Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma With Extensive Retraction Artifact: A Potential Diagnostic Pitfall From Micropapillary Urothelial Carcinoma

In addition to "classic" and eosinophilic subtype, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is well-known to demonstrate various morphological patterns including adenomatoid, microcystic, pigmented, multicystic, papillary, neuroendocrine-like, and small cell-like, all of which are important to appreciate for accurate diagnosis. Herein, we expand on a unique chromophobe RCC morphology not previously described consisting of tumor cells with extensive stromal retraction, mimicking upper urothelial tract micropapillary carcinoma (MPC). Twelve MPC-like chromophobe RCC nephrectomies were reviewed with clinicopathological features recorded; molecular testing was performed on 7 of 12 tumors. Patients were mostly men (n=10) with a mean age of 65 years. Mean tumor size was 6.4 cm with pathological stage distribution as follows: 4 (33%) T1a, 2 (17%) T1b, 1 (8%) T2b, and 3 (25%) T3a. The extent of MPC-like chromophobe RCC foci ranged from 10% to 40% (mean=26%; there was no correlation between the extent of MPC-like chromophobe RCC foci and tumor stage). Other chromophobe RCC morphological patterns were not identified. When performed, all (100%) tumors depicted prototypic chromophobe RCC staining pattern of KIT positivity/KRT7 positivity. Molecular showed 6 of 7 (86%) with multiple chromosomal losses. Clinically significant mutations were identified in NF1, TP53, FLCN (likely somatic), CHEK2, and ZFHX3 genes. Follow up available in 9 patients showed no evidence of disease (mean=23 months). Although the etiology behind the extensive stromal retraction in our tumors is unknown, this may likely be artifactual in nature. Nonetheless, it is important to include MPC-like chromophobe RCC in the spectrum of "variant" morphologies to avoid diagnostic pitfalls from micropapillary carcinoma.

Mass spectrometry-based quantification of immunostimulatory gliadin proteins and peptides in coloured wheat varieties: Implications for Celiac Disease

Pigmented wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum spp.) are getting increasingly popular in modern nutrition and thoroughly researched for their functional and nutraceutical value. The colour of these wheat grains is caused by the expression of natural pigments, including carotenoids and anthocyanins, that can be restricted to either the endosperm, pericarp and/or aleurone layers. While contrasts in phytochemical synthesis give rise to variations among purple, blue, dark and yellow grain's antioxidant and radical scavenging capacities, little is known about their influence on gluten proteins expression, digestibility and immunogenic potential in a Celiac Disease (CD) framework. Herein, it has been found that the expression profile and immunogenic properties of gliadin proteins in pigmented wheat grains might be affected by anthocyanins and carotenoids upregulation, and that the spectra of peptide released upon simulated gastrointestinal digestion is also significantly different. Interestingly, anthocyanin accumulation, as opposed to carotenoids, correlated with a lower immunogenicity and toxicity of gliadins at both protein and peptide levels. Altogether, this study provides first-level evidence on the impact modern breeding practices, seeking higher expression levels of health promoting phytochemicals at the grain level, may have on wheat crops functionality and CD tolerability.

Influence of Agronomic Practices on the Antioxidant Compounds of Pigmented Wheat (Triticum aestivum spp. aestivum L.) and Tritordeum (× Tritordeum martinii A. Pujadas, nothosp. nov.) Genotypes

Twelve pigmented wheat genotypes, one tritordeum, and one common wheat were grown in three field experiments under varying nitrogen (N) fertilization rates to investigate the contributions of genotype, environment, and fertilization on the levels of phenolic acids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and antioxidant capacity of the grains. Soluble phenolic acids increased significantly (+16%) in the environment with high soil N content, while bound phenolic acids and anthocyanins decreased (-16 and -57%). N fertilization affected the agronomic and qualitative traits but had limited effects on some bioactive compounds (bound phenolic acids and anthocyanins). The greatest differences appeared among the color groups and within the same color types, with the black group showing the most anthocyanins and phenolic acids (34.4 and 1207 mg·kg-1) and the highest antioxidant capacity. Some of the cultivars could be promising for the development of innovative supply chains and the production of functional foods, as they showed good yield and quality performances, and good antioxidant features.

Rheological and fermentation properties of doughs and quality of breads from colored wheat varieties

The objective of this study was to examine the rheological and fermentation behavior of doughs prepared from five different colored wheat varieties (black AF Zora, yellow KM 111-18, purple AF Jumiko, blue AF Oxana and red Vanessa - chosen as a standard), which contain polyphenolics in the outer layers of grains. Three wholemeal flour fractions (fine, semi-coarse and coarse) were used for each variety. The flour fractions differed in the particle size of the bran, the ash content and thus the phenolic compound content. The baking trials, texture and sensory analyses of breads were performed, to assess their overall acceptability. The coarser granulation of flour fractions, average hardness (8.5<12.6<20.2 N) and chewiness (584<796<1053 N) of breads increased, while other parameters: springiness (90>87>77%), cohesiveness (78>75>70%) and resilience (35>32>27%) decreased. Moreover, the increase in off-flavors was detected with higher bran content. Regarding the flour granulation, the fine fraction seemed to be the most suitable due to its high gas-retention capacity. The best products in terms of both dough and bread quality reached blue AF Oxana and yellow KM 111-18. Utilization of colored wheat in bakery industry may present a good strategy of providing value-added products to the consumers.

Anthocyanin Content and Fusarium Mycotoxins in Pigmented Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum): An Open Field Evaluation

Twelve Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum varieties with pigmented grain, namely one red, six purple, three blue, and two black, were grown in open fields over two consecutive years and screened to investigate their risk to the accumulation of multiple Fusarium-related mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms DON3Glc, 3Ac-DON, 15Ac-DON, and T-2, HT-2, ZEN, and Enniatin B were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS, along with 14 different cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. A significant strong influence effect of the harvesting year (p = 0.0002) was noticed for DON content, which was more than doubled between harvesting years growing seasons (mean of 3746 µg kg^-1 vs. 1463 µg kg^-1). In addition, a striking influence of varieties with different grain colour on DON content (p < 0.0001) emerged in combination with the harvesting year (year×colour, p = 0.0091), with blue grains being more contaminated (mean of 5352 µg kg^-1) and red grain being less contaminated (mean of 715 µg kg^-1). The trend was maintained between the two harvesting years despite the highly variable absolute mycotoxin content. Varieties accumulating anthocyanins in the pericarp (purple coloration) had significantly lower DON content compared to those in which aleurone was involved (blue coloration).

Prevalence of oral and anal human papillomavirus infection in Czech predominantly Human immunodeficiency virus-positive men having sex with men - data from a previously unreported population

Background: HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) are more likely to experience human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The persistent HPV infection is the major factor in the development of anal and oropharyngeal neoplasms. Data on the prevalence of anal and oral HPV in MSM are almost absent from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. We conducted a cross-sectional study focused on the prevalence of oral and anal HPV infections and the relationship between current anal and oral HPV intrapersonal infection in a Czech population of predominantly HIV-positive MSM. Methods: Oral gargle and anal swab samples from 205 predominantly HIV-positive MSM from the Czech Republic were analysed for HPV infection using PCR. Selected sociodemographic and clinical data were correlated with HPV detection using generalized linear models and multivariate analysis. Results: HPV infection was detected in 183 (96.8%) anal and 48 (23.6%) oral samples. The most common type of HR-HPV was HPV16 in both anal (25.4%) and oral (2.5%) samples. Multiple anal HPV infections and the presence of vaccine-targeted HR-HPV types were significantly correlated with abnormal anal cytology and HIV status. Conclusion: The prevalence of anal HPV infection in Czech predominantly HIV-positive MSM ranks among the highest reported, while oral HPV prevalence is consistent with MSM populations. Minimal overlap of oral and anal HPV types within a patient was observed.

Novel insights into the BAP1-inactivated melanocytic tumor

BAP1-inactivated melanocytic tumor (BIMT) is a group of melanocytic neoplasms with epithelioid cell morphology molecularly characterized by the loss of function of BAP1, a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 3p21, and a mutually exclusive mitogenic driver mutation, more commonly BRAF. BIMTs can occur as a sporadic lesion or, less commonly, in the setting of an autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by a BAP1 germline inactivating mutation. Owing to the frequent identification of remnants of a conventional nevus, BIMTs are currently classified within the group of combined melanocytic nevi. "Pure" lesions can also be observed. We studied 50 BIMTs from 36 patients. Most lesions were composed of epithelioid melanocytes of varying size and shapes, resulting extreme cytomorphological heterogeneity. Several distinctive morphological variants of multinucleated/giant cells were identified. Some hitherto underrecognized microscopic features, especially regarding nuclear characteristics included nuclear blebbing, nuclear budding, micronuclei, shadow nuclei, peculiar cytoplasmic projections (ant-bear cells) often containing micronuclei and cell-in-cell structures (entosis). In addition, there were mixed nests of conventional and BAP1-inactivated melanocytes and squeezed remnants of the original nevus. Of the 26 lesions studied, 24 yielded a BRAF mutation, while in the remaining two cases there was a RAF1 fusion. BAP1 biallelic and singe allele mutations were found in 4/22 and 16/24 neoplasms, respectively. In five patients, there was a BAP1 germline mutation. Six novel, previously unreported BAP1 mutations have been identified. BAP1 heterozygous loss was detected in 11/22 lesions. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for copy number changes revealed a related amplification of both RREB1 and MYC genes in one tumor, whereas the remaining 20 lesions studied were negative; no TERT-p mutation was found in 14 studied neoplasms. Tetraploidy was identified in 5/21 BIMTs. Of the 21 patients with available follow-up, only one child had a locoregional lymph node metastasis. Our results support a progression of BIMTs from a conventional BRAF mutated in which the original nevus is gradually replaced by epithelioid BAP1-inactivated melanocytes. Some features suggest more complex underlying pathophysiological events that need to be elucidated.

Oncogenic Fusions in Gliomas: An Institutional Experience

BACKGROUND/AIM

Gliomas are primary malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS). High-grade gliomas are associated with poor prognosis and modest survival rates despite intensive multimodal treatment strategies. Targeting gene fusions is an emerging therapeutic approach for gliomas that allows application of personalized medicine principles. The aim of this study was to identify detectable fusion oncogenes that could serve as predictors of currently available or newly developed targeted therapeutics in cross-sectional samples from glioma patients using next-generation sequencing (NGS).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 637 patients with glial and glioneuronal tumours of the CNS who underwent tumour resection between 2017 and 2020 were enrolled. Detection of fusion transcripts in FFPE tumour tissue was performed by a TruSight Tumour 170 assay and two FusionPlex kits, Solid Tumour and Comprehensive Thyroid and Lung.

RESULTS

Oncogene fusions were identified in 33 patients. The most common fusion was the KIAA1549-BRAF fusion, detected in 13 patients, followed by FGFR fusions (FGFR1-TACC1, FGFR2-CTNNA3, FGFR3-TACC3, FGFR3-CKAP5, FGFR3-AMBRA1), identified in 10 patients. Other oncogene fusions were also infrequently diagnosed, including MET fusions (SRPK2-MET and PTPRZ1-MET) in 2 patients, C11orf95-RELA fusions in 2 patients, EGFR-SEPT14 fusion in 2 patients, and individual cases of SRGAP3-BRAF, RAF1-TRIM2, EWSR1-PALGL1 and TERT-ALK fusions.

CONCLUSION

The introduction of NGS techniques provides additional information about tumour molecular alterations that can aid the multimodal management of glioma patients. Patients with gliomas positive for particular targetable gene fusions may benefit from experimental therapeutics, enhancing their quality of life and prolonging survival rates.

Disturbance by invasive pathogenic fungus alters arthropod predator-prey food-webs in ash plantations

According to the disturbance-succession theory, natural disturbances support biodiversity and are expected to increase the complexity of food-webs in forest ecosystems by opening canopies and creating a heterogeneous environment. However, a limited number of studies have investigated the impact of disturbance by invasive pathogenic species and succession on arthropod predator-prey food-webs in forest ecosystems. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus is a pathogenic fungus of ash trees that is invasive in Europe and causes massive dieback, mainly of the common ash Fraxinus excelsior across its native range. Here we investigated how this pathogenic fungus affects food-webs of web-building spiders and their prey in understorey vegetation of ash plantations. In 23 young and middle-aged ash plantations that were distributed along a gradient of infestation by H. fraxineus (29%-86% infestation), we measured the vegetation structure (canopy openness, shrub coverage, herb/grass coverage), the trait composition of local spider communities (web type, body size), the prey availability and the prey intercepted by spider webs. We then evaluated the multivariate prey composition (prey type, body size) and network properties. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus opened the ash tree canopy, which resulted in denser shrub coverage. The dense shrub vegetation changed the composition of web types in local spider communities and increasing fungus infestation resulted in reduced mean body size of spiders. Infestation by H. fraxineus reduced the availability of predaceous Coleoptera and increased the availability of herbivorous Coleoptera as potential prey. The mean body size of captured prey and the per capita capture rates of most prey groups decreased with increasing fungus infestation. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus infestation indirectly reduced the complexity in bipartite networks and the trophic functional complementarity in local web-building spider communities. The plantation age affected the vegetation structure but did not affect the studied food-webs. Forest disturbance by the invasive pathogen affected four trophic levels (plant-herbivore-coleopteran intermediate predator-top predator web-building spiders) and, contrary to the disturbance-succession theory, disturbance by the fungus simplified the web-building spider-prey food-webs. The results support the view that H. fraxineus represents a threat to the biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the simplified ecosystems of ash plantations.

[The study of genetic factors that determine the awned glume trait in bread wheat]

Awns are bristle-like structures, typically extending from the tip end of the lemmas in the florets of cereal species, including such economically important crops as wheat (Triticum aestivum L., T. durum Desf.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). The presence of long awns adhered at tip end of glumes is a characteristic feature of "Persian wheat" T. carthlicum Nevski spike. Glume outgrowth of T. carthlicum Nevski spike passes into a long awn, equal in length to the lemma awn. Awned glumes can be formed in T. aestivum and T. aethiopicum wheats, however, such forms are rare. Features of the awned glume development and the genetic determinants of this trait have been little studied. In this paper, we described the features of the development and inheritance of the tetra-awness (awned glume) trait of the bread wheat T. aestivum line CD 1167-8, using classical genetic analysis, molecular genetic mapping, and scanning electron microscopy. It was shown that the trait is inherited as a recessive monogenic. The gene for the awned glume trait of CD 1167-8 was mapped in the long arm of chromosome 5A, using the Illumina Infinium 15K Wheat Array (TraitGenetics GmbH), containing 15,000 SNPs associated with wheat genes. Results of allelism test and molecular-genetic mapping suggest that the gene for awned glumes in bread wheat is a recessive allele of the B1 awn suppressor. This new allele was designated the b1.ag (b1. awned glume). Analysis of the CD 1167-8 inflorescence development, using scanning electron microscopy, showed that awns had grown from the top of the lemmas and glumes simultaneously, and no differences in patterns of their development were found.

Carotenoid content of extruded and puffed products made of colored-grain wheats

Wheat is a relevant source not only of essential macronutrients but also of many other health-promoting phytochemicals (carotenoids, anthocyanins, tocols, phenolic acids, etc.). Colored-grain wheats were used for extrusion and kernel puffing. The total content of carotenoids (sum of lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, α- and β-carotene, and xanthophyll esters) decreased significantly due to extrusion (to 25.7%) and puffing (to 31.6%), compared to the content in the raw material. Zeaxanthin was shown to be the most stable among all detected carotenoids (30.8 and 48.7% was preserved). The results of the performed analyses have not confirmed greater stability of xanthophyll esters against higher temperatures (decrease to 29.5 and 22.1%). Both technologies induced E-to Z-isomerization of all-E-lutein and puffing also of all-E-zeaxanthin. Higher concentrations of 13-Z- and 9-Z-zeaxanthin were identified in puffed grains (2× and 37× on average). To preserve more carotenoids, it is appropriate to look for a more suitable food processing technology.

A Clinicopathological Study of 29 Spitzoid Melanocytic Lesions With ALK Fusions, Including Novel Fusion Variants, Accompanied by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Analysis for Chromosomal Copy Number Changes, and Both TERT Promoter and Next-Generation Sequencing Mutation Analysis

ALK-fused spitzoid neoplasms represent a distinctive group of melanocytic lesions. To date, few studies addressed genetic and chromosomal alterations in these lesions beyond the ALK rearrangements. Our objective was to study genetic alterations, including ALK gene fusions, telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERT-p) mutations, chromosomal copy number changes, and mutations in other genes. We investigated 29 cases of Spitz lesions (11 Spitz nevi and 18 atypical Spitz tumors), all of which were ALK immunopositive. There were 16 female and 13 male patients, with age ranging from 1 to 43 years (mean, 18.4 years). The most common location was the lower extremity. Microscopically, all neoplasms were polypoid or dome shaped with a plexiform, predominantly dermally located proliferation of fusiform to spindled melanocytes with mild to moderate pleomorphism. The break-apart test for ALK was positive in 17 of 19 studied cases. ALK fusions were detected in 23 of 26 analyzable cases by Archer FusionPlex Solid Tumor Kit. In addition to the previously described rearrangements, 3 novel fusions, namely, KANK1-ALK, MYO5A-ALK, and EEF2-ALK, were found. Fluorescence in situ hybridization for copy number changes yielded one case with the loss of RREB1 among 21 studied cases. TERT-p hotspot mutation was found in 1 of 23 lesions. The mutation analysis of 271 cancer-related genes using Human Comprehensive Cancer Panel was performed in 4 cases and identified in each case mutations in several genes with unknown significance, except for a pathogenic variant in the BLM gene. Our study confirms that most ALK fusion spitzoid neoplasms can be classified as atypical Spitz tumors, which occurs in young patients with acral predilection and extends the spectrum of ALK fusions in spitzoid lesions, including 3 hitherto unreported fusions. TERT-p mutations and chromosomal copy number changes involving 6p25 (RRB1), 11q13 (CCND1), 6p23 (MYB), 9p21 (CDKN2A), and 8q24 (MYC) are rare in these lesions. The significance of mutation in other genes remains unknown.

Transcriptional analysis of wheat seedlings inoculated with Fusarium culmorum under continual exposure to disease defence inductors

A facultative parasite of cereals, Fusarium culmorum is a soil-, air- and seed-borne fungus causing foot and root rot, fusarium seedling blight, and especially Fusarium head blight, a spike disease leading to decreased yield and mycotoxin contamination of grain. In the present study, we tested changes in expression of wheat genes (B2H2, ICS, PAL, and PR2) involved in defence against diseases. We first compared expression of the analysed genes in seedlings of non-inoculated and artificially inoculated wheat (variety Bohemia). The second part of the experiment compared expression of these genes in seedlings grown under various treatment conditions. These treatments were chosen to determine the effects of prochloraz, sodium bicarbonate, ergosterol, aescin and potassium iodide on expression of the analysed defence genes. In addition to the inoculated and non-inoculated cultivar Bohemia, we additionally examined two other varieties of wheat with contrasting resistance to Fusarium sp. infection. These were the blue aleurone layer variety Scorpion that is susceptible to Fusarium sp. infection and variety V2-49-17 with yellow endosperm and partial resistance to Fusarium sp. infection. In this manner, we were able to compare potential effects of inductors upon defence gene expression among three varieties with different susceptibility to infection but also between inoculated and non-inoculated seedlings of a single variety. The lowest infection levels were detected in the sodium bicarbonate treatment. Sodium bicarbonate had not only negative influence on Fusarium growth but also positively affected expression of plant defence genes. Expression of the four marker genes shown to be important in plant defence was significantly affected by the treatments. The greatest upregulation in comparison to the water control was identified under all treatments for the B2H2 gene. Only expression of PAL under the ergosterol and prochloraz treatments were not statistically significant.

Papillary renal cell carcinoma with prominent spindle cell stroma - tumor mimicking mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney: Clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis of 6 cases

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is currently a well-studied type of RCC. In addition to PRCC type 1, there are a number of other subtypes and variants of PRCCs which have been reported. We describe a series of 6 PRCCs with papillary, micropapillary and/or tubulopapillary architecture and prominent spindle cell stroma, resembling stroma in mixed epithelial and stromal tumor of the kidney (MESTK) or sarcomatoid RCC. Clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular features were analyzed. All patients were males with an age range of 44-98 years (mean 65.3, median 65.5 years). Tumor size ranged from 2.4-11.4 cm (mean 5.8, median 4.5 cm). Follow-up data were available for 4 patients, ranging from 3 to 96 months (mean 42.75, median 36 months). Epithelial cells were mostly cylindrical with eosinophilic cytoplasm, showing nuclear grade 2 and 3 (ISUP/WHO). In all cases, loose to compact prominent stroma composed of spindle cells, without malignant mesenchymal heterologous elements was detected. No atypical mitoses were found, while typical mitoses were rare in both epithelial and stromal components. Epithelial cells were positive for CK7, AMACR, and vimentin in all cases, while negative for TFE3, HMB45, desmin, CD34, and actin. The stroma was positive for vimentin, actin and focally for CD34, while negative for CK7, AMACR, TFE3, HMB45, and desmin. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were completely negative. FH and SDHB expression was retained in all analyzable cases. Proliferative index was barely detectable in stromal component and low in epithelial component, ranging 0 to 5% positive stained cells/high power field. Copy number variation was variable with no distinct pattern. No mutations in CDKN2A, BAP1, MET were detected. PRCC with MESTK-like features is a distinct variant of PRCC mimicking MESTK. Our findings add to the body of literature on ever expanding variants of PRCCs. Both epithelial and stromal components lacked true Müllerian features, which was also proven by immunohistochemistry.

Biomarker immunoprofile and molecular characteristics in salivary duct carcinoma: clinicopathological and prognostic implications

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is one of the most aggressive salivary gland tumors, and prognosis remains poor for most patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic implications of biomarker immunoprofile in a cohort of SDC and to identify molecular characteristics through next-generation sequencing (NGS) in a subset of cases. Clinicopathological and follow-up information of 25 cases diagnosed as SDC was collected. Immunoexpression of AR, HER-2/neu, GATA3, CK5/6, and MIB1 was analyzed, and ERBB2 (HER-2/Neu) gene amplification was investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cases were classified under the "SDC revised classification system." Eight SDC cases were analyzed by targeted NGS for detection of gene fusions and variants. Overall survival and disease-free survival were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression. Most cases expressed AR (100%), GATA3 (73%), and CK5/6 (76.5%), and 42% expressed HER-2/neu. ERBB2 gene amplification was proven by fluorescence in situ hybridization in 7 of 15 (46%) cases. Apocrine HER2 (AR+/HER2+) subtype was significantly associated with lower overall survival (P = .05). NGS analysis revealed 9 pathogenic mutations in 7 SDC cases, and the most frequently mutated gene was HRAS (4/9) followed by PIK3CA (2/9) and TP53 (2/9). One case (1/9) presented homozygous deletion of locus 9p21 (CDKN2A), and another case (1/9) showed MDM2 amplification. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Apocrine HER2 (AR+/HER2+) is a potential biomarker of poor outcome in SDC. Furthermore, NGS analysis revealed recurrent mutations in SDC.

Low-grade oncocytic tumour of kidney (CD117-negative, cytokeratin 7-positive): a distinct entity?

AIM

To describe a group of distinct low-grade oncocytic renal tumours that demonstrate CD117 negative/cytokeratin (CK) 7-positive immunoprofile.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We identified 28 such tumours from four large renal tumour archives. We performed immunohistochemistry for: CK7, CD117, PAX8, CD10, AMACR, e-cadherin, CK20, CA9, AE1/AE3, vimentin, BerEP4, MOC31, CK5/6, p63, HMB45, melan A, CD15 and FH. In 14 cases we performed array CGH, with a successful result in nine cases. Median patient age was 66 years (range 49-78 years) with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.8. Median tumour size was 3 cm (range 1.1-13.5 cm). All were single tumours, solid and tan-brown, without a syndromic association. On microscopy, all cases showed solid and compact nested growth. There were frequent areas of oedematous stroma with loosely arranged cells. The tumour cells had oncocytic cytoplasm with uniformly round to oval nuclei, but without significant irregularities, and showed only focal perinuclear halos. Negative CD117 and positive CK7 reactivity were present in all cases (in two cases there was focal and very weak CD117 reactivity). Uniform reactivity was found for PAX8, AE1/AE3, e-cadherin, BerEP4 and MOC31. Negative stains included CA9, CK20, vimentin, CK5/6, p63, HMB45, Melan A and CD15. CD10 and AMACR were either negative or focally positive; FH was retained. On array CGH, there were frequent deletions at 19p13.3 (seven of nine), 1p36.33 (five of nine) and 19q13.11 (four of nine); disomic status was found in two of nine cases. On follow-up (mean 31.8 months, range 1-118), all patients were alive with no disease progression.

CONCLUSION

Low-grade oncocytic tumours that are CD117-negative/CK7-positive demonstrate consistent and readily recognisable morphology, immunoprofile and indolent behaviour.

Reactivity of CK7 across the spectrum of renal cell carcinomas with clear cells

AIMS

Current available data on cytokeratin 7 (CK7) immunostaining pattern in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) spectrum is conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess CK7 immunoreactivity within the spectrum of clear cell renal neoplasms, including clear cell RCC, multicystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential and clear cell papillary RCC-like tumours.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analysed two clones of CK7 and two tumour blocks for a total of 75 cases divided into five distinct groups: (i) low-grade clear cell RCC, (ii) high-grade clear cell RCC, (iii) multicystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential, (iv) clear cell RCC with cystic changes and (v) clear cell papillary RCC-like tumours. We found the highest CK7 reactivity in low-grade clear cell RCC, multicystic renal neoplasm of low malignant potential and clear cell papillary RCC-like groups, ranging from 60% to 93%.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings show that CK7 immunoreactivity in clear cell RCC is variable, and the extent of staining depends on the grade and architectural growth patterns of the tumours.

Influence of feeding colored wheat varieties on selected quality parameters of broiler chicken”™s meat

The effect of feeding colored wheat varieties (PS Karkulka and Skorpion) on chicken´s performance and texture, color and sensory characteristics of broiler chicken´s meat were evaluated in this study. The experiment was performed with 66 of Ross 308 cockerels. Cockerels were divided into three equal groups. The two experimental groups received feed mixtures containing 40% of wheats with different grain colour: groups PS Karkulka (n = 22) with PS Karkulka wheat cultivar and Skorpion (n = 22) with Skorpion cultivar. The third group (n = 22) had 40% of common wheat Vánek cultivar (Control). The live weight of broilers between all three groups was not significant different, as well as carcass yield and chemical composition of breast and thigh meat of chickens. In the parameter Razor Shear Force was found statistically significant higher breast meat tenderness in PS Karkulka against Control and Skorpion groups. In parameters L* and b* of colour of the meat samples was found statistically significant higher value in L* parameter in Skorpion group and b* parameter was higher in Control group. The total colour change was 2.25 and 2.53 for PS Karkulka and Skorpion group, respectively. In sensory analysis of broilers breast muscle was found statistically significant differences in odour, colour, fibreness, chewiness, juiciness and flavour parameter. The fatty taste parameter was non-significant. The odour parameter of chicken´s breast muscle was significantly lower in Skorpion group against PS Karkulka and Control groups. The significantly most intense colour of breast muscle was found in Control group versus Skorpion and PS Karkulka groups (91.71 mm, 79.71 mm and 71.15 mm, respectively). The fibreness parameter was significantly higher for Control group, as well. Significantly higher chewiness of breast meat was in Control (68.49 mm) than PS Karkulka (52.02 mm) and Skorpion (43.32 mm) group. The feeding of wheat cultivars with different grain pigmentation had no effect on performance parameters of broiler chicken´s as well as to it´s body and chemical composition of breast and thigh meat in this study.

Papillary pattern in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis of 23 cases

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common histologic subtype of RCCs, demonstrates a wide spectrum of morphologic features (i.e., low-grade spindle cell, syncytial giant cells, and mucin-producing cells). However, papillary growth pattern in ccRCCs is rather a rare finding, which can present challenges in differential diagnostic work up. The aim of this study was to investigate ccRCCs with predominant papillary features from morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic perspectives. 23 clear cell renal cell carcinomas with papillary architecture were selected. Tumors were evaluated morphologically, immunohistochemically, and molecularly by next-generation sequencing (NGS). The diagnosis of MiT family translocation RCC was excluded by TFE3 immunohistochemistry. Mean age of patients was 65.2 years (range 42-81 years), and 19/23 were male. Tumor size ranged from 1.6 to 12.8 cm (median 6.5 cm). At a median follow-up of 2.5 years (range 1.5-9 years), 2 patients (8.7%) died of disease, 2 developed metastasis. Areas of papillary pattern accounted for approximately 40-100% of the tumor. CK7 was negative in non-papillary areas in majority of cases (20/23, 87%), and was only focally positive in 3/23 cases (13%). In papillary areas, AMACR was positive/focally positive in 17/23 (73.9%) cases and in the non-papillary areas it was positive/focally positive in 22/23 (95.6%) cases. CAIX was mainly negative in both non-papillary and papillary areas (15/23 [65%] and 16/23 [69.5%], respectively). Molecular analysis of 15 analyzable cases revealed the most frequently mutated gene to be VHL (in 9 cases), followed by PRBM1 (in 2 cases) and 29 other different mutations in various genes. Papillary growth pattern in ccRCC is not an uncommon situation. Papillary RCC with clear cells and MiT family (TFE3) translocation RCCs are the major differential diagnostic considerations in such scenarios. Our NGS molecular analysis supported classifying such tumors as a morphologic variant of ccRCC.

"High-grade oncocytic renal tumor": morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 14 cases

The spectrum of the renal oncocytic tumors has been expanded in recent years to include several novel and emerging entities. We describe a cohort of novel, hitherto unrecognized and morphologically distinct high-grade oncocytic tumors (HOT), currently diagnosed as "unclassified" in the WHO classification. We identified 14 HOT by searching multiple institutional archives. Morphologic, immunohistochemical (IHC), molecular genetic, and molecular karyotyping studies were performed to investigate these tumors. The patients included 3 men and 11 women, with age range from 25 to 73 years (median 50, mean 49 years). Tumor size ranged from 1.5 to 7.0 cm in the greatest dimension (median 3, mean 3.4 cm). The tumors were all pT1 stage. Microscopically, they showed nested to solid growth, and focal tubulocystic architecture. The neoplastic cells were uniform with voluminous oncocytic cytoplasm. Prominent intracytoplasmic vacuoles were frequently seen, but no irregular (raisinoid) nuclei or perinuclear halos were present. All tumors demonstrated prominent nucleoli (WHO/ISUP grade 3 equivalent). Nine of 14 cases were positive for CD117 and cytokeratin (CK) 7 was either negative or only focally positive in of 6/14 cases. All tumors were positive for AE1-AE3, CK18, PAX 8, antimitochondrial antigen, and SDHB. Cathepsin K was positive in 13/14 cases and CD10 was positive in 12/13 cases. All cases were negative for TFE3, HMB45, Melan-A. No TFEB and TFE3 genes rearrangement was found in analyzable cases. By array CGH, complete chromosomal losses or gains were not found in any of the cases, and 3/9 cases showed absence of any abnormalities. Chromosomal losses were detected on chromosome 19 (4/9), 3 with losses of the short arm (p) and 1 with losses of both arms (p and q). Loss of chromosome 1 was found in 3/9 cases; gain of 5q was found in 1/9 cases. On molecular karyotyping, 3/3 evaluated cases showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 16p11.2-11.1 and 2/3 cases showed LOH at 7q31.31. Copy number (CN) losses were found at 7q11.21 (3/3), Xp11.21 (3/3), Xp11.22-11.21 (3/3), and Xq24-25 (2/3). CN gains were found at 13q34 (2/3). Ten patients with available follow up information were alive and without disease progression, after a mean follow-up of 28 months (1 to 112 months). HOT is a tumor with unique morphology and its IHC profile appears mostly consistent. HOT should be considered as an emerging renal entity because it does not meet the diagnostic criteria for other recognized eosinophilic renal tumors, such as oncocytoma, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC), TFE3 and TFEB RCC, SDH-deficient RCC, and eosinophilic solid and cystic RCC.

Molecular Profiling of Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinoma Revealed a Subset of Tumors Harboring a Novel ETV6-RET Translocation: Report of 10 Cases

ETV6 gene abnormalities are well described in tumor pathology. Many fusion partners of ETV6 have been reported in a variety of epithelial, mesenchymal, and hematological malignancies. In salivary gland tumor pathology, however, the ETV6-NTRK3 translocation is specific for (mammary analog) secretory carcinoma, and has not been documented in any other salivary tumor type. The present study comprised a clinical, histologic, and molecular analysis of 10 cases of secretory carcinoma, with typical morphology and immunoprofile harboring a novel ETV6-RET translocation.

Reactions of Melolontha hippocastani adults to high manganese content in food

Rapid adaptation of insect species to environmental changes can be advantageous for their development. Forest cockchafer (Melolontha hippocastani) is herbivorous insect species with high food intake that has been widely studied within European conditions. It can cause huge economic and ecological losses especially in oak-dominated forest stands. Food preference of this species is mainly comprised of trees with a potential to accumulate manganese in their assimilation apparatus. In order to determine cockchafer's reactions to increased Mn concentration in its food, the adults were reared in laboratory conditions controlled for temperature, humidity, and light on a natural diet of oak (Quercus petraea) leaves. Food was contaminated by soaking in solutions of MnCl₂·4H₂O in concentrations from 0.5 to 10mgml^-1. Food consumption, activity period of adults, quantity of eggs laid, body weights of individuals, as well as Mn concentrations in unconsumed food, excrement, and the bodies of cockchafers were determined to indicate how these change in reaction to food quality altered in terms of Mn content. The results showed that very high Mn content in the diet significantly influenced food consumption by M. hippocastani adults and thereby their development. This was in spite of the tendency of individuals to expel Mn through the faeces and incorporate it into undetermined parts of their bodies. Negative reactions of the experimental population were determined in treatments fed leaves with Mn concentration of 1800ppm and more. Our experiment proved that Mn can greatly influence the phytophagous cockchafer (decreased feeding time, food consumption, and fertility).

Genes WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE and SHAM RAMIFICATION 2 independently regulate differentiation of floral meristems in wheat

BACKGROUND

Inflorescences of wheat species, spikes, are characteristically unbranched and bear one sessile spikelet at a spike rachis node. Development of supernumerary spikelets (SSs) at rachis nodes or on the extended rachillas is abnormal. Various wheat morphotypes with altered spike morphology, associated with the development of SSs, present an important genetic resource for studies on genetic regulation of wheat inflorescence development.

RESULTS

Here we characterized diploid and tetraploid wheat lines of various non-standard spike morphotypes, which allowed for identification of a new mutant allele of the WHEAT FRIZZY PANICLE (WFZP) gene that determines spike branching in diploid wheat Ttiticum monococcum L. Moreover, we found that the development of SSs and spike branching in wheat T. durum Desf. was a result of a wfzp-A/TtBH-A1 mutation that originated from spontaneous hybridization with T. turgidum convar. сompositum (L.f.) Filat. Detailed characterization of the false-true ramification phenotype controlled by the recessive sham ramification 2 (shr2) gene in tetraploid wheat T. turgidum L. allowed us to suggest putative functions of the SHR2 gene that may be involved in the regulation of spikelet meristem fate and in specification of floret meristems. The results of a gene interaction test suggested that genes WFZP and SHR2 function independently in different processes during spikelet development, whereas another spike ramification gene(s) interact(s) with SHR2 and share(s) common functions.

CONCLUSIONS

SS mutants represent an important genetic tool for research on the development of the wheat spikelet and for identification of genes that control meristem activities. Further studies on different non-standard SS morphotypes and wheat lines with altered spike morphology will allow researchers to identify new genes that control meristem identity and determinacy, to elucidate the interaction between the genes, and to understand how these genes, acting in concert, regulate the development of the wheat spike.

High-grade renal cell carcinoma with emperipolesis: Clinicopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic analysis of 14 cases

Emperipolesis has recently been described as a constant feature of "biphasic squamoid" papillary renal cell carcinoma (BPRCC). We also noticed this in some high-grade (HG) RCC, which promoted the present study to estimate the incidence of emperipolesis in RCCs and to describe them in further detail. 14 cases of HGRCC showing emperipolesis were retrieved from our registry. Microscopic examination of filed slides was supplemented with immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic analyses using paraffin embedded tissue. 12 of 14 patients were males with a mean age of 58.6 years (range 41-72 years). Tumor size ranged from 6-16.5 cm (mean of 8.8 cm). Follow up data were available for 8/14 patients (range 0.5-10 years). Metastases were documented in 6 cases. All tumors showed solid-alveolar growth patterns with focal pseudopapillary features, and were composed of large cells with bizarre nuclei and eosinophilic rhabdoid-like cytoplasm. Emperipolesis was a constant and prominent feature in large bizarre cells. All cases were positive for OSCAR, CANH 9, vimentin, cyclin D1, INI-1, and myoD1, while negative for melanocytic markers, CK 7, myoglobin, cathepsin K, and TFE3. VHL gene abnormalities were found in 6/9 analyzable cases, of which 2 demonstrated polysomy of chromosomes 7, 17. Emperipolesis is a rare histomorphologic feature which can be seen not only in BPRCCs but also in highgrade CCRCCs. All RCC cases with prominent emperipolesis fulfilled both morphologic and immunohistochemical diagnostic criteria of high-grade CCRCC. The majority of patients with available follow up information developed metastases.

Free and esterified carotenoids in pigmented wheat, tritordeum and barley grains

Carotenoids are important phytonutrients responsible for the yellow endosperm color in cereal grains. Five carotenoids, namely lutein, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, α- and β-carotene, were quantified by HPLC-DAD-MS in fourteen genotypes of wheat, barley and tritordeum harvested in Czechia in 2014 and 2015. The highest carotenoid contents were found in yellow-grained tritordeum HT 439 (12.16μg/gDW), followed by blue-grained wheat V1-131-15 (7.46μg/gDW), and yellow-grained wheat TA 4024 (7.04μg/gDW). Comparing carotenoid contents, blue varieties had lower whereas purple ones had the same or higher levels than conventional bread wheat. Lutein was the main carotenoid found in wheat and tritordeum while zeaxanthin dominated in barley. The majority of cereals contained considerable levels of esterified forms (up to 61%) of which lutein esters prevailed. It was assessed that cereal genotype determines the proportion of free and esterified forms. High temperatures and drought during the growing season promoted carotenoid biosynthesis.

Tocotrienols and tocopherols in colored-grain wheat, tritordeum and barley

Colored-grain spring and winter wheat, spring tritordeum and barley (blue aleurone, purple pericarp, and yellow endosperm) from the harvests 2014 and 2015 were evaluated for tocol contents by HPLC-FD. Higher content of total tocols was found in spring wheat varieties compared with winter varieties. Four tocols (β-tocotrienol, α-tocotrienol, β-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol) were identified in wheat and tritordeum varieties. Dominant tocols in purple- and blue-grained wheat and yellow-grained tritordeum were α-tocopherol and β-tocotrienol, whereas spring barley varieties differed from wheat and tritordeum by high α-tocotrienol content. Tocol content was significantly affected by genotype and in a lesser extent in some varieties and lines also by rainfall and temperatures during crop year. Higher rainfall and lower temperatures caused in most varieties higher tocol contents. Purple- and blue-grained wheat lines with higher tocol, anthocyanin and phenolic acids with health benefits may be useful for breeding new varieties.

The effect of feeding wheat varieties with different grain pigmentation on growth performance, texture, colour and meat sensory traits of broiler chickens

The feeding effect of of three spring wheat genotypes (Vánek, Konini and UC66049) with different grain colour on growth performance, body composition and meat quality parameters of broiler chickens was tested. Ninety chickens were divided into three groups (control, Konini and UC) with 30 chickens in each. The tested genotypes were compares with standard variety Vánek (control) with common (red) grain colour. The two experimental groups received feed mixtures containing 38.2% of wheats with different grain colour: groups Konini (n = 30) and UC (n = 30) with. The third group (n = 30) had 38.2% of common wheat Vánek cultivar (Control group). The live weight of chickens between the experimental groups and control group was not significant different, as well as body composition and chemical analysis of breast and thigh meat of chickens. The feeding of wheat with different grain colour had no effect on performance parameters of broiler chickens. Breast meat tenderness according to the Razor Blade Shear Force was higher in control group against experimental groups. The colour change was not significantly different in all coordinates. pH values (measured after 1-hour post mortem) were found significantly higher in the group fattening with Konini wheat than control and UC groups. Chickens meat from the experimental group was characterised by steady overall quality. The effect of various feeding had no effect on meat quality in terms of relevance to consumers.

Molecular alterations in lesions of anogenital mammary-like glands and their mammary counterparts including hidradenoma papilliferum, intraductal papilloma, fibroadenoma and phyllodes tumor

Lesions affecting anogenital mammary-like glands (AGMLG) are histopathologically very similar to those seen in the breast but whether this morphological similarity is also reflected at the genetic level is unknown. To compare the underlying molecular mechanisms in lesions of AGMLG and their mammary counterparts, we analyzed the mutational profile of 16 anogenital neoplasms including 5 hidradenomas papilliferum (HP), 1 lesion with features of HP and fibroadenoma (FA), 7 FA, 3 phyllodes tumors (PhT)) and 18 analogous breast lesions (6 intraductal papillomas (IDP), 9 FA, and 3 PhT) by high-coverage next generation sequencing (NGS) using a panel comprising 50 cancer-related genes. Additionally, all cases were analyzed for the presence of a mutation in the MED12 gene. All detected mutations with allele frequencies over 20% were independently validated by Sanger sequencing (concordance: 100%). Mutations in PIK3CA, AKT1, MET, ABL1 and TP53 genes were found in lesions of AGMLG and also their mammary counterparts. The PI3K-AKT cascade plays a role in tumors arising at both sites. It appears that some histopathologically similar anogenital and breast lesions develop along similar molecular pathways.

Reaction of Leaf Weevil Phyllobius arborator (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to Manganese Content in Diet

Reaction of leaf weevil (Phyllobius arborator (Herbst)) to increased concentration of manganese in diet was investigated in laboratory rearing with controlled temperature, humidity, and light conditions. Food for leaf weevils in rearing (leaves of birch Betula pendula Roth) was contaminated by soaking the leaves in solutions of MnCl2.4H2O with graded concentration of manganese. Direct influence of food was characterized by the consumed amount of leaves, period of feeding, and weight of P. arborator adults. At the same time, the levels of manganese in unconsumed food, excrement, and bodies of adults were determined.Even very high content of manganese in food did not cause significantly different reaction of P. arborator adults in comparison to individuals in control treatment. No significant difference in the quantity of the consumed food, weight of adults, and duration of their feeding period was found between the treatments within the experiment. The content of manganese found in food, excrement, and adult beetles indicate that P. arborator avoided manganese intoxication through food by both-voiding manganese through the feces and sequestering it at relatively high concentrations in unspecified parts of their body.

Warthin-like papillary renal cell carcinoma: Clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic analysis of 11 cases

Oncocytic papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) is a distinct subtype of PRCC, listed as a possible new variant of PRCC in the 2016 WHO classification. It is composed of papillae aligned by large single-layered eosinophilic cells showing linearly arranged oncocytoma-like nuclei. We analyzed clinicopathologic, morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic characteristics of 11 oncocytic PRCCs with prominent tumor lymphocytic infiltrate, morphologically resembling Warthin's tumor. The patients were predominantly males (8/11, 73%), with an average age of 59years (range 14-76), and a mean tumor size of 7cm (range 1-22cm). Tumors had the features of oncocytic PRCCs with focal pseudostratification in 8/11 cases and showed dense stromal inflammatory infiltration in all cases. Papillary growth pattern was predominant, comprising more than 60% of tumor volume. Tubular and solid components were present in 5 and 3 cases, respectively. Uniform immunohistochemical positivity was found for AMACR, PAX-8, MIA, vimentin, and OSCAR. Tumors were mostly negative for carboanhydrase 9, CD117, CK20, and TTF-1. Immunohistochemical stains for DNA mismatch repair proteins MLH1 and PMS2 were retained in all cases, while MSH2 and MSH6 were negative in 1 case. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) consisted of both B and T cells. Chromosomal copy number variation analysis showed great variability in 5 cases, ranging from a loss of one single chromosome to complex genome rearrangements. Only one case showed gains of chromosomes 7 and 17, among other aberrations. In 4 cases no numerical imbalance was found. Follow up data was available for 9 patients (median 47.6months, range 1-132). In 6 patients no lethal progression was noted, while 3 died of disease. In conclusion, Warthin-like PRCC is morphologically very close to oncocytic PRCC, from which it differs by the presence of dense lymphoid stroma. Chromosomal numerical aberration pattern of these tumors is variable; only one case showed gains of chromosomes 7 and 17. Warthin-like PRCC is a potentially aggressive tumor since a lethal outcome was recorded in 3/9 cases.

Cystic and necrotic papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognosis, morphology, immunohistochemical, and molecular-genetic profile of 10 cases

Conflicting data have been published on the prognostic significance of tumor necrosis in papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). Although the presence of necrosis is generally considered an adverse prognostic feature in PRCC, we report a cohort of 10 morphologically distinct cystic and extensively necrotic PRCC with favorable biological behavior. Ten cases of type 1 PRCC with a uniform morphologic pattern were selected from the 19 500 renal tumors, of which 1311 were PRCCs in our registry. We focused on precise morphologic diagnosis supported by immunohistochemical and molecular-genetic analysis. Patients included 8 men and 2 women with an age range of 32-85 years (mean, 62.6 years). Tumor size ranged from 6 to 14 cm (mean, 9.4 cm). Follow-up data were available in 7 patients, ranging from 0.5 to 14 years (mean, 4 years). All tumors were spherical, cystic, and circumscribed by a thick fibrous capsule, filled with hemorrhagic/necrotic contents. Limited viable neoplastic tissue was present only as a thin rim in the inner surface of the cyst wall, consistent with type 1 PRCC. All cases were positive for AMACR, OSCAR, CAM 5.2, HIF-2, and vimentin. Chromosome 7 and 17 polysomy was found in 5 of 9 analyzable cases, 2 cases demonstrated chromosome 7 and 17 disomy, and 1 case showed only chromosome 17 polysomy. Loss of chromosome Y was found in 5 cases, including 1 case with disomic chromosomes 7 and 17. No VHL gene abnormalities were found. Papillary renal cell carcinoma type 1 can present as a large hemorrhagic/necrotic unicystic lesion with a thick fibroleiomyomatous capsule. Most cases showed a chromosomal numerical aberration pattern characteristic of PRCC. All tumors followed a nonaggressive clinical course. Large liquefactive necrosis should not necessarily be considered an adverse prognostic feature, particularly in a subset of type 1 PRCC with unilocular cysts filled with necrotic/hemorrhagic material.

Morphological, immunohistochemical, and chromosomal analysis of multicystic chromophobe renal cell carcinoma, an architecturally unusual challenging variant

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is typically composed of large leaf-like cells and smaller eosinophilic cells arranged in a solid-alveolar pattern. Eosinophilic, adenomatoid/pigmented, or neuroendocrine variants have also been described. We collected 10 cases of ChRCC with a distinct multicystic pattern out of 733 ChRCCs from our registry, and subsequently analyzed these by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and array comparative genomic hybridization. Of the 10 patients, 6 were males with an age range of 50-89 years (mean 68, median 69). Tumor size ranged between 1.2 and 20 cm (mean 5.32, median 3). Clinical follow-up was available for seven patients, ranging 1-19 years (mean 7.2, median 2.5). No aggressive behavior was documented. We observed two growth patterns, which were similar in all tumors: (1) variable-sized cysts, resembling multilocular cystic neoplasm of low malignant potential and (2) compressed cystic and tubular pattern with slit-like spaces. Raisinoid nuclei were consistently present while necrosis was absent in all cases. Half of the cases showed eosinophilic/oncocytic cytology, deposits of pigment (lipochrome) and microcalcifications. The other half was composed of pale or mixed cell populations. Immunostains for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), CK7, OSCAR, CD117, parvalbumin, MIA, and Pax 8 were positive in all tumors while negative for vimentin, TFE3, CANH 9, HMB45, cathepsin K, and AMACR. Ki67 immunostain was positive in up to 1 % of neoplastic cells. Molecular genetic examination revealed multiple chromosomal losses in two fifths analyzable tumors, while three cases showed no chromosomal numerical aberrations. ChRCC are rarely arranged in a prominent multicystic pattern, which is probably an extreme form of the microcystic adenomatoid pigmented variant of ChRCC. The spectrum of tumors entering the differential diagnosis of ChRCC is quite different from that of conventional ChRCC. The immunophenotype of ChRCC is identical with that of conventional ChRCC. Chromosomal numerical aberration pattern was variable; no chromosomal numerical aberrations were found in three cases. All the cases in this series have shown an indolent and non-aggressive behavior.

Mucinous spindle and tubular renal cell carcinoma: analysis of chromosomal aberration pattern of low-grade, high-grade, and overlapping morphologic variant with papillary renal cell carcinoma

The chromosomal numerical aberration pattern in mucinous tubular and spindle renal cell carcinoma (MTSRCC) is referred to as variable with frequent gains and losses. The objectives of this study are to map the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations (extent and location) in a large cohort of the cases and relate these findings to the morphologic variants of MTSRCC. Fifty-four MTSRCCs with uniform morphologic pattern were selected (of 133 MTSRCCs available in our registry) and divided into 3 groups: classic low-grade MTSRCC (Fuhrman nucleolar International Society of Urological Pathology grade 2), high-grade MTSRCC (grade 3), and overlapping MTSRCC with papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) morphology. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis was applied to 16 cases in which DNA was well preserved. Four analyzable classic low-grade MTSRCCs showed multiple losses affecting chromosomes 1, 4, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 22. No chromosomal gains were found. Four analyzable cases of MTSRCC showing overlapping morphology with PRCC displayed a more variable pattern including normal chromosomal status; losses of chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 9, 14, 15, and 22; and gains of 3, 7, 16, and 17. The group of 4 high-grade MTSRCCs exhibited a more uniform chromosomal aberration pattern with losses of chromosomes 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 22 and without any gains detected. (1) MTSRCC, both low-grade and high-grade, shows chromosomal losses (including 1, 4, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 22) in all analyzable cases; this seems to be the most frequent chromosomal numerical aberration in this type of RCC. (2) Cases with overlapping morphologic features (MTSRCC and PRCC) showed a more variable pattern with multiple losses and gains, including gains of chromosomes 7 and 17 (2 cases). This result is in line with previously published morphologic and immunohistochemical studies that describe the broad morphologic spectrum of MTSRCC, with changes resembling papillary RCC. (3) The diagnosis of MTSRCC in tumors with overlapping morphology (MTSRCC and PRCC) showing gains of both chromosomes 7 and 17 remains questionable. Based on our findings, we recommend that such tumors should not be classified as MTSRCC but rather as PRCC.

Identification of differentially expressed genes in a pistillody common wheat mutant using an annealing control primer system

HTS-1 is a new kind of pistillody wheat. All or parts of its stamen are transformed into pistils or pistil-like structures, and it has more seed sets per floret than normal wheat under normal cultivation conditions. To investigate the expression divergence in this mutant, an annealing control primer system was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the young spikelets. As a result, three DEGs, including HDB2, HGF2, and HCG4, were detected, with variable expression in HTS-1 and the control. After further confirmation using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, these genes were overexpressed in HTS-1 wheat. NGF2 was identified in the double ridge to floret differentiation stages; HDB2 and HCG4 were identified in the stage of pistil and stamen-differentiating. Therefore, we inferred that the homeotic transformation of stamens into pistil-like structures occurred during the early stage of stamen development. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that HDB2 encodes a putative protein of 189 amino acids, with high homology to the DEAD-box ATP-dependent RNA helicase, and HCG4 was identical to the Chinese spring wheat cDNA clone predicted protein according to GenBank. However, NGF2 was not found to have significant similarity to any reported proteins, suggesting it is a new functional gene in wheat. The results suggest that HDB2, HCG4, and HGF2 are minor genes contributing to pistillody trait formation in HTS-1.

Sporadic renal hemangioblastoma with CA9, PAX2 and PAX8 expression: diagnostic pitfall in the differential diagnosis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma

To date, 13 cases of sporadic renal hemangioblastoma have been reported. In this article, we report such a case that might cause the diagnostic pitfall. A 37-year-old Japanese was found to have a renal mass by periodic medical check-up. He underwent radical nephrectomy. Macroscopically, the tumor was well-defined without fibrous capsule and the cut surface of the tumor exhibited light brown to gray-tan color without hemorrhage or necrosis. Microscopically, the tumor was made up of large polygonal to short spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm with occasional vacuolization and abundant arborizing capillary network. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells showed diffuse positivity for inhibin-alpha, S-100 protein, vimentin, CA9, PAX2 and PAX8, but negativity for cytokeratin CAM5.2, alpha smooth muscle actin, Melanosome, Melan A, TFE3 and cathepsin K. In genetic analyses, this tumor showed no changes of VHL gene mutation, hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 3p. Additionally, G-band karyotype and array comparative genomic hybridization studies showed a normal chromosome. In conclusion, the positivity for CA9, PAX2 and PAX8 in sporadic renal hemangioblastoma may cause the critical diagnostic pitfall in the differential diagnosis from clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Pathologists need to pay attention to systemic evaluation including macroscopic, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings. In some cases, molecular genetic study may be necessary.

Variation in genome composition of blue-aleurone wheat

Different blue-aleurone wheats display major differences in chromosome composition, ranging from disomic chromosome additions, substitutions, single chromosome arm introgressions and chromosome translocation of Thinopyrum ponticum. Anthocyanins are of great importance for human health due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancerogenic potential. In common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) their content is low. However, elite lines with blue aleurone exhibit significantly increased levels of anthocyanins. These lines carry introgressed chromatin from wild relatives of wheat such as Thinopyrum ponticum and Triticum monococcum. The aim of our study was to characterize genomic constitutions of wheat lines with blue aleurone using genomic and fluorescence in situ hybridization. We used total genomic DNA of Th. ponticum and two repetitive DNA sequences (GAA repeat and the Afa family) as probes to identify individual chromosomes. This enabled precise localization of introgressed Th. ponticum chromatin. Our results revealed large variation in chromosome constitutions of the blue-aleurone wheats. Of 26 analyzed lines, 17 carried an introgression from Th. ponticum; the remaining nine lines presumably carry T. monococcum chromatin undetectable by the methods employed. Of the Th. ponticum introgressions, six different types were present, ranging from a ditelosomic addition (cv. Blue Norco) to a disomic substitution (cv. Blue Baart), substitution of complete (homologous) chromosome arms (line UC66049) and various translocations of distal parts of a chromosome arm(s). Different types of introgressions present support a hypothesis that the introgressions activate the blue aleurone trait present, but inactivated, in common wheat germplasm.

FRIZZY PANICLE drives supernumerary spikelets in bread wheat

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) inflorescences, or spikes, are characteristically unbranched and normally bear one spikelet per rachis node. Wheat mutants on which supernumerary spikelets (SSs) develop are particularly useful resources for work towards understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying wheat inflorescence architecture and, ultimately, yield components. Here, we report the characterization of genetically unrelated mutants leading to the identification of the wheat FRIZZY PANICLE (FZP) gene, encoding a member of the APETALA2/Ethylene Response Factor transcription factor family, which drives the SS trait in bread wheat. Structural and functional characterization of the three wheat FZP homoeologous genes (WFZP) revealed that coding mutations of WFZP-D cause the SS phenotype, with the most severe effect when WFZP-D lesions are combined with a frameshift mutation in WFZP-A. We provide WFZP-based resources that may be useful for genetic manipulations with the aim of improving bread wheat yield by increasing grain number.

Development of Lymantria dispar affected by manganese in food

We studied the response of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) to the content of manganese in food in the laboratory breeding of caterpillars. The food of the caterpillars {Betula pendula Roth (Fagales: Betulaceae) leaves} was contaminated by dipping in the solution of MnCl2 · 4H2O with manganese concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg ml(-1), by which differentiated manganese contents (307; 632; 4,087 and 8,124 mg kg(-1)) were reached. Parameters recorded during the rearing were as follows: effect of manganese on food consumption, mortality and length of the development of caterpillars, pupation and hatching of imagoes. At the same time, manganese concentrations were determined in the offered and unconsumed food, excrements, and exuviae of the caterpillars, pupal cases and imagoes by using the AAS method. As compared with the control, high manganese contents in the food of gypsy moth caterpillars affected the process of development particularly by increased mortality of the first instar caterpillars (8 % mortality for caterpillars with no Mn contamination (T0) and 62 % mortality for subjects with the highest contamination by manganese (T3)), by prolonged development of the first-third instar (18.7 days (T0) and 27.8 days (T3)) and by increased food consumption of the first-third instar {0.185 g of leaf dry matter (T0) and 0.483 g of leaf dry matter (T3)}. The main defence strategy of the caterpillars to prevent contamination by the increased manganese content in food is the translocation of manganese into frass and exuviae castoff in the process of ecdysis. In the process of development, the content of manganese was reduced by excretion in imagoes to 0.5 % of the intake level even at its maximum inputs in food.

Choriogonadotropin positive seminoma-a clinicopathological and molecular genetic study of 15 cases

The presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) positive syncytiotrophoblastic cells (STC) in classic seminoma (CS) is well documented. CS with extensive hCG positive, non-syncytiotrophoblastic tumour cells (without STC) is exceptionally rare. In this study, we present 15 such cases. 168 CSs were retrieved from the Plzen Tumor registry. Cases of mixed germ cell tumors (with CS) and CSs with typical STC were excluded. Cases with completely embedded tumor mass were selected for further study and immunohistochemically examined with anti-hCG. Positive cases were further analyzed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Two groups of hCG-positive CSs were identified. Group 1 comprised 10 patients with a mean patient age of 37.7 years and mean tumor size of 4.96 cm. Eight cases were pT1 (TMN 2009) and 2 cases pT3a. Blood levels of hCG were elevated in 6 of the 10 patients preoperatively. In 2 patients the blood level of hCG was not tested. Mean follow-up period was 6.1 years. No metastatic behavior was noted. All tumors were extensively immunoreactive for hCG in more than 60% of tumor cells. The expression of hCG beta subunit (CGB)-mRNA in tumor tissue was documented. Group 2: Comprised 5 patients with a mean age was 34 years. Mean tumor size was 4.7 cm. Four cases were stage pT1 and 1 case was pT2. The mean follow-up period was 3.1 years. No metastatic behavior was noted. Preoperative blood levels of hCG were elevated in 1/5 of the patient. Strong hCG positivity was limited to scattered single tumor cells distributed throughout the entire tumor. Only weak expression of CGB mRNA was detected. We can conclude that immunohistochemical detection of expression of hCG in CS is not limited to syncytiotrophoblastic cells. In this study, we report two immunohistochemical patterns of hCG expression in classic seminomas: diffuse hCG staining in the majority of tumor cells and scattered hCG-positive cells within the tumor.

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma--chromosomal aberration variability and its relation to Paner grading system: an array CGH and FISH analysis of 37 cases

Genetically, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) is characterized by multiple chromosomal changes, especially losses. The most common losses include chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 17, and 21. The Fuhrman grading system lacks prognostic relevance for ChRCC, and recently, a new grading system for ChRCC was proposed by Paner. The objective of this study was to map the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations (extent and location) in a large cohort of ChRCCs and relate these findings to the Paner grading system (PGS). A large cohort of ChRCC was reviewed and graded according to the PGS. All the cases were reevaluated and separated into groups according to their PGS. The final study set was 37 patients. ChRCCs were divided into PG 1-3, sarcomatoid, and aggressive groups. "Aggressive ChRCCs" were designated cases with known metastatic activity, local recurrence, aggressive growth to the adjacent organs, or invasive growth into the renal sinus (with/without angioinvasion). Sarcomatoid tumors were divided into their epithelial and sarcomatoid component (further molecular genetic analyses were performed separately). Array comparative genome hybridization and/or fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was applied to 42 samples from the 37 cases. Multiple losses, as well as gains, were detected in different chromosomes. Regardless of the PGS groups, the most frequently detected losses involved chromosomes 1 (27/37), 2 (26/37), 6 (23/37), 10 (26/37), 13 (19/37), and 17 (24/37). Loss of chromosome 21 was found in 12/37 cases. The most frequently detected gains were found on chromosomes 4 (22/37), 7 (24/37), 15 (20/37), 19 (22/37), and 20 (21/37). Cluster analysis showed that there is no relation between PGS and particular pattern of chromosomal changes (losses or gains) in ChRCCs. Conclusions are as follows: (1) ChRCCs showed a significantly broader spectrum of chromosomal aberrations than previously recognized. While previously published chromosomal losses were found in our cohort, gains of multiple chromosomes were also identified in a high percentage. The most frequently detected gains involved chromosomes 4, 7, 15, 19, and 20. (2) There is no relation between chromosomal numerical changes and Paner grading system.

Tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma: is there a rational reason for targeted therapy using angiogenic inhibition? Analysis of seven cases

Generally, patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are viewed as potential candidates for antiangiogenic targeted therapy. Tubulocystic RCC (TCRC) is a recently described entity which may behave aggressively, and the rationale for antiangiogenic therapy in this group of renal tumors has yet to be determined. Seven TCRCs and five non-tumor tissue samples from seven patients were subjected to relative expression analysis of mRNA levels of 16 genes involved in three angiogenic signal pathways: (1) VHL/HIF, (2) RTK/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and (3) PI3K/Akt/mTOR. Two of them, pathways (2) and (3), are often targeted by antiangiogenic agents. We also determined the mutation and methylation status of the VHL gene. Finally, the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), HIF-1α, HIF-2α proteins, and phosphorylated mTOR protein were also determined. The comparison of tumor and control samples revealed no changes of mRNA levels of the following genes: VHL, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, PTEN, Akt2, Akt3, mTOR, VEGFA, KDR, HRas, C-Jun, EGFR, and FGF2. Significantly elevated mRNA level of TP53 was found, while the mRNA levels of FLT1 and C-FOS were reduced in tumor samples. No mutations or methylation in the VHL gene were found. Changes in levels of studied proteins VEGFA, HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and increased phosphorylation of mTOR protein were not found. Three studied angiogenic pathways (VHL/HIF, RTK/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR) seem not to be upregulated in TCRC samples, so there appears to be no rationale for a general recommendation of antiangiogenic targeted therapeutic protocols for patients with these tumors.