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Adachi K, Sedlacek AJ, Kleinman L, Springston SR, Wang J, Chand D, Hubbe JM, Shilling JE, Onasch TB, Kinase T, Sakata K, Takahashi Y, Buseck PR. Spherical tarball particles form through rapid chemical and physical changes of organic matter in biomass-burning smoke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19336-19341. [PMID: 31488715 PMCID: PMC6765284 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900129116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) emits enormous amounts of aerosol particles and gases into the atmosphere and thereby significantly influences regional air quality and global climate. A dominant particle type from BB is spherical organic aerosol particles commonly referred to as tarballs. Currently, tarballs can only be identified, using microscopy, from their uniquely spherical shapes following impaction onto a grid. Despite their abundance and potential significance for climate, many unanswered questions related to their formation, emission inventory, removal processes, and optical properties still remain. Here, we report analysis that supports tarball formation in which primary organic particles undergo chemical and physical processing within ∼3 h of emission. Transmission electron microscopy analysis reveals that the number fractions of tarballs and the ratios of N and O relative to K, the latter a conserved tracer, increase with particle age and that the more-spherical particles on the substrates had higher ratios of N and O relative to K. Scanning transmission X-ray spectrometry and electron energy loss spectrometry analyses show that these chemical changes are accompanied by the formation of organic compounds that contain nitrogen and carboxylic acid. The results imply that the chemical changes increase the particle sphericity on the substrates, which correlates with particle surface tension and viscosity, and contribute to tarball formation during aging in BB smoke. These findings will enable models to better partition tarball contributions to BB radiative forcing and, in so doing, better help constrain radiative forcing models of BB events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Adachi
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 3050052 Tsukuba, Japan;
| | - Arthur J Sedlacek
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Lawrence Kleinman
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Stephen R Springston
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
| | - Jian Wang
- Environmental and Climate Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973
- Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Duli Chand
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - John M Hubbe
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - John E Shilling
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Timothy B Onasch
- Center for Sensor Systems and Technology, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821
| | - Takeshi Kinase
- Department of Atmosphere, Ocean and Earth System Modeling Research, Meteorological Research Institute, 3050052 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kohei Sakata
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 3058506 Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshio Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1130033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Peter R Buseck
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
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Abstract
SummaryThese minerals indicate strongly reducing conditions as well as extremely low sulphur fugacities within the Newport pallasite. They all formed at low temperatures (upper limit 580° C) and in the solid state. This is the first reported occurrence of mackinawite and pentlandite from a pallasitic meteorite; Cu is known from only one other pallasite. Microprobe analyses of a large Cu grain indicate its composition as 98·6 ± 0·5 %, Ni 2·0 ± 0·5, Fe below the limit of detection (∼0.3).
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Nemeth P, Garvie LAJ, Buseck PR. Structures of meteoritic diamond nanocrystals. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316098922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Carbyne is the long-sought linear allotrope of carbon. Despite many reports of solid carbyne, the evidence is unconvincing. A recent report of supposed carbyne shows gold clusters in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. In order to determine the effects of such clusters, we performed ab initio calculations of uncapped and capped linear carbon chains and their complexes with gold clusters. The results indicate that gold dramatically alters the electron densities of the C≡C bonds. The resulting charge-stabilization of the carbon chains leads to pseudocarbynes. These findings are corroborated in calculations of the structures of crystals containing isolated carbon chains and those intercalated with gold clusters. Calculated Raman spectra of these pseudocarbynes with gold clusters are in better agreement with experiment than calculated spectra of isolated carbon chains. The current work opens the way toward the design and development of a new class of metal-intercalated carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilarisetty Tarakeshwar
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Peter R Buseck
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona 85287-6004, United States
| | - Harold W Kroto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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Németh P, Dódony I, Pósfai M, Buseck PR. Complex defect in pyrite and its structure model derived from geometric phase analysis. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:1303-1307. [PMID: 23773546 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
New methods for defect analysis can lead to improved interpretation of experimental data and thus better understanding of material properties. Although transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) has been used to study defects for many decades, interpretive ambiguities can arise for cases that seem simple or even trivial.Using geometric phase analysis (GPA), an image processing procedure, we show that an apparent simple line defect in pyrite has an entirely different character. It appears to be a b = ½[100] edge dislocation as viewed in a [001] high-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image, but the measured u(x) and u(y) displacements are asymmetric, which is inconsistent with a simple line dislocation. Instead, the defect is best understood as a terminating {101} marcasite slab in pyrite. The simulated HRTEM image based on this model reproduces the defect contrast and illustrates the power of GPA analysis for (1) avoiding potential pitfalls of misinterpreting apparently simple defects in HRTEM images, (2) detecting differences in elastic properties at the atomic scale, and (3) providing data for the positions of atom columns, thereby facilitating the construction of structure models for complex defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Németh
- Research Center for Natural Sciences, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, Hungary
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Wei Y, Ma L, Cao T, Zhang Q, Wu J, Buseck PR, Thompson JE. Light Scattering and Extinction Measurements Combined with Laser-Induced Incandescence for the Real-Time Determination of Soot Mass Absorption Cross Section. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9181-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401901b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Wei
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Lulu Ma
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Tingting Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry,
and School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry,
and School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - J. E. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, MS 1061, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Freney EJ, Adachi K, Buseck PR. Internally mixed atmospheric aerosol particles: Hygroscopic growth and light scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Almost 15 years have passed since carbynes entered the literature as new forms of elemental carbon. They recently attracted attention as possible interstellar dust constituents and as carriers of presolar noble gases in meteorites. Their existence and that of the related mineral chaoite are questioned, and a reevaluation of previous data is suggested.
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Abstract
Natural pyrrhotites, when studied by high resolution electron microscopy, yield crystallographic information on a unit cell scale. Structural heterogeneity is prominent. The many reported superstructures are interpretable through an antiphase model. The 5C pyrrhotite superstructure results from an ordered sequence of antiphase domains while the higher temperature NC type results from a disordered sequence.
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. Because of their small sizes, they can travel deeply into the lungs and other parts of the body. Many are highly reactive which, combined with their large surface areas, means they can seriously affect human health. Their occurrences in the atmosphere and their biological effects are not well-understood. We focus on NPs that were either free-floating or hosted within large aerosol particles (aerodynamic diameter 50-300 nm) and consist of or contain transition or post-transition metals (m-NPs). The samples were collected from ambient air above Mexico City (MC). We used transmission electron microscopy to measure their sizes and compositions. More than half of the 572 m-NPs that we analyzed contain two or more metals, and Fe, Pb, or Zn occurs in more than 60%. Hg occurs in 21% and is especially abundant in free-floating m-NPs. We find that m-NPs are common in polluted air such as in the MC area and, by inference, presumably other megacities. The range and variety of compositions of m-NPs that we encountered, whether free-floating or hosted within larger aerosol particles, indicate the complicated occurrences that should be considered when evaluating the health effects of m-NPs in complex urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Adachi
- School of Earth and Space Exploration & Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287, USA
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Freney EJ, Garvie LAJ, Groy TL, Buseck PR. Growth and single-crystal refinement of phase-III potassium nitrate, KNO(3). Acta Crystallogr B 2009; 65:659-63. [PMID: 19923693 DOI: 10.1107/s0108768109041019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oriented single crystals of the high-temperature phase of KNO(3) (phase III), a ferroelectric compound that may also occur as an atmospheric aerosol particle, were grown at room temperature and pressure by atomizing a solution of KNO(3) in water and allowing droplets to dry on a glass substrate. The crystals are up to 1 mm across and are stable unless mechanically disturbed. There is no evidence of the spontaneous transformation of phase III to the room-temperature stable phase (phase II), even after several months. Single-crystal structure determinations of phase III were obtained at 295 and 123 K. The unit cell regained its room-temperature dimensions after warming from 123 K. The phase-III KNO(3) structure can be viewed as the stacking parallel to the c axis of alternating K atoms and planar NO(3) groups. The NO(3) groups connect the planes of K atoms, where each O is fourfold coordinated to one N and three K. Each K atom has nine O nearest neighbors, with three bonds at 2.813 and six at 2.9092 A. The interatomic K-N-K distance alternates from 5.051 to 3.941 along the c axis. The N-O distances increase from 1.245 (2) A at 295 K to 1.2533 (15) A at 123 K. The nitrate group has a slight non-planarity, with the N atoms 0.011 A above the O plane and directed toward the more distant K of the K-N-K chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn J Freney
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1404, USA.
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Wise ME, Freney EJ, Tyree CA, Allen JO, Martin ST, Russell LM, Buseck PR. Hygroscopic behavior and liquid-layer composition of aerosol particles generated from natural and artificial seawater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Adachi K, Chung SH, Friedrich H, Buseck PR. Fractal parameters of individual soot particles determined using electron tomography: Implications for optical properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd008296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wise ME, Semeniuk TA, Bruintjes R, Martin ST, Russell LM, Buseck PR. Hygroscopic behavior of NaCl-bearing natural aerosol particles using environmental transmission electron microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2006jd007678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wise
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Trudi A. Semeniuk
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | | | - Scot T. Martin
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Lynn M. Russell
- Scripps Institute of Oceanography; University of California; San Diego California USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- School of Earth and Space Exploration and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Michelsen HA, Tivanski AV, Gilles MK, van Poppel LH, Dansson MA, Buseck PR. Particle formation from pulsed laser irradiation of soot aggregates studied with a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. Appl Opt 2007; 46:959-77. [PMID: 17279144 DOI: 10.1364/ao.46.000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the physical and chemical changes induced in soot aggregates exposed to laser radiation using a scanning mobility particle sizer, a transmission electron microscope, and a scanning transmission x-ray microscope to perform near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. Laser-induced nanoparticle production was observed at fluences above 0.12 J/cm(2) at 532 nm and 0.22 J/cm(2) at 1064 nm. Our results indicate that new particle formation proceeds via (1) vaporization of small carbon clusters by thermal or photolytic mechanisms, followed by homogeneous nucleation, (2) heterogeneous nucleation of vaporized carbon clusters onto material ablated from primary particles, or (3) both processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratory, P.O. Box 969, Mail Stop 9055, Livermore, California 94551-0969, USA.
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Lins U, McCartney MR, Farina M, Frankel RB, Buseck PR. Crystal habits and magnetic microstructures of magnetosomes in coccoid magnetotactic bacteria. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2007; 78:463-74. [PMID: 16936936 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652006000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the application of off-axis electron holography and high-resolution TEM to study the crystal habits of magnetosomes and magnetic microstructure in two coccoid morphotypes of magnetotactic bacteria collected from a brackish lagoon at Itaipu, Brazil. Itaipu-1, the larger coccoid organism, contains two separated chains of unusually large magnetosomes; the magnetosome crystals have roughly square projections, lengths up to 250 nm and are slightly elongated along [111] (width/length ratio of about 0.9). Itaipu-3 magnetosome crystals have lengths up to 120 nm, greater elongation along [111] (width/length approximately 0.6), and prominent corner facets. The results show that Itaipu-1 and Itaipu-3 magnetosome crystal habits are related, differing only in the relative sizes of their crystal facets. In both cases, the crystals are aligned with their [111] elongation axes parallel to the chain direction. In Itaipu-1, but not Itaipu-3, crystallographic positioning perpendicular to [111] of successive crystals in the magnetosome chain appears to be under biological control. Whereas the large magnetosomes in Itaipu-1 are metastable, single-magnetic domains, magnetosomes in Itaipu-3 are permanent, single-magnetic domains, as in most magnetotactic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Lins
- Instituto de Microbiologia Professor Paulo de Góes, CCS, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Bahadur R, Russell LM, Alavi S, Martin ST, Buseck PR. Void-induced dissolution in molecular dynamics simulations of NaCl and water. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:154713. [PMID: 16674257 DOI: 10.1063/1.2185091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain a better understanding of the interaction of water and NaCl at the surface during dissolution, we have used molecular dynamics to simulate the interface with two equal-sized slabs of solid NaCl and liquid water in contact. The introduction of voids in the bulk of the salt, as well as steps or pits on the surface of the NaCl slab results in a qualitative change of system structure, as defined by radial distribution functions (RDFs). As an example, the characteristic Na-Na RDF for the system changes from regularly spaced narrow peaks (corresponding to an ordered crystalline structure), to a broad primary and smaller secondary peak (corresponding to a disordered structure). The change is observed at computationally short time scales of 100 ps, in contrast with a much longer time scale of 1 mus expected for complete mixing in the absence of defects. The void fraction (which combines both bulk and surface defects) required to trigger dissolution varies between 15%-20% at 300 K and 1 atm, and has distinct characteristics for the physical breakdown of the crystal lattice. The void fraction required decreases with temperature. Sensitivity studies show a strong dependence of the critical void fraction on the quantity and distribution of voids on the surface, with systems containing a balanced number of surface defects and a rough surface showing a maximum tendency to dissolve. There is a moderate dependence on temperature, with a 5% decrease in required void fraction with a 100 K increase in temperature, and a weak dependence on water potential model used, with the SPC, SPC/E, TIP4P, and RPOL models giving qualitatively identical results. The results were insensitive to the total quantity of water available for dissolution and the duration of the simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Bahadur
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0221, USA
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Katrib Y, Biskos G, Buseck PR, Davidovits P, Jayne JT, Mochida M, Wise ME, Worsnop DR, Martin ST. Ozonolysis of Mixed Oleic-Acid/Stearic-Acid Particles: Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Morphology. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:10910-9. [PMID: 16331935 DOI: 10.1021/jp054714d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ozonolysis of mixed oleic-acid/stearic-acid (OL/SA) aerosol particles from 0/100 to 100/0 wt % composition is studied. The magnitude of the divergence of the particle beam inside an aerosol mass spectrometer shows that, in the concentration range 100/0 to 60/40, the mixed OL/SA particles are liquid prior to reaction. Upon ozonolysis, particles having compositions of 75/25 and 60/40 change shape, indicating that they have solidified during reaction. Transmission electron micrographs show that SA(s) forms needles. For particles having compositions of 75/25, 60/40, and greater SA content, the reaction kinetics exhibit an initial fast decay of OL for low O(3) exposure with no further loss of OL at higher O(3) exposures. For compositions from 50/50 to 10/90, the residual OL concentration remains at 28 +/- 2% of its initial value. The initial reactive uptake coefficient for O(3), as determined by OL loss, decreases linearly from 1.25 (+/-0.2) x 10(-3) to 0.60 (+/-0.15) x 10(-3) for composition changes of 100/0 to 60/40. At 50/50 composition, the uptake coefficient drops abruptly to 0.15 (+/-0.1) x 10(-3), and there are no further changes with increased SA content. These observations can be explained with a combination of three postulates: (1) Unreacted mixed particles remain as supersaturated liquids up to 60/40 composition, and the OL in this form rapidly reacts with O(3). (2) SA, as it solidifies, locks into its crystal structure a significant amount of OL, and this OL is completely inaccessible to O(3). (3) Accompanying crystallization, some stearic acid molecules connect as a filamentous network to form a semipermeable gel containing liquid OL but with a reduced uptake coefficient because of the decrease in molecular diffusivity in the gel. An individual particle of 50/50 to 90/10 is hypothesized as a combination of SA crystals having OL impurities (postulate 2) that are partially enveloped by an SA/OL gel (postulate 3) to explain (a) the abrupt drop in the uptake coefficient from 60/40 to 50/50 and (b) the residual OL content even after high ozone exposure. The results of this study, pointing out the important effects of particle phase, composition, and morphology on chemical reactivity, contribute to an improved understanding of the aging processes of atmospheric aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Katrib
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron holography were used to study the habits of exceptionally large magnetite crystals in coccoid magnetotactic bacteria. In addition to the crystal habits, the crystallographic positioning of successive crystals in the magnetosome chain appears to be under strict biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulysses Lins
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, CCS, Bl. I, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Simpson ET, Kasama T, Pósfai M, Buseck PR, Harrison RJ, Dunin-Borkowski RE. Magnetic induction mapping of magnetite chains in magnetotactic bacteria at room temperature and close to the Verwey transition using electron holography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/17/1/017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Friedrich H, McCartney MR, Buseck PR. Comparison of intensity distributions in tomograms from BF TEM, ADF STEM, HAADF STEM, and calculated tilt series. Ultramicroscopy 2005; 106:18-27. [PMID: 16081215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2004] [Revised: 05/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) morphology of a nanometer-sized object can be obtained using electron tomography. Variations in composition or density of the object cause variations in the reconstructed intensity. When imaging homogeneous objects, variations in reconstructed intensity are caused by the imaging technique, imaging conditions, and reconstruction. In this paper, we describe data acquisition, image processing, and 3D reconstruction to obtain and compare tomograms of magnetite crystals from bright field (BF) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), annular dark-field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) STEM tilt series. We use histograms, which plot the number of volume elements (voxels) at a given intensity vs. the intensity, to measure and quantitatively compare intensity distributions among different tomograms. In combination with numerical simulations, we determine the influence of maximum tilt angle, tilt increment, contrast changes with tilt (diffraction contrast), and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as well as the choice of the reconstruction approach (weighted backprojection (WB) and sequential iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT)) on the histogram. We conclude that because ADF and HAADF STEM techniques are less affected by diffraction, and because they have a higher SNR than BF TEM, they are better suited for tomography of nanometer-sized crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Friedrich
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA.
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Abstract
The distortions introduced into high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images by the projector lens system are an important source of systematic error for quantitative displacement and strain determination. Using geometric phase analysis of images of perfect crystals, we measured these errors for two different transmission electron microscopes. Local magnification varies by as much as 5%, and rotation can reach 2 degrees across a typical image. Our experimental results are compared with theory, and optical pincushion and spiral distortion coefficients are determined. A method for calibrating and removing these distortions is presented that enables quantification to 0.1% strain and 0.1 degrees rotation across the whole field of view. This calibration is also critical for the accurate measurement of local lattice parameters from HRTEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hüe
- CECM-CNRS, 15 rue Georges Urbain, 94407 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Abstract
Low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are ubiquitous in natural and man-made materials and profoundly affect many of their mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. The properties of LAGBs are understood in terms of their constituent dislocations that accommodate the small misorientations between grains. Discrete dislocations result in a heterogeneous local structure along the boundary. In this article, we report the lattice rotation across a LAGB in olivine (Mg(1.8)Fe(0.2)SiO(4)) measured at the nanometer scale by using quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The analysis reveals a grain boundary that is corrugated. Elastic calculations show that this waviness is independent of the host material and thus a general feature of LAGBs. Based on our observations and analysis, we provide equations for the boundary position, local curvature, and the lattice rotation field for any LAGB. These results provide the basis for a reexamination of grain-boundary properties in materials such as high-temperature superconductors, nanocrystalline materials, and naturally deformed minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA.
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Pósfai M, Gelencsér A, Simonics R, Arató K, Li J, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR. Atmospheric tar balls: Particles from biomass and biofuel burning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd004169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - András Gelencsér
- Air Chemistry Group; Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Renáta Simonics
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Krisztina Arató
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Li J, Anderson JR, Buseck PR. TEM study of aerosol particles from clean and polluted marine boundary layers over the North Atlantic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - James R. Anderson
- Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Geological Sciences Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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Li J, Pósfai M, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR. Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 2, Compositions and aging of inorganic particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
- Department of Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Pósfai M, Simonics R, Li J, Hobbs PV, Buseck PR. Individual aerosol particles from biomass burning in southern Africa: 1. Compositions and size distributions of carbonaceous particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Pósfai
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Renáta Simonics
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Veszprém; Veszprém Hungary
| | - Jia Li
- Departments of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Peter V. Hobbs
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences; University of Washington; Seattle Washington USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Chemistry/Biochemistry and Geological Sciences; Arizona State University; Tempe Arizona USA
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Buseck PR, Dunin-Borkowski RE, Devouard B, Frankel RB, McCartney MR, Midgley PA, Pósfai M, Weyland M. Magnetite morphology and life on Mars. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13490-5. [PMID: 11717421 PMCID: PMC61068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241387898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocrystals of magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) in a meteorite from Mars provide the strongest, albeit controversial, evidence for the former presence of extraterrestrial life. The morphological and size resemblance of the crystals from meteorite ALH84001 to crystals formed by certain terrestrial bacteria has been used in support of the biological origin of the extraterrestrial minerals. By using tomographic and holographic methods in a transmission electron microscope, we show that the three-dimensional shapes of such nanocrystals can be defined, that the detailed morphologies of individual crystals from three bacterial strains differ, and that none uniquely match those reported from the Martian meteorite. In contrast to previous accounts, we argue that the existing crystallographic and morphological evidence is inadequate to support the inference of former life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Buseck
- Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA.
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Abstract
Electron nanodiffraction, with a 100-keV electron beam less than 1 nm in diameter, has been used to obtain single-crystal diffraction patterns from individual iron-containing cores of ferritin molecules. We show that, while a majority of the cores have a hexagonal structure somewhat similar to the major phase in the mineral ferrihydrite, as previously assumed, several minor phases are present including some that are similar in structure to the iron oxides magnetite and hematite and also some composed of highly disordered material. In general, each core consists of one single crystal of one phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Schwartz
- Atmospheric Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Geology and Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, USA
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Abstract
Certain chemical and mineral features of the Martian meteorite ALH84001 were reported in 1996 to be probable evidence of ancient life on Mars. In spite of new observations and interpretations, the question of ancient life on Mars remains unresolved. Putative biogenic, nanometer magnetite has now become a leading focus in the debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Frankel
- Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, 93407, USA.
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Abstract
Aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the troposphere and exert an important influence on global climate and the environment. They affect climate through scattering, transmission, and absorption of radiation as well as by acting as nuclei for cloud formation. A significant fraction of the aerosol particle burden consists of minerals, and most of the remainder- whether natural or anthropogenic-consists of materials that can be studied by the same methods as are used for fine-grained minerals. Our emphasis is on the study and character of the individual particles. Sulfate particles are the main cooling agents among aerosols; we found that in the remote oceanic atmosphere a significant fraction is aggregated with soot, a material that can diminish the cooling effect of sulfate. Our results suggest oxidization of SO2 may have occurred on soot surfaces, implying that even in the remote marine troposphere soot provided nuclei for heterogeneous sulfate formation. Sea salt is the dominant aerosol species (by mass) above the oceans. In addition to being important light scatterers and contributors to cloud condensation nuclei, sea-salt particles also provide large surface areas for heterogeneous atmospheric reactions. Minerals comprise the dominant mass fraction of the atmospheric aerosol burden. As all geologists know, they are a highly heterogeneous mixture. However, among atmospheric scientists they are commonly treated as a fairly uniform group, and one whose interaction with radiation is widely assumed to be unpredictable. Given their abundances, large total surface areas, and reactivities, their role in influencing climate will require increased attention as climate models are refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Buseck
- Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Dunin-Borkowski RE, McCartney MR, Frankel RB, Bazylinski DA, Posfai M, Buseck PR. Magnetic microstructure of magnetotactic bacteria by electron holography. Science 1998; 282:1868-70. [PMID: 9836632 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5395.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Off-axis electron holography in the transmission electron microscope was used to correlate the physical and magnetic microstructure of magnetite nanocrystals in magnetotactic bacteria. The magnetite crystals were all single magnetic domains, and the magnetization directions of small superparamagnetic crystals were constrained by magnetic interactions with larger crystals in the chains. Shape anisotropy was found to dominate magnetocrystalline anisotropy in elongated crystals. A coercive field between 300 and 450 oersted was determined for one chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- RE Dunin-Borkowski
- R. E. Dunin-Borkowski and M. R. McCartney, Center for Solid State Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1704, USA. R. B. Frankel, Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA. D
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Abstract
Some bacteria form intracellular nanometer-scale crystals of greigite (Fe3S4) that cause the bacteria to be oriented in magnetic fields. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that ferrimagnetic greigite in these bacteria forms from nonmagnetic mackinawite (tetragonal FeS) and possibly from cubic FeS. These precursors apparently transform into greigite by rearrangement of iron atoms over a period of days to weeks. Neither pyrrhotite nor pyrite was found. These results have implications for the interpretation of the presence of pyrrhotite and greigite in the martian meteorite ALH84001.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pósfai
- Department of Geology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Kleckley S, Wang H, Oladeji I, Chow L, Daly TK, Buseck PR, Solouki T, Marshall A. Fullerenes and Polymers Produced by the Chemical Vapor Deposition Method. Synthesis and Characterization of Advanced Materials 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-1998-0681.ch006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Kleckley
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2385
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2385
- Current address: Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 800-216, Z01800 Shanghai, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Isaiah Oladeji
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2385
| | - Lee Chow
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816-2385
| | - Terry K. Daly
- Departments of Geology, and Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Peter R. Buseck
- Departments of Geology, and Chemistry/Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287
| | - Touradj Solouki
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
| | - Alan Marshall
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32310
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Katrinak KA, Anderson JR, Buseck PR. Individual particle types in the aerosol of phoenix, Arizona. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:321-329. [PMID: 22201377 DOI: 10.1021/es00002a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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