders and an attentional bias for rewarding cues in the development of behavioral disorders. A spatial orientation task was used to examine the relation between an attentional bias for punishing cues and an attentional bias for rewarding cues with anxiety and behavioral problems in a subsample of a large prospective population cohort study. Our study indicates that attentional biases to general cues of punishment and reward do not seem to be important risk factors for the development of anxiety or behavioral problems respectively. It might be that attentional biases play a role in the maintenance of psychological problems. This remains open for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kreuze
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - N C Jonker
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M H Nauta
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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de Jong PJ, Sportel BE, de Hullu E, Nauta MH. Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem? Psychol Med 2012; 42:475-484. [PMID: 21798114 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. METHOD Adolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem. RESULTS There was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive theory points to the importance of negative self-schemas in the onset and maintenance of depression and anxiety disorders. Hereby, it is important to distinguish between automatic and explicit self-schemas, reflecting different cognitive-motivational systems. This study tested whether patients with a current major depression and/or anxiety disorder are characterized by automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations and whether these associations are disorder specific. METHOD Patients (n=2329) and non-clinical controls (n=652) were tested as part of The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety, a multi-center, longitudinal, cohort study with patients from different health care settings. Patient groups and non-clinical controls (18-65 years of age) were compared with regard to automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations measured with the Implicit Association Test. RESULTS Individuals with an anxiety disorder showed enhanced self-anxious associations, whereas individuals with a depression showed enhanced self-depressive associations. Individuals with co-morbid disorders scored high on both automatic self-associations. Although remitted individuals showed weaker automatic self-associations than people with a current disorder, their automatic self-anxious/depressed associations were still significantly stronger than those of the control group. Importantly, automatic self-associations showed predictive validity for the severity of anxious and depressive symptoms over and above explicit self-beliefs. CONCLUSIONS This study represents the first evidence that automatic self-anxious and self-depressive associations are differentially involved in anxiety disorders and depression. This may help to explain the refractoriness of these disorders and points to the potential importance of automatic self-associations in the development of psychopathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Glashouwer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kwiatkowski TJ, Bosco DA, Leclerc AL, Tamrazian E, Vanderburg CR, Russ C, Davis A, Gilchrist J, Kasarskis EJ, Munsat T, Valdmanis P, Rouleau GA, Hosler BA, Cortelli P, de Jong PJ, Yoshinaga Y, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Yan J, Ticozzi N, Siddique T, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PC, Horvitz HR, Landers JE, Brown RH. Mutations in the FUS/TLS gene on chromosome 16 cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Science 2009; 323:1205-8. [PMID: 19251627 DOI: 10.1126/science.1166066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1909] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal degenerative motor neuron disorder. Ten percent of cases are inherited; most involve unidentified genes. We report here 13 mutations in the fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS) gene on chromosome 16 that were specific for familial ALS. The FUS/TLS protein binds to RNA, functions in diverse processes, and is normally located predominantly in the nucleus. In contrast, the mutant forms of FUS/TLS accumulated in the cytoplasm of neurons, a pathology that is similar to that of the gene TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP43), whose mutations also cause ALS. Neuronal cytoplasmic protein aggregation and defective RNA metabolism thus appear to be common pathogenic mechanisms involved in ALS and possibly in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 114 16th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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von Schalburg KR, Leong J, Cooper GA, Robb A, Beetz-Sargent MR, Lieph R, Holt RA, Moore R, Ewart KV, Driedzic WR, ten Hallers BFH, Zhu B, de Jong PJ, Davidson WS, Koop BF. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) genomic library and EST resources. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2008; 10:487-491. [PMID: 18386095 PMCID: PMC2516299 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-008-9089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Genomic resources in rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) enable us to examine the genome duplication process in salmonids and test hypotheses relating to the fate of duplicated genes. They further enable us to pursue physiological and ecological studies in smelt. A bacterial artificial chromosome library containing 52,410 clones with an average insert size of 146 kb was constructed. This library represents an 11-fold average coverage of the rainbow smelt (O. mordax) genome. In addition, several complementary deoxyribonucleic acid libraries were constructed, and 36,758 sequences were obtained and combined into 12,159 transcripts. Over half of these transcripts have been identified, several of which have been associated with cold adaptation. These basic resources show high levels of similarity (86%) to salmonid genes and provide initial support for genome duplication in the salmonid ancestor. They also facilitate identification of genes important to fish and direct us toward new technologies for other studies in fish biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. R. von Schalburg
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - J. Leong
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - G. A. Cooper
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - A. Robb
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - M. R. Beetz-Sargent
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - R. Lieph
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
| | - R. A. Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - R. Moore
- Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6 Canada
| | - K. V. Ewart
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1 Canada
| | - W. R. Driedzic
- Oceans Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NF A1C 5S7 Canada
| | - B. F. H. ten Hallers
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - B. Zhu
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - P. J. de Jong
- BACPAC Resources, Children’s Hospital Oakland, 747 52nd St., Oakland, CA 94609 USA
| | - W. S. Davidson
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - B. F. Koop
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3020, Victoria, BC V8W 3N5 Canada
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Abstract
This unit describes the construction of BAC and PAC libraries. Two vectors, pCYPAC2 and pPAC4 have been used for preparing PAC libraries, and a new BAC vector pBACe3.6 has been developed for construction of BAC libraries. A support protocol describes preparation of PAC or BAC vector DNA for cloning by digestion with BamHI or EcoRI, simultaneous dephosphorylation with alkaline phosphatase, and subsequent purification through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). For the preparation of high-molecular weight DNA for cloning, support protocols provide procedures for embedding total genomic DNA from lymphocytes or animal tissue cells, respectively, in InCert agarose. Another support protocol details the next steps for the genomic DNA: partial digestion with MboI or with a combination of EcoRI endonuclease and EcoRI methylase, and subsequent size fractionation by preparative PFGE. The final support protocol covers the isolation of BAC and PAC plasmid DNA for analyzing clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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9
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Abstract
Large-insert genomic libraries are necessary for physical mapping of large chromosomal regions, for isolation of complete genes, and for use as intermediates in DNA sequencing of entire genomes. Construction of BAC and PAC libraries is detailed in the unit, including preparation of PAC or BAC vector DNA for cloning by digestion with BamHI or EcoRI, dephosphorylation with alkaline phosphatase, and purification through pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). For the preparation of high-molecular weight DNA for cloning, procedures for embedding total genomic DNA from lymphocytes or animal tissue cells are also provided. Other protocols detail partial digestion of genomic DNA with MboI or with a combination of EcoRI endonuclease and EcoRI methylase (including methods for optimizing the extent of digestion), and subsequent size fractionation by preparative PFGE. Finally, the isolation of BAC and PAC plasmid DNA for analyzing clones is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
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Osoegawa K, Vessere GM, Utami KH, Mansilla MA, Johnson MK, Riley BM, L'Heureux J, Pfundt R, Staaf J, van der Vliet WA, Lidral AC, Schoenmakers EFPM, Borg A, Schutte BC, Lammer EJ, Murray JC, de Jong PJ. Identification of novel candidate genes associated with cleft lip and palate using array comparative genomic hybridisation. J Med Genet 2007; 45:81-6. [PMID: 17873121 PMCID: PMC3732463 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND METHOD We analysed DNA samples isolated from individuals born with cleft lip and cleft palate to identify deletions and duplications of candidate gene loci using array comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH). RESULTS Of 83 syndromic cases analysed we identified one subject with a previously unknown 2.7 Mb deletion at 22q11.21 coinciding with the DiGeorge syndrome region. Eighteen of the syndromic cases had clinical features of Van der Woude syndrome and deletions were identified in five of these, all of which encompassed the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) gene. In a series of 104 non-syndromic cases we found one subject with a 3.2 Mb deletion at chromosome 6q25.1-25.2 and another with a 2.2 Mb deletion at 10q26.11-26.13. Analyses of parental DNA demonstrated that the two deletion cases at 22q11.21 and 6q25.1-25.2 were de novo, while the deletion of 10q26.11-26.13 was inherited from the mother, who also has a cleft lip. These deletions appear likely to be causally associated with the phenotypes of the subjects. Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) genes from the 6q25.1-25.2 and 10q26.11-26.13, respectively, were identified as likely causative genes using a gene prioritization software. CONCLUSION We have shown that array-CGH analysis of DNA samples derived from cleft lip and palate subjects is an efficient and productive method for identifying candidate chromosomal loci and genes, complementing traditional genetic mapping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Center for Genetics, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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11
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Houben RMA, Gijsen A, Peterson J, de Jong PJ, Vlaeyen JWS. Do health care providers' attitudes towards back pain predict their treatment recommendations? Differential predictive validity of implicit and explicit attitude measures. Pain 2005; 114:491-498. [PMID: 15777874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 01/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to measure the differential predictive value of implicit and explicit attitude measures on treatment behaviour of health care providers. Thirty-six physiotherapy students completed a measure of explicit treatment attitude (Pain Attitudes And Beliefs Scale For Physiotherapists-PABS-PT) and a measure of implicit treatment attitude (Extrinsic Affective Simon Task-EAST). Furthermore, they gave treatment recommendations for a patient simulating back pain on three video scenes. The implicit and explicit measures of attitudes were only weakly related to each other. However, both were differentially related to treatment recommendations. The implications of the differential predictive value of implicit and explicit attitude measures for treatment behaviour are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M A Houben
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Research Institute Experimental Psychopathology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands Hoensbroek Centre for Vocational Rehabilitation, Rehabilitation Foundation Limburg, Hoensbroek, The Netherlands Section Experimental Psychopathology, Psychology Department, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Moore SS, Hansen C, Williams JL, Fu A, Meng Y, Li C, Zhang Y, Urquhart BSD, Marra M, Schein J, Benkel B, de Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Kirkpatrick BW, Gill CA. A comparative map of bovine chromosome 19 based on a combination of mapping on a bacterial artificial chromosome scaffold map, a whole genome radiation hybrid panel and the human draft sequence. Cytogenet Genome Res 2004; 102:32-8. [PMID: 14970675 DOI: 10.1159/000075721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2003] [Accepted: 07/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have constructed a medium density physical map of bovine chromosome 19 using a combination of mapping loci on both a bovine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) scaffold map and a whole genome radiation hybrid (WGRH) panel. The resulting map contains 70 loci spanning the length of bovine chromosome 19. Three contiguous groups of BACs were identified on the basis of multiple loci mapping to individual BAC clones. Bovine chromosome 19 was found in this study to be comprised almost entirely from regions of human chromosome 17, with a small region putatively assigned to human chromosome 10. Fourteen breakpoints between the bovine and human chromosomes were detected, with a possibility of five more based on ordering of the WGRH map.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Moore
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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13
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Horvath JE, Gulden CL, Bailey JA, Yohn C, McPherson JD, Prescott A, Roe BA, de Jong PJ, Ventura M, Misceo D, Archidiacono N, Zhao S, Schwartz S, Rocchi M, Eichler EE. Using a pericentromeric interspersed repeat to recapitulate the phylogeny and expansion of human centromeric segmental duplications. Mol Biol Evol 2003; 20:1463-79. [PMID: 12777517 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msg158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in sequencing of the human genome over the past few years, the organization and evolution of human pericentromeric regions have been difficult to resolve. This is due, in part, to the presence of large, complex blocks of duplicated genomic sequence at the boundary between centromeric satellite and unique euchromatic DNA. Here, we report the identification and characterization of an approximately 49-kb repeat sequence that exists in more than 40 copies within the human genome. This repeat is specific to highly duplicated pericentromeric regions with multiple copies distributed in an interspersed fashion among a subset of human chromosomes. Using this interspersed repeat (termed PIR4) as a marker of pericentromeric DNA, we recovered and sequence-tagged 3 Mb of pericentromeric DNA from a variety of human chromosomes as well as nonhuman primate genomes. A global evolutionary reconstruction of the dispersal of PIR4 sequence and analysis of flanking sequence supports a model in which pericentromeric duplications initiated before the separation of the great ape species (>12 MYA). Further, analyses of this duplication and associated flanking duplications narrow the major burst of pericentromeric duplication activity to a time just before the divergence of the African great ape and human species (5 to 7 MYA). These recent duplication exchange events substantially restructured the pericentromeric regions of hominoid chromosomes and created an architecture where large blocks of sequence are shared among nonhomologous chromosomes. This report provides the first global view of the series of historical events that have reshaped human pericentromeric regions over recent evolutionary time.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Horvath
- Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, USA
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14
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Allcock RJN, Atrazhev AM, Beck S, de Jong PJ, Elliott JF, Forbes S, Halls K, Horton R, Osoegawa K, Rogers J, Sawcer S, Todd JA, Trowsdale J, Wang Y, Williams S. The MHC haplotype project: a resource for HLA-linked association studies. Tissue Antigens 2002; 59:520-1. [PMID: 12445322 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2002.590609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Patients with fear of blushing as the predominant complaint (N = 31) were randomly assigned to (1) exposure in vivo (EXP), or (2) task concentration training (TCT), in order to test the effect of redirecting attention above exposure only. In addition, it was investigated whether treatment reduced actual blush behavior; therefore, physiological parameters of blushing were measured during two behavioral tests. Half of the patients served as waiting-list controls first. Assessments were held before and after treatment, at 6-weeks, and at 1-year follow-up. Both treatments appeared to be effective in reducing fear of blushing and realizing cognitive change. Yet, at posttest, TCT tended to produce better results with respect to fear of blushing. At 6-weeks follow-up, TCT produced significantly more cognitive change. At 1-year follow-up, patients further improved, while differential effects had disappeared. The reduction in fear of blushing was not paralleled by a reduction in actual blush behavior during the behavioral assessments. Thus, it seems that fear of blushing reflects a fearful preoccupation, irrespective of actual facial coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mulken
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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16
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Weichenhan D, Kunze B, Winking H, van Geel M, Osoegawa K, de Jong PJ, Traut W. Source and component genes of a 6-200 Mb gene cluster in the house mouse. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:590-4. [PMID: 11471051 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-001-3015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2001] [Accepted: 04/17/2001] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We identified and analyzed the genes Sp100, Csprs, and Ifi75 in two members of the genus Mus, M. musculus and M. caroli. Sp100 is a nuclear dot gene; Csprs and Ifi75 are novel genes encoding a putative G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and a putative transcriptional coactivator, respectively. A fourth gene, Sp100-rs, occurs in M. musculus, but not in M. caroli. Sp100-rs is a chimeric gene which arose by fusion of Sp100 and Csprs copies. Sp100-rs and Ifi75 are components of a repeat cluster that extends over 6-200 Mb of the M. musculus genome. The Sp100-rs fusion gene arose only 1-2 million years ago and has become fixed and amplified in M. musculus. Although the gene is transcribed, it appears to have no function. The repeat cluster may have become fixed in the species as a 'hitchhiker' in a 'selective sweep'.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weichenhan
- Institut für Biologie, Medizinische Universität zu Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
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17
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Fahrenkrug SC, Rohrer GA, Freking BA, Smith TP, Osoegawa K, Shu CL, Catanese JJ, de Jong PJ. A porcine BAC library with tenfold genome coverage: a resource for physical and genetic map integration. Mamm Genome 2001; 12:472-4. [PMID: 11353397 DOI: 10.1007/s003350020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2000] [Accepted: 02/01/2001] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Fahrenkrug
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, PO Box 166, Spur 18D, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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18
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Osoegawa K, Mammoser AG, Wu C, Frengen E, Zeng C, Catanese JJ, de Jong PJ. A bacterial artificial chromosome library for sequencing the complete human genome. Genome Res 2001; 11:483-96. [PMID: 11230172 PMCID: PMC311044 DOI: 10.1101/gr.169601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2000] [Accepted: 01/09/2001] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A 30-fold redundant human bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library with a large average insert size (178 kb) has been constructed to provide the intermediate substrate for the international genome sequencing effort. The DNA was obtained from a single anonymous volunteer, whose identity was protected through a double-blind donor selection protocol. DNA fragments were generated by partial digestion with EcoRI (library segments 1--4: 24-fold) and MboI (segment 5: sixfold) and cloned into the pBACe3.6 and pTARBAC1 vectors, respectively. The quality of the library was assessed by extensive analysis of 169 clones for rearrangements and artifacts. Eighteen BACs (11%) revealed minor insert rearrangements, and none was chimeric. This BAC library, designated as "RPCI-11," has been used widely as the central resource for insert-end sequencing, clone fingerprinting, high-throughput sequence analysis and as a source of mapped clones for diagnostic and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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19
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Abstract
The authors investigated the role of phobic responsivity in the generation of phobia-relevant illusory correlations. As a means of disentangling the contributions of prior fear and elicited fear responses, half of a group of phobic women received 1 mg alprazolam (n = 21), and half received a placebo (n = 22). A group of nonfearful women (n = 24) was included to control for prior fear per se. Participants were exposed to slides of spiders, weapons, and flowers that were randomly paired with a shock, a siren, or nothing. Postexperimental covariation estimates and on-line outcome expectancies were assessed. Irrespective of both prior and elicited fear, participants postexperimentally overassociated spiders and shock. Yet, only women with spider phobia displayed a persisting fear-confirming expectancy bias. This bias was similar for the placebo and alprazolam groups. Thus, the bias appeared to be due to preexisting phobogenic beliefs, whereas phobic responsivity played a negligible role.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastrict University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Bentley DR, Deloukas P, Dunham A, French L, Gregory SG, Humphray SJ, Mungall AJ, Ross MT, Carter NP, Dunham I, Scott CE, Ashcroft KJ, Atkinson AL, Aubin K, Beare DM, Bethel G, Brady N, Brook JC, Burford DC, Burrill WD, Burrows C, Butler AP, Carder C, Catanese JJ, Clee CM, Clegg SM, Cobley V, Coffey AJ, Cole CG, Collins JE, Conquer JS, Cooper RA, Culley KM, Dawson E, Dearden FL, Durbin RM, de Jong PJ, Dhami PD, Earthrowl ME, Edwards CA, Evans RS, Gillson CJ, Ghori J, Green L, Gwilliam R, Halls KS, Hammond S, Harper GL, Heathcott RW, Holden JL, Holloway E, Hopkins BL, Howard PJ, Howell GR, Huckle EJ, Hughes J, Hunt PJ, Hunt SE, Izmajlowicz M, Jones CA, Joseph SS, Laird G, Langford CF, Lehvaslaiho MH, Leversha MA, McCann OT, McDonald LM, McDowall J, Maslen GL, Mistry D, Moschonas NK, Neocleous V, Pearson DM, Phillips KJ, Porter KM, Prathalingam SR, Ramsey YH, Ranby SA, Rice CM, Rogers J, Rogers LJ, Sarafidou T, Scott DJ, Sharp GJ, Shaw-Smith CJ, Smink LJ, Soderlund C, Sotheran EC, Steingruber HE, Sulston JE, Taylor A, Taylor RG, Thorpe AA, Tinsley E, Warry GL, Whittaker A, Whittaker P, Williams SH, Wilmer TE, Wooster R, Wright CL. The physical maps for sequencing human chromosomes 1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20 and X. Nature 2001; 409:942-3. [PMID: 11237015 DOI: 10.1038/35057165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We constructed maps for eight chromosomes (1, 6, 9, 10, 13, 20, X and (previously) 22), representing one-third of the genome, by building landmark maps, isolating bacterial clones and assembling contigs. By this approach, we could establish the long-range organization of the maps early in the project, and all contig extension, gap closure and problem-solving was simplified by containment within local regions. The maps currently represent more than 94% of the euchromatic (gene-containing) regions of these chromosomes in 176 contigs, and contain 96% of the chromosome-specific markers in the human gene map. By measuring the remaining gaps, we can assess chromosome length and coverage in sequenced clones.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 20
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6
- Contig Mapping
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- X Chromosome
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21
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McPherson JD, Marra M, Hillier L, Waterston RH, Chinwalla A, Wallis J, Sekhon M, Wylie K, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Fulton R, Kucaba TA, Wagner-McPherson C, Barbazuk WB, Gregory SG, Humphray SJ, French L, Evans RS, Bethel G, Whittaker A, Holden JL, McCann OT, Dunham A, Soderlund C, Scott CE, Bentley DR, Schuler G, Chen HC, Jang W, Green ED, Idol JR, Maduro VV, Montgomery KT, Lee E, Miller A, Emerling S, Gibbs R, Scherer S, Gorrell JH, Sodergren E, Clerc-Blankenburg K, Tabor P, Naylor S, Garcia D, de Jong PJ, Catanese JJ, Nowak N, Osoegawa K, Qin S, Rowen L, Madan A, Dors M, Hood L, Trask B, Friedman C, Massa H, Cheung VG, Kirsch IR, Reid T, Yonescu R, Weissenbach J, Bruls T, Heilig R, Branscomb E, Olsen A, Doggett N, Cheng JF, Hawkins T, Myers RM, Shang J, Ramirez L, Schmutz J, Velasquez O, Dixon K, Stone NE, Cox DR, Haussler D, Kent WJ, Furey T, Rogic S, Kennedy S, Jones S, Rosenthal A, Wen G, Schilhabel M, Gloeckner G, Nyakatura G, Siebert R, Schlegelberger B, Korenberg J, Chen XN, Fujiyama A, Hattori M, Toyoda A, Yada T, Park HS, Sakaki Y, Shimizu N, Asakawa S, Kawasaki K, Sasaki T, Shintani A, Shimizu A, Shibuya K, Kudoh J, Minoshima S, Ramser J, Seranski P, Hoff C, Poustka A, Reinhardt R, Lehrach H. A physical map of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:934-41. [PMID: 11237014 DOI: 10.1038/35057157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human genome is by far the largest genome to be sequenced, and its size and complexity present many challenges for sequence assembly. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium constructed a map of the whole genome to enable the selection of clones for sequencing and for the accurate assembly of the genome sequence. Here we report the construction of the whole-genome bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) map and its integration with previous landmark maps and information from mapping efforts focused on specific chromosomal regions. We also describe the integration of sequence data with the map.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D McPherson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Genetics, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA.
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22
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Beck TW, Menninger J, Voigt G, Newmann K, Nishigaki Y, Nash WG, Stephens RM, Wang Y, de Jong PJ, O'Brien SJ, Yuhki N. Comparative feline genomics: a BAC/PAC contig map of the major histocompatibility complex class II region. Genomics 2001; 71:282-95. [PMID: 11170745 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genome organization of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) will be best understood in a comparative evolutionary context. We describe here the construction of a physical map for the feline MHC. A large-insert domestic cat genomic DNA library was developed using a P1 artificial chromosome (PAC) with a genomic representation of 2.5x and an average insert size of 80 kb. A sequence-ready 660-kb bacterial artificial chromosome/PAC contig map of the domestic cat MHC class II region was constructed with a gene order similar to, but distinct from, that of human and mice: DPB/DPA, Ring3, DMB, TAP1, DOB, DRB2, DRA3, DRB1, DRA2, and DRA1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses of selected class II PAC clones confirmed that the class II region lies in the pericentromeric region of cat chromosome B2. However, apparently unlike the human and mouse MHCs, the domestic cat DRA and DRB genes have undergone multiple duplications and the DQ region has been deleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Beck
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA.
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23
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Abstract
We investigated whether an implicit association test (IAT) can be used to assess dysfunctional beliefs in the realm of psychopathology. As a first exploration we therefore constructed a IAT that was designed to differentiate between high and low social anxious individuals. Social situation and neutral words were the targets (e.g. date vs hall), and positive and negative outcomes (e.g. compliment vs rejection) the associated attributes. High social anxious women (N=32) showed the predicted deterioration of task performance if the required responses switched from compatible to incompatible with the idea that social situations are related to negative outcomes and vice versa, whereas the opposite was true for low anxious women (N=32). Thus a modified IAT seems a useful and highly flexible tool to implicitly assess complaint-specific dysfunctional associations and may be a valuable addition to the usual (explicit) self-report measures of patients' beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Medical, Clinical & Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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24
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BAC Resource Consortium T, Cheung VG, Nowak N, Jang W, Kirsch IR, Zhao S, Chen XN, Furey TS, Kim UJ, Kuo WL, Olivier M, Conroy J, Kasprzyk A, Massa H, Yonescu R, Sait S, Thoreen C, Snijders A, Lemyre E, Bailey JA, Bruzel A, Burrill WD, Clegg SM, Collins S, Dhami P, Friedman C, Han CS, Herrick S, Lee J, Ligon AH, Lowry S, Morley M, Narasimhan S, Osoegawa K, Peng Z, Plajzer-Frick I, Quade BJ, Scott D, Sirotkin K, Thorpe AA, Gray JW, Hudson J, Pinkel D, Ried T, Rowen L, Shen-Ong GL, Strausberg RL, Birney E, Callen DF, Cheng JF, Cox DR, Doggett NA, Carter NP, Eichler EE, Haussler D, Korenberg JR, Morton CC, Albertson D, Schuler G, de Jong PJ, Trask BJ. Integration of cytogenetic landmarks into the draft sequence of the human genome. Nature 2001; 409:953-8. [PMID: 11237021 PMCID: PMC7845515 DOI: 10.1038/35057192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have placed 7,600 cytogenetically defined landmarks on the draft sequence of the human genome to help with the characterization of genes altered by gross chromosomal aberrations that cause human disease. The landmarks are large-insert clones mapped to chromosome bands by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Each clone contains a sequence tag that is positioned on the genomic sequence. This genome-wide set of sequence-anchored clones allows structural and functional analyses of the genome. This resource represents the first comprehensive integration of cytogenetic, radiation hybrid, linkage and sequence maps of the human genome; provides an independent validation of the sequence map and framework for contig order and orientation; surveys the genome for large-scale duplications, which are likely to require special attention during sequence assembly; and allows a stringent assessment of sequence differences between the dark and light bands of chromosomes. It also provides insight into large-scale chromatin structure and the evolution of chromosomes and gene families and will accelerate our understanding of the molecular bases of human disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - V. G. Cheung
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 516, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsylvania USA
| | - N. Nowak
- grid.240614.50000 0001 2181 8635Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carleton Street, Buffalo, 14263 New York USA
| | - W. Jang
- grid.419234.90000 0004 0604 5429National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Building 38A/Room 8N805, Bethesda, 20894 Maryland USA
| | - I. R. Kirsch
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10/Room 12N214, Bethesda, 20889-5105 Maryland USA
| | - S. Zhao
- grid.469946.0The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850 Maryland USA
| | - X.-N. Chen
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, 90048 California USA
| | - T. S. Furey
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Computer Science Department, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, 95064-1077 California USA
| | - U.-J. Kim
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 147-75, Pasadena, 91125 California USA ,Present Address: PanGenomics, 6401 Foothill Boulevard, Tujunga, California 91024 USA
| | - W.-L. Kuo
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, Box 0808, San Francisco, 94143-0808 California USA
| | - M. Olivier
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Stanford University, Genome Lab, Mail Code 5120, Stanford, 94305-5120 California USA
| | - J. Conroy
- grid.240614.50000 0001 2181 8635Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carleton Street, Buffalo, 14263 New York USA
| | - A. Kasprzyk
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - H. Massa
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North C3-168, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, 98109-1024 Washington USA
| | - R. Yonescu
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10/Room 12N214, Bethesda, 20889-5105 Maryland USA
| | - S. Sait
- grid.240614.50000 0001 2181 8635Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carleton Street, Buffalo, 14263 New York USA
| | - C. Thoreen
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Box 357730, Seattle, 98195-7730 Washington USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Harvard Medical School, Cell Biology, 240 Longwood Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - A. Snijders
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, Box 0808, San Francisco, 94143-0808 California USA
| | - E. Lemyre
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Amory Lab Building 3rd floor, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - J. A. Bailey
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44106 Ohio USA
| | - A. Bruzel
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 516, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsylvania USA
| | - W. D. Burrill
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - S. M. Clegg
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - S. Collins
- grid.34477.330000000122986657Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Box 357730, Seattle, 98195-7730 Washington USA
| | - P. Dhami
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - C. Friedman
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North C3-168, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, 98109-1024 Washington USA
| | - C. S. Han
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Joint Genome Institute-Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS M888 B-N1, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, 87545 New Mexico USA
| | - S. Herrick
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Amory Lab Building 3rd floor, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - J. Lee
- grid.20861.3d0000000107068890Department of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Mail Code 147-75, Pasadena, 91125 California USA
| | - A. H. Ligon
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Amory Lab Building 3rd floor, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - S. Lowry
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Joint Genome Institute-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 84-171, Berkeley, 94720 California USA
| | - M. Morley
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 516, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsylvania USA
| | - S. Narasimhan
- grid.239552.a0000 0001 0680 8770Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 516, Philadelphia, 19104 Pennsylvania USA
| | - K. Osoegawa
- grid.240614.50000 0001 2181 8635Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carleton Street, Buffalo, 14263 New York USA ,grid.414016.60000 0004 0433 7727Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, 94609 California USA
| | - Z. Peng
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Joint Genome Institute-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 84-171, Berkeley, 94720 California USA
| | - I. Plajzer-Frick
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Joint Genome Institute-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 84-171, Berkeley, 94720 California USA
| | - B. J. Quade
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Amory Lab Building 3rd floor, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - D. Scott
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Joint Genome Institute-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 84-171, Berkeley, 94720 California USA
| | - K. Sirotkin
- grid.419234.90000 0004 0604 5429National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Building 38A/Room 8N805, Bethesda, 20894 Maryland USA
| | - A. A. Thorpe
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - J. W. Gray
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, Box 0808, San Francisco, 94143-0808 California USA
| | - J. Hudson
- grid.418190.50000 0001 2187 0556Research Genetics, 2130 Memorial Parkway, Huntsville, 35801 Alabama USA
| | - D. Pinkel
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, Box 0808, San Francisco, 94143-0808 California USA
| | - T. Ried
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10/Room 12N214, Bethesda, 20889-5105 Maryland USA
| | - L. Rowen
- grid.64212.330000 0004 0463 2320Institute for Systems Biology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 200, Seattle, 98105-6099 Washington USA
| | - G. L. Shen-Ong
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10/Room 12N214, Bethesda, 20889-5105 Maryland USA ,Present Address: Gene Logic, Inc., 708 Quince Orchard Road, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878 USA
| | - R. L. Strausberg
- grid.420086.80000 0001 2237 2479National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 10/Room 12N214, Bethesda, 20889-5105 Maryland USA
| | - E. Birney
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - D. F. Callen
- grid.1694.aDepartment of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Road, North Adelaide, 5006 South Australia Australia
| | - J.-F. Cheng
- grid.184769.50000 0001 2231 4551Joint Genome Institute-Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Mail Stop 84-171, Berkeley, 94720 California USA
| | - D. R. Cox
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Stanford University, Genome Lab, Mail Code 5120, Stanford, 94305-5120 California USA
| | - N. A. Doggett
- grid.148313.c0000 0004 0428 3079Joint Genome Institute-Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS M888 B-N1, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, 87545 New Mexico USA
| | - N. P. Carter
- Sanger Center, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SA Cambridge UK
| | - E. E. Eichler
- grid.67105.350000 0001 2164 3847Department of Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 44106 Ohio USA
| | - D. Haussler
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Computer Science Department, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, 95064–1077 California USA
| | - J. R. Korenberg
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, 90048 California USA
| | - C. C. Morton
- grid.62560.370000 0004 0378 8294Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Amory Lab Building 3rd floor, Boston, 02115 Massachusetts USA
| | - D. Albertson
- grid.266102.10000 0001 2297 6811University of California San Francisco Cancer Center, Box 0808, San Francisco, 94143-0808 California USA
| | - G. Schuler
- grid.419234.90000 0004 0604 5429National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, Building 38A/Room 8N805, Bethesda, 20894 Maryland USA
| | - P. J. de Jong
- grid.240614.50000 0001 2181 8635Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carleton Street, Buffalo, 14263 New York USA ,grid.414016.60000 0004 0433 7727Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, 94609 California USA
| | - B. J. Trask
- grid.270240.30000 0001 2180 1622Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North C3-168, P.O. Box 19024, Seattle, 98109-1024 Washington USA
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25
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van Schie RC, Marras SA, Conroy JM, Nowak NJ, Catanese JJ, de Jong PJ. Semiautomated clone verification by real-time PCR using molecular beacons. Biotechniques 2000; 29:1296-300, 1302-4, 1306 passim. [PMID: 11126133 DOI: 10.2144/00296rr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional, high-throughput PCR analysis of common elements utilizing numerous primer sets and template DNA requires multiple rounds of PCR to ensure optimal conditions. Laborious gel electrophoresis and staining is then necessary to visualize amplification products. We propose novel multicolor molecular beacons, to establish a high-throughput, PCR-based sequence tagged site (STS) detection system that swiftly and accurately confirms marker content in template containing common repeat elements. A simple, one-tube, real-time PCR assay system was developed to specifically detect regions containing CA and GATA repeats. Ninety-six samples can be confirmed for marker content in a closed-tube format in 3 h, eliminating product confirmation on agarose gels and avoiding crossover contamination. Multiple STSs can be detected simultaneously in the same reaction tube by utilizing molecular beacons labeled with multicolor fluorophores. Template DNA from 260 RPCI-11 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones was examined for the presence of CA and/or GATA repeats using molecular beacon PCR and compared with conventional PCR results of the same clones. Of the 205 clones containing CA and GATA repeats, we were able to identify 129 clones (CA, n = 99; GATA, n = 30) by using molecular beacons and only 121 clones (CA, n = 92; GATA, n = 29) by conventional PCR amplification. As anticipated, 55 clones that contained sequences other than CA or GATA failed molecular beacon detection. Molecular beacon PCR, employing beacons specific for tandem repeat elements, provides a fast, accurate, and sensitive multiplex detection assay that will expedite verification of marker content in a multitude of template containing these repeats.
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26
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Abstract
From the perspective that disgust is a core feature of spider phobia, we investigated whether the treatment efficacy could be improved by adding a counterconditioning procedure. Women with a clinically diagnosed spider phobia (N = 34) were randomly assigned to the regular one-session exposure condition (EXP) or to the exposure with counterconditioning condition (CC). In the CC-condition tasty food-items were used during the regular exposure exercises and the participants' favourite music was played. Both treatment conditions appeared very effective in reducing avoidance behaviour and self-reported fear of spiders, strongly attenuated the disgusting properties of spiders and altered the affective evaluations in a positive direction. CC was not more effective in altering the affective valence of spiders than EXP and was not superior with respect to the long term treatment efficacy at 1 year follow up. Apparently, regular exposure treatment is already quite effective in altering the affective-evaluative component of spider phobia and it remains to be seen whether it is possible to further improve treatment outcome by means of procedures which are specifically designed to reduce the spiders' negative affective valence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands.
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27
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Abstract
The authors investigated the role of phobic responsivity in the generation of phobia-relevant illusory correlations. As a means of disentangling the contributions of prior fear and elicited fear responses, half of a group of phobic women received 1 mg alprazolam (n = 21), and half received a placebo (n = 22). A group of nonfearful women (n = 24) was included to control for prior fear per se. Participants were exposed to slides of spiders, weapons, and flowers that were randomly paired with a shock, a siren, or nothing. Postexperimental covariation estimates and on-line outcome expectancies were assessed. Irrespective of both prior and elicited fear, participants postexperimentally overassociated spiders and shock. Yet, only women with spider phobia displayed a persisting fear-confirming expectancy bias. This bias was similar for the placebo and alprazolam groups. Thus, the bias appeared to be due to preexisting phobogenic beliefs, whereas phobic responsivity played a negligible role.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Maastrict University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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28
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Frengen E, Zhao B, Howe S, Weichenhan D, Osoegawa K, Gjernes E, Jessee J, Prydz H, Huxley C, de Jong PJ. Modular bacterial artificial chromosome vectors for transfer of large inserts into mammalian cells. Genomics 2000; 68:118-26. [PMID: 10964509 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To facilitate the use of large-insert bacterial clones for functional analysis, we have constructed new bacterial artificial chromosome vectors, pPAC4 and pBACe4. These vectors contain two genetic elements that enable stable maintenance of the clones in mammalian cells: (1) The Epstein-Barr virus replicon, oriP, is included to ensure stable episomal propagation of the large insert clones upon transfection into mammalian cells. (2) The blasticidin deaminase gene is placed in a eukaryotic expression cassette to enable selection for the desired mammalian clones by using the nucleoside antibiotic blasticidin. Sequences important to select for loxP-specific genome targeting in mammalian chromosomes are also present. In addition, we demonstrate that the attTn7 sequence present on the vectors permits specific addition of selected features to the library clones. Unique sites have also been included in the vector to enable linearization of the large-insert clones, e. g., for optical mapping studies. The pPAC4 vector has been used to generate libraries from the human, mouse, and rat genomes. We believe that clones from these libraries would serve as an important reagent in functional experiments, including the identification or validation of candidate disease genes, by transferring a particular clone containing the relevant wildtype gene into mutant cells or transgenic or knock-out animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frengen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA.
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29
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Warren W, Smith TP, Rexroad CE, Fahrenkrug SC, Allison T, Shu CL, Catanese J, de Jong PJ. Construction and characterization of a new bovine bacterial artificial chromosome library with 10 genome-equivalent coverage. Mamm Genome 2000; 11:662-3. [PMID: 10920236 DOI: 10.1007/s003350010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Warren
- Monsanto Company, Ag sector, 700 Chesterfield Parkway, St. Louis, Missouri 63198, USA.
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30
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Abstract
We explored whether hypochondriacal patients selectively search for threat-confirming information when asked to judge the validity of conditional rules in the context of general and health threats. We also explored several factors that may underly participants' information selection (e.g., believability of the rule). Hypochondriacal patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) were presented with modified Wason Selection Tasks (WSTs). The WSTs contained safety rules and danger rules. In the context of general threat, both groups of participants adopted a verificationistic strategy in the case of danger rules and a Popperian strategy in the case of safety rules. Importantly, only hypochondriacal persons showed a similar threat-confirming reasoning pattern in the context of health threat. The latter finding contrasts with the earlier study of de Jong et al. (1998) [de Jong, P. J., Haenen, M.-A., Schmidt, A., & Mayer, B. (1998a). Hypochondriasis: the role of fear-confirming reasoning. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 65-74; de Jong, P. J., Mayer, B., van der Hijden, B., Bögels, S., & van den Hout, M. (1998b). Better safe than sorry: reasoning with conditionals in the context of threat. Submitted for publication.] in which both hypochondriacs and healthy controls showed a threat-confirming strategy in the domain of health threat. The WSTs in that study however, contained a (unintended) worry manipulation ("after hearing this, you get worried"), which might have induced a reasoning strategy in controls that is normally restricted to hypochondriacs. Taken together, the present results sustain the idea that the perception of threat activates a better safe than sorry strategy. In the case of phobic threats, such a reasoning strategy immunizes against refutation of phobic convictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Smeets
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands.
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31
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Haenen MA, de Jong PJ, Schmidt AJ, Stevens S, Visser L. Hypochondriacs' estimation of negative outcomes: domain-specificity and responsiveness to reassuring and alarming information. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38:819-33. [PMID: 10937430 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on hypochondriacal patients' tendency to overestimate the seriousness of bodily sensations and health risks [Barsky, A. J., Wyshak, G. & Klerman, G. L. (1990). The Somatosensory Amplification Scale and its relationship to hypochondriasis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 24, 323-334; Warwick, H. M. C., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1990). Hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 105-117], we investigated whether hypochondriacal individuals (n = 20) are inclined to report higher estimates of negative outcomes than healthy controls (n = 20) when interpreting ambiguous health-related and nonhealth-related events. In addition, we explored the influence of additional reassuring and alarming information on hypochondriacs' estimates of negative outcomes. Following the cognitive-behavioural model of hypochondriasis [Warwick, H. M. C. & Salkovskis, P. M. (1989). Hypochondriasis. In J. Scott, J. M. G. Williams & A. T. Beck (Eds.), Cognitive therapy in clinical practice: an illustrative casebook. (pp. 78-102). London: Routledge] we hypothesized that hypochondriacal individuals would be more responsive to alarming information and less responsive to reassuring information than healthy controls. Yet, hypochondriacs were neither found to be immune for reassuring information, nor to be hypersensitive to alarming information. Meanwhile, irrespective of the additional alarming or reassuring information, hypochondriacs clearly showed a domain-specific bias towards higher estimates of negative outcomes in ambiguous health-related situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haenen
- Department of Medical, Clinical and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands
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32
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van Geel M, van Deutekom JC, van Staalduinen A, Lemmers RJ, Dickson MC, Hofker MH, Padberg GW, Hewitt JE, de Jong PJ, Frants RR. Identification of a novel beta-tubulin subfamily with one member (TUBB4Q) located near the telomere of chromosome region 4q35. Cytogenet Cell Genet 2000; 88:316-21. [PMID: 10828619 DOI: 10.1159/000015518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The human beta-tubulin supergene family consists of several isotypes with many associated pseudogenes. Here we report the identification of yet another beta-tubulin sequence designated TUBB4Q. This tubulin maps 80 kb proximal to the facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1) associated D4Z4 repeats on chromosome 4q35. The genomic structure contains four exons encoding a putative protein of 434 amino acids. The TUBB4Q nucleotide and protein sequence show 87% and 86% homology to beta2-tubulin, respectively. Although the genomic structure shows all functional aspects of a genuine gene, no transcript could be detected. TUBB4Q-related sequences were identified on multiple chromosomes. Since these sequences mutually exhibit a high nucleotide sequence homology, they presumably belong to a novel subfamily of beta-tubulin genes. Although the chromosome 4q35 tubulin-member probably represents a pseudogene, ectopic expression due to a postulated position effect variegation (PEV), makes TUBB4Q an ideal dominant-negative candidate gene for FSHD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Geel
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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33
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Wang J, Jani-Sait SN, Escalon EA, Carroll AJ, de Jong PJ, Kirsch IR, Aplan PD. The t(14;21)(q11.2;q22) chromosomal translocation associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia activates the BHLHB1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3497-502. [PMID: 10737801 PMCID: PMC16268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned the genomic breakpoints for a balanced t(14;21)(q11. 2;q22) chromosomal translocation associated with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sequence analysis of the genomic breakpoints indicated that the translocation had been mediated by an illegitimate V(D)J recombination event that disrupted the T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha locus and placed the TCR alpha locus enhancer on the derivative 21 chromosome. We identified a previously unreported transcript, designated BHLHB1 (for basic domain, helix-loop-helix protein, class B, 1) that had been activated by the translocation. BHLHB1 mapped to the region of chromosome 21 that has been proposed to be responsible, at least in part, for the learning deficits seen in children with Down's syndrome. Although BHLHB1 expression normally is restricted to neural tissues, T-cell lymphoblasts with the t(14;21)(q11.2;q22) also expressed high levels of BHLHB1 mRNA. Expression of BHLHB1 dramatically inhibited E2A-mediated transcription activation in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and Jurkat T cells. This observation suggests that BHLHB1, similar to SCL/TAL1, may exert a leukemogenic effect through a functional inactivation of E2A or related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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34
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Hoskins RA, Nelson CR, Berman BP, Laverty TR, George RA, Ciesiolka L, Naeemuddin M, Arenson AD, Durbin J, David RG, Tabor PE, Bailey MR, DeShazo DR, Catanese J, Mammoser A, Osoegawa K, de Jong PJ, Celniker SE, Gibbs RA, Rubin GM, Scherer SE. A BAC-based physical map of the major autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 2000; 287:2271-4. [PMID: 10731150 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5461.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of chromosomes 2 and 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which constitute 81% of the genome. Sequence tagged site (STS) content, restriction fingerprinting, and polytene chromosome in situ hybridization approaches were integrated to produce a map spanning the euchromatin. Three of five remaining gaps are in repeat-rich regions near the centromeres. A tiling path of clones spanning this map and STS maps of chromosomes X and 4 was sequenced to low coverage; the maps and tiling path sequence were used to support and verify the whole-genome sequence assembly, and tiling path BACs were used as templates in sequence finishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hoskins
- Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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35
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Osoegawa K, Tateno M, Woon PY, Frengen E, Mammoser AG, Catanese JJ, Hayashizaki Y, de Jong PJ. Bacterial artificial chromosome libraries for mouse sequencing and functional analysis. Genome Res 2000; 10:116-28. [PMID: 10645956 PMCID: PMC310499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) libraries providing a combined 33-fold representation of the murine genome have been constructed using two different restriction enzymes for genomic digestion. A large-insert PAC library was prepared from the 129S6/SvEvTac strain in a bacterial/mammalian shuttle vector to facilitate functional gene studies. For genome mapping and sequencing, we prepared BAC libraries from the 129S6/SvEvTac and the C57BL/6J strains. The average insert sizes for the three libraries range between 130 kb and 200 kb. Based on the numbers of clones and the observed average insert sizes, we estimate each library to have slightly in excess of 10-fold genome representation. The average number of clones found after hybridization screening with 28 probes was in the range of 9-14 clones per marker. To explore the fidelity of the genomic representation in the three libraries, we analyzed three contigs, each established after screening with a single unique marker. New markers were established from the end sequences and screened against all the contig members to determine if any of the BACs and PACs are chimeric or rearranged. Only one chimeric clone and six potential deletions have been observed after extensive analysis of 113 PAC and BAC clones. Seventy-one of the 113 clones were conclusively nonchimeric because both end markers or sequences were mapped to the other confirmed contig members. We could not exclude chimerism for the remaining 41 clones because one or both of the insert termini did not contain unique sequence to design markers. The low rate of chimerism, approximately 1%, and the low level of detected rearrangements support the anticipated usefulness of the BAC libraries for genome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263 USA
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36
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Abstract
Women, with high (n = 29) and low (n = 28) fear of blushing, were exposed to a mild social stressor (watching a television test card in the presence of two male confederates) and to an intense social stressor (watching their own prerecorded 'sing' video, in the presence of two male confederates). Facial coloration and facial temperature were measured and participants rated their own blush intensity. No differences in actual blushing emerged between both groups. Meanwhile, high fearful individuals' self-reported blush intensity was significantly higher than that of low fearful individuals. Thus, fear of blushing seems to reflect a fearful preoccupation, irrespective of differential facial coloration. The present findings concord with cognitive models of social phobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mulkens
- Department of Medical, Clinical, and Experimental Psychology, Maastricht University, Netherlands.
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37
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van Geel M, Heather LJ, Lyle R, Hewitt JE, Frants RR, de Jong PJ. The FSHD region on human chromosome 4q35 contains potential coding regions among pseudogenes and a high density of repeat elements. Genomics 1999; 61:55-65. [PMID: 10512680 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The distal end of chromosome 4q contains the locus involved in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD1). Specific genomic deletions within a tandem DNA repeat (D4Z4) are associated with the disease status, but no causal genes have yet been discovered. In a systematic search for genes, a 161-kb stretch of genomic DNA proximal to D4Z4 was sequenced, analyzed for homologies, and subjected to gene prediction programs. A major fraction (45%) of the subtelomeric region is composed of repeat sequences attributable mainly to LINE-1 elements. Apart from the previously identified FRG1 and TUB4q sequences, several additional potential coding regions were identified by analyzing the sequence with exon prediction programs. So far, we have been unable to demonstrate transcripts by RT-PCR or cDNA library hybridization. However, several retrotransposed pseudogenes were identified. The high density of pseudogenes and repeat elements is consistent with the subtelomeric location of this region and explains why previous transcript identification studies have been problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Geel
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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38
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Lin L, Faraco J, Li R, Kadotani H, Rogers W, Lin X, Qiu X, de Jong PJ, Nishino S, Mignot E. The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 1999; 98:365-76. [PMID: 10458611 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1716] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a disabling sleep disorder affecting humans and animals. It is characterized by daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and striking transitions from wakefulness into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In this study, we used positional cloning to identify an autosomal recessive mutation responsible for this sleep disorder in a well-established canine model. We have determined that canine narcolepsy is caused by disruption of the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene (Hcrtr2). This result identifies hypocretins as major sleep-modulating neurotransmitters and opens novel potential therapeutic approaches for narcoleptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lin
- Center for Narcolepsy, Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5485, USA
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39
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Frengen E, Weichenhan D, Zhao B, Osoegawa K, van Geel M, de Jong PJ. A modular, positive selection bacterial artificial chromosome vector with multiple cloning sites. Genomics 1999; 58:250-3. [PMID: 10373322 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To construct large-insert libraries for the sequencing, mapping, and functional studies of complex genomes, we have constructed a new modular bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) vector, pBACe3.6 (GenBank Accession No. U80929). This vector contains multiple cloning sites located within the sacB gene, allowing positive selection for recombinant clones on sucrose-containing medium. A recognition site for the PI-SceI nuclease has also been included, which permits linearization of recombinant DNA irrespective of the characteristics of the insert sequences. An attTn7 sequence present in pBACe3.6 permits retrofitting of BAC clones by Tn7-mediated insertion of desirable sequence elements into the vector portion. The ability to retrofit BAC clones will be useful for functional analysis of genes carried on the cloned inserts. The pBACe3.6 vector has been used for the construction of many genomic libraries currently serving as resources for large-scale mapping and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frengen
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
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40
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Li R, Mignot E, Faraco J, Kadotani H, Cantanese J, Zhao B, Lin X, Hinton L, Ostrander EA, Patterson DF, de Jong PJ. Construction and characterization of an eightfold redundant dog genomic bacterial artificial chromosome library. Genomics 1999; 58:9-17. [PMID: 10331940 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A large insert canine genomic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was built from a Doberman pinscher. Approximately 166,000 clones were gridded on nine high-density hybridization filters. Insert analysis of randomly selected clones indicated a mean insert size of 155 kb and predicted 8.1 coverage of the canine genome. Two percent of the clones were nonrecombinant. Chromosomal fluorescence in situ hybridization studies of 60 BAC clones indicated no chimerism. The library was hybridized with dog PCR products representing eight genes (ADA, TNFA, GCA, MYB, HOXA, GUSB, THY1, and TOP1). The resulting positive clones were characterized and shown to be compatible with an eightfold redundant library.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Li
- Stanford Center For Narcolepsy Research, 1201 Welch Road, Room P-112, Stanford, California 94305-5485, USA
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41
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Langmann T, Buechler C, Ries S, Schaeffler A, Aslanidis C, Schuierer M, Weiler M, Sandhoff K, de Jong PJ, Schmitz G. Transcription factors Sp1 and AP-2 mediate induction of acid sphingomyelinase during monocytic differentiation. J Lipid Res 1999; 40:870-80. [PMID: 10224156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells from the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1 differentiate towards a macrophage-like phenotype when stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate -13- acetate (PMA), 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3, and various other agents. We demonstrate here that the expression of the lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM; E.C. 3.1.4.12) is induced during this process and is strongly elevated in differentiated THP-1 cells, as well as in differentiated human mononuclear phagocytes. Using Northern blotting, RNase protection assay, and nuclear run-on analyses, we show that the up-regulation of ASM expression is regulated mainly at the level of transcription and that new protein synthesis is required for enhanced ASM activity. This cell-type specific induction by PMA treatment was further investigated with respect to transcriptional control. A series of 5' deletion derivatives of the upstream regulatory region were used in transient transfection assays to identify promoter elements required for basal and inducible gene expression. A PMA responsive element was localized to a region between -319 and -219 bp upstream of the initiation codon and co-transfections with transcription factor expression plasmids for AP-2 and Sp1 resulted in augmented ASM promoter activity, which was abolished when the binding sites for these two factors were deleted. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and supershift assays we demonstrate that this region is specifically bound by Sp1 and AP-2. These factors are present in nuclear extracts prepared from both induced and uninduced THP-1 cells. However, the intensity of the complex formed appeared to increase when nuclear extracts from PMA-treated cells were used. From these studies, we conclude that a concerted action of the transcription factors AP-2 and Sp1 is essential for the up -regulation of ASM expression during the process of macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Langmann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Laboratoriumsmedizin, Klinikum der Universität Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
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42
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Brand-Arpon V, Rouquier S, Massa H, de Jong PJ, Ferraz C, Ioannou PA, Demaille JG, Trask BJ, Giorgi D. A genomic region encompassing a cluster of olfactory receptor genes and a myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) gene is duplicated on human chromosome regions 3q13-q21 and 3p13. Genomics 1999; 56:98-110. [PMID: 10036190 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The olfactory receptor (OR) multigene family is widely distributed in the human genome. We characterize here a new cluster of four OR genes (HGMW-approved symbols OR7E20P, OR7E6P, OR7E21P, and OR7E22P) on human chromosome 3p13 that is contained in an approximately 250-kb region. This region has been physically mapped, and a 106-kb portion containing the OR genes has been sequenced. All the OR sequences are disrupted by frameshifts and stop codons and appear to have arisen through local duplications. A myosin light chain kinase pseudogene (HGMW-approved symbol MYLKP) lies at one end of the OR gene cluster. Sequences spanning the entire region are also present at 3q13-q21, the site of the functional MYLK gene. This region duplicated locally before the divergence of primates, and the two paralogous copies were later separated to sites on either side of the centromere. This study increases our understanding of the evolution of the human genome. The 3p13 cluster is the first example of a tandem array of OR pseudogenes, and duplications of such clusters may account for the accumulation of a large number of pseudogenes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Brand-Arpon
- IGH, CNRS UPR 1142, 141 rue de la Cardonille, Montpellier Cédex 5, 34396, France
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43
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Thandla SP, Ploski JE, Raza-Egilmez SZ, Chhalliyil PP, Block AW, de Jong PJ, Aplan PD. ETV6-AML1 translocation breakpoints cluster near a purine/pyrimidine repeat region in the ETV6 gene. Blood 1999; 93:293-9. [PMID: 9864173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation, fusing the ETV6 and AML1 genes, is the most frequent chromosomal translocation associated with pediatric B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although the genomic organization of the ETV6 gene and a breakpoint cluster region (bcr) in ETV6 intron 5 has been described, mapping of AML1 breakpoints has been hampered because of the large, hitherto unknown size of AML1 intron 1. Here, we report the mapping of the AML1 gene between exons 1 and 3, cloning of ETV6-AML1 breakpoints from different patients, and localization of the AML1 breakpoints within AML1 intron 1. In contrast to the tightly clustered ETV6 breakpoints, the AML1 breakpoints were found to be dispersed throughout AML1 intron 1. Although nucleotide sequence analysis of the breakpoint junctions showed several 5/7 matches for the V(D)J consensus heptamer recognition sequence, these matches were present only on the ETV6 alleles and not on the AML1 alleles, making it unlikely that the translocations were mediated by a simple V(D)J recombination mistake. Interestingly, several breakpoints as well as a stable insertion polymorphism mapped close to a polymorphic, alternating purine-pyrimidine tract in the ETV6 gene, suggesting that this region may be prone to DNA recombination events such as insertions or translocations. Finally, the presence of an insertional polymorphism within the ETV6 bcr must be recognized to avoid incorrect genotype designation based on Southern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Thandla
- Departments of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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44
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Abstract
An illusory correlation (IC) experiment examined the presence of a phobia-relevant covariation bias in the context of social anxiety. Low (n = 28) and high (n = 32) social anxious women were shown a series of slides comprising pictures of angry, happy and neutral faces which were randomly paired with either a shock, a siren or nothing. One half of the participants were shown women faces, whereas the other half were shown men faces. Participants indicated outcome expectancies on a trial by trial basis. After the experiment proper they estimated the contingencies of all slide/outcome combinations. Participants showed both an a priori and an a posteriori IC between angry faces and shock. This covariation bias was similar for men and women faces and independent of prior fear. The pattern of results is consistent with the idea that ICs arise from initial expectancies that survive extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Experimental Abnormal Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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45
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Liu J, Aoki M, Illa I, Wu C, Fardeau M, Angelini C, Serrano C, Urtizberea JA, Hentati F, Hamida MB, Bohlega S, Culper EJ, Amato AA, Bossie K, Oeltjen J, Bejaoui K, McKenna-Yasek D, Hosler BA, Schurr E, Arahata K, de Jong PJ, Brown RH. Dysferlin, a novel skeletal muscle gene, is mutated in Miyoshi myopathy and limb girdle muscular dystrophy. Nat Genet 1998; 20:31-6. [PMID: 9731526 DOI: 10.1038/1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Miyoshi myopathy (MM) is an adult onset, recessive inherited distal muscular dystrophy that we have mapped to human chromosome 2p13. We recently constructed a 3-Mb P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) contig spanning the MM candidate region. This clarified the order of genetic markers across the MM locus, provided five new polymorphic markers within it and narrowed the locus to approximately 2 Mb. Five skeletal muscle expressed sequence tags (ESTs) map in this region. We report that one of these is located in a novel, full-length 6.9-kb muscle cDNA, and we designate the corresponding protein 'dysferlin'. We describe nine mutations in the dysferlin gene in nine families; five are predicted to prevent dysferlin expression. Identical mutations in the dysferlin gene can produce more than one myopathy phenotype (MM, limb girdle dystrophy, distal myopathy with anterior tibial onset).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Day Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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46
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Osoegawa K, Woon PY, Zhao B, Frengen E, Tateno M, Catanese JJ, de Jong PJ. An improved approach for construction of bacterial artificial chromosome libraries. Genomics 1998; 52:1-8. [PMID: 9740665 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Presented here are improved methodologies that enable the generation of highly redundant bacterial artificial chromosome/P1-derived artificial chromosome libraries, with larger and relatively uniform insert sizes. Improvements in vector preparation and enhanced ligation conditions reduce the number of background nonrecombinant clones. Preelectrophoresis of immobilized high-molecular-weight DNA removes inhibitors of the cloning process, while sizing DNA fragments twice within a single gel effectively eliminates small restriction fragments, thus increasing the average insert size of the clones. The size-fractionated DNA fragments are recovered by electroelution rather than the more common melting of gel slices with subsequent beta-agarase treatment. Concentration of the ligation products yields a 6- to 12-fold reduction in the number of electroporations required in preparing a library of desirable size. These improved methods have been applied to prepare PAC and BAC libraries from the human, murine, rat, canine, and baboon genomes with average insert sizes ranging between 160 and 235 kb.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osoegawa
- Department of Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263, USA
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47
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Davey GC, McDonald AS, Hirisave U, Prabhu GG, Iwawaki S, Jim CI, Merckelbach H, de Jong PJ, Leung PW, Reimann BC. A cross-cultural study of animal fears. Behav Res Ther 1998; 36:735-50. [PMID: 9682528 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study represents a cross-cultural study of animal fears in which subjects from seven Western and Asian countries were asked to rate their fear of a range of familiar animals. Factor analyses of these ratings in all samples revealed a coherent three factor solution in which animals fell into a fear-irrelevant, fear-relevant (fierce) or disgust-relevant category. The core group of animals making up the disgust-relevant category were similar across cultures. Some views on how a universal disgust-relevant category of feared animals may have developed are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Davey
- Psychology Group, School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
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48
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Woon PY, Osoegawa K, Kaisaki PJ, Zhao B, Catanese JJ, Gauguier D, Cox R, Levy ER, Lathrop GM, Monaco AP, de Jong PJ. Construction and characterization of a 10-fold genome equivalent rat P1-derived artificial chromosome library. Genomics 1998; 50:306-16. [PMID: 9676425 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A rat PAC library was constructed in the vector pPAC4 from genomic DNA isolated from female Brown Norway rats. This library consists of 215,409 clones arrayed in 614,384-well microtiter plates. An average insert size of 143 kb was estimated from 217 randomly isolated clones, thus representing approximately 10-fold genome coverage. This coverage provides a very high probability that the library contains a unique sequence in genome screening. Tests on randomly selected clones demonstrated that they are very stable, with only 4 of 130 clones showing restriction digest fragment alterations after 80 generations of serial growth. FISH analysis using 70 randomly chosen PACs revealed no significant chimeric clones. About 7% of the clones analyzed contained repetitive sequences related to centromeric regions that hybridized to some but not all centromeres. DNA plate pools and superpools were made, and high-density filters each containing an array of 8 plates in duplicate were prepared. Library screening on these superpools and appropriate filters with 10 single-locus rat markers revealed an average of 8 positive clones, in agreement with the estimated high genomic coverage of this library and representation of the rat genome. This library provides a new resource for rat genome analysis, in particular the identification of genes involved in models of multifactorial disease. The library and high-density filters are currently available to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Y Woon
- Wellcome Trust Centre For Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
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49
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Liu J, Wu C, Bossie K, Bejaoui K, Hosler BA, Gingrich JC, Ben Hamida M, Hentati F, Schurr E, de Jong PJ, Brown RH. Generation of a 3-Mb PAC contig spanning the Miyoshi myopathy/limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (MM/LGMD2B) locus on chromosome 2p13. Genomics 1998; 49:23-9. [PMID: 9570945 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Miyoshi myopathy (MM) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy subtype 2B (LGMD2B) map to the same region on chromosome 2p13. To facilitate the cloning of the defective gene causing these two diseases, we used a combination of chromosome walking and expressed sequence tag (EST) screening and identified 864 P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PACs) whose inserts map to the MM/LGMD2B candidate region and surrounding areas. Among them, 139 are from a chromosome 2-specific PAC library and 725 are from a total genomic PAC library. A 3-Mb contig spanning the candidate region for MM/LGMD2B was assembled. This contig contains 200 PACs, 10 known genetic markers, 5 new polymorphic markers, 57 sequence tagged sites (STSs) generated from PAC end fragments, and 4 random STSs. In addition, we mapped 24 ESTs to this contig and excluded 37 ESTs from the contig, thus eliminating them as candidate MM/LGMD2B genes. The high-resolution, sequence-ready PAC contig for the MM/LGMD2B region provides a backbone for the identification of the disease gene(s) and for clarification of the relationship between the two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Day Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital East, Charlestown 02129, USA
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50
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Abstract
We investigated whether hypochondriacal patients are prone to selectively search for danger-confirming information when asked to judge the validity of conditional rules in the context of general and health threats. Therefore, hypochodtriacal patients (n = 27) and a healthy control group (n = 27) were presented with modified Wason Selection Tasks (WSTs) pertaining to general and health threats. The WSTs contained safety rules (If P then safe) and danger rules (If P then danger). Subjects adopted a verificationistic strategy in case of danger rules and tended to look for falsifications in case of safety rules. This danger-confirming reasoning pattern was similar for both types of contexts and not particularly pronounced in hypochondriacal persons. These findings argue against the idea that such a reasoning pattern directly causes hypochondriasis. Yet, in the presence of anxiogenic (hypochondriasis related) convictions such danger-confirming reasoning pattern logically serves to maintain or even enhance hypochondriacal complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J de Jong
- Department of Experimental Abnormal Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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