Raman imaging monitors the time-resolved response of A. thaliana to the artificial inhibition of PSII

The short-term (0-96 h) response of A. thaliana to the oxidative stress induced by PSII inhibitor metribuzin was examined using Raman spectroscopy. Whole leaves of wildtype (WT, Col-0) and ros1 mutant were scanned and changes in carotenoids were examined. Strong differences in Raman intensity distributions between WT and ros1 were observed. A stronger decrease of carotenoid v₁(C=C) band intensity across the leaf was observed in ros1 after 48 h of exposure to metribuzin. It can be assumed that higher sensitivity to oxidative stress in ros1 mutant results in significantly faster degradation of carotenoids.

Non-destructive insights into photosynthetic and photoprotective mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under two light regimes

Probing insights into understanding photosynthetic processes via non-invasive means has an added advantage when used in phenotyping or precision agriculture. We employed Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence-based methods to investigate both the changes in the photosynthetic processes and the underlying protective mechanisms on Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT), and ros1, which is a mutant of a repressor of transcriptional gene silencing, both grown under low light (LL: 100 μmol m^-2s^-1) and high light (HL: 400 μmol m^-2s^-1) regimes. Raman imaging detected a lower carotenoid intensity after two weeks in those plants grown under HL, compared to those grown under the LL regime; we interpret this as the result of oxidative damage of β-carotene molecules. Further, the data revealed a significant depletion in carotenoids with enhanced phenolics around the midrib and tip of the WT leaves, but not in the ros1. On the contrary, small necrotic zones appeared after two weeks of HL in the ros1 mutant, pointing to the starting oxidative damage. The lower maximum quantum yield of the photochemistry (F_v/F_m) in the WT as well as in the ros1 mutant grown in HL (compared to those in the LL two weeks post-exposure), indicates the HL partially inactivated photosystems. Chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging further showed high non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in the plants grown under the HL regime for both the WT and the ros1 mutant, but the spatial heterogeneity of NPQ images was much higher in the HL-grown ros1 mutant. Fluorescence screening methods revealed significantly high values of chlorophyll proxies in the WT as well as in the ros1 mutant two weeks after in the HL compared to those under LL. The data generally revealed an increased accumulation of phenolics under HL in both the WT and ros1 mutant plants, but the proxies of anthocyanin and flavonols were significantly lower in the ros1 mutant than in the WT. The comparatively low accumulation of anthocyanin in the ros1 mutant compared to the WT supports the Raman data. We conclude that integrated use of these techniques can be efficiently applied for a better understanding of insights into photosynthetic mechanisms.

Experimental Investigation of Cohesion between UHPC and NSC Utilising Interface Protrusions

The interaction of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) and normal-strength concrete (NSC) is one of the main issues for strengthening conventional concrete structures or other applications where NSC and UHPC are interrelated. UHPC stands out for its strength and durability, while NSC is significantly inexpensive and easier to work with. Efficiently designed structures can exploit the advantages of both mixtures. At the interface of these materials in newly designed structures, the formwork can be modified at the interface to give the concrete surface sufficient roughness and thus cohesion as required. This improves both the tensile and shear strength of the contact resulting in the enhanced capacity of the composite structure. In this study, a button foil was inserted into the formwork for the UHPC and then a part of NSC was made. The shear strength of the interface without any stress component in the transverse direction was measured on small-scale samples. It was to justify the possibility of the use of this interface in real constructions such as beams and columns. The main objective of further research is to design a composite beam using a UHPC shell as formwork for NSC and protrusions at the interface. It is expected that the U-shaped shell made of the UHPC could significantly contribute to the load-bearing capacity of the resulting composite NSC−UHPC structure and also to its enhanced durability. In addition, if the NSC is enclosed in a shell of UHPC, it can be made from various secondary materials, therefore it can decrease cement consumption by more than 50%.

Genotype and soil substrate effects on the wood quality of poplar grown in a reclaimed lignite-mining area

An understanding of the structural organisation and chemistry of the cell walls in woody tissues is crucial from the perspective of plant mechanical strength, water transportability, as well as subsequent commercial utilisation of the wood. Poplar trees (Populus sp.), grown on two reclamation substrates ("Humus" and "Sand") under the extreme soil conditions of an external coal mining spoil heap of the lignite mine in Bełchatów (Central Poland), were examined. Conventional parameters - tree-ring width (TRW) and wood density (WD) resolved annually (years 2008-2017) were corroborated by a novel approach of Raman spectroscopic analysis. Annually resolved Raman spectroscopic data representing the lignin-to-cellulose ratio (Li/Ce) enabled to estimate trends of lignification. The above traits were obtained for the three poplar genotypes: H-275, Grandis, and Androscoggin to assess the suitability of their plantation on the reclaimed heap. Our results show a significant effect of genotype on TRW, WD, and the Raman Li/Ce, while the effect of the soil substrate was less pronounced. The highest Li/Ce was identified in the H-275 genotype grown on a substrate with hummus. H-275 also showed higher TRW values compared to the other genotypes. WD was significantly higher in Grandis and Androscoggin genotypes grown on the "Sand" substrate. Associations between tree-ring parameters and climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) were mostly low and not statistically significant. Our findings from individual tree rings indicate that the genotype is the crucial factor influencing the lignification of poplar trees grown on post-mining lands.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis of colorectal origin treated by cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy at the Bulovka University Hospital

INTRODUCTION

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PK) of colorectal origin is a malignant tumour of the peritoneum caused by spreading of colorectal carcinoma (KRK) over the peritoneal surface of the abdominal cavity and its organs. PK occurs as a synchronous tumour in 1520% of patients, and as metachronous disease in 2550% of patients.

METHODS

A group of 66 patients operated on for PK was retrospectively evaluated; 18 patients were excluded due to insufficient data. We evaluated 48 patients in total (22 men and 26 women) with mean age of 58 and 53 years, respectively; 12 patients (25%) were aged over 65 years. The patients were operated on between 2000 and 2019 using the Sugarbaker´s method of maximal cytoreduction (CRS) + HIPEC (Hyperthermic Intraoperative Peritoneal Chemotherapy). We evaluated the length, median survival, the incidence of complications and lethality in relation to the Peritoneal Carcinoma Index (PCI) and the Completeness of Cytoreduction (CC) score. The patients were divided into two subgroups according to the PCI score (012 and >12, respectively) and the CC score (CC 01 and CC 23, respectively).

RESULTS

The mean survival was 26.3 months in the group with PCI up to 12 and 21.4 months in patients with PCI above 12 (p=0.02). In the group with CC 01 the mean survival was 27.1 months, while in the patients with the CC 23 it reached 12.6 months (p=0.06). The morbidity rate requiring an intervention was 18.7% and the lethality rate was 6.25% in the entire group. The median survival of the entire group was 22 months (1334 months).

CONCLUSION

Literary references and our results are comparable, confirming the high efficiency of this method both in our country and worldwide. The use of CRS and HIPEC, associated with acceptable mortality and morbidity in selected patients with PK of colorectal origin, results in a significant extension of overall survival (OS).

Chlorophyll a fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy can monitor activation/deactivation of photosynthesis and carotenoids in Antarctic lichens

Lichens survive harsh weather of Antarctica as well as of other hostile environments worldwide. Therefore, this investigation is important to understand the evolution of life on Earth in relation to their stress tolerance strategy. We have used chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively, to monitor the activation/deactivation of photosynthesis and carotenoids in three diverse Antarctic lichens, Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum (DP), Umbilicaria antarctica (UA), and Leptogium puberulum (LP). These lichens, post 4 h or 24 h of hydration, showed differences in their ChlF transients and values of major ChlF parameters, e.g., in the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m), and yields of fluorescence and heat dissipation (Φ_f,d), of effective quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Φ_PSII) and of non-photochemical quenching (Φ_npq), which may be due to quantitative and/or qualitative differences in the composition of their photobionts. For understanding the kinetics of hydration-induced activation of photosynthesis, we screened Φ_PSII of these lichens and reported its non-linear stimulation on a minute time scale; half of the activation time (t_1/2) was fastest ~4.05 ± 0.29 min for DP, which was followed by 5.46 ± 0.18 min for UA, and 13.95 ± 1.24 min for LP. Upon drying of fully activated lichen thallus, there was a slow decay, in hours, of relative water content (RWC) as well as of F_v/F_m. Raman spectral signatures were different for lichens having algal (in DP and UA) and cyanobacteria (in LP) photobionts, and there was a significant shift in ν₁(C=C) Raman band of carotenoids post 24 h hydration as compared to their value at a dry state or post 4 h of hydration; this shift was decreased, when drying, in DP and LP but not in UA. We conclude that hydration nonlinearly activated photosynthetic apparatus/reactions of these lichens in minute time range but there was a de-novo synthesis of chlorophylls as well as of carotenoids post 24 h. Their dehydration-induced deactivation, however, was comparatively slow, in hours range, and there seemed a degradation of synthesized chlorophylls and carotenoids post dryness. We conclude that in extremophilic lichens, their photosynthetic partners, in particular, possess a complex survival and photoprotective strategy to be successful in the extreme terrestrial environments in Antarctica.

A Novel Ruthenium Based Coordination Compound Against Pathogenic Bacteria

The current epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections urges to develop alternatives to less-effective antibiotics. To assess anti-bacterial potential, a novel coordinate compound (RU-S4) was synthesized using ruthenium-Schiff base-benzimidazole ligand, where ruthenium chloride was used as the central atom. RU-S4 was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Antibacterial effect of RU-S4 was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 8511), vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) (CCM 1767), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ST239: SCCmecIIIA), and hospital isolate Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antibacterial activity of RU-S4 was checked by growth curve analysis and the outcome was supported by optical microscopy imaging and fluorescence LIVE/DEAD cell imaging. In vivo (balb/c mice) infection model prepared with VRSA (CCM 1767) and treated with RU-S4. In our experimental conditions, all infected mice were cured. The interaction of coordination compound with bacterial cells were further confirmed by cryo-scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM). RU-S4 was completely non-toxic against mammalian cells and in mice and subsequently treated with synthesized RU-S4.

Raman imaging of microbial colonization in rock-some analytical aspects

Raman imaging allows one to obtain spatially resolved chemical information in a nondestructive manner. Herein, we present analytical aspects of effective in situ and in vivo Raman imaging of algae and cyanobacteria from within their native rock habitats. Specifically, gypsum and halite inhabited by endolithic communities from the hyperarid Atacama Desert were analyzed. Raman imaging of these phototrophic colonization reveals a pigment composition within the aggregates that helps in understanding some of their adaptation strategies to survive in this harsh polyextreme environment. The study is focused on methodical aspects of Raman imaging acquisition and subsequent data processing. Point imaging is compared with line imaging in terms of their image quality, spatial resolution, spectral signal-to-noise ratio, time requirements, and risk of laser-induced sample alteration. The roles of excitation wavelength, exposure time, and step size of the imaging grid on successful Raman imaging results are also discussed. Graphical abstract.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Plant Leaf Responses Cascade after PSII Inhibition: Raman, Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Infrared Thermal Imaging

The use of photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors allows simulating cascade of defense and damage responses, including the oxidative stress. In our study, PSII inhibiting herbicide metribuzin was applied to the leaf of the model plant species Chenopodium album. The temporally and spatially resolved cascade of defense responses was studied noninvasively at the leaf level by combining three imaging approaches: Raman spectroscopy as a principal method, corroborated by chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) and infrared thermal imaging. ChlF imaging show time-dependent transport in acropetal direction through veins and increase of area affected by metribuzin and demonstrated the ability to distinguish between fast processes at the level of electron transport (1 - Vj) from slow processes at the level of non-photochemical energy dissipation (NPQ) or maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm). The high-resolution resonance Raman images show zones of local increase of carotenoid signal 72 h after the herbicide application, surrounding the damaged tissue, which points to the activation of defense mechanisms. The shift in the carotenoid band indicates structural changes in carotenoids. Finally, the increase of leaf temperature in the region surrounding the spot of herbicide application and expanding in the direction to the leaf tip proves the metribuzin effect on slow stomata closure.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) and its therapy - 20 years experience of a single surgical department

INTRODUCTION

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare malignant disease with various grades of malignancy, producing mucinous and gelatinous masses. The origin of PMP is usually connected with the rupture of appendiceal mucinous tumours, other mucinous tumours of the gastrointestinal tract or of the ovary. The staging of this disease is determined by the PCI score (peritoneal cancer index), and the efficiency of surgical procedure by the CC score. Clinical presentation is very variable and depends on the stage of the disease. Many patients are asymptomatic with a minimal clinical finding, presented only with abdominal discomfort. A typical finding of the “jelly belly“ syndrome expands with progression of the disease. The diagnosis consists in preoperative determination of the tumour characteristics and PCI based on imaging methods, especially CT imaging.

METHODS

The Sugarbaker technique of complete tumour removal or the so-called cytoreductive surgery (CRS) was used, including hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) or alternatively early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy (EPIC). We performed retrospective evalu-ation of 73 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei undergoing surgery, 39 males and 34 females, mean age 50.6 and 56.4 years, respectively. Surgical revision was performed in 18 patients, 14 males and 4 females. The mean age of this group was 48.8 for the males and 47 for the females. The surgical procedures were performed between 1999 and 2018. Survival rates, median survival, complications based on Clavien-Dindo classification, lethality rates, and PCI and CC scores were assessed in the patient group.

RESULTS

96 surgeries were performed in 73 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei at our surgical department between 19992018. The surgery had to be repeated in 18 patients (24.6%). High grade (HG) pseudomyxoma was diagnosed in 29 patients (39.7%), and low grade (LG) pseudomyxoma in 44 patients (60.3%). Overall morbidity was 27.3%, and the mortality rate was 5.4%. The mean overall survival (OS) was 139.5 months in the LG pseudomyxoma group and 71.5 months in the HG pseudomyxoma group. Median survival was 86 months in the entire group and 72 in the HG pseudomyxoma group; the median was not reached in the LG pseudomyxoma group.

CONCLUSIONS

Results in the literature and our results are comparable, confirming the high efficiency of this method both in the world and in the Czech republic. The results indicate a highly statistically significant improvement of the OS with acceptable mortality and morbidity. These results confirm this method as a gold standard therapy for selected patients.

A correlative approach, combining chlorophyll a fluorescence, reflectance, and Raman spectroscopy, for monitoring hydration induced changes in Antarctic lichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum

Lichens are successful colonizers in extreme environments worldwide, and they are considered to have played an important role during the evolution of life. Here, we have used a correlative approach, combining three optical signals (chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF), reflectance, and Raman spectra), to monitor hydration induced changes in photosynthetic properties of an Antarctic chlorolichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum. We measured these three signals from this lichen at different stages (after 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h) of hydration, and compared the data obtained from this lichen in "dry state" as well as in different "hydrated state". We found that dry state of this lichen has: (1) no variable ChlF, (2) high reflectance, with no red-edge and almost zero photochemical reflectance index (PRI), and (3) low-intensity Raman bands of their carotenoids. Furthermore, 4 h of hydration, increased its relative water content (RWC) by 93%, showed red-edge in reflectance spectra, and changed the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (F_v/F_m) from 0 to 0.57 ± 0.01. We found that reflectance indices, normalized difference index (NDVI) and PRI, significantly differed between brown and black/green surface areas, at all hydration stages; whereas, a shift in the Raman ν₁(CC) band, between brown and black/green surface areas, occurred in 24 h or 48 h hydrated samples. These data indicate that hydration shortly (within 4 h) activated functions of photosynthetic apparatus, and the de novo synthesis of carotenoids occured in 24 h or 48 h. Furthermore, exposure to high irradiance (2000 μmol photons m^-2 s^-1), in 48 h hydrated lichen, significantly reduced F_v/F_m (signifies photoinhibition) and increased PRI (represents changes in xanthophyll pigments). We conclude that the implication of such a correlative approach is highly useful for understanding survival and protective mechanisms on extremophile photosynthetic organisms.

Application of Raman spectroscopy to analyse lignin/cellulose ratio in Norway spruce tree rings

Tree cores of Picea abies trees (>75 years old) from two different elevations (400 and 1100 m a.s.l.) in the Jeseníky Mountains were examined. Raman spectroscopy was used to analyse lignin/cellulose ratio in the latewood of individual tree rings from the last 35 years. The ratio was calculated based on the Raman intensity of the lignin band at ~1600 cm–1 assigned to phenyl groups and cellulose band at ~1096 cm–1 based on a vibration of glycosidic bonds. The results show a clear difference in lignin/cellulose ratios in trees from high and low elevations, while similar trends in lignin/cellulose ratios were found in tree cores originating from the same tree but different directions. Higher lignin/cellulose ratios were found at high elevation as compared to low elevation. The wood of spruces grown at high elevation also exhibited greater variability of lignin/cellulose ratios among individual tree rings as compared to trees from low elevation. A negative correlation between lignin/cellulose ratio and mean annual temperature was revealed. A weak positive correlation between lignin/cellulose ratio and total annual precipitation was also found. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed a pronounced influence of precipitation in June. The results show great potential for Raman spectroscopy in tree-ring analysis.

Detection of herbicide effects on pigment composition and PSII photochemistry in Helianthus annuus by Raman spectroscopy and chlorophyll a fluorescence

The effects of herbicides from three mode-of-action groups - inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (carfentrazone-ethyl), inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (mesotrione, clomazone, and diflufenican), and inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (amidosulfuron) - were studied in sunflower plants (Helianthus annuus). Raman spectroscopy, chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) imaging, and UV screening of ChlF were combined to evaluate changes in pigment composition, photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry, and non-photochemical quenching in plant leaves 6d after herbicide application. The Raman signals of phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and chlorophyll were evaluated and differences in their intensity ratios were observed. Strongly augmented relative content of phenolic compounds was observed in the case of amidosulfuron-treated plants, with a simultaneous decrease in the chlorophyll/carotenoid intensity ratio. The results were confirmed by in vivo measurement of flavonols using UV screening of ChlF. Herbicides from the group of carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitors significantly decreased both the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII and non-photochemical quenching as determined by ChlF. Resonance Raman imaging (mapping) data with high resolution (150,000-200,000 spectra) are presented, showing the distribution of carotenoids in H. annuus leaves treated by two of the herbicides acting as inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis (clomazone or diflufenican). Clear signs were observed that the treatment induced carotenoid depletion within sunflower leaves. The depletion spatial pattern registered differed depending on the type of herbicide applied.

[Overview of current modalities of colorectal cancer screening]

There are one-step and two-steps programs for colorectal cancer screening. The aim of all screening examinations is to detect early stage of the disease in asymptomatic patient. The aim of this article is actual review of current screening modalities such as fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoideoscopy, colonoscopy, CT colonography, capsule endoscopy, blood-based tests and stool DNA tests. Colonoscopy still remains the gold standard for detection of colorectal neoplasias. In majority of countries worldwide programs for colorectal cancer screening are based on immunochemical fecal occult blood test followed by colonoscopy when positive.

The efficacy of treatment of local residual neoplasia under standardized conditions

OBJECTIVES

Piecemeal endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is frequently used for the treatment of non-poly-poid colorectal lesions larger than 20 mm. Nevertheless, local residual neoplasia occurs (LRN) in as much as 15 % of cases. The aim of our prospective interventional study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment of LRN under standardized conditions.

METHODS

In two high volume non-university endoscopy centers, LRN has been treated according to the newly proposed classification based on endoscopic appearance by argon plasma coagulation (APC), endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Primary outcome, efficacy of LRN treatment, was defined as both endoscopic and histological absence of neoplastic tissue in the post-EMR site 6 months after LRN treatment session.

RESULTS

Twenty-five patients with 25 LRN lesions were enrolled. Among them, 12 (48 %), 8 (32 %) and 5 (20 %) were treated by APC, EMR and ESD, respectively, with efficacy in 10 (90.9 %), 7 (87.5 %) and 4 (100 %), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Using standardized approach based on therapy directed by LRN morphology, LRN may be eradicated in 91.3 % during one session.

KEY WORDS

colonoscopy - endoscopic mucosal resection - local residual neoplasia.

Adaptation strategies of endolithic chlorophototrophs to survive the hyperarid and extreme solar radiation environment of the Atacama Desert

The Atacama Desert, northern Chile, is one of the driest deserts on Earth and, as such, a natural laboratory to explore the limits of life and the strategies evolved by microorganisms to adapt to extreme environments. Here we report the exceptional adaptation strategies of chlorophototrophic and eukaryotic algae, and chlorophototrophic and prokaryotic cyanobacteria to the hyperarid and extremely high solar radiation conditions occurring in this desert. Our approach combined several microscopy techniques, spectroscopic analytical methods, and molecular analyses. We found that the major adaptation strategy was to avoid the extreme environmental conditions by colonizing cryptoendolithic, as well as, hypoendolithic habitats within gypsum deposits. The cryptoendolithic colonization occurred a few millimeters beneath the gypsum surface and showed a succession of organized horizons of algae and cyanobacteria, which has never been reported for endolithic microbial communities. The presence of cyanobacteria beneath the algal layer, in close contact with sepiolite inclusions, and their hypoendolithic colonization suggest that occasional liquid water might persist within these sub-microhabitats. We also identified the presence of abundant carotenoids in the upper cryptoendolithic algal habitat and scytonemin in the cyanobacteria hypoendolithic habitat. This study illustrates that successful lithobiontic microbial colonization at the limit for microbial life is the result of a combination of adaptive strategies to avoid excess solar irradiance and extreme evapotranspiration rates, taking advantage of the complex structural and mineralogical characteristics of gypsum deposits-conceptually called "rock's habitable architecture." Additionally, self-protection by synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites likely produces a shielding effect that prevents photoinhibition and lethal photooxidative damage to the chlorophototrophs, representing another level of adaptation.

[Very late effects of radiotherapy - limiting factor of current radiotherapy techniques]

BACKGROUND

Very late effects of radiotherapy occur within decades after the initial exposure. Their development is induced by low doses of ionizing radiation (from 4 Gy per radiation series) and their clinical manifestations are difficult to distinguish from other independent diseases diagnosed in individuals not formerly treated with radiation. A long time period from the exposure confounds any causal relationships between radiation and adverse events. Still, these side effects not only reduce the patients quality of life but also lead to an early morbidity and mortality, hence generating significant costs in health care and social systems.

PURPOSE

This article summarizes findings about the most common very late consequences of radiotherapy, which include cardiotoxicity, CNS toxicity, pneumotoxicity, renal toxicity and secondary malignancies. This issue is crucial in the group of children cancer patients, malignant lymphomas, testicular tumors and CNS tumors. Generally, the risk of very late effects of radiotherapy (RT) should be considered in all patients irradiated at a relatively early age with a high chance of long term survival. The risk of very late effects of RT is also one of the key limiting factors in the use of RT in the treatment of patients with benign lesions with longterm survival expectation, e. g. in patients with glomus tumors, neurofibromas, desmoid tumors or hemangiomas or other benign lesions (arterio venous malformations). Currently, the only known prevention of these very late adverse effects is to minimize the dose to critical structures to the lowest achievable level.

Miniaturized Raman instrumentation detects carotenoids in Mars-analogue rocks from the Mojave and Atacama deserts

This study is primarily focused on proving the potential of miniaturized Raman systems to detect any biomolecular and mineral signal in natural geobiological samples that are relevant for future application of the technique within astrobiologically aimed missions on Mars. A series of evaporites of varying composition and origin from two extremely dry deserts were studied, namely Atacama and Mojave. The samples represent both dry evaporitic deposits and recent evaporitic efflorescences from hypersaline brines. The samples comprise halite and different types of sulfates and carbonates. The samples were analysed in two different ways: (i) directly as untreated rocks and (ii) as homogenized powders. Two excitation wavelengths of miniaturized Raman spectrometers were compared: 532 and 785 nm. The potential to detect carotenoids as biomarkers on Mars compared with the potential detection of carbonaceous matter using miniaturized instrumentation is discussed.

Peri-operative Chemotherapy in Patients with Oesophageal and Gastro-oesophageal Junction Cancer – Three Years of Experience

Peri-operative chemotherapy has been found to benefit patients with oesophageal and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. This study’s aim was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of this treatment. The study included patients with carcinoma of the lower oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal junction in whom the disease was evaluated as potentially operable. Chemotherapy (CHT) consisted of three preoperative and three postoperative cycles of intravenous epirubicin and cisplatin on day 1 plus a continuous infusion of fluorouracil for 21 days (ECF) or oral capecitabine for 14 days (ECCap). Postoperative radio-chemotherapy (CRT) with fluorouracil or capecitabine after CHT was indicated in patients with two and more positive lymph nodes. Sixty-three patients started the treatment. Median follow-up was 32 months. Preoperative CHT was completed by 62 patients, 52 had surgery, 46 had radical resection, 25 patients had pN0 and 21 patient pN plus findings. Postoperative CHT was started in 39 (62%) patients and completed in 32 (51%). Ten (16%) patients had postoperative CRT. Adverse events of grade 3 and 4 were: neutropenia 17%, vomiting 8%, fatigue 5%, diarrhoea 3%. Reasons for omitting surgery in 11 (17%) patients were: progression in 7 patients, medically unfit in 3 patients, other in 1 patient. In the reporting period there were recurrences in 39 of all patients, in 7 locoregional only, in 10 distant plus locoregional, and in 19 distant metastases. Median survival was 24.1 months and 3-year survival rate was 42%. Peri-operative chemotherapy ECF/ECCap was feasible and well tolerated. Radical resection was performed in most patients.

Distribution of scytonemin in endolithic microbial communities from halite crusts in the hyperarid zone of the Atacama Desert, Chile

Scytonemin, a UV-screening molecule produced by certain Cyanobacteria to protect against harmful UV radiation, was studied in endolithic cyanobacterial colonies in the halite crust from one of the driest places on Earth - the hyperarid zone of the Atacama Desert. The distribution of the pigment within the evaporitic crust was studied in detail by various independent analytical methods: Raman spectroscopy (including Raman imaging); advanced microscopic observations (fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, low-temperature scanning electron microscopy); and spectrophotometric analyses. The differences in scytonemin biosynthesis were mapped within the colonized interior layers, which can be divided into scytonemin-rich and scytonemin-poor zones. A 532 nm laser for excitation proved to be an ideal excitation source with which to observe the relative content of scytonemin within a particular cell aggregate, as well as between different cell aggregates; based on the scytonemin/carotenoid Raman signal intensity ratio of selected corroborative bands for these two compounds. Significantly, scytonemin was found to accumulate within a decayed biomass in the surface portions of the halite crust. These were found to be highly enriched in both the absolute scytonemin content (as documented by UV/VIS spectrophotometry) and its content relative to other pigments associated with the cyanobacterial cells (e.g. carotenoids and chlorophyll).

[Registry of neuroendocrine tumors (NET) in Czech Republic after three years of data collection]

BACKGROUND

Neuroendocrine tumors are traditionally considered to be "rare" diseases. On contrary, the prevalence of neuroendocrine tumors is high. Therefore, the diagnostics, treatment and follow-up of neuroendocrine tumors are subjected to an evolving interest. There are various specifics of neuroendocrine tumors requiring an appropriate feedback of each intervention i.e. data collection and central data evaluation. The "Cooperative Group for Neuroendocrine Tumors" (KSPNN) has been conducting a nationwide neuroendocrine tumors registry since June 2009. The first data summary after three years is aimed at evaluation of feasibility and data utility.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The anonymous data on diagnostics, therapy and follow up of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of any primary site are collected in the registry. The contribution is conditioned by morphologically proven diagnosis according to the current WHO 2010 classification, in earlier cases WHO 2000 classification. The registry is operated by the Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University (Brno). The initial analysis includes data from June 2009 to October 2012.

RESULTS

Data of a substantial share of neuroendocrine tumor carriers have been collected -  742 subjects with a valid record, i.e. about 14% of presumed prevalence. Moreover, the registry covers nearly one fourth of incidence in the period 2009- 2011. The morphological diagnoses with the sign of nonspecific "neuroendocrine tumors" comprise the majority of records (75%); the most frequent is "carcinoid tumor neuroendocrine tumors". This results in a clear requirement for more detailed specifications of morphology as well as separation of small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma possessing principal bio-logic differences to neuroendocrine tumors itself. There is an apparent polarity of recorded clinical stages. Both stage I and stage IV comprise 30% of the records. This result is presumably related to how the diagnosis is established, either early and incidentally in initial stage or late with a developed endocrine symptomatology, in advanced stage. There is an evident selection bias. The treatment data reflect current trends, dominance of surgical therapy including reasonable cytoreductive surgery, vast use of somatostatine analogues in advanced disease and persistent position of chemotherapy for high grade tumors. The distribution of treatment modalities in the records documents a certain adherence to international treatment standards (ENETS, ESMO, NCCN).

CONCLUSION

The dynamics of data contributions confirm feasibility of data collection in the registry. The registry reveals a clear requirement for more detailed analyses of biopsies and more detailed disease morphology classification. In the near future, the registry is aimed to maintain the increasing volume of collected data and to cover the majority of neuroendocrine tumors incidence.

Practical considerations for the field application of miniaturized portable Raman instrumentation for the identification of minerals

The nondestructive identification of both inorganic and organic compounds without the need for chemical or mechanical sample preparation is an advantage of the Raman spectroscopic analytical technique when applied in situ using miniaturized equipment for the geosciences. This is critically assessed here for several real life geoscientific scenarios in which several groups of minerals were analyzed with emphasis on evaporites, carbonates, and selected types of dark minerals and weak Raman scatterers. The role of individual analytical instrumental parameters such as focal plane precision, exposure time, and ambient light conditions that can affect the acquisition and interpretation of spectroscopic data from these specimens in field conditions was also evaluated.

Raman spectroscopic analysis of geological and biogeological specimens of relevance to the ExoMars mission

A novel miniaturized Raman spectrometer is scheduled to fly as part of the analytical instrumentation package on an ESA remote robotic lander in the ESA/Roscosmos ExoMars mission to search for evidence for extant or extinct life on Mars in 2018. The Raman spectrometer will be part of the first-pass analytical stage of the sampling procedure, following detailed surface examination by the PanCam scanning camera unit on the ExoMars rover vehicle. The requirements of the analytical protocol are stringent and critical; this study represents a laboratory blind interrogation of specimens that form a list of materials that are of relevance to martian exploration and at this stage simulates a test of current laboratory instrumentation to highlight the Raman technique strengths and possible weaknesses that may be encountered in practice on the martian surface and from which future studies could be formulated. In this preliminary exercise, some 10 samples that are considered terrestrial representatives of the mineralogy and possible biogeologically modified structures that may be identified on Mars have been examined with Raman spectroscopy, and conclusions have been drawn about the viability of the unambiguous spectral identification of biomolecular life signatures. It is concluded that the Raman spectroscopic technique does indeed demonstrate the capability to identify biomolecular signatures and the mineralogy in real-world terrestrial samples with a very high degree of success without any preconception being made about their origin and classification.

[Which first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal neoplasias are at the highest risk]

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal neoplasias have higher risk of colorectal cancer than general population. The aim of our study was to identify first- degree relatives at the highest risk of colorectal neoplasia considering both their hereditary and nonhereditary risks.

METHODS

We have analysed the results of colonoscopic examinations of the first- degree relatives done within the project and we have compared them with the epidemiologic data relevant to colorectal cancer that we obtained from first-degree relatives.

RESULTS

160 first- degree relatives (66 men, 94 women, mean age 48.2, SD ± 10.9 years) have undergone colonoscopic examination within the project, 105 (66 %) of them had no or nonneoplastic polyps, 55 (34 %) had neoplastic lesions. In the univariate analysis the risk factors for the occurrence of neoplastic lesions were: male sex (OR 2.30, 95% CI 1.18- 4.48, p = 0.014), age over 50 years (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.42- 5.45, p = 0.003), sibship (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.25- 5.87, p = 0.012), smoking (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.21- 4.63, p = 0.012) and higher fat intake (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.07- 4.04, p = 0.032). In the multivariate analysis only the age over 50 years proved significant (OR 2.84, 95% CI 1.32- 6.09, p = 0.007). The most of the neoplastic lesions in first- degree relatives were located in the right colon.

CONCLUSIONS

We can confirm high prevalence of neoplastic lesions among first- degree relatives. First-degree relatives at the highest risk are men over 50 years of age, siblings, smokers, who do not reduce dietary fat intake. This group of patients share both genetic and environmental risks and thus should be screened with the highest priority.

[Radiobiological pitfalls of new techniques in radiotherapy]

Radiotherapy techniques in the last decade evolved to the stage where the potential dose distribution significantly differs from earlier practices. Rotational IMRT, robotic radiotherapy or proton radiotherapy enables extremely precise dose delivery to target volumes, on the other hand, these techniques can yield a number of problems. As for photon radiotherapy, this concerns primarily the effect of large volume irradiation with doses of 0.10.5 Gy. In this range, the hypersensitivity to low doses and the bystander effect may play an important role. Proton therapy is upredictable in its radiobiological effect at the end of the Bragg curve and there is also uncertainty about the peaks exact location. These effects should be taken into account when choosing among the irradiation techniques or when applying tolerance doses to critical organs in clinical practice, especially in younger patients with long survival expectation.

The miniaturized Raman system and detection of traces of life in halite from the Atacama Desert: some considerations for the search for life signatures on Mars

Raman spectroscopy is being adopted as a nondestructive instrumentation for the robotic exploration of Mars to search for traces of life in the geological record. Here, miniaturized Raman spectrometers of two different types equipped with 532 and 785 nm lasers for excitation, respectively, were compared for the detection of microbial biomarkers in natural halite from the hyperarid region of the Atacama Desert. Measurements were performed directly on the rock as well as on the homogenized, powdered samples prepared from this material-the effects of this sample preparation and the excitation wavelength employed in the analysis are compared and discussed. From these results, 532 nm excitation was found to be superior for the analysis of powdered specimens due to its high sensitivity toward carotenoids and hence a higher capability for their detection at relatively low concentration in bulk powdered specimens. For the same reason, this wavelength was a better choice for the detection of carotenoids in direct measurements made on the rock samples. The 785 nm excitation wavelength, in contrast, proved to be more sensitive toward the detection of scytonemin.

Evaluation of portable Raman spectrometer with 1064 nm excitation for geological and forensic applications

The development of miniaturized Raman instrumentation is in demand for applications relevant to forensic, pharmaceutical and art analyses, as well as geosciences, and planetary exploration. In this study we report on evaluation of a portable dispersive Raman spectrometer equipped with 1064 nm laser excitation. Selected samples from geological, geobiological and forensic areas of interest have been studied from which the advantages, disadvantages and the analytical potential of the instrument are assessed based on a comparison with bench instrumentation and other portable Raman spectrometers using 785 nm excitation. It is demonstrated that the instrument operating with 1064 nm excitation has potential for expanding the number and types of samples that can be measured by miniaturized Raman spectroscopy without interfering fluorescence background emission. It includes inorganic and organic minerals, biomolecules within living lichen and endolithic cyanobacteria as well as drugs of abuse and explosives.

[Inadequate screening and low awareness about risk factors among first-degree relatives of colorectal cancer patients]

INTRODUCTION

First-degree relatives ofcolorectal cancer patients have higher risk of disease, thus colonoscopic screening should be started at the age of 40 in this group. Goal of the study was to assess their awareness of the colorectal cancer risk factors and their compliance with colorectal cancer screening programme.

METHODS

62 patients after colorectal cancer resection and their 67 first-degree relatives (42% out of 160 addressed) answered structured questionnaire and counselling focused on colorectal cancer risk factors, and screening participation.

RESULTS

Before diagnosis of colorectal cancer only 18% of colorectal cancer patients (11/62) were aware of its risk factors, after diagnosis their awareness increased to 65% (40/62, p < 0.001). Before questionnaire 46% of first-degree relatives (31/67) were aware of colorectal cancer risk factors, after counselling awareness increased to 66% (44/67, p = 0.024). 79% (53/67) offirst-degree relatives were aware of their increased familial risk. 28% (19/67) of first-degree relatives enrolled for colorectal cancer screening. Most frequent screening method was fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in 21% (14/67) of first-degree relatives, colonoscopy was performed only in 7% (8/67) of first-degree relatives. Average age of screening participation was 53 years. 22% (15/67) of first-degree relatives refused any screening in the future.

CONCLUSIONS

We have found low awareness of colorectal cancer risk factors in colorectal cancer patients and their relatives before their diagnosis of disease respectively before their counselling. First-degree relatives are aware of their increased risk, however their screening participation is unsatisfactory. Screening is performed only in minority of first-degree relatives, often late and with inappropriate modality (FOBT). 22% of first-degree relatives refused any screening in spite of their increased colorectal cancer risk.

Evaluation of portable Raman instrumentation for identification of β-carotene and mellitic acid in two-component mixtures with halite

Recently, portable Raman instrumentation has been in demand for geosciences and for future planetary exploration for the identification of both organic and inorganic compounds in situ on Earth and on other planetary bodies, especially on Mars. Here we present the results of the analysis of halite/β-carotene and halite/mellitic acid mixtures, performed by miniaturized Raman instrumentation equipped with 785 and 1064 nm excitation. Various proportions of organics in the halite matrix were examined. The lowest concentration of β-carotene detected using the 785 nm laser was 1 mg kg(-1), with slightly better signals observed with shorter exposure times compared with the bench instrument using the same excitation wavelength. Mellitic acid was identified at the concentration level 10 g kg(-1). The 1064 nm excitation provided a lower sensitivity towards low concentration when compared with the 785 nm excitation.

Raman spectroscopy of the Dukhan sabkha: identification of geological and biogeological molecules in an extreme environment

The characterization of minerals and biogeological deposits in a terrestrial Arabian sabkha has a direct relevance for the exploration of Mars since the discovery by the NASA rovers Spirit and Opportunity of evaporate minerals on Mars that could have arisen from aquifers and subsurface water movement. The recognition of carbonates and sulphates in Gusev Crater has afforded an additional impetus to these studies, as relict or extant microbial extremophilic organisms could have colonized these geological matrices, as has been recorded on Earth. Here, we describe the Raman spectroscopic analysis of specimens of evaporitic materials sampled from the Dukhan sabkha, the largest inland sabkha in the Persian Gulf. With daily temperatures reaching in excess of 60 degrees C and extreme salinity, we have identified the characteristic Raman signatures of key biomolecular compounds in association with evaporitic minerals and geological carbonate and sulphate matrices, which indicate that extremophilic cyanobacterial colonies are existent there. This evidence, the first to be acquired spectroscopically from such a region, establishes a platform for further studies using remote, portable Raman instrumentation that will inform the potential of detection of similar systems on the Martian surface or subsurface in future space missions. A comparison is made between the results from this study and the previous analysis of a gypsum/halite sabkha where the extremophilic molecular signatures were better preserved.

Microbial colonization of halite from the hyper-arid Atacama Desert studied by Raman spectroscopy

The hyper-arid core of the Atacama Desert (Chile) is the driest place on Earth and is considered a close analogue to the extremely arid conditions on the surface of Mars. Microbial life is very rare in soils of this hyper-arid region, and autotrophic micro-organisms are virtually absent. Instead, photosynthetic micro-organisms have successfully colonized the interior of halite crusts, which are widespread in the Atacama Desert. These endoevaporitic colonies are an example of life that has adapted to the extreme dryness by colonizing the interior of rocks that provide enhanced moisture conditions. As such, these colonies represent a novel example of potential life on Mars. Here, we present non-destructive Raman spectroscopical identification of these colonies and their organic remnants. Spectral signatures revealed the presence of UV-protective biomolecules as well as light-harvesting pigments pointing to photosynthetic activity. Compounds of biogenic origin identified within these rocks differed depending on the origins of specimens from particular areas in the desert, with differing environmental conditions. Our results also demonstrate the capability of Raman spectroscopy to identify biomarkers within rocks that have a strong astrobiological potential.

[Malignant ascites--optional management using hyperthermic peroperative chemotherapy (HIPEC)]

146 procedures using hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) were performed in 121 patients in the FNB Surgical Clinic, during 2000-2008. During these procedures, ascites was detected in 30 subjects (24.8%) and its volume was 250-11,000 ml. The patients concerned could not undergo radical surgery for their GIT or gynecological tumors. The patient group was divided into two subgroups. Subgroup A (22 subjects) included subjects, in whom at least palliative debulking of the tumors (usually total omentectomy) was feasible, and the procedure was followed by HIPEC. Subgroup B (8 patients) included subjects who could not undergo even the minimum debulking procedure because of extensive tumorous spread in their abdominal cavity, underwent only HIPEC. Out of the total of 22 subjects in Subgroup A, ascites was not postoperatively recorded in 17 patients. In 5 patients, ascites was gradually formed from month 6.3 onwards, however, it only reached subclinical levels. In this subgroup, 7 patients exited (at the mean postoperative month 11.7), the remaining 15 patients were surviving at that time, out of whom 9 patients were surviving for more than 1 year after the procedure, 4 subjects were surviving for over 2 years after the procedure and 2 patients for over 4 years. The geometric mean survival time 16.49 months, standard deviation of 1.57. In Subgroup B (8 patients), no ascites was detected in 3 subjects until their death (37.5%), further 5 subjects presented with ascites at the mean postoperative month 7.25. These patients survived for 2-23 months. The geometric mean survival time was 6.83 months, standard deviation of 2.12. There was a statistically significant difference between the two subgoups in the survival time parametres (p = 0.009), thereas, the difference in ascites relapse rates was statistically insignificant (p = 0.12). In the whole study group, in-hospital morbidity was 16.6% and lethality 3.3%.

CONCLUSIONS

HIPEC with/without debulking is an efficient method for controlling, managing or preventing the development of malignant ascites, it extends the mean survival time of the patients (especially when bulking is feasible) with low morbidity and lethality rates of the procedure.

Application of portable Raman instruments for fast and non-destructive detection of minerals on outcrops

Raman spectral signatures have been obtained in situ for a series of minerals using portable Raman instruments. Cerussite, anglesite, wulfenite, titanite, calcite, tremolite, andradite and quartz were detected using portable Raman spectrometer First Defender XL (Ahura). Baryte, almandine and realgar Raman spectra obtained by this instrument in the field were compared to the data measured by the other mobile Raman instrument Inspector Raman (DeltaNu). Bench Raman dispersive microspectrometer (InVia Reflex, Renishaw) was used for comparative purposes. All spectra were obtained using a 785nm diode excitation. Although displaying lower spectral resolution comparing with the laboratory confocal instrument both portable instruments permit unambiguous detection of minerals in the field. These possibilities designate portable Raman machines as excellent tools for field geological applications. Miniaturised Raman instrument combined with LIBS will be included in the payload of the EXO Mars mission and would open interesting research possibilities in other in situ field planetary studies.

[Treatment of chronic postirradiation proctitis with argon plasma coagulation ]

Chronic radiation proctitis calls for a disease of the rectum due to irradiation of pelvic malignancies. The results of treatment of 8 patients with hematochezia from chronic radiation proctitis are presented here. They were treated with argon plazmakoagulation during 1-4 sessions. Hematochezia has disappeared in all cases. Rectal pain was the reason for hospitalization in one case. After the treatment, improved quality of live was claimed by all patients.

Infection-activated T lymphocytes resist nitric oxide-mediated immunosuppression in the course of Francisella tularensis 15L experimental infection

Study of the inhibition of splenocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A (Con A), induced by Francisella tularensis 15L infection, showed that immunosuppression is mediated by nitric oxide (NO). A certain fraction of cells, however, resist the antiproliferative activities of NO and these were characterized as Thy-1.2 positive infection-activated T lymphocytes. The importance of this phenomenon for the development of specific anti-infectious immunity was studied further in naturally resistant and susceptible mouse strains. The naturally resistant mouse strain (C57BL/10) was characterized by early production of NO and depressed splenocyte responsiveness to the mitogen. Early production of NO prevented activation of certain fractions of T lymphocytes. Hence the antibodies of these animals were only directed against three main F. tularensis antigens. Late or reduced release of NO from activated macrophages of susceptible strains (C3H/He and BALB/c) on the other hand was accompanied by late or reduced immunosuppression. This resulted in polyclonal activation of the immune system because the antibodies of these mice reacted with 6-12 compounds of the tularaemic antigen. The difference in heterogeneity of specific antibodies was not caused by a defect in the clonal network, as both the susceptible and resistant strains responded similarly to inactivated F. tularensis antigen.

[Surgical and technical aspects of regional chemotherapy by means of an arterial catheter port]

Metastases of colorectal carcinoma seem the most common liver tumors in our patients. Up to date clinical studies reveal in these the best results with intraarterial chemotherapy employing continuous or intermittent infusions of fluoropyrimidins. These require permanent vascular access. Techniques of implantation in normal an abnormal vascular anatomy, methodology of catheter patency maintenance, port maintenance and salvage of malfunction catheter feature as a group of new, technical and surgical problems. Together with the simultaneously solved problems as effective anticancer agents option and way of their administration they jointly condition a favourable effect of regional chemotherapy. The technical and surgical aspects result in further indication criteria for intraarterial chemotherapy, which is then conducted in a close cooperation of a surgeon and clinical oncologist.

[Intra-arterial chemotherapy in inoperable and recurrent rectal tumors]

Intraarterial chemotherapy was used to affect inoperable or relapsing tumors of the rectum or rectosigmoid. Seldinger's approach was used to catheterize both internal iliac arteries and recently also the inferior mesenteric artery in the second stage. Of the cytostatics mitomycin C 2 x 10 mg/2 h and fluorouracil 2 x 500 mg/24 h were administered over four days. No skin damage was observed in the region supplied by the branches of the catheterized arteries as simultaneously hydrocortisone was administered intraarterially in doses of 2 x 50 mg/24 h in the first two days and 2 x 25 mg/24 h in the remaining two days. No adverse effects of the treatment were recorded. Of the nine patients over 50% regression was achieved in 3 cases established by CT, stabilization of the process in 2 cases, and in 4 cases objectivization failed. Remission of symptoms and improvement of performance was observed in 8 patients, in 1 patient the method failed to be effective. Intraarterial chemotherapy of the pelvic region is considered suitable also for preoperative cytoreduction.