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Khalaf JK, Bess LS, Walsh LM, Ward JM, Johnson CL, Livesay MT, Jackson KJ, Evans JT, Ryter KT, Bazin-Lee HG. Diamino Allose Phosphates: Novel, Potent, and Highly Stable Toll-like Receptor 4 Agonists. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13900-13917. [PMID: 37847244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Most known synthetic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists are carbohydrate-based lipid-A mimetics containing several fatty acyl chains, including a labile 3-O-acyl chain linked to the C-3 position of the non-reducing sugar known to undergo cleavage impacting stability and resulting in loss of activity. To overcome this inherent instability, we rationally designed a new class of chemically more stable synthetic TLR4 ligands that elicit robust innate and adaptive immune responses. This new class utilized a diamino allose phosphate (DAP) scaffold containing a nonhydrolyzable 3-amide bond instead of the classical 3-ester. Accordingly, the DAPs have significantly improved thermostability in aqueous formulations and potency relative to other known natural and synthetic TLR4 ligands. Furthermore, the DAP analogues function as potent vaccine adjuvants to enhance influenza-specific antibodies in mice and provide protection against lethal influenza virus challenges. This novel set of TLR4 ligands show promise as next-generation vaccine adjuvants and stand-alone immunomodulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhienah K Khalaf
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Laura S Bess
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Janine M Ward
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Craig L Johnson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Mark T Livesay
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Konner J Jackson
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Jay T Evans
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Kendal T Ryter
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Hélène G Bazin-Lee
- Inimmune Corporation, 1121 E Broadway, Suite 121, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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2
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Cox CM, Thoma ME, Tchangalova N, Mburu G, Bornstein MJ, Johnson CL, Kiarie J. Infertility prevalence and the methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open 2022; 2022:hoac051. [PMID: 36483694 PMCID: PMC9725182 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the contemporary prevalence of infertility in world populations and how do they differ by methodological and study characteristics? SUMMARY ANSWER Pooled estimates of lifetime and period prevalence of 12-month infertility were 17.5% and 12.6%, respectively, but this varied by study population and methodological approach. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Infertility affects millions of individuals worldwide. Accurate measures of its magnitude are needed to effectively address and manage the condition. There are distinct challenges and variation in how infertility is defined and measured, limiting comparability of estimates across studies. Further research is needed to understand whether and how differences in methodological approaches and study characteristics account for heterogeneity in estimates. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Six electronic databases, websites of relevant organizations, and conference proceedings were systematically searched. Searches were limited to those published between 1 January 1990 and 11 March 2021, with no language restrictions. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS Descriptive and random-effects meta-analysis models were used to examine range of estimates and generate estimates of pooled lifetime and period prevalence of 12-month infertility, respectively, among representative populations. Meta-regression using restricted maximum likelihood was applied to account for definitional and study characteristics and to obtain adjusted estimates. Risk of bias was assessed with a validated tool. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The search yielded 12 241 unique records of which 133 studies met the criteria for the systematic review. There were 65 and 69 studies that provided data for lifetime and period prevalence of 12-month infertility, respectively. Five methodological approaches were identified: prospective time-to-pregnancy (TTP) design, current duration design, retrospective TTP design, self-reported infertility measure and constructed infertility measure. Ranges for lifetime (3.3-39.7%) and period estimates (1.6-34.0%) were similar and wide even after accounting for methodological and study characteristics. Pooled estimates of lifetime and period prevalence were 17.5% (95% CI: 15.0, 20.3, n = 37 studies, I 2 = 99.5%) and 12.6% (95% CI: 10.7, 14.6, n = 43 studies, I 2 = 99.8%), respectively, with some variation in magnitude by region and methodological approach, but with most CIs overlapping. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION Pooled estimates generated from meta-analysis were derived from 12-month infertility prevalence estimates that were heterogeneous across different domains, even after adjusting for definitional and study characteristics. The number of studies was small for certain strata from which pooled estimates were derived (e.g. there were only two studies for lifetime prevalence in Africa). WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS While findings show a high prevalence of infertility globally and regionally, it also reveals variation in measures to ascertain and compare infertility prevalence. More systematic and comprehensive collection of data using a consistent definition is needed to improve infertility prevalence estimates at global, regional and country-levels. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the World Health Organization. The authors have no conflicts of interest. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO CRD42020211704.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cox
- Correspondence address. Independent Consultant, Shoreview, MN, USA. E-mail:
| | - M E Thoma
- Department of Family Science, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - N Tchangalova
- Research, Teaching, and Learning, STEM Library, University of Maryland Libraries, College Park, MD, USA
| | - G Mburu
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M J Bornstein
- Division of Epidemiology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Kiarie
- Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research (SRH), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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Johnson CL, Malko S, Fox W, Schaeffer DB, Fiksel G, Adrian PJ, Sutcliffe GD, Birkel A. Proton deflectometry with in situ x-ray reference for absolute measurement of electromagnetic fields in high-energy-density plasmas. Rev Sci Instrum 2022; 93:023502. [PMID: 35232152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a technique of proton deflectometry that uses a grid and an in situ reference x-ray grid image for precise measurements of magnetic fields in high-energy-density plasmas. A D3He fusion implosion provides a bright point source of both protons and x-rays, which is split into beamlets by a grid. The protons undergo deflections as they propagate through the plasma region of interest, whereas the x-rays travel along straight lines. The x-ray image, therefore, provides a zero-deflection reference image. The line-integrated magnetic fields are inferred from the shifts of beamlets between the deflected (proton) and reference (x-ray) images. We developed a system for analysis of these data, including automatic algorithms to find beamlet locations and to calculate their deflections from the reference image. The technique is verified in an experiment performed at OMEGA to measure a nonuniform magnetic field in vacuum and then applied to observe the interaction of an expanding plasma plume with the magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Johnson
- Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
| | - S Malko
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - W Fox
- Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
| | - D B Schaeffer
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - G Fiksel
- Center for Ultrafast Optical Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - P J Adrian
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G D Sutcliffe
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Birkel
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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4
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Ozkaya E, Triolo ER, Rezayaraghi F, Abderezaei J, Meinhold W, Hong K, Alipour A, Kennedy P, Fleysher L, Ueda J, Balchandani P, Eriten M, Johnson CL, Yang Y, Kurt M. Brain-mimicking phantom for biomechanical validation of motion sensitive MR imaging techniques. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 122:104680. [PMID: 34271404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Motion sensitive MR imaging techniques allow for the non-invasive evaluation of biological tissues by using different excitation schemes, including physiological/intrinsic motions caused by cardiac pulsation or respiration, and vibrations caused by an external actuator. The mechanical biomarkers extracted through these imaging techniques have been shown to hold diagnostic value for various neurological disorders and conditions. Amplified MRI (aMRI), a cardiac gated imaging technique, can help track and quantify low frequency intrinsic motion of the brain. As for high frequency actuation, the mechanical response of brain tissue can be measured by applying external high frequency actuation in combination with a motion sensitive MR imaging sequence called Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE). Due to the frequency-dependent behavior of brain mechanics, there is a need to develop brain phantom models that can mimic the broadband mechanical response of the brain in order to validate motion-sensitive MR imaging techniques. Here, we have designed a novel phantom test setup that enables both the low and high frequency responses of a brain-mimicking phantom to be captured, allowing for both aMRI and MRE imaging techniques to be applied on the same phantom model. This setup combines two different vibration sources: a pneumatic actuator, for low frequency/intrinsic motion (1 Hz) for use in aMRI, and a piezoelectric actuator for high frequency actuation (30-60 Hz) for use in MRE. Our results show that in MRE experiments performed from 30 Hz through 60 Hz, propagating shear waves attenuate faster at higher driving frequencies, consistent with results in the literature. Furthermore, actuator coupling has a substantial effect on wave amplitude, with weaker coupling causing lower amplitude wave field images, specifically shown in the top-surface shear loading configuration. For intrinsic actuation, our results indicate that aMRI linearly amplifies motion up to at least an amplification factor of 9 for instances of both visible and sub-voxel motion, validated by varying power levels of pneumatic actuation (40%-80% power) under MR, and through video analysis outside the MRI scanner room. While this investigation used a homogeneous brain-mimicking phantom, our setup can be used to study the mechanics of non-homogeneous phantom configurations with bio-interfaces in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ozkaya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA.
| | - E R Triolo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - F Rezayaraghi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - J Abderezaei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
| | - W Meinhold
- The George W. Woodruff of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - K Hong
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - A Alipour
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - P Kennedy
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - L Fleysher
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - J Ueda
- The George W. Woodruff of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - P Balchandani
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - M Eriten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Deleware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Y Yang
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - M Kurt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA; BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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5
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Johnson CL, Hart LM, Rossetto A, Morgan AJ, Jorm AF. Lessons learnt from the field: a qualitative evaluation of adolescent experiences of a universal mental health education program. Health Educ Res 2021; 36:126-139. [PMID: 33367691 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyaa050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
teen Mental Health First Aid (teenMHFA) is a school-based mental health program that trains adolescents to support peers who are experiencing mental health problems or crises. The program has been evaluated for adolescents aged 15-18 years as part of a randomized controlled trial, however qualitative feedback from students on their perceptions of the program is yet to be explored. The current study describes the perspectives of students who took part in the trial. Feedback on the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the program was provided by 979 Year 10 students (M = 15.82 years, female = 43.94%, English as a first language = 72.77%) at four government funded public schools in Melbourne, Australia via online surveys. A content and thematic analysis was performed on the data using a six-step process. Students generally found the program relevant and they connected with the visual material, personal stories and interactive activities. Suggestions for improvements included encouraging active student participation in classroom discussion and providing opportunities to practice skills. School-based mental health education can benefit from input from stakeholder perspectives, particularly when designing mental health content for delivery by external trainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Johnson
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - L M Hart
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
- School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, Level 4, George Singer Building, Melbourne Campus, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - A Rossetto
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - A J Morgan
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - A F Jorm
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207 Bouverie Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
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Scheeres DJ, French AS, Tricarico P, Chesley SR, Takahashi Y, Farnocchia D, McMahon JW, Brack DN, Davis AB, Ballouz RL, Jawin ER, Rozitis B, Emery JP, Ryan AJ, Park RS, Rush BP, Mastrodemos N, Kennedy BM, Bellerose J, Lubey DP, Velez D, Vaughan AT, Leonard JM, Geeraert J, Page B, Antreasian P, Mazarico E, Getzandanner K, Rowlands D, Moreau MC, Small J, Highsmith DE, Goossens S, Palmer EE, Weirich JR, Gaskell RW, Barnouin OS, Daly MG, Seabrook JA, Al Asad MM, Philpott LC, Johnson CL, Hartzell CM, Hamilton VE, Michel P, Walsh KJ, Nolan MC, Lauretta DS. Heterogeneous mass distribution of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabc3350. [PMID: 33033036 PMCID: PMC7544499 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The gravity field of a small body provides insight into its internal mass distribution. We used two approaches to measure the gravity field of the rubble-pile asteroid (101955) Bennu: (i) tracking and modeling the spacecraft in orbit about the asteroid and (ii) tracking and modeling pebble-sized particles naturally ejected from Bennu's surface into sustained orbits. These approaches yield statistically consistent results up to degree and order 3, with the particle-based field being statistically significant up to degree and order 9. Comparisons with a constant-density shape model show that Bennu has a heterogeneous mass distribution. These deviations can be modeled with lower densities at Bennu's equatorial bulge and center. The lower-density equator is consistent with recent migration and redistribution of material. The lower-density center is consistent with a past period of rapid rotation, either from a previous Yarkovsky-O'Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack cycle or arising during Bennu's accretion following the disruption of its parent body.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scheeres
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - A S French
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Tricarico
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S R Chesley
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Takahashi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Farnocchia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J W McMahon
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D N Brack
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A B Davis
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B Rozitis
- Planetary and Space Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - J P Emery
- Department of Astronomy and Planetary Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - A J Ryan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R S Park
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - B P Rush
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - N Mastrodemos
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - B M Kennedy
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Bellerose
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D P Lubey
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Velez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A T Vaughan
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - J Geeraert
- KinetX Aerospace Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - B Page
- KinetX Aerospace Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | | | - E Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | | | - D Rowlands
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M C Moreau
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Small
- Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA, USA
| | | | - S Goossens
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - E E Palmer
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J R Weirich
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R W Gaskell
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - O S Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J A Seabrook
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M M Al Asad
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - L C Philpott
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C L Johnson
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - C M Hartzell
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - V E Hamilton
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - K J Walsh
- Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M C Nolan
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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7
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Daly MG, Barnouin OS, Seabrook JA, Roberts J, Dickinson C, Walsh KJ, Jawin ER, Palmer EE, Gaskell R, Weirich J, Haltigin T, Gaudreau D, Brunet C, Cunningham G, Michel P, Zhang Y, Ballouz RL, Neumann G, Perry ME, Philpott L, Al Asad MM, Johnson CL, Adam CD, Leonard JM, Geeraert JL, Getzandanner K, Nolan MC, Daly RT, Bierhaus EB, Mazarico E, Rozitis B, Ryan AJ, DellaGiustina DN, Rizk B, Susorney HCM, Enos HL, Lauretta DS. Hemispherical differences in the shape and topography of asteroid (101955) Bennu. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eabd3649. [PMID: 33033038 PMCID: PMC7544500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the shape of near-Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu by constructing a high-resolution (20 cm) global digital terrain model from laser altimeter data. By modeling the northern and southern hemispheres separately, we find that longitudinal ridges previously identified in the north extend into the south but are obscured there by surface material. In the south, more numerous large boulders effectively retain surface materials and imply a higher average strength at depth to support them. The north has fewer large boulders and more evidence of boulder dynamics (toppling and downslope movement) and surface flow. These factors result in Bennu's southern hemisphere being rounder and smoother, whereas its northern hemisphere has higher slopes and a less regular shape. We infer an originally asymmetric distribution of large boulders followed by a partial disruption, leading to wedge formation in Bennu's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - O S Barnouin
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - J A Seabrook
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Roberts
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - K J Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E E Palmer
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R Gaskell
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Weirich
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - T Haltigin
- Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, QC, Canada
| | - D Gaudreau
- Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, QC, Canada
| | - C Brunet
- Canadian Space Agency, St. Hubert, QC, Canada
| | | | - P Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - Y Zhang
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - G Neumann
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - M E Perry
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - L Philpott
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - M M Al Asad
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - C L Johnson
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C D Adam
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - R T Daly
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | - E Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B Rozitis
- School of Physical Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - A J Ryan
- KinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - D N DellaGiustina
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - B Rizk
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - H L Enos
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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8
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Scheeres DJ, McMahon JW, French AS, Brack DN, Chesley SR, Farnocchia D, Takahashi Y, Leonard JM, Geeraert J, Page B, Antreasian P, Getzandanner K, Rowlands D, Mazarico E, Small J, Highsmith DE, Moreau M, Emery JP, Rozitis B, Hirabayashi M, Sánchez P, Wal SV, Tricarico P, Ballouz RL, Johnson CL, Asad MMA, Susorney HCM, Barnouin OS, Daly MG, Seabrook J, Gaskell RW, Palmer EE, Weirich JR, Walsh KJ, Jawin ER, Bierhaus EB, Michel P, Bottke WF, Nolan MC, Connolly HC, Lauretta DS. The dynamic geophysical environment of (101955) Bennu based on OSIRIS-REx measurements. Nat Astron 2019; 3:352-361. [PMID: 32601603 PMCID: PMC7323631 DOI: 10.1038/s41550-019-0721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The top-shape morphology of asteroid (101955) Bennu is commonly found among fast-spinning asteroids and binary asteroid primaries, and might have contributed significantly to binary asteroid formation. Yet a detailed geophysical analysis of this morphology for a fast-spinning asteroid has not been possible prior to the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission. Combining the measured Bennu mass and shape obtained during the Preliminary Survey phase of OSIRIS-REx, we find a significant transition in Bennu's surface slopes within its rotational Roche lobe, defined as the region where material is energetically trapped to the surface. As the intersection of the rotational Roche lobe with Bennu's surface has been most recently migrating towards its equator (given Bennu's increasing spin rate), we infer that Bennu's surface slopes have been changing across its surface within the last million years. We also find evidence for substantial density heterogeneity within this body, suggesting that its interior has a distribution of voids and boulders. The presence of such heterogeneity and Bennu's top-shape is consistent with spin-induced failure at some point in its past, although the manner of its failure cannot be determined yet. Future measurements by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will give additional insights and may resolve questions regarding the formation and evolution of Bennu's top-shape morphology and its link to the formation of binary asteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Scheeres
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J W McMahon
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A S French
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D N Brack
- Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S R Chesley
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - D Farnocchia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Y Takahashi
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J M Leonard
- KinetX Aerospace, Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - J Geeraert
- KinetX Aerospace, Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - B Page
- KinetX Aerospace, Inc., Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - D Rowlands
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - E Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J Small
- Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA, USA
| | | | - M Moreau
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - J P Emery
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - B Rozitis
- Planetary and Space Sciences, School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | | | - P Sánchez
- Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Van Wal
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, Japan
| | - P Tricarico
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M M Al Asad
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - H C M Susorney
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - O S Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Seabrook
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R W Gaskell
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E E Palmer
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J R Weirich
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - K J Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E B Bierhaus
- Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Denver, CO, USA
| | - P Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - W F Bottke
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M C Nolan
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - H C Connolly
- School of Earth and Environment, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Barnouin OS, Daly MG, Palmer EE, Gaskell RW, Weirich JR, Johnson CL, Asad MMA, Roberts JH, Perry ME, Susorney HCM, Daly RT, Bierhaus EB, Seabrook JA, Espiritu RC, Nair AH, Nguyen L, Neumann GA, Ernst CM, Boynton WV, Nolan MC, Adam CD, Moreau MC, Risk B, D'Aubigny CD, Jawin ER, Walsh KJ, Michel P, Schwartz SR, Ballouz RL, Mazarico EM, Scheeres DJ, McMahon J, Bottke W, Sugita S, Hirata N, Hirata N, Watanabe S, Burke KN, DellaGuistina DN, Bennett CA, Lauretta DS. Shape of (101955) Bennu indicative of a rubble pile with internal stiffness. Nat Geosci 2019; 12:247-252. [PMID: 31080497 PMCID: PMC6505705 DOI: 10.1038/s41561-019-0330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The shapes of asteroids reflect interplay between their interior properties and the processes responsible for their formation and evolution as they journey through the Solar System. Prior to the OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security-Regolith Explorer) mission, Earth-based radar imaging gave an overview of (101955) Bennu's shape. Here, we construct a high-resolution shape model from OSIRIS-REx images. We find that Bennu's top-like shape, considerable macroporosity, and prominent surface boulders suggest that it is a rubble pile. High-standing, north-south ridges that extend from pole to pole, many long grooves, and surface mass wasting indicate some low levels of internal friction and/or cohesion. Our shape model indicates that, similar to other top-shaped asteroids, Bennu formed by reaccumulation and underwent past periods of fast spin leading to its current shape. Today, Bennu might follow a different evolutionary pathway, with interior stiffness permitting surface cracking and mass wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Barnouin
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M G Daly
- The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E E Palmer
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R W Gaskell
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J R Weirich
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - M M Al Asad
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - J H Roberts
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - M E Perry
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - H C M Susorney
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - R T Daly
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - E B Bierhaus
- Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - R C Espiritu
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - A H Nair
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - L Nguyen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - G A Neumann
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - C M Ernst
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - W V Boynton
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - M C Nolan
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C D Adam
- KinetX Aerospace, Inc. Simi Valley, CA, USA
| | - M C Moreau
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - B Risk
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - E R Jawin
- Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K J Walsh
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P Michel
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - S R Schwartz
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - R-L Ballouz
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - E M Mazarico
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - D J Scheeres
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J McMahon
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - W Bottke
- Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Sugita
- University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Hirata
- Aizu University, Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan
| | | | - S Watanabe
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - K N Burke
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - C A Bennett
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D S Lauretta
- Lunar Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Badachhape AA, Okamoto RJ, Durham RS, Efron D, Nadell SJ, Johnson CL, Bayly PV. Erratum: "The Relationship of Three-Dimensional Human Skull Motion to Brain Tissue Deformation in Magnetic Resonance Elastography Studies" (ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 2017, 139(5), p. 051002; DOI: 10.1115/1.4036146) to Paper Number BIO-16-1363. J Biomech Eng 2018; 140:2694846. [PMID: 30264155 DOI: 10.1115/1.4040947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Thornton LM, Munn-Chernoff MA, Baker JH, Juréus A, Parker R, Henders AK, Larsen JT, Petersen L, Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Kirk KM, Gordon S, Leppä VM, Martin FC, Whiteman DC, Olsen CM, Werge TM, Pedersen NL, Kaye W, Bergen AW, Halmi KA, Strober M, Kaplan AS, Woodside DB, Mitchell J, Johnson CL, Brandt H, Crawford S, Horwood LJ, Boden JM, Pearson JF, Duncan LE, Grove J, Mattheisen M, Jordan J, Kennedy MA, Birgegård A, Lichtenstein P, Norring C, Wade TD, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Landén M, Mortensen PB, Sullivan PF, Bulik CM. The Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (ANGI): Overview and methods. Contemp Clin Trials 2018; 74:61-69. [PMID: 30287268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors contribute to anorexia nervosa (AN); and the first genome-wide significant locus has been identified. We describe methods and procedures for the Anorexia Nervosa Genetics Initiative (ANGI), an international collaboration designed to rapidly recruit 13,000 individuals with AN and ancestrally matched controls. We present sample characteristics and the utility of an online eating disorder diagnostic questionnaire suitable for large-scale genetic and population research. METHODS ANGI recruited from the United States (US), Australia/New Zealand (ANZ), Sweden (SE), and Denmark (DK). Recruitment was via national registers (SE, DK); treatment centers (US, ANZ, SE, DK); and social and traditional media (US, ANZ, SE). All cases had a lifetime AN diagnosis based on DSM-IV or ICD-10 criteria (excluding amenorrhea). Recruited controls had no lifetime history of disordered eating behaviors. To assess the positive and negative predictive validity of the online eating disorder questionnaire (ED100K-v1), 109 women also completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID), Module H. RESULTS Blood samples and clinical information were collected from 13,363 individuals with lifetime AN and from controls. Online diagnostic phenotyping was effective and efficient; the validity of the questionnaire was acceptable. CONCLUSIONS Our multi-pronged recruitment approach was highly effective for rapid recruitment and can be used as a model for efforts by other groups. High online presence of individuals with AN rendered the Internet/social media a remarkably effective recruitment tool in some countries. ANGI has substantially augmented Psychiatric Genomics Consortium AN sample collection. ANGI is a registered clinical trial: clinicaltrials.govNCT01916538; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01916538?cond=Anorexia+Nervosa&draw=1&rank=3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Thornton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Jessica H Baker
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anders Juréus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Parker
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | | | - Janne T Larsen
- Aarhus University, Norde Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Hunna J Watson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Zeynep Yilmaz
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Katherine M Kirk
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Scott Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Virpi M Leppä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felicity C Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Catherine M Olsen
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Thomas M Werge
- iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Bartholin Alle 6, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Services, Institute for Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Walter Kaye
- University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- Biorealm Research, 6101 W Centinela Ave # 270, Culver City, CA 90230, USA; Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Katherine A Halmi
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael Strober
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Allan S Kaplan
- University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - D Blake Woodside
- University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada; Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - James Mitchell
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, 120 8th Street South, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
| | - Craig L Johnson
- Eating Recovery Center, 7351 E. Lowry Blvd., Suite 200, Denver, CO 80230, USA
| | - Harry Brandt
- The Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, 6501 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA
| | - Steven Crawford
- The Center for Eating Disorders at Sheppard Pratt, 6501 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21204, USA
| | - L John Horwood
- Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - John F Pearson
- Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Laramie E Duncan
- Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA 94305-2004, USA
| | - Jakob Grove
- Aarhus University, Norde Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Mattheisen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Aarhus University, Norde Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Box 45436, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden; University of Würzburg, Sanderring 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Martin A Kennedy
- Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Otago, 2 Riccarton Avenue, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Andreas Birgegård
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Box 45436, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claes Norring
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Box 45436, 104 31 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tracey D Wade
- Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 2000, Royal Brisbane Hospital QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Gothenburg University, Box 100, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- Aarhus University, Norde Ringgade 1, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Mental Health Services, Institute for Biological Psychiatry, MHC Sct. Hans, Kristineberg 3, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, DK-1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 281, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Matz LM, Kamdar KY, Holder ME, Metcalf GA, Weissenberger GM, Meng Q, Vee V, Han Y, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Johnson CL, Revell PA, Petrosino JF. Challenges of Francisella classification exemplified by an atypical clinical isolate. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 90:241-247. [PMID: 29329757 PMCID: PMC5857240 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of sequenced Francisella strains has made it increasingly apparent that the 16S rRNA gene alone is not enough to stratify the Francisella genus into precise and clinically useful classifications. Continued whole-genome sequencing of isolates will provide a larger base of knowledge for targeted approaches with broad applicability. Additionally, examination of genomic information on a case-by-case basis will help resolve outstanding questions regarding strain stratification. We report the complete genome sequence of a clinical isolate, designated here as F. novicida-like strain TCH2015, acquired from the lymph node of a 6-year-old male. Two features were atypical for F. novicida: exhibition of functional oxidase activity and additional gene content, including proposed virulence determinants. These differences, which could potentially impact virulence and clinical diagnosis, emphasize the need for more comprehensive methods to profile Francisella isolates. This study highlights the value of whole-genome sequencing, which will lead to a more robust database of environmental and clinical genomes and inform strategies to improve detection and classification of Francisella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Matz
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - K Y Kamdar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - M E Holder
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G A Metcalf
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - G M Weissenberger
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Q Meng
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - V Vee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Y Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - P A Revell
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J F Petrosino
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Murray MT, Johnson CL, Cohen B, Jackson O, Jones LK, Saiman L, Larson EL, Neu N. Use of antibiotics in paediatric long-term care facilities. J Hosp Infect 2017; 99:139-144. [PMID: 29111352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult long-term care (LTC) facilities have high rates of antibiotic use, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Few studies have examined antibiotic use in paediatric LTC facilities. AIM To describe antibiotic use in three paediatric LTC facilities and to describe the factors associated with use. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted from September 2012 to December 2015 in three paediatric LTC facilities. Medical records were reviewed for demographics, healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), antimicrobial use and diagnostic testing. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors for antibiotic use. The association between susceptibility testing results and appropriate antibiotic coverage was determined using Chi-squared test. FINDINGS Fifty-eight percent (413/717) of residents had at least one HAI, and 79% (325/413) of these residents were treated with at least one antibiotic course, totalling 2.75 antibiotic courses per 1000 resident-days. Length of enrolment greater than one year, having a neurological disorder, having a tracheostomy, and being hospitalized at least once during the study period were significantly associated with receiving antibiotics when controlling for facility (all P < 0.001). Diagnostic testing was performed for 40% of antibiotic-treated HAIs. Eighty-six percent of antibiotic courses for identified bacterial pathogens (201/233) provided appropriate coverage. Access to susceptibility testing was not associated with appropriate antibiotic choice (P = 0.26). CONCLUSION Use of antibiotics in paediatric LTC facilities is widespread. There is further need to assess antibiotic use in paediatric LTC facilities. Evaluation of the adverse outcomes associated with inappropriate antibiotic use, including the prevalence of resistant organisms in paediatric LTC facilities, is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Murray
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Cohen
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - O Jackson
- Elizabeth Seton Paediatric Center, Yonkers, NY, USA
| | | | - L Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - E L Larson
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Neu
- School of Nursing, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Elizabeth Seton Paediatric Center, Yonkers, NY, USA
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Johnson CL, Rogers DF. P137 Why is erdosteine recommended as a treatment for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis? a systematic review of clinical trials. Thorax 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209333.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Thiels CA, Bergquist JR, Meyers AJ, Johnson CL, Behm KT, Hayman AV, Habermann EB, Larson DW, Mathis KL. Outcomes with multimodal therapy for elderly patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 103:e106-14. [PMID: 26662377 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treatment guidelines for stage II and III rectal cancer include neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, surgery and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Although data support this recommendation in younger patients, it is unclear whether this benefit can be extrapolated to elderly patients (aged 75 years or older). METHODS This was a retrospective review of patients aged at least 75 years with stage II or III rectal cancer who underwent surgery with curative intent from 1996 to 2013 at the Mayo Clinic. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log rank test were used to compare overall survival between therapy groups. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the independent effect of treatment group on survival. RESULTS A total of 160 elderly patients (median age 80 years) with stage II (66) and stage III (94) rectal cancer underwent surgical resection. Only 30·0 and 33·8 per cent received neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy respectively. Among patients with stage II disease, there was no significant difference in 60-month survival between patients who received any additional therapy and those who had surgery alone (55 versus 38 per cent respectively; P = 0·184), whereas additional therapy improved survival in patients with stage III tumours (58 versus 30 per cent respectively; P = 0·007). Multivariable analysis found a survival benefit for additional therapy in elderly patients with stage III disease (hazard ratio 0·58, 95 per cent c.i. 0·34 to 0·98). CONCLUSION A multimodal approach in elderly patients with stage III rectal cancer improved oncological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Thiels
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - J R Bergquist
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - A J Meyers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - K T Behm
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - A V Hayman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - E B Habermann
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - D W Larson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - K L Mathis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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16
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McGarry MDJ, Johnson CL, Sutton BP, Georgiadis JG, Van Houten EEW, Pattison AJ, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Suitability of poroelastic and viscoelastic mechanical models for high and low frequency MR elastography. Med Phys 2015; 42:947-57. [PMID: 25652507 DOI: 10.1118/1.4905048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Descriptions of the structure of brain tissue as a porous cellular matrix support application of a poroelastic (PE) mechanical model which includes both solid and fluid phases. However, the majority of brain magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) studies use a single phase viscoelastic (VE) model to describe brain tissue behavior, in part due to availability of relatively simple direct inversion strategies for mechanical property estimation. A notable exception is low frequency intrinsic actuation MRE, where PE mechanical properties are imaged with a nonlinear inversion algorithm. METHODS This paper investigates the effect of model choice at each end of the spectrum of in vivo human brain actuation frequencies. Repeat MRE examinations of the brains of healthy volunteers were used to compare image quality and repeatability for each inversion model for both 50 Hz externally produced motion and ≈1 Hz intrinsic motions. Additionally, realistic simulated MRE data were generated with both VE and PE finite element solvers to investigate the effect of inappropriate model choice for ideal VE and PE materials. RESULTS In vivo, MRE data revealed that VE inversions appear more representative of anatomical structure and quantitatively repeatable for 50 Hz induced motions, whereas PE inversion produces better results at 1 Hz. Reasonable VE approximations of PE materials can be derived by equating the equivalent wave velocities for the two models, provided that the timescale of fluid equilibration is not similar to the period of actuation. An approximation of the equilibration time for human brain reveals that this condition is violated at 1 Hz but not at 50 Hz. Additionally, simulation experiments when using the "wrong" model for the inversion demonstrated reasonable shear modulus reconstructions at 50 Hz, whereas cross-model inversions at 1 Hz were poor quality. Attenuation parameters were sensitive to changes in the forward model at both frequencies, however, no spatial information was recovered because the mechanisms of VE and PE attenuation are different. CONCLUSIONS VE inversions are simpler with fewer unknown properties and may be sufficient to capture the mechanical behavior of PE brain tissue at higher actuation frequencies. However, accurate modeling of the fluid phase is required to produce useful mechanical property images at the lower frequencies of intrinsic brain motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D J McGarry
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - C L Johnson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - B P Sutton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - J G Georgiadis
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801; and Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - E E W Van Houten
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - A J Pattison
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
| | - J B Weaver
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and Department of Radiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755
| | - K D Paulsen
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03755
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Davies KTA, Gentleman WC, DiBacco C, Johnson CL. Fisheries Closed Areas Strengthen Scallop Larval Settlement and Connectivity Among Closed Areas and Across International Open Fishing Grounds: A Model Study. Environ Manage 2015; 56:587-602. [PMID: 25968139 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0526-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether a measured increase in average body size of adult sea scallops inside three fishery closed areas on Georges Bank (GB), United States (US), was sufficient to increase larval supply to closed areas and open fishing areas in both US and Canadian areas of the Bank. The effects of adult scallop density-at-size and fecundity-at-size on egg production were compared among open and closed fishery areas, countries, and time periods before and after the closed areas were established. Estimated egg production was then used to define spawning conditions in a coupled biological-physical larval tracking model that simulated larval development, mortality, and dispersal. Results showed that order of magnitude increases in larval settlement after closure were facilitated by increases in size-dependant egg production inside and dispersal from Closed Areas I and II, but not Nantucket Lightship Closed Area. The distributions of both egg production and larval settlement became more uniform across the Bank, causing the relative contribution of Canadian larvae to US scallop aggregations to decrease after establishment of Closed Areas I and II. Decreases in small and medium-sized scallop density in Canada and decreases in large scallops over the US-Southern Flank after closure caused local declines in egg production but were not sufficient to negatively affect larval settlement at the regional scale. Our model suggests that the establishment of fishery closed areas on GB considerably strengthened larval supply and settlement within and among several adult scallop aggregations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley T A Davies
- Department of Engineering Mathematics and Internetworking, Dalhousie University, 5269 Morris Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada,
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Johnson
- School of Botany and Zoology, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal
| | - C C Appleton
- School of life & Environmental Sciences, Howard College Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
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Dunnick JK, Sanders JM, Kissling GE, Johnson CL, Boyle MH, Elmore SA. Environmental chemical exposure may contribute to uterine cancer development: studies with tetrabromobisphenol A. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:464-73. [PMID: 25476797 PMCID: PMC6706771 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314557335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely used flame retardant, caused uterine tumors in rats. In this study, TBBPA was administered to male and female Wistar Han rats and B6C3F1/N mice by oral gavage in corn oil for 2 years at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg. TBBPA induced uterine epithelial tumors including adenomas, adenocarcinomas, and malignant mixed Müllerian tumors (MMMTs). In addition, endometrial epithelial atypical hyperplasia occurred in TBBPA-treated rats. Also found to be related to TBBPA treatment, but at lower incidence and at a lower statistical significance, were testicular tumors in rats, and hepatic tumors, hemangiosarcomas (all organs), and intestinal tumors in male mice. It is hypothesized that the TBBPA uterine tumor carcinogenic mechanisms involve altered estrogen levels and/or oxidative damage. TBBPA treatment may affect hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-17β (HSD17β) and/or sulfotransferases, enzymes involved in estrogen homeostasis. Metabolism of TBBPA may also result in the formation of free radicals. The finding of TBBPA-mediated uterine cancer in rats is of concern because TBBPA exposure is widespread and endometrial tumors are a common malignancy in women. Further work is needed to understand TBBPA cancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Dunnick
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - J M Sanders
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - G E Kissling
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - C L Johnson
- Charles River Laboratories, Pathology Associates, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - M H Boyle
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - S A Elmore
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Yilmaz Z, Kaplan AS, Tiwari AK, Levitan RD, Piran S, Bergen AW, Kaye WH, Hakonarson H, Wang K, Berrettini WH, Brandt HA, Bulik CM, Crawford S, Crow S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Johnson CL, Keel PK, Klump KL, Magistretti P, Mitchell JE, Strober M, Thornton LM, Treasure J, Woodside DB, Knight J, Kennedy JL. The role of leptin, melanocortin, and neurotrophin system genes on body weight in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 55:77-86. [PMID: 24831852 PMCID: PMC4191922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although low weight is a key factor contributing to the high mortality in anorexia nervosa (AN), it is unclear how AN patients sustain low weight compared with bulimia nervosa (BN) patients with similar psychopathology. Studies of genes involved in appetite and weight regulation in eating disorders have yielded variable findings, in part due to small sample size and clinical heterogeneity. This study: (1) assessed the role of leptin, melanocortin, and neurotrophin genetic variants in conferring risk for AN and BN; and (2) explored the involvement of these genes in body mass index (BMI) variations within AN and BN. METHOD Our sample consisted of 745 individuals with AN without a history of BN, 245 individuals with BN without a history of AN, and 321 controls. We genotyped 20 markers with known or putative function among genes selected from leptin, melanocortin, and neurotrophin systems. RESULTS There were no significant differences in allele frequencies among individuals with AN, BN, and controls. AGRP rs13338499 polymorphism was associated with lowest illness-related BMI in those with AN (p = 0.0013), and NTRK2 rs1042571 was associated with highest BMI in those with BN (p = 0.0018). DISCUSSION To our knowledge, this is the first study to address the issue of clinical heterogeneity in eating disorder genetic research and to explore the role of known or putatively functional markers in genes regulating appetite and weight in individuals with AN and BN. If replicated, our results may serve as an important first step toward gaining a better understanding of weight regulation in eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yilmaz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Clinical Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Allan S Kaplan
- Clinical Research Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arun K Tiwari
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert D Levitan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Mood and Anxiety Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Piran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bergen
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Walter H Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harry A Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Steven Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, MD, USA
| | - Scott Crow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Manfred M Fichter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany; Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany
| | - Katherine A Halmi
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Pamela K Keel
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Pierre Magistretti
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - James E Mitchell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA; Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laura M Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Academic Psychiatry, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Eating Disorders Program, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joanne Knight
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | - James L Kennedy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
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21
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Spurgeon SR, Sloppy JD, Kepaptsoglou DMD, Balachandran PV, Nejati S, Karthik J, Damodaran AR, Johnson CL, Ambaye H, Goyette R, Lauter V, Ramasse QM, Idrobo JC, Lau KKS, Lofland SE, Rondinelli JM, Martin LW, Taheri ML. Thickness-dependent crossover from charge- to strain-mediated magnetoelectric coupling in ferromagnetic/piezoelectric oxide heterostructures. ACS Nano 2014; 8:894-903. [PMID: 24313563 DOI: 10.1021/nn405636c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoelectric oxide heterostructures are proposed active layers for spintronic memory and logic devices, where information is conveyed through spin transport in the solid state. Incomplete theories of the coupling between local strain, charge, and magnetic order have limited their deployment into new information and communication technologies. In this study, we report direct, local measurements of strain- and charge-mediated magnetization changes in the La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 system using spatially resolved characterization techniques in both real and reciprocal space. Polarized neutron reflectometry reveals a graded magnetization that results from both local structural distortions and interfacial screening of bound surface charge from the adjacent ferroelectric. Density functional theory calculations support the experimental observation that strain locally suppresses the magnetization through a change in the Mn-eg orbital polarization. We suggest that this local coupling and magnetization suppression may be tuned by controlling the manganite and ferroelectric layer thicknesses, with direct implications for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Spurgeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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22
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Pohler KG, Geary TW, Johnson CL, Atkins JA, Jinks EM, Busch DC, Green JA, MacNeil MD, Smith MF. Circulating bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins are associated with late embryonic/fetal survival but not ovulatory follicle size in suckled beef cows. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:4158-67. [PMID: 23825331 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to examine the relationship between ovulatory follicle size and embryo and fetal survival by using circulating concentrations of bovine pregnancy associated glycoproteins (bPAG) to detect the presence of an embryo or fetus and monitor placental function. Before examining the relationship between bPAG, ovulatory follicle size, and embryo and fetal survival, the half-life of bPAG was determined in Exp. 1. The half-life of bPAG after PGF2α-induced abortion on d 32 to 36 postinsemination was 35.8 ± 21.9 h (mean ± SD; range 7.1 to 78.5 h). In Exp. 2, suckled beef cows (n = 91) were treated with the CO-Synch protocol (GnRH on d -9, PGF2α on d -2, and GnRH and AI 48 h later [d 0]) and classified into 1 of 2 ovulatory follicle size groups: 1) small follicle (<12.5 mm; n = 25) or 2) large follicle (≥ 12.5 mm; n = 66). The first increase (P < 0.0001) in serum bPAG occurred in pregnant cows on d 24 after insemination and circulating bPAG decreased before a decrease in progesterone in 3 of 4 cows that lost an embryo or fetus. Pattern of secretion of bPAG in serum from d 24 to 60 after insemination (d 0) was affected by day (P < 0.0001), but not ovulatory follicle size. In Exp. 3, suckled beef cows (n = 1164) were administered the CO-Synch protocol either with (donor cows; n = 810) or without (recipient cows; n = 354) AI on d 0. Single embryos (n = 394) or oocytes (n = 45) were recovered from the donor cows [d 7; embryo transfer (ET)] and all live embryos were transferred into recipients the same day. Cows were classified on d 0 as having a small (<12.5 mm) or large (≥ 12.5 mm) ovulatory follicle, and randomly chosen as donors or recipients to remove confounding effects of ovulatory follicle size on fertility. Serum concentration of bPAG at d 28 was not affected by ovulatory follicle size (P = 0.85), embryo stage at ET (P = 0.75), embryo quality at ET (P = 0.64), estradiol at GnRH2 (P = 0.62) or serum progesterone at ET (d7; P = 0.14). Compared with cows that maintained pregnancy (n = 176), cows that exhibited late embryonic or fetal mortality (n = 19) after d 28 had decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of bPAG on d 28. In summary, there was no relationship between serum bPAG and ovulatory follicle size or embryo stage or quality at ET; however, cows that lost an embryo after d 28 had reduced concentrations of bPAG on d 28 compared with cows that maintained pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Pohler
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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23
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Billingsley-Marshall RL, Basso MR, Lund BC, Hernandez ER, Johnson CL, Drevets WC, McKee PA, Yates WR. Executive function in eating disorders: the role of state anxiety. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:316-21. [PMID: 23354876 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the influence of depression and anxiety on executive function in individuals with a DSM-IV diagnosis of anorexia nervosa-restricting type, anorexia nervosa-binge-eating/purging type, bulimia nervosa, or eating disorder not otherwise specified. METHOD We assessed 106 women after their inpatient treatment in an eating disorders program. All participants were nutritionally stable at the time of testing. RESULTS Thirty percent of the total sample showed impaired performance on one or more tests of executive function. No differences in executive function were observed among diagnostic groups. Anxiety scores accounted for significant variance in performance for all groups. DISCUSSION Executive function deficits were found in a minority of our sample, with significant variance in performance accounted for by self-reported anxiety. State anxiety appears to contribute to diminished executive function in women with eating disorders.
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McGarry MDJ, Van Houten EEW, Johnson CL, Georgiadis JG, Sutton BP, Weaver JB, Paulsen KD. Multiresolution MR elastography using nonlinear inversion. Med Phys 2012; 39:6388-96. [PMID: 23039674 DOI: 10.1118/1.4754649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Nonlinear inversion (NLI) in MR elastography requires discretization of the displacement field for a finite element (FE) solution of the "forward problem", and discretization of the unknown mechanical property field for the iterative solution of the "inverse problem". The resolution requirements for these two discretizations are different: the forward problem requires sufficient resolution of the displacement FE mesh to ensure convergence, whereas lowering the mechanical property resolution in the inverse problem stabilizes the mechanical property estimates in the presence of measurement noise. Previous NLI implementations use the same FE mesh to support the displacement and property fields, requiring a trade-off between the competing resolution requirements. METHODS This work implements and evaluates multiresolution FE meshes for NLI elastography, allowing independent discretizations of the displacements and each mechanical property parameter to be estimated. The displacement resolution can then be selected to ensure mesh convergence, and the resolution of the property meshes can be independently manipulated to control the stability of the inversion. RESULTS Phantom experiments indicate that eight nodes per wavelength (NPW) are sufficient for accurate mechanical property recovery, whereas mechanical property estimation from 50 Hz in vivo brain data stabilizes once the displacement resolution reaches 1.7 mm (approximately 19 NPW). Viscoelastic mechanical property estimates of in vivo brain tissue show that subsampling the loss modulus while holding the storage modulus resolution constant does not substantially alter the storage modulus images. Controlling the ratio of the number of measurements to unknown mechanical properties by subsampling the mechanical property distributions (relative to the data resolution) improves the repeatability of the property estimates, at a cost of modestly decreased spatial resolution. CONCLUSIONS Multiresolution NLI elastography provides a more flexible framework for mechanical property estimation compared to previous single mesh implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D J McGarry
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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Selby EA, Bulik CM, Thornton L, Brandt HA, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Jacoby GE, Johnson CL, Jones I, Kaplan AS, Mitchell JE, Nutzinger DO, Strober M, Treasure J, Woodside DB, Kaye WH, Joiner TE. Refining behavioral dysregulation in borderline personality disorder using a sample of women with anorexia nervosa. Personal Disord 2012; 1:250-7. [PMID: 22448667 DOI: 10.1037/a0019313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
One of the primary facets of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is behavioral dysregulation, a wide array of behaviors that are difficult to control and harmful to the individual. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between BPD and a variety of dysregulated behaviors, some of which have received little empirical attention. Using a large sample of individuals diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, 41 individuals diagnosed with BPD were compared to the rest of the sample on the presence of dysregulated behaviors using logistic regression analyses. Anorexia nervosa subtypes, age, and other Cluster B personality disorders were used as covariates. Results support an association between BPD and alcohol misuse, hitting someone/breaking things, provoking fights/arguments, self-injury, overdosing, street drug use, binge-eating, impulsive spending, shoplifting/stealing, and risky sexual behaviors. Differences between dichotomous and continuous measures of BPD yielded somewhat different results. Information on co-occurring anorexia nervosa and BPD was generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Selby
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA
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26
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Halmi KA, Bellace D, Berthod S, Ghosh S, Berrettini W, Brandt HA, Bulik CM, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Johnson CL, Kaplan A, Kaye WH, Thornton L, Treasure J, Blake Woodside D, Strober M. An examination of early childhood perfectionism across anorexia nervosa subtypes. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:800-7. [PMID: 22488115 PMCID: PMC3418385 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine childhood perfectionism in anorexia nervosa (AN) restricting (RAN), purging (PAN), and binge eating with or without purging (BAN) subtypes. METHOD The EATATE, a retrospective assessment of childhood perfectionism, and the eating disorder inventory (EDI-2) were administered to 728 AN participants. RESULTS EATATE responses revealed general childhood perfectionism, 22.3% of 333 with RAN, 29.2% of 220 with PAN, and 24.8% of 116 with BAN; school work perfectionism, 31.2% with RAN, 30.4% with PAN, and 24.8% with BAN; childhood order and symmetry, 18.7% with RAN, 21.7% with PAN, and 17.8% with BAN; and global childhood rigidity, 42.6% with RAN, 48.3% with PAN and 48.1% with BAN. Perfectionism preceded the onset of AN in all subtypes. Significant associations between EDI-2 drive for thinness and body dissatisfaction were present with four EATATE subscales. DISCUSSION Global childhood rigidity was the predominate feature that preceded all AN subtypes. This may be a risk factor for AN.
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Selby EA, Smith AR, Bulik CM, Olmsted MP, Thornton L, McFarlane TL, Berrettini WH, Brandt HA, Crawford S, Fichter MM, Halmi KA, Jacoby GE, Johnson CL, Jones I, Kaplan AS, Mitchell JE, Nutzinger DO, Strober M, Treasure J, Woodside DB, Kaye WH, Joiner TE. Habitual starvation and provocative behaviors: two potential routes to extreme suicidal behavior in anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther 2010; 48:634-45. [PMID: 20398895 PMCID: PMC4731222 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 02/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is perhaps the most lethal mental disorder, in part due to starvation-related health problems, but especially because of high suicide rates. One potential reason for high suicide rates in AN may be that those affected face pain and provocation on many fronts, which may in turn reduce their fear of pain and thereby increase risk for death by suicide. The purpose of the following studies was to explore whether repetitive exposure to painful and destructive behaviors such as vomiting, laxative use, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) was a mechanism that linked AN-binge-purging (ANBP) subtype, as opposed to AN-restricting subtype (ANR), to extreme suicidal behavior. Study 1 utilized a sample of 787 individuals diagnosed with one or the other subtype of AN, and structural equation modeling results supported provocative behaviors as a mechanism linking ANBP to suicidal behavior. A second, unexpected mechanism emerged linking ANR to suicidal behavior via restricting. Study 2, which used a sample of 249 AN patients, replicated these findings, including the second mechanism linking ANR to suicide attempts. Two potential routes to suicidal behavior in AN appear to have been identified: one route through repetitive experience with provocative behaviors for ANBP, and a second for exposure to pain through the starvation of restricting in ANR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - April R. Smith
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Germany
| | | | - Marion P. Olmsted
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Germany
| | | | - Traci L. McFarlane
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Germany
| | - Wade H. Berrettini
- Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Germany
| | - Harry A. Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Germany
| | - Steve Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Germany
| | - Manfred M. Fichter
- Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Georg E. Jacoby
- Klinik am Korso, Center for the Treatment of Eating Disorders, Germany
| | | | - Ian Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Birmingham
| | - Allan S. Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Strober
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles
| | | | - D. Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Germany
| | - Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Diego
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Shiomitsu K, Johnson CL, Malarkey DE, Pruitt AF, Thrall DE. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor in malignant canine epithelial nasal tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2009; 7:106-14. [PMID: 19453364 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2009.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathways play a role in carcinogenesis. Inhibition of EGF receptor (EGFR) and of VEGF is effective in increasing the radiation responsiveness of neoplastic cells both in vitro and in human trials. In this study, immunohistochemical evaluation was employed to determine and characterize the potential protein expression levels and patterns of EGFR and VEGF in a variety of canine malignant epithelial nasal tumours. Of 24 malignant canine nasal tumours, 13 (54.2%) were positive for EGFR staining and 22 (91.7%) were positive for VEGF staining. The intensity and percentage of immunohistochemically positive neoplastic cells for EGFR varied. These findings indicate that EGFR and VEGF proteins were present in some malignant epithelial nasal tumours in the dogs, and therefore, it may be beneficial to treat canine patients with tumours that overexpress EGFR and VEGF with specific inhibitors in conjunction with radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shiomitsu
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine weight restoration parameters during inpatient treatment as predictors of outcome in anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD Adolescent and adult females admitted for inpatient eating disorder treatment were recruited for an ongoing longitudinal study. This analysis examined several weight restoration parameters as predictors of clinical deterioration after discharge among participants with AN. RESULTS Rate of weight gain was the only restoration parameter that predicted year 1 outcome. Clinical deterioration occurred significantly less often among participants who gained >or=0.8 kg/week (12/41, 29%) than those below this threshold (20/38, 53%) (chi(2) = 4.37, df = 1, p = .037) and remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders. DISCUSSION Weight gain rate during inpatient treatment for AN was a significant predictor of short-term clinical outcome after discharge. It is unclear whether weight gain rate exerts a causal effect or is rather a marker for readiness to tolerate weight restoration and engage in the recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Lund
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74136, USA.
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Bazin HG, Murray TJ, Bowen WS, Mozaffarian A, Fling SP, Bess LS, Livesay MT, Arnold JS, Johnson CL, Ryter KT, Cluff CW, Evans JT, Johnson DA. The 'Ethereal' nature of TLR4 agonism and antagonism in the AGP class of lipid A mimetics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5350-4. [PMID: 18835160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.09.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the chemical and metabolic instability of the secondary fatty acyl residues in the AGP class of lipid A mimetics, the secondary ether lipid analogs of the potent TLR4 agonist CRX-527 (2) and TLR4 antagonist CRX-526 (3) were synthesized and evaluated along with their ester counterparts for agonist/antagonist activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Like CRX-527, the secondary ether lipid 4 showed potent agonist activity in both murine and human models. Ether lipid 5, on the other hand, showed potent TLR4 antagonist activity similar to CRX-526 in human cell assays, but did not display any antagonist activity in murine models and, in fact, was weakly agonistic. Glycolipids 2, 4, and 5 were synthesized via a new highly convergent method utilizing a common advanced intermediate strategy. A new method for preparing (R)-3-alkyloxytetradecanoic acids, a key component of ether lipids 4 and 5, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène G Bazin
- GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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Kaye WH, Bulik CM, Plotnicov K, Thornton L, Devlin B, Fichter MM, Treasure J, Kaplan A, Woodside DB, Johnson CL, Halmi K, Brandt HA, Crawford S, Mitchell JE, Strober M, Berrettini W, Jones I. The genetics of anorexia nervosa collaborative study: methods and sample description. Int J Eat Disord 2008; 41:289-300. [PMID: 18236451 PMCID: PMC3755506 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Supported by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), this 12-site international collaboration seeks to identify genetic variants that affect risk for anorexia nervosa (AN). METHOD Four hundred families will be ascertained with two or more individuals affected with AN. The assessment battery produces a rich set of phenotypes comprising eating disorder diagnoses and psychological and personality features known to be associated with vulnerability to eating disorders. RESULTS We report attributes of the first 200 families, comprising 200 probands and 232 affected relatives. CONCLUSION These results provide context for the genotyping of the first 200 families by the Center for Inherited Disease Research. We will analyze our first 200 families for linkage, complete recruitment of roughly 400 families, and then perform final linkage analyses on the complete cohort. DNA, genotypes, and phenotypes will form a national eating disorder repository maintained by NIMH and available to qualified investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H. Kaye
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Katherine Plotnicov
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura Thornton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bernie Devlin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Manfred M. Fichter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
- Roseneck Hospital for Behavioral Medicine, Prien, Germany
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Academic Psychiatry, Kings College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D. Blake Woodside
- Department of Psychiatry, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Katherine Halmi
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College, White Plains, New York
| | - Harry A. Brandt
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, Maryland
| | - Steve Crawford
- Department of Psychiatry, Sheppard Pratt Health System, Towson, Maryland
| | - James E. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, California
| | - Wade Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, Center of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ian Jones
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Birmingham, England
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Johnson CL, Snoeck E, Ezcurdia M, Rodríguez-González B, Pastoriza-Santos I, Liz-Marzán LM, Hÿtch MJ. Effects of elastic anisotropy on strain distributions in decahedral gold nanoparticles. Nat Mater 2008; 7:120-4. [PMID: 18084296 DOI: 10.1038/nmat2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles exhibit exceptional optoelectronic properties with applications in plasmonics, biosensing and nanomedicine. Recently, new synthesis techniques have enabled precise control over the sizes and shapes of metal nanoparticles, occasionally leading to morphologies that cannot be properly characterized using standard techniques. An example is five-fold-twinned decahedral Au nanoparticles, which are intrinsically strained as a result of their unique geometry. Various competing models have been proposed to predict the strain states of such nanoparticles. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the internal structure of a decahedral Au nanoparticle using aberration-corrected high-resolution electron microscopy and strain mapping. Our measurements confirm the presence of a disclination, which is consistent with the commonly accepted strain model. However, we also observed shear gradients, which are absent from the models. By comparing our local strain determinations with finite-element calculations, we show the effect of elastic anisotropy on the strain state in these nanoparticles.
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Bonci CM, Bonci LJ, Granger LR, Johnson CL, Malina RM, Milne LW, Ryan RR, Vanderbunt EM. National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes. J Athl Train 2008; 43:80-108. [PMID: 18335017 PMCID: PMC2231403 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present recommendations for the prevention, detection, and comprehensive management of disordered eating (DE) in athletes. BACKGROUND Athletes with DE rarely self-report their symptoms. They tend to deny the condition and are often resistant to referral and treatment. Thus, screenings and interventions must be handled skillfully by knowledgeable professionals to obtain desired outcomes. Certified athletic trainers have the capacity and responsibility to play active roles as integral members of the health care team. Their frequent daily interactions with athletes help to facilitate the level of medical surveillance necessary for early detection, timely referrals, treatment follow-through, and compliance. RECOMMENDATIONS These recommendations are intended to provide certified athletic trainers and others participating in the health maintenance and performance enhancement of athletes with specific knowledge and problem-solving skills to better prevent, detect, and manage DE. The individual biological, psychological, sociocultural, and familial factors for each athlete with DE result in widely different responses to intervention strategies, challenging the best that athletics programs have to offer in terms of resources and expertise. The complexity, time intensiveness, and expense of managing DE necessitate an interdisciplinary approach representing medicine, nutrition, mental health, athletic training, and athletics administration in order to facilitate early detection and treatment, make it easier for symptomatic athletes to ask for help, enhance the potential for full recovery, and satisfy medicolegal requirements. Of equal importance is establishing educational initiatives for preventing DE.
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Bazin HG, Bess LS, Livesay MT, Ryter KT, Johnson CL, Arnold JS, Johnson DA. New synthesis of glycolipid immunostimulants RC-529 and CRX-524. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.01.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cluff CW, Baldridge JR, Stöver AG, Evans JT, Johnson DA, Lacy MJ, Clawson VG, Yorgensen VM, Johnson CL, Livesay MT, Hershberg RM, Persing DH. Synthetic toll-like receptor 4 agonists stimulate innate resistance to infectious challenge. Infect Immun 2005; 73:3044-52. [PMID: 15845512 PMCID: PMC1087352 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.5.3044-3052.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A compound family of synthetic lipid A mimetics (termed the aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates [AGPs]) was evaluated in murine infectious disease models of protection against challenge with Listeria monocytogenes and influenza virus. For the Listeria model, intravenous administration of AGPs was followed by intravenous bacterial challenge 24 h later. Spleens were harvested 2 days postchallenge for the enumeration of CFU. For the influenza virus model, mice were challenged with virus via the intranasal/intrapulmonary route 48 h after intranasal/intrapulmonary administration of AGPs. The severity of disease was assessed daily for 3 weeks following challenge. Several types of AGPs provided strong protection against influenza virus or Listeria challenge in wild-type mice, but they were inactive in the C3H/HeJ mouse, demonstrating the dependence of the AGPs on toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling for the protective effect. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that the activation of innate immune effectors by AGPs depends primarily on the lengths of the secondary acyl chains within the three acyl-oxy-acyl residues and also on the nature of the functional group attached to the aglycon component. We conclude that the administration of synthetic TLR4 agonists provides rapid pharmacologic induction of innate resistance to infectious challenge by two different pathogen classes, that this effect is mediated via TLR4, and that structural differences between AGPs can have dramatic effects on agonist activity in vivo.
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Abstract
The distortions introduced into high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images by the projector lens system are an important source of systematic error for quantitative displacement and strain determination. Using geometric phase analysis of images of perfect crystals, we measured these errors for two different transmission electron microscopes. Local magnification varies by as much as 5%, and rotation can reach 2 degrees across a typical image. Our experimental results are compared with theory, and optical pincushion and spiral distortion coefficients are determined. A method for calibrating and removing these distortions is presented that enables quantification to 0.1% strain and 0.1 degrees rotation across the whole field of view. This calibration is also critical for the accurate measurement of local lattice parameters from HRTEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hüe
- CECM-CNRS, 15 rue Georges Urbain, 94407 Vitry-sur-Seine, France
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Abstract
Low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) are ubiquitous in natural and man-made materials and profoundly affect many of their mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. The properties of LAGBs are understood in terms of their constituent dislocations that accommodate the small misorientations between grains. Discrete dislocations result in a heterogeneous local structure along the boundary. In this article, we report the lattice rotation across a LAGB in olivine (Mg(1.8)Fe(0.2)SiO(4)) measured at the nanometer scale by using quantitative high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The analysis reveals a grain boundary that is corrugated. Elastic calculations show that this waviness is independent of the host material and thus a general feature of LAGBs. Based on our observations and analysis, we provide equations for the boundary position, local curvature, and the lattice rotation field for any LAGB. These results provide the basis for a reexamination of grain-boundary properties in materials such as high-temperature superconductors, nanocrystalline materials, and naturally deformed minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA.
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Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Johnson CL, Heymsfield SB, Lukaski HC, Friedl K, Hubbard VS. Body composition estimates from NHANES III bioelectrical impedance data. Int J Obes (Lond) 2002; 26:1596-609. [PMID: 12461676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2001] [Revised: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 07/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition estimates for the US population are important in order to analyze trends in obesity, sarcopenia and other weight-related health conditions. National body composition estimates have not previously been available. OBJECTIVE To use transformed bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) data in sex-specific, multicomponent model-derived prediction formulae, to estimate total body water (TBW), fat-free mass (FFM), total body fat (TBF), and percentage body fat (%BF) using a nationally representative sample of the US population. DESIGN Anthropometric and BIA data were from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988-1994). Sex-specific BIA prediction equations developed for this study were applied to the NHANES data, and mean values for TBW, FFM, TBF and %BF were estimated for selected age, sex and racial-ethnic groups. RESULTS Among the non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American participants aged 12-80 y examined in NHANES III, 15 912 had data available for weight, stature and BIA resistance measures. Males had higher mean TBW and FFM than did females, regardless of age or racial-ethnic status. Mean TBW and FFM increased from the adolescent years to mid-adulthood and declined in older adult age groups. Females had higher mean TBF and %BF estimates than males at each age group. Mean TBF also increased with older age groups to approximately 60 y of age after which it decreased. CONCLUSIONS These mean body composition estimates for TBW, FFM, TBF and %BF based upon NHANES III BIA data provide a descriptive reference for non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans in the US population.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Chumlea
- Department of Community Health, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
Holding animals in enclosures that block emigration causes demographic abnormalities called "fence effects." Experimenters have built exits that require animals to move through unfavorable conditions to leave enclosures. There are doubts about whether individuals that cross these challenging exits are true emigrants. We tested whether an exit that required house mice (Mus musculus) to swim through a water-filled trough was used only by mice triggered to emigrate from an experimental enclosure. Also, we examined the responses of mice to the availability of resources and the presence of conspecific adult animals in a small enclosure with an exit and in an enclosure made by joining two single enclosures. All mice left a barren enclosure within 12 h but no mice left during 7-day trials in a resource-rich enclosure during spring and summer. At the end of trials with repeated introduction of pairs of mice, about 85% of resident mice were the first mice added. Nearly all mice added later left the enclosure. A relatively constant number of mice became residents in small enclosures and about 2.3 times as many mice resided in double enclosures. Mice readily found and used exits when motivated to leave and did not accidentally pass through exits during routine exploration. Thus, mice that stayed in enclosures were not "fenced in" by the water-filled exit and exhibited residency as in nature. Tests of exits should give ecologists confidence that animals can display normal residency and emigration behaviors in experimental settings. The defense of resources by residents and the emigration of excess animals resulted in a consistent limit to the number of animals able to reside in enclosures.
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Maw SJ, Johnson CL, Lewis AC, McQuaid JB. A note on the emission of nitrogen oxides from silage in opened bunker silos. Environ Monit Assess 2002; 74:209-215. [PMID: 11944794 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014227504369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of NOx from grass and maize silages was measured using chemiluminescence in samples kept in airtight containers, in the silos and in a 750 kg mass removed to a mixer waggon. Measurements were made on the grass and maize silos in two consecutive years. The results show that there is continuous evolution of NOx after silos have been opened and that high concentrations persist in the mass which are rapidly released on agitation at the feed-out. The maximum recorded concentrations of NO and NO2 were 1985 and 152 ppbv respectively. These values are orders of magnitude greater than for rural background levels and exceed the maximum hourly exposure of 50 ppbv for NO2 recommended by the UK expert panel for quality standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Maw
- Centre for Animal Sciences, LIBA, University of Leeds, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Costin
- Monte Nido Treatment Center, The Eating Disorder Center of California, Malibu, California 90265, USA.
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Van Paesschen W, Sisodiya S, Connelly A, Duncan JS, Free SL, Raymond AA, Grünewald RA, Revesz T, Shorvon SD, Fish DR, Stevens JM, Johnson CL, Scaravilli F, Harkness WF, Jackson GD. Quantitative hippocampal MRI and intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. 1995. Neurology 2001; 57:S5-12. [PMID: 11775610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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Dwyer J, Ellwood K, Leader NP, Moshfegh AJ, Johnson CL. Integration of the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101:1142-3. [PMID: 11678482 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8223(01)00279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Basu A, Woolard MD, Johnson CL. Involvement of protein kinase C-delta in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2001; 8:899-908. [PMID: 11526445 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2000] [Revised: 02/27/2001] [Accepted: 03/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the protein kinase C (PKC) signal transduction pathway regulates cell death by the DNA damaging agent cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP). In the present study we have investigated how PKC influences the sequence of events that are triggered by cDDP-induced DNA damage. cDDP caused activation of caspases-8, -9, -3, -7 and cleavage of PKCdelta. Rottlerin, a selective inhibitor of novel PKCdelta, blocked activation of caspases, proteolytic activation of PKCdelta and cell death induced by cDDP. In contrast, Gö 6976, an inhibitor of conventional PKCalpha and betaI, did not prevent cDDP-induced caspase activation and cDDP cytotoxicity. In HeLa cells, PKCdelta was distributed both in the cytosol and heavy membrane (HM) fraction containing mitochondria. While caspase-8 was primarily cytosolic, a small amount of caspases-9, -7 and -3 could be detected in the HM fraction. cDDP caused a time-dependent increase in Cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and processing of both cytosolic and membrane-associated caspases, as well as proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta. Rottlerin attenuated late but not early release of Cytochrome c by cDDP. It, however, inhibited activation of caspases and proteolytic cleavage of PKCdelta in both cytosolic and HM fractions. The antiapoptotic effect of rottlerin was evident when it was added together with or following cDDP addition but not when added after cDDP was removed from the medium. Thus, the PKCdelta inhibitor acts at an early stage of the cDDP-induced cell death pathway that precedes caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Basu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
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Henderson CW, Johnson CL, Lodhi SA, Bilimoria SL. Replication of Chilo iridescent virus in the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, and development of an infectivity assay. Arch Virol 2001; 146:767-75. [PMID: 11402862 DOI: 10.1007/s007050170145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, is a devastating pest of cotton. Chemical pesticides are problematic due to relative lack of target specificity and resistance. Microbial pesticides may provide viable alternatives because of their narrow host range. Chilo iridescent virus (CIV) is the type species for genus Iridovirus, family Iridoviridae: large, icosahedral cytoplasmic viruses containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Earlier work suggested that CIV replicated in the boll weevil; however, efficiency or production of infectious virus was not established. We showed that CIV undergoes a productive cycle in A. grandis. CIV DNA levels in boll weevil pupae increased significantly from 0 to 3 days post infection. Moreover, virogenic stromata and complete virus particles were observed in the cytoplasm by 7 days. An endpoint dilution assay using viral DNA replication as indicator suggested a 10(5)-fold increase in infectious virus titer over 7 days. This is the first such demonstration in larval infections with genus Iridovirus. Our study establishes that CIV undergoes a productive cycle in the boll weevil and provides an important and useful model system for replication at the organismal level. These results have important implications for the potential of CIV and its components in boll weevil control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Henderson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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Flegal KM, Ogden CL, Wei R, Kuczmarski RL, Johnson CL. Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:1086-93. [PMID: 11382664 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.6.1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several different sets of reference body mass index (BMI) values are available to define overweight in children. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of overweight in US children calculated with 3 sets of reference BMI values: the revised growth charts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-US growth charts), international standards proposed by Cole et al, and values developed by Must et al. DESIGN Data for children and adolescents came from cross-sectional nationally representative US surveys: cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey (1963-1965 and 1966-1970) and the first, second, and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: NHANES I (1971-1974), II (1976-1980), and III (1988-1994). The reference values of Cole et al equivalent to a BMI of 25 were compared with the 85th percentiles from the other 2 methods; the values equivalent to a BMI of 30 were compared with the 95th percentiles. RESULTS The 3 methods gave similar but not identical results. The reference values of Cole et al gave lower estimates than did the CDC-US growth charts for young children but higher estimates for older children. The reference values of Must et al gave much higher prevalences for younger girls than did the other 2 methods. CONCLUSIONS Differences between methods were related to differences in data sets, smoothing methods, and theoretical approaches. All 3 methods are based on statistical criteria and incorporate arbitrary assumptions. These methods should be used cautiously, with awareness of the possible limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Flegal
- National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA.
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Johnson CL, Pechonick E, Park SD, Havemann GD, Leal NA, Bobik TA. Functional genomic, biochemical, and genetic characterization of the Salmonella pduO gene, an ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase gene. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1577-84. [PMID: 11160088 PMCID: PMC95042 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.5.1577-1584.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica degrades 1,2-propanediol by a pathway dependent on coenzyme B12 (adenosylcobalamin [AdoCb1]). Previous studies showed that 1,2-propanediol utilization (pdu) genes include those for the conversion of inactive cobalamins, such as vitamin B12, to AdoCbl. However, the specific genes involved were not identified. Here we show that the pduO gene encodes a protein with ATP:cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase activity. The main role of this protein is apparently the conversion of inactive cobalamins to AdoCbl for 1,2-propanediol degradation. Genetic tests showed that the function of the pduO gene was partially replaced by the cobA gene (a known ATP:corrinoid adenosyltransferase) but that optimal growth of S. enterica on 1,2-propanediol required a functional pduO gene. Growth studies showed that cobA pduO double mutants were unable to grow on 1,2-propanediol minimal medium supplemented with vitamin B(12) but were capable of growth on similar medium supplemented with AdoCbl. The pduO gene was cloned into a T7 expression vector. The PduO protein was overexpressed, partially purified, and, using an improved assay procedure, shown to have cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase activity. Analysis of the genomic context of genes encoding PduO and related proteins indicated that particular adenosyltransferases tend to be specialized for particular AdoCbl-dependent enzymes or for the de novo synthesis of AdoCbl. Such analyses also indicated that PduO is a bifunctional enzyme. The possibility that genes of unknown function proximal to adenosyltransferase homologues represent previously unidentified AdoCbl-dependent enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper evaluates the possibility that examiner bias or other factors contributed to an observed decline in pocket depth and gingivitis between the two three-year sequential periods of time (or phases) covered by the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). METHODS Prevalences of periodontal conditions were analyzed using data from two sets of repeat oral health examinations by examining dentists of NHANES III sample persons. The first set includes sample persons who were examined twice by the same examining dentist at an interval of one to six weeks. The second set includes sample persons who were assessed on the same day by both an examining dentist and a reference dentist. Other possible sources of error also were evaluated. RESULTS Overall kappa statistics measuring agreement between or within dental examiners were within the range observed for other periodontal disease surveys. While differences were found among dentists in the prevalence of pocket depth of 4 mm or more, for each group of sample persons assessed by a reference examiner-examining dentist pair, the reference examiner's periodontal measurements closely corresponded to measurements made by the examining dentists. CONCLUSIONS Differences between dental examiners in prevalences of periodontal conditions may be due in part to the fact that examinees were not randomly assigned to examiners. As a result, the sample persons examined by each dentist may not have been alike in characteristics thought to affect periodontal disease status. These findings suggest that the observed declines in periodontal health status between phases is not due to examiner bias. This unexplained decline may be the result of sampling variation. It is recommended that combined six-year survey results be presented whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Winn
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-6401, USA.
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