Perioperative serum creatinine changes and ureteral injury

PURPOSE

To illustrate a simple method that screens for ureteral injury in the acute postoperative period after urogynecologic surgeries.

METHODS

Serum creatinine measurements in the preoperative (baseline) and postoperative periods of urogynecologic surgeries were determined and the correlation of the change to ureteral injury and/or obstruction analyzed. The sample size calculation showed 7 cases and 28 controls were sufficient to detect significant changes in creatinine. Each of the seven cases was matched for age and type of surgery with a control patient in a 1:4 ratio following standard protocol.

RESULTS

Chart review of patients (273 cases) undergoing urogynecologic surgeries from October 2009 to June 2014 were undertaken. There were 7 cases of ureteral injury and 28 matching control cases. All cases had intraoperative cystoscopy confirming bilateral ureteral flow. In the ureteral injury group, blockage of ureter was confirmed by CT scan with IV contrast. There was a 59.8% increase in serum creatinine levels postoperative in the ureteral injury group versus a 3.8% decrease in controls. A difference of creatinine levels greater than or equal to 0.3 mg/dL over baseline was evident in ureteral injury cases.

CONCLUSION

A small change in serum creatinine level over baseline after urogynecologic surgery alerted the possibility of ureteral injury or obstruction. A simple and inexpensive evaluation of perioperative creatinine levels can promptly diagnose ureteral damage in the acute postoperative period for gynecologic reconstructive surgeries.

HPV-associated cervical cancer cells targeted by triblock copolymer gold nanoparticle curcumin combination

OBJECTIVE

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has promising anti-cervical cancer properties but requires a stabilizing complex such as the Pluronic triblock copolymer gold nanoparticle (GNP). The objectives were to study cytotoxicity of curcumnin and to determine the effect of copolymer GNPs curcumnin complex on cancer cell necrosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The HeLa cells were maintained in Eagle Minimal Essential Medium, fetal bovine serum, and antibiotics, and passaged until 60% confluency was reached. The cells were exposed to either: (1) control medium, (2) 50 μM curcumin, (3) 100 μM curcumin, (4) 50 μM curcumnin with copolymer GNPs complex, or (5) 100 μM curcumnin with copolymer GNPs complex. The treated cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO(2) in air for 24 hours, and analyzed for viability, apoptosis or necrosis using the dual stains fluorescence procedure.

RESULTS

A dose-dependent increase in the HeLa necrosis was observed with increasing curcumnin concentrations. Cytotoxic effect was decreased by five- to ten-fold when the curcumin was complexed with copolymer GNPs. There were more apoptotic HeLa cells at the higher concentration of curcurnin but combination with copolymer GNPs resulted in decreased apoptosis. Cell viability was higher in curcumnin with copolymer GNPs (74.4 ± 4.8 versus 2.3 ± 2.2% live, mean ± SEM, with and without copolymer GNPs, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Curcumin increased HeLa cancer cell necrosis but its cytotoxicity was decreased by copolymer GNPs. The results suggested that this specific copolymer GNP did not enhance the curcumnin bioavailability in cultured cells possibly due to formation of copolymer GNP aggregates.

Further evidence supporting the Diff-Quik stain for sperm chromatin integrity testing

OBJECTIVE

To correlate intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) fertilization with chromatin status assessed by the Diff-Quik procedure modified with a one-minute soak step, and to determine the association of chromatin status with in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a retrospective study of 81 IVF patients. Gradient-centrifuge washed sperm remaining after ICSI were fixed, stained by Diff-Quik, immersed in water for 1 minute, and analyzed under oil immersion light microscopy. Sperm nuclear coloration (types A-D), strict morphology, fertilization, and pregnancy status were determined.

RESULTS

Sperm with light purple staining (type A) were correlated (R = 0.48, p < 0.05) with ICSI fertilization. The intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 5.9% and 4.1%, respectively. Sperm strict normal morphology was correlated neither with ICSI fertilization (R = 0.24, p > 0.05) nor with type A sperm (R = 0.35, p > 0.05). Sperm incubated in Fenton reagent that damaged DNA showed a time-dependent decrease in percent type A sperm. However, there was no correlation with IVF pregnancy status.

CONCLUSION

This retrospective study showed that the inclusion of a one-minute soak step post-Diff-Quik staining enhanced the detection of sperm chromatin abnormalities related to ICSI fertilization. Fenton reagent-treated sperm suggested that the staining patterns correlated with DNA damage. A large prospective trial should be undertaken to confirm these findings.

UVA-photoactivated riboflavin effect on isolated vaginal tissues derived from pelvic organ prolapse cases

PURPOSE

To determine the optimal riboflavin exposure time before UVA irradiation and to study the effects of exogenous collagen on the mechano-tensile stiffness of isolated vaginal tissue strips after riboflavin UVA photoactivation.

METHODS

Vaginal tissue strips from pelvic organ prolapse (POP) cases were soaked in 0.1% riboflavin (0, 10, 20, 30 min), exposed to UVA photoactivation, and tensile stiffness was measured with a tensiometer. Collagen solution was injected (0.2 mL) into each strip, exposed to riboflavin with or without UVA photoactivation, and tensile stiffness was measured (n=6).

RESULTS

Vaginal tissues treated with riboflavin for 10, 20 or 30 min followed by UVA irradiation displayed 21.2, 32.4 and 33.9% stronger tensile stiffness, respectively. Exogenous collagen administered before riboflavin UVA photoactivation resulted in 20% improvement in tensile stiffness. The tensile stiffness of vaginal tissues injected with collagen without the riboflavin UVA treatment was similar to control tissues.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrated increased tensile stiffness in isolated POP-derived vaginal tissues after riboflavin UVA photoactivation suggesting improved mechanical properties from collagen cross-linking. Administering exogenous collagen before riboflavin UVA treatment also improved tensile stiffness. More studies are needed to corroborate the present minimally invasive approach for strengthening vaginal tissues.

UVA-photoactivated riboflavin treatment of vaginal cells derived from pelvic organ prolapse cases

BACKGROUND

The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) involves vaginal collagen degradation. Strengthening collagen by UVA-photoactivated cross-linking has been demonstrated and suggested target applications include the vaginal wall.

AIM

To identify UVA irradiation and riboflavin effects on vaginal cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Vaginal cells were incubated for 24 h (DMEM/F-12 Ham's media) and were exposed to riboflavin (0, 0.1 and 10%) for 30 min before UVA photoactivation. Percentages of live, apoptotic and necrotic cells were determined by propidium iodide/Hoechst 33342 stains.

RESULTS

UVA decreased vaginal cell viability [mean ± standard error of the mean: 26.2 ± 0.5% vs. control (43.9 ± 3.8%)], but riboflavin blocked UVA-induced damage (57.9 ± 2.7 and 56.7 ± 2.1% at 0.1 and 10% riboflavin, respectively). Cells treated with low- and high-dose riboflavin had lower apoptosis (32.9 ± 1.0 and 35.5 ± 0.9%, respectively). Furthermore, riboflavin-treated cells had reduced necrosis (9.3 ± 1.7, 7.8 ± 3.0%) versus UVA-only (32.4 ± 5.5%) or control (17.1 ± 2.8%). Viability was similar for cells from the cervical and hymenal segments.

CONCLUSION

The results demonstrated that riboflavin attenuated UVA damage in vaginal cells by inhibiting necrosis. Cervical and hymenal end vaginal cells were equally affected by UVA. UVA phototoxicity was reduced by the presence of riboflavin.

SPERM APOPTOSIS IN NONPREGNANT LUTEALPHASE SERA AFTER IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AS ASSESSED BY COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION

Toxicity in serum has been reported in cases of recurrent spontaneous abortions and endometriosis. The null hypothesis was that serum toxicity was not involved in failed pregnancies after in vitro fertilization procedures. The objective was to expose donor sperm to pregnant versus nonpregnant patient sera and analyze for sperm DNA damaging effects using a novel comparative genomic hybridization method. Luteal phase sera (N = 21 cases) were drawn one week after embryo transfer. Colloid-washed donor sperm were incubated (48 h, 37 degrees C, 5% CO2 in air) in 0% or 50% sera. Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of control sperm were stained in Hoechst 33342 and hybridized to Sybr Gold-stained ssDNA of sera-treated sperm. Image analyses were performed and fluorescent intensities analyzed. Nonpregnant patient sera (57% of cases) were associated with DNA fragmentation (64.4 +/- 8.8 pixels; mean +/- S.E.M.) when compared with pregnant patient sera (106.3 +/- 8.4 pixels). There were no differences in the sera of biochemical (108.2 +/- 15.3) versus clinical pregnancy cases (105.3 +/- 11.4). The results suggest that nonpregnant patient sera contained factor(s) that cause DNA fragmentation leading to pregnancy losses.

CORRELATION OF SPERM PARAMETERS WITH APOPTOSIS ASSESSED BY DUAL FLUORESCENCE DNA INTEGRITY ASSAY

Failed fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection or miscarriages occurs in cases involving apoptotic and necrotic sperm. Identifying normal sperm is important for successful assisted reproductive technologies (ART) procedures. The study was conducted to correlate sperm parameters with intact sperm with normal DNA assessed by the dual stain assay in 118 separate individuals. The results showed differences in percent DNA intact sperm in individuals with normal W.H.O. sperm features (62 +/- 1.1; mean +/- S.E.M.) compared with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia patients (38 +/- 5.3). Individuals whose sperm had fertilizing capacity had higher percentages of intact DNA (60 +/- 1.3 versus 47 +/- 2.4). The percentages of intact DNA sperm were significantly correlated to total motility in semen (R = 0.7), post-wash motility (R = 0.6), rapid progression (R = 0.6), intact acrosome (R = 0.5), and strict morphology (R = 0.5). There were no correlations with the remaining parameters. The dual stain assay identified sperm with normal physiology and fertilizing capacity. The dual stain assay measures DNA integrity and is a promising method to select normal sperm for ART.

Retention of membrane charge attributes by cryopreserved-thawed sperm and zeta selection

PURPOSE

Mature sperm can be selected based on their negative zeta electrokinetic potential. The zeta selection of cryopreserved sperm is unknown. The objective was to study the effect of zeta processing on the morphology and kinematic parameters of cryopreserved-thawed sperm.

METHODS

Colloid-washed sperm (N = 9 cases) were cryopreserved for 24 h, thawed and diluted in serum-free medium in positive-charged tubes. After centrifugation, the tubes were decanted, serum-supplemented medium was added and the resuspended sperm were analyzed. Untreated sperm and fresh sperm served as the controls.

RESULTS

There were improvements in strict normal morphology in fresh (11.8 +/- 0.3 versus control 8.8 +/- 0.3 %, mean +/- SEM) and thawed (8.7 +/- 0.2 versus control 5.4 +/- 0.2%) sperm after zeta processing. Percent sperm necrosis was reduced after zeta processing (66.0 +/- 0.6 versus unprocessed 74.6 +/- 0.3%). Progression decreased by 50% but not total motility after zeta processing of thawed sperm.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that the cryopreservation process did not impact the sperm membrane net zeta potential and higher percentages of sperm with normal strict morphology, acrosome integrity and reduced necrosis were recovered. The zeta method was simple and improved the selection of quality sperm after cryopreservation but more studies would be needed before routine clinical application.

Influence of nanoparticles on morphological differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells

OBJECTIVE

To assess mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell viability, growth, and differentiated morphology after exposure to different concentrations of nanoparticles.

DESIGN

Cell culture for 6 days.

SETTING

University research laboratory.

ANIMALS

Cryopreserved mouse ES-D3 (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA) cells.

INTERVENTION(S)

ES cells were exposed to either 0 (control), 0.4, or 12.2 million/mL mixed-size fluorescent nanoparticles in culture (37 degrees C, 5% CO(2) in air) for 6 days.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Cell viability and morphometric analysis were performed.

RESULT(S)

ES cells exposed to both concentrations of nanoparticles exhibited smaller cell surface area. The effect was not concentration dependent. In contrast, ES cell nucleus size was unaffected. The nanoparticles distributed into the cytoplasm, pseudopods, and the perinuclear region. ES cell viabilities were reduced 40% and 30% in the low versus high relative concentration, respectively. ES cells in low-concentration nanoparticles became mostly columnar and embryoid body shaped. However, in high-concentration nanoparticles, they differentiated toward fibroblast-like and less squamous types.

CONCLUSION(S)

The observed reduced ES cell surface area suggested disruption of cytoskeletal development but not nuclear organization by nanoparticles. The ring-like formation of nanoparticles around the nucleus and the resulting cell morphologies suggested nanoparticles may influence differentiation.

In vitro tagging of embryos with nanoparticles

PURPOSE

To develop an in vitro method for tagging embryos and to compare the development of the embryos after nanoparticles injection versus externally-applied nanoparticles derived from either polystyrene or polyacrylonitrile.

METHODS

Each mouse 1-cell embryo (the selected test-model) was either: (a) injected by intracytoplasmic injection or (b) co-incubated with different nanoparticles at 37 degrees C, 5% CO2 in air. The embryos were assessed after 2 and 6 days of culture.

RESULTS

Embryo development was similar for externally-applied polystyrene nanoparticles and control (97.6 +/- 2.7 versus 100.0 +/- 0%) but different for polyacrylonitrile nanoparticles (90.0 +/- 2.8 %) on day 2. However, the results were similar on Day 6. Injected embryos were linked to lower percent development on Day 2. Few injected embryos reached blastocyst stage on Day 6 after a brief UV-fluorescence exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

Tagging embryos by external polystyrene-based nanoparticles was the better method when compared with injected nanoparticles. Larger nanoparticles in microsphere range were easier to qualitate. Inhibited hatching limited their use beyond the blastocyst stage.

Human papilloma virus DNA exposure and embryo survival is stage-specific

PURPOSE

Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to disrupt late-stage implanting embryos. The objectives were (a) to assess the development of early embryos exposed to HPV DNA and (b) to analyze the blastocyst hatching process after HPV exposure.

METHODS

The study involved exposing two-cell and 4-8-cell mouse embryos to DNA fragments from either HPV type 16, type 18 or DQA1 (control). The embryos were incubated for 120 h and assessed.

RESULTS

HPV 16 and 18 inhibited two-cell embryo development. In contrast, delaying the exposure of HPV DNA until the 4-8-cell stage resulted in further embryonic development. There was 25.9% less blastocyst formed with HPV 16 exposure. Additionally, there were 25.9-31.8% more degenerated embryos with HPV 16 exposure.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrated embryo stage-specific effects of HPV on early development. The results suggested HPV exposure was linked to two-cell embryo demise and delaying the exposure of HPV until later embryo stages permitted embryo development. HPV 16 was shown to decrease blastocyst formation while HPV 18 inhibited the blastocyst hatching process.

A simple zeta method for sperm selection based on membrane charge

OBJECTIVE

The objectives were: [1] to develop a simple zeta potential method for sperm isolation; and [2] to analyze the sperm maturity, morphology, kinematic, and DNA parameters.

DESIGN

The phenomenon of sticky sperm adhering to slide surfaces was adapted for collecting charged sperm.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

PATIENT(S)

Discarded colloid-washed sperm from routine laboratory testing (n = 8).

INTERVENTION(S)

Sperm were centrifuged in serum-free medium and collected for analyses.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Kinematic parameters, DNA integrity, and maturity.

RESULT(S)

The percentages of mature (73.0% +/- 0.5% vs. control 63.5% +/- 0.5% SEM) and DNA intact sperm (85.0% +/- 0.3% vs. 69.5% +/- 0.5%) increased in the male factor subgroup. Strict normal morphology (19.3% +/- 0.1% vs. 10.0% +/- 0.1%), hyperactivation (7.0% +/- 0.1% vs. 3.6% +/- 0.1%), and progressive motility (29.1% +/- 0.1% vs. 19.9% +/- 0.1%) increased by twofold.

CONCLUSION(S)

The zeta method improved sperm parameters associated with increased fertilization and pregnancy after assisted reproduction procedures. Manipulation from the attaching-detaching process stimulated sperm metabolism without causing premature acrosome reactions. Total motility was unchanged suggesting a lack of association between total motility and zeta potential.

A FOLLOW-UP EXPANDED STUDY OF THE CORRELATION OF SPERM VELOCITY IN SEMINAL PLASMA AND OFFSPRING GENDER

A preliminary study reported finding higher sperm velocity in seminal plasma in males of partners that conceived female offsprings. The null hypothesis was that sperm velocity was not related to the offspring gender. The objectives were: (a) to expand the previous study, and (b) to correlate offspring gender results with motility parameters determined through the computer-aided sperm analyzer (CASA) system. In combined fresh and frozen cycles (N = 187), sperm from cases with all female offsprings displayed higher curvilinear (48 +/- 1.0 mu/sec versus male 46 +/- 1.0, P < 0.05) and average path velocities (36 +/- 0.7 mu/sec versus male 34 +/- 0.7, P < 0.01). A criteria of less than 30 mu/sec or over 41 mu/sec average path velocity predicted 73 or 72% of the male or female offspring cases, respectively. A curvilinear velocity of less than 49 mu/sec or over 55 mu/sec predicted 58 or 59 % of the male or female offspring cases, respectively. Semen viscosity reflected in sperm velocity was linked to predominantly male or female sperm populations. Paracrine signals from the gender-skewed sperm precursor populations controlling viscosity merit further exploration.

Luteal phase serum cell-free DNA as a marker of failed pregnancy after assisted reproductive technology

PURPOSE

DNA-damaging factors have been reported in patients that failed to achieve pregnancy after assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The hypothesis was that increased circulating cell-free DNA released by damaged cells could predict unfavorable conditions leading to failed ART treatment. The objective was to compare the relative concentrations of cell-free DNA in the luteal phase sera of nonpregnant versus pregnant patients.

METHODS

Frozen-thawed sera (30 IVF cases) were obtained 1 week after embryo transfer. There were 16 pregnant and 14 nonpregnant cases and controls consisting of male sera (n = 8 cases). Modified isocratic capillary electrophoresis was performed and the images analyzed for cell-free DNA.

RESULTS

Circulating cell-free DNA were identified in the sera of all patients. The serum concentrations of high (12 kb) and low (1 kb) molecular weight cell-free DNA were similar for both nonpregnant and pregnant patients. Male control sera had higher cell-free DNA concentrations compared with females. Evaluation of sera from a control case showed no fluctuations in cell-free DNA concentrations throughout specific days of the menstrual cycle.

CONCLUSIONS

The results do not support the use of the luteal phase cell-free DNA concentration as a marker for failed pregnancies. The equal concentrations of high and low molecular weight cell-free DNA and ladder band-like gel patterns suggested cell apoptosis as the source of DNA.

Mouse embryonic stem cells for quality control testing in assisted reproductive technology programs

OBJECTIVE

To compare the mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell assay with the sperm motility test or 1-cell mouse embryo bioassay for embryotoxic materials.

STUDY DESIGN

Cryo-preserved-thawed mouse ES-D3 cells, 1-cell mouse embryos and donor sperm were incubated for 1-4 days in culture medium exposed to a control and 4 different test materials. ES cell viability (eosin method), apoptosis (Sybr-Gold fluorescence), development of blastocysts and sperm motility parameters were measured.

RESULTS

The initial viabilities of ES cell were determined to be 37.0 +/- 4.2% (n = 225) and 54.8 +/- 7.4% (n = 218) by the eosin and Sybr Gold methods, respectively. Reduced viability of ES cells in latex glove-treated medium (25.6 +/- 0.3% and 25.7 +/- 0.3% versus control, 32.8 +/- 0.2% and 33.5 +/- 1.0% by eosin or Sybr Gold, respectively, p < 0.05) was consistent with standard bioassays. However, toxicity in the syringe was detected only by the ES cell assay. The ES cell assay sensitivities were 33% and 67% (eosin and Sybr Gold methods, respectively), and specificities were 100% for both methods.

CONCLUSION

Mouse ES cell assay based on Sybr-Gold asssessment was as effective as standard bioassays for detecting embryotoxicity. The results suggested that the mouse ES assay could be used for testing contact materials and DNA-modifying agents. More studies are needed to refine and enhance the sensitivity of the ES cell assay for routine use in assisted reproductive technology clinics.

Modified isocratic capillary electrophoresis detection of cell-free DNA in semen

PURPOSE

The objectives were: i) to analyze semen for the presence of cell-free DNA and ii) to determine the association between sperm parameters and cell-free DNA.

METHODS

Cell-free DNA in semen (N = 25 cases) were detected using the modified capillary gel electrophoresis (CE) procedure. SYBR-Gold was used to stain high (12 Kb) and low (1 Kb) molecular weight DNA fragments and the images analyzed.

RESULTS

The quantity of low-molecular weight cell-free DNA was positively correlated to rapid progression, curvilinear velocity (>40 microm/s), normal strict morphology and capacitation index. High-molecular weight cell-free DNA intensity index was negatively correlated to post-wash hyperactivation. Sperm concentration was not related to cell-free DNA quantity. The sperm freezing process did not increase cell-free DNA but reduced the more labile low-molecular weight cell-free DNA.

CONCLUSIONS

Cell-free DNA present in semen was correlated to important sperm parameters linked to normal sperm function. The data suggested the possible use of cell-free DNA as a marker of semen quality. This study reports on the novel finding of cell-free DNA released along with sperm during each ejaculation.

Development of mammalian embryos exposed to mixed-size nanoparticles

Inhaled or ingested ultrafine nanoparticles and their effects on early pregnancy remain polemic. The objectives of the study were: (a) to determine the embryotoxic effects of nanoparticles at the 2-cell stage and (b) to localize the internalized nanoparticles in the blastocyst. Thawed mouse 2-cell embryos (no. = 128) were exposed to either mixed-size polystyrene-based nanoparticles (11 million/ml) or control G1.3 medium and assessed after 72 hours. Additionally, blastocysts (no. = 146) were exposed to nanoparticles and analyzed. The results showed that the nanoparticles did not inhibit 2-cell embryo development to the blastocyst stage (89.4 vs 96.8%; treated vs control). There were no differences in hatching (34.8 vs 43.5%), implantation (13.6 vs 24.2%) and degeneration (10.6 vs 3.2%). Delayed exposure to nanoparticles showed similar percent hatching (40.7 vs 47.3%) and implantation (17.6 vs 20.0%). Although nanoparticles were internalized, embryo development was not inhibited suggesting a lack of embryotoxicity. During hatching, the larger nanoparticles adhered to the extruding blastocyst, preferentially on trophoblasts, but interference was insignificant. Exposure to polystyrene-based nanoparticles at the concentration tested are not associated with embryonic loss.

Sperm velocity in seminal plasma and the association with gender of offspring

The gender of the offspring is determined by the fertilizing sperm. Previous gender studies were based on washed sperm, but not on sperm in seminal plasma. The objective was to correlate motility parameters assessed during semen analyses with the offspring gender. For comparison, fixed sperm head DNA quantitated by Hoechst 33342 fluorescence microscopy was also analyzed. Forty-six patients undergoing assisted reproduction procedures resulted in livebirth deliveries with either male or female-predominant offsprings. Sperm head fluorescence was weakly correlated to the gender in 61% of the cases. Sperm of patients with male offsprings had slower curvilinear (44.2 +/- 1.8 mean +/- SEM, versus, 49.9 +/- 2.7 micro /sec) and slower average path velocities (32.4 +/- 1.2 versus 36.3 +/- 1.7 micro /sec). Using cut-off values for the curvilinear (< 49 micro /sec) and average path (< 36 micro /sec) velocities of sperm swimming in seminal plasma, the two parameters predicted 75 and 68% of the male offspring births, respectively. The data suggest that sperm movement in seminal plasma is a marker for factors that skew the ratio of the X- to Y-sperm populations.

Dual fluorescence analysis of DNA apoptosis in sperm

OBJECTIVE

The objective was to compare fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 (Ho342) with combined Ho342/propidium iodide (PI) stains for assessment of sperm quality.

STUDY DESIGN

Washed donor sperm cells were incubated in either 0, 0.15, or 15 micromol/L camptothecin (CAM) or 0.37 or 3.7 mmol/L genistein (GEN) for 4 hours at 37 degrees C. The sperm cells were analyzed for cycle-independent apoptosis and necrosis by single- compared with dual-stained fluorescence microscopy to contrast the relative effectiveness of these two approaches.

RESULTS

The single-stain procedure did not detect viability differences (overall 76.1% +/- 2.2% live). In contrast, the dual-stain procedure identified a dose-dependent decrease in viability and increased necrozoospermia for CAM and GEN treatments. Apoptosis was 2-fold higher with topoisomerase inhibitor treatment.

CONCLUSION

The two topoisomerase inhibitors were associated with increased apoptosis and dose-dependent necrosis. The data suggested that the dual-stain combination Ho342/PI was more sensitive than the single Ho342 stain analysis and permitted quantifying the apoptosis and necrosis events in sperm.

Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and granulosa cell apoptosis in vitro

PURPOSE

C-myc was studied in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 associated granulosa cell apoptosis,

METHODS

Granulosa cells (N = 5 cases) were incubated for 24 h in either 1 or 50 microM COX-2 inhibitor, 1 or 50 microM COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, negative or positive controls Single primer polymerase chain reaction of c-myc exon 1 were performed. Bisbenzimide-stained control single-stranded (ssDNA) were hybridized to SYBR Gold-stained ssDNA and fluorescent images analyzed.

RESULTS

C-myc was disrupted by the high-dose COX-2 inhibitor. Cell viability decreased with COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition. However, cell viability was similar for the positive control and at low-dose COX-2 inhibition.

CONCLUSIONS

Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 initiated apoptosis without disrupting c-myc suggesting a protective effect on c-myc. The low dosage of the COX-2 inhibitor did not disrupt c-myc and cell viability. C-myc sensitization was not part of apoptosis.

Temperature variable and the efficiency of sperm mediated transfection of HPV16 DNA into cells

AIM

To pretreat sperm at various temperatures before exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA fragments and to assess the efficiency of HPV carrier sperm to transfect cumulus cells.

METHODS

Cumulus cells from follicular aspirates were obtained, pooled and divided into culture dishes containing Sybr Gold-stained HPV DNA carrying sperm that were either pretreated at 4 degree C, 37 degree C or 40 degree C (n = 5). The cells were incubated in 5% CO(2) in air mixture at 37 degree C for 24 hours. The efficiency of sperm to take up fluorescent HPV DNA was determined at hour 0. After incubation, cumulus cell viability was assessed using the eosin method and the percentages of fluorescent cumulus cells determined.

RESULTS

Over half of all the cumulus cells became fluorescent with the highest percentage in the 37 degree C group. Sperm pretreated at 4 degree C had the greatest amount of HPV DNA fragments. Total sperm motility was similar for the 3 pretreatment groups. There were no differences in cumulus viability among the groups.

CONCLUSION

Sperm pretreated at 37 degree C transferred the greatest amount of fluorescent HPV DNA fragments to the cumulus cells. The HPV DNA was observed in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. The data suggested the possibility of sperm as a vector for the transmission of HPV DNA to the cumulus cells surrounding ovulated oocytes, which might lead to early implantation failures.

Effect of pentoxifylline on tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene apoptosis in sperm

PURPOSE

Pentoxifylline (PTX), a methylxanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor reduces superoxide anions responsible for DNA apoptosis. The null hypothesis was that PTX was equally effective in reducing damage to specific cell genes. The objective was to determine the DNA integrity of the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene and the c-myc proto-oncogene after PTX.

METHODS

Sperm (64 samples, 4 patients) were preincubated in either 0 (control) or 3.6 mM PTX (30 min), washed and incubated for 4 h at either 37 or 40 degrees C heat shock activation. Single primer polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out on lysed sperm targeting either BRCA1 exon 11 or c-myc exon 1. Control single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) were stained with 9 microM Hoechst 33342 (blue) while PTX-treated ssDNA were stained with SYBR Gold (green). Nytran membrane discs with control ssDNA were hybridized to PTX-derived ssDNA. Fluorescent images stored in a microarray design were analyzed using ANOVA and Students' t-test for (P < 0.05) significance.

RESULTS

BRCA1 integrity was higher with PTX pretreatment (93.3 + 10.4 vs. control 50.5 + 9.2; mean + SEM). In contrast, there was no difference in c-myc integrity (56.8 + 9.0 vs. 41.7 + 6.4). Sense or antisense primers gave similar DNA fragmentation results.

CONCLUSIONS

The data showed PTX pretreatment protected BRCA1 but not c-myc suggesting that PTX did not equally protect different cell genes. A possible explanation was that proto-oncogenes had more fragile sites. The study involved the DNA disc chip assay to assess separate PCR-amplified sense and antisense strands. The results suggested that both strands were equally affected by PTX pretreatment.

Differential effects of human papillomavirus DNA types on p53 tumor-suppressor gene apoptosis in sperm

OBJECTIVE

Sperm DNA undergoes apoptotic fragmentation when exposed to HPV DNA. Details of the specific gene regions targeted by HPV in sperm are lacking. The objective of this study was to determine the integrity of exons 5 and 8 of the p53 gene in sperm exposed to HPV DNA.

METHODS

Washed sperm were exposed to either HLA-DQA1 (control) or HPV type 6b/11, 16, 18, 31, or 33 DNA fragments for 24 h at 37 degrees C. The integrity of sperm p53 exons 5 and 8 was assessed using a novel DNA disc chip assay based on comparative genomic hybridization.

RESULTS

Fragmentation of exon 5 occurred after exposure to HPV DNA type 18. In contrast, only exon 8 was affected by HPV type 16. HPV DNA from type 31 or 33 was without effect on the p53 exons. Sperm motility but not hyperactivation was reduced in all HPV groups.

CONCLUSION

The data suggest that different HPV types preferentially degrade different exons of important genes. Decreased motility but not hyperactivation in HPV-exposed sperm suggests retention of some fertilizing capacity and the possibility of transmitting virus-destabilized genes through fertilization.

A simple DNA disc chip in a microarray design based on modified comparative genomic hybridization for sperm DNA analysis

OBJECTIVE

A DNA disc chip assay, based on comparative genomic hybridization, was designed to measure changes in sperm DNA intensities. The objective was to analyze the DNA integrity of hyperactive sperm cells after mild heat treatment.

DESIGN

The assay based on a multiple cell comet assay was used to analyze changes in genomic DNA. Washed sperm DNA were tested on the assay and images stored in a microarray design.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

PATIENT(S)

Frozen-thawed washed sperm from different donors (n = 7).

INTERVENTION(S)

Discarded sperm leftover from trial washes carried out at 37 degrees and 40 degrees C were frozen and processed for the DNA disc chip assay.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Fluorescent intensities of DNA disc chips and sperm variables.

RESULT(S)

Heat treatment resulted in more than eightfold increase in sperm hyperactive motility with little degradation in DNA integrity. Sperm with low hyperactivation was associated with alterations in DNA after heat treatment.

CONCLUSION(S)

The DNA disc chip assay was simple, inexpensive, and permitted assisted reproduction technologies laboratories to use comparative genomic hybridization for cytogenotoxicity testing. However, the assay required manual processing, a fluorescent microscope, and computer. The data showed an association between sperm hyperactivation and DNA integrity suggesting that the hyperactivation marker may be used for selecting quality sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. More studies are needed to examine temperature effects on ejaculated human sperm.

Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of sperm DNA apoptosis after exposure to heat shock

PURPOSE

A DNA disc chip assay based on comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was developed to measure sperm DNA integrity. The objective was to correlate DNA integrity of heat-treated sperm with the sperm capacitation index (CI) determined from the sperm penetration assay.

METHODS

Basic semen and kinematic parameters were measured (N = 6). Sperm were washed in two-layer colloid suspensions and split portions incubated at either 3 degrees C (control) or 40 degrees C for 4 h. Single-stranded DNA of heated sperm were stained in SYBR Gold and hybridized to bisbenzimide (Hoechst 33342) stained control DNA in a membrane disc. Fluorescent intensities of the discs were measured and correlation analyses with sperm parameters performed.

RESULTS

Sperm CI was positively correlated (R = 0.737) with sperm DNA integrity. Two populations of sperm could be discerned: low capacitating sperm that initiated apoptosis and high capacitating sperm unaffected by heat shock treatment. The remaining parameters were not related to sperm DNA stability.

CONCLUSIONS

Fragile DNA were found in a population of sperm associated with poor capacitation characteristics and apoptosis was observed after heat treatment. The results suggested that sperm dysfunction might be due to apoptotic sperm DNA resulting from an elevated temperature in the surroundings. The data suggested that the second population of high capacitating sperm induced chaperones such as heat shock proteins hsp 70 to protect against apoptosis.

Human papillomavirus and blastocyst apoptosis

PURPOSE

The effect of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from the E6-E7 region on the integrity of DNA in blastocyst stage embryonic cells was studied. The study design paralleled the event whereby HPV DNA from the infecting virus would target host cell DNA. The objectives were (a) to determine if the DNA of blastocysts were disrupted by the presence of HPV DNA and (b) to determine if the intensity of DNA damage was associated with the type of HPV.

METHODS

This study involved superovulating female mice, mating, collecting one-cell embryos, and culturing to the expanded blastocyst stage. The blastocysts were infected with PCR-synthesized DNA fragments from either HPV type 16, 18, 31, or 33. The blastocyst DNA were analyzed by comet assay after 24 h of incubation. The fluorescent images were digitized and the pixel intensity of each blastocyst was measured.

RESULTS

Only the DNA of HPV type 16 was associated with significant DNA fragmentation in comparison with the other HPV types. There was no relationship between HPV DNA fragment size and the intensity of DNA fragmentation.

CONCLUSIONS

The data suggested that one mode of action of HPV type 16 was to initiate apoptosis of embryonic cells through DNA fragmentation. The effect of HPV 16 occurred rapidly within 24 h. The intensity of DNA damage was not linked to the specific type of HPV. However, the results do not rule out the other HPV types affecting embryos under conditions different from this study.

Cryopreservation of human cumulus cells for co-cultures and assessment of DNA damage after thawing using the comet assay

PURPOSE

Cumulus cells have been shown to be beneficial for blastocysts formation in co-cultures but information on cumulus cryopreservation is lacking. The objective was to use the fixed cell comet assay to analyze for DNA damage in cumulus cells after cryopreservation.

METHODS

Discarded cumulus cells from follicular aspirates obtained during assisted reproduction procedures (N = 4 cases) were pooled and cryopreserved in either 40% ethylene glycol and 0.5 M sucrose, 12:20% glycerol-egg yolk medium, 28% glycerol hypoosmolar medium or control medium. The cells were processed and stored in liquid nitrogen for 48 h. The thawed cells were smeared on glass slides, fixed, stained with acridine orange, embedded in a mini-agarose layer, and electrophoresis carried out. Fluorescent images were analyzed.

RESULTS

The cumulus tail moment, a calculated index of DNA damage, was significantly lower for each of the three cryoprotectant when compared with the control. The two cryoprotectants containing glycerol were associated with higher cumulus cell viability. However, the glycerol-egg yolk combination yielded the highest cell viability.

CONCLUSIONS

The cumulus comet assay demonstrated similar DNA integrity in cells frozen in each of the three cryoprotectants. The glycerol-egg yolk medium had the highest cell viability with little or no DNA damage after freeze-thaw. More studies are needed to examine the long-term effect of the cryoprotectants on thawed cumulus cell viability.

Oocyte comet assay of luteal phase sera from nonpregnant patients after assisted reproductive procedures

PURPOSE

Serum factors in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) inhibit mouse embryo development in vitro. Serum factors affecting DNA integrity remain to be tested. The null hypothesis was that patient sera do not affect DNA integrity. The objectives were (a) to use the oocyte comet assay to assess DNA damage after exposure to patient sera and (b) to determine the effect of sera from gravidity 0 parity 0 patients to induce DNA apoptosis.

METHODS

Luteal phase sera were drawn 1 week after embryo transfer following assisted reproductive procedures. Frozen-thawed hamster zona intact oocytes at metaphase II were incubated in groups of eight in either control medium or medium supplemented with 50% patient serum for 1.5 h at 37 degrees C in room air. The oocytes were fixed, stained in acridine orange, embedded in agarose, lysed, and alkaline electrophoresis performed. The intensities of the digitized fluorescent images were analyzed.

RESULTS

The sera of nonpregnant patients (64%) caused significant fragmentation of hamster oocyte DNA when compared with pregnant patient sera. This difference was also observed when adjusted for patient age. Sera of patients that had never been pregnant also resulted in oocyte DNA fragmentation.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that sera from patients that did not conceive contained factors that did not support cell growth by causing DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. The level of the apoptotic factors varied from cycle to cycle. However, more studies are needed to determine if the sera factors actually reach the uterine environment to cause the undesirable effects.

Human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation by specific types of papillomavirus

OBJECTIVE

Human papillomaviruses are present in up to 64.3% of patients' sperm. The objectives were (1) to determine human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid effects on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity and (2) to assess human papillomavirus differential effects on the sperm cell.

STUDY DESIGN

Two-layer colloid washed sperm were exposed to E6-E7 deoxyribonucleic acid fragments generated from human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 6/11, or control (DQA1) for 24 hours. The motility parameters were measured and analyzed. Pilot studies were performed to develop a fixed sperm comet assay to assess deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation.

RESULTS

Significant sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation occurred after exposure to deoxyribonucleic acid of human papillomavirus types 16 and 31. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid fragment size was not a factor. Human papillomavirus types 18, 33, and 6/11 did not compromise sperm deoxyribonucleic acid integrity. Washed sperm motility was higher in the presence of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid except for type 6/11. Amplitude of head displacement was lower for human papillomavirus types 16 and 6/11. Sperm linearity was increased for all human papillomavirus types except type 18.

CONCLUSION

Human papillomavirus type 16 and 31 deoxyribonucleic acid caused deoxyribonucleic acid breakages characteristic of apoptotic but not necrotic sperm. The data suggest that these human papillomavirus types may adversely affect subsequent embryonic development after fertilization. Sperm deoxyribonucleic acid appears to resist human papillomavirus types 18, 33, and 6/11 or repairing mechanisms occurred. Although enhanced motility was found in human papillomavirus-exposed sperm, important velocity parameters were decreased, suggesting impaired sperm function.

A comparison of heat-induced hyperactivation in patients' sperm after colloid or pentoxifylline wash methods

OBJECTIVE

Our purpose was to compare kinematic parameters of human sperm after processing through two different wash methods and 40 degrees C heat treatment.

STUDY DESIGN

Sperm specimens (N = 169 cases) were washed by either colloid or pentoxifylline wash methods, and the motility parameters were measured at either 37 degrees C or 40 degrees C at baseline (0 hours) and after 4 hours. Five randomly selected washed specimens with matching 37 degrees C (control) or 40 degrees C heat treatments were assessed for changes in a sentinel gene.

RESULTS

The percentage of sperm hyperactive motility was >5 times higher after the 40 degrees C heat treatment, in comparison with the 37 degrees C treatment, for both the colloid- and the pentoxifylline-washed sperm. The percentages of total motility and progression were equally enhanced in heated sperm for the two wash methods. No changes were detected in the sentinel gene with the heat treatment.

CONCLUSION

Sperm cells mildly heated at 40 degrees C responded with greater motility, progression, and hyperactivation. The data suggest that mild heat is a stimulus for sperm function because greater sperm hyperactivation is associated with increased sperm fertilizing capacity. The absence of change in the sentinel gene in heated sperm suggests that a temperature of 40 degrees C is too low to initiate alterations in the highly condensed sperm chromatin. More studies are needed before mild heating of ejaculated sperm becomes acceptable for use in assisted reproductive technologies.

Comet assay of cumulus cell DNA status and the relationship to oocyte fertilization via intracytoplasmic sperm injection

This paper postulates that in the ovary, the close association between the cumulus cells and the oocytes permits the fertilizing ability of the oocytes to be determined indirectly through cumulus cell DNA status. The objective was to use a modified comet assay to analyse cumulus cell DNA and relate the data to oocyte fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedures. Oocytes were retrieved (n = 15 cases) and free-floating cumulus cells were pooled and smeared on clear glass slides to dry. Meanwhile, the denuded oocytes were injected with spermatozoa and fertilization was assessed, followed by embryo transfer. The fixed cumulus cells were stained in acridine orange, coated with a mini-gel agarose layer, lysed in alkaline buffer and electrophoresis performed. Analyses of fluorescent cell images (n = 449) showed that the tail moment was positively correlated to the percentage of fertilization after ICSI (r = 0.567, P < 0.05). In contrast, there was no correlation between tail moment and number of oocytes retrieved, total ampoules used, endometrial thickness and age of patient. The results suggested that the competence of the oocytes was associated with the cumulus cell DNA status. A unique feature here was the comet assay for archived material with obvious advantages.

Updating quality control assays in the assisted reproductive technologies laboratory with a cryopreserved hamster oocyte DNA cytogenotoxic assay

PURPOSE

Despite advances in assisted reproduction, there is no progress in quality control bioassays. The objectives were to develop a comet assay to measure DNA fragmentation in thawed cryopreserved oocytes and compare this assay with one-cell mouse embryo bioassay.

METHODS

Thawed hamster oocytes from a commercial source were incubated in culture media with either 0-, 50-, or 100-microM hydrogen peroxide, or, in media exposed to different contact materials and unknown proficiency analytes. Incubation time was 1.5 h at 37 degrees C. The oocytes were dried, fixed, stained with acridine orange, embedded in a mini-agarose layer and electrophoresis was carried out. Fluorescent images were analyzed. The results were compared with standard one-cell mouse assay data.

RESULTS

The 100-microM hydrogen peroxide treatment caused greatest DNA fragmentation in the hamster oocytes at Hours 1 and 2. A dose response was observed. Intraassay coefficient of variation was 5.7%. Only one of the five materials tested passed both assays. The data for the unknown proficiency analytes were similar for both assays.

CONCLUSIONS

The oocyte comet assay demonstrated DNA fragmentation in the presence of toxic substances. The detection of toxicity in two materials that passed the mouse bioassay suggested increased sensitivity in the new assay. The oocyte comet assay and the mouse bioassay results matched in the proficiency test. However, more studies are still needed to determine optimal sensitivity.

A simple comet assay for archived sperm correlates DNA fragmentation to reduced hyperactivation and penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes

OBJECTIVE

To correlate sperm variables with sperm DNA fragmentation, as assessed by using a modified alkaline comet assay for sperm smears.

DESIGN

The comet assay was adapted for fixed sperm smears (59 cases), and the level of DNA fragmentation was determined.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

PATIENT(S)

59 patients undergoing fertility treatment.

INTERVENTION(S)

Sperm samples leftover from IVF procedures were fixed and processed for the comet assay.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Sperm head DNA density and sperm variables.

RESULT(S)

A correlation was observed between increased sperm head DNA fragmentation and decreased penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes. Heat-induced hyperactive motility decreased as DNA fragmentation increased. The DNA fragmentation did not correlate with percentages of intact acrosome, normality, maturity, and strict normal morphology.

CONCLUSION(S)

The advantages of the comet assay for archived cells include simplicity, low intraassay coefficient of variation, and low performance cost; in addition, DNA analysis can be carried out at leisure. Low DNA damage was associated with higher hyperactivation and oocyte penetration, suggesting that failed fertilization was linked to compromised DNA integrity in the sperm. Exploration of compounds to repair damaged DNA is warranted.

Sperm-mediated DNA transfer to cells of the uterus and embryo

There is a paucity of information about sperm-mediated transmission of exogenous DNA to implanting embryos and cells of the reproductive tract. Preliminary experiments established that sperm has the capacity to actively take in exogenous DNA derived from HPV. In addition, blastocysts also take up exogenous HPV DNA, but in contrast to sperm, the process appears passive. DNA-carrying sperm migrating in an artificial glass tube or excised mouse bicornuate uteri transfected the blastocysts at the remote position using a flip-flop mechanism. There were preferential transmission of the types of HPV DNA but this was not attributed to the gene sequence or the size of the DNA fragments. The internalized DNA became undetectable unless continuous sperm bombardment or pricking took place. Mycoplasma vectors offer a novel way to enhance the transfection of blastocyst with exogenous DNA.

Type 5 phosphodiesterase regulation of human sperm motility

OBJECTIVE

Inhibition of phosphodiesterases results in the buildup of intracellular cyclic nucleotides, which have been shown to affect sperm motility and acrosome reaction. The objective of this study was to determine whether the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil has an effect on sperm motility and acrosome parameters.

STUDY DESIGN

Sperm cells were washed by two-layer colloid wash and resuspended in modified human tubal fluid with 5% serum albumin. They were incubated in the presence of different concentrations (0-40 nmol/L) of the type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil. Aliquots of sperm were removed at hours 0, 4, 24, and 48, and motility parameters were measured on the Hamilton-Thorn HTM-C (Hamilton-Thorn Research, Danvers, Mass) motility analyzer. Sperm acrosomes were analyzed with the Spermac (Stain Enterprises, South Africa; distributed by Sage Biopharma, Bedminster, NJ) acrosome stain.

RESULTS

Sperm progressive motility and hyperactivation were stimulated to greater than the control at hour 4, followed by a decrease. There was a dose-dependent effect of the type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor on sperm motility parameters but not on percentage of cells with acrosome reaction. The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor stimulated sperm acrosome reaction by almost 50% above the control.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that inhibition of type 5 phosphodiesterase activity in human sperm resulted in enhanced progressive motility and hyperactivation. In addition, inhibition of type 5 phosphodiesterase also caused an increase in acrosome reaction. This suggests a role for type 5 phosphodiesterase in preventing premature acrosome reaction, which is associated with failed fertilization.

Analysis of papillomavirus consensus L1 gene in a closed colony of baboons (Papio anubis)

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to analyze cervical specimens and semen from a closed colony of baboons for the presence of the papillomavirus consensus L1 gene.

STUDY DESIGN

Cervical swabs were collected from lightly anesthetized female baboons. Semen was collected from a male baboon by standard electroejaculation techniques. Deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted from the cells by two different methods and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction targeting the L1 consensus gene common for >25 genital papillomaviruses.

RESULTS

Analyses of the polymerase chain reaction-amplified products did not reveal bands for the papillomavirus in either the cervical specimens or the semen.

CONCLUSIONS

The hypothesis of a linkage between primates with papillomavirus as a common factor is not supported by the results of this study. This information is also important in assisting clinicians in setting up specific pathogen-free colonies of baboons.

Mycoplasma-mediated uptake of the exogenous human BRCA1 gene by hatching blastocysts

PURPOSE

Biological vectors for cell transfection are mainly viral in origin, with inherent shortcomings. Mycoplasmas are ubiquitous organisms that traverse cells easily. The objective was to determine if Ureaplasma urealyticum (T-mycoplasma) would vector exogenous BRCA1 DNA into blastocysts.

METHODS

Hatching mouse blastocysts (N = 70) were incubated in the presence of either viable or dead Ureaplasma urealyticum at 37 degrees C for 1 hr. The blastocysts were exposed to human BRCA1 DNA lacking homology in the mouse genome for 2 hr, followed by DNase-1 treatment and wash. Polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of amplified products were performed.

RESULTS

The BRCA1 gene was detected in the blastocysts only when viable Ureaplasma was present. PCR analyses of control Ureaplasma and untreated blastocysts were negative.

CONCLUSION

Viable Ureaplasma organisms were shown to mediate the uptake of DNA fragments into blastocysts, resulting in transgenic mouse blastocysts with a normal human BRCA1 exon 11 gene.

Sperm artificially exposed to antisperm antibodies show altered deoxyribonucleic acid

PURPOSE

Our purpose was to assess sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integrity after exposure to antisperm antibodies.

METHODS

Donor semen were divided and exposed to sera containing IgG, IgA, and IgM antisperm antibodies. Untreated portions served as the control. After incubation (1 hr, 23 degrees C), the sperm were centrifuge-washed, resuspended, and incubated (23 degrees C) for 2, 5, 7, or 9 days. Acridine orange staining and kinematic parameters were measured. The sentinel (17q21 from D17S855) and beta-globin genes were amplified and analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

Sperm preexposed to antisperm antibodies had deleted sentinel gene on days 7 and 9. The beta-globin gene was intact. There were no differences in acridine orange staining.

CONCLUSIONS

Sperm artificially exposed to antisperm antibodies resulted in a subtle deletion of genetic material. The DNA alteration process was slow and was undetectable at the gross level. More studies are needed to confirm the findings and determine whether DNA repair mechanisms can reverse the damage.

Tenacity of exogenous human papillomavirus DNA in sperm washing

PURPOSE

Sperm cells have been shown to take up exogenous DNA readily. The hypothesis was that sperm washing would remove exogenous viral DNA infecting sperm cells. The objective was to compare three types of sperm washing procedures for their capacity to remove exogenous human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA from infected sperm.

METHODS

Prewashed sperm were equally divided and sperm in one portion were exposed to L1 HPV DNA fragments for 30 min at 37 degrees C. Untreated washed sperm served as the control. After transfection, the sperm were washed by either centrifuge, two-layer Isolate colloid wash, or test-yolk buffer procedures. Sperm parameters were measured on a Hamilton Thorn HTM-C analyzer. Sperm DNA were extracted and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out targeting the L1 consensus gene of HPV and the designated sentinel gene, 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Amplified products were analyzed in 2% agarose gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

PCR analyses detected the consensus L1 HPV gene in sperm after they were processed through either of the three procedures. Controls were negative for the L1 gene. Extracted DNA were verified by PCR amplification of 17q21 spanning the D17S855 gene. Transfected sperm had higher percentages of total motility and progression compared with the control. Centrifuged, washed, transfected sperm exhibited a greater curvilinear velocity and hyperactivation.

CONCLUSIONS

The data showed that washing would not remove exogenous HPV DNA from sperm cells. The viral DNA was tenaciously bound to the sperm, suggesting an internalization into the sperm. The viral DNA also increased the motility of the sperm by affecting the velocity and progression of the sperm, which suggested either an increase in metabolism, an enhancement of the calcium-regulated motility mechanism, or an artifact of PCR reagents. More studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of DNA stimulated sperm motility.

Spermac stain analysis of human sperm acrosomes

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between low percentages of intact sperm acrosomes and fertilization failures in conventional IVF procedures.

DESIGN

A retrospective study.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

PATIENT(S)

Patients undergoing treatment of infertility.

INTERVENTION(S)

Sperm cells were fixed and stained using the Spermac stain.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Percentages of intact acrosomes and fertilization.

RESULT(S)

There was a significant association between specimens with <40% intact acrosomes and failed conventional IVF procedures. Among the 29 cases with <40% intact acrosomes, 9 cases (31%) resulted in zero penetration of the oocytes. The mean (+/-SEM) percentage of fertilization was lower in the abnormal acrosome group (43.3% +/- 6.5%) than in the normal acrosome group (64.1% +/- 5.6%). The status of the sperm acrosome was not correlated with the results of fertilization in intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedures.

CONCLUSION(S)

Sperm with low percentages of intact acrosomes were associated with failed fertilization. The Spermac stain was useful for assessing acrosomes and identifying possible male factor infertility problems. The results suggested that a minimum percentage of sperm with intact acrosomes are needed for fertilization to occur in vitro.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis screening of the BRCA1 gene in cells from precancerous cervical lesions

OBJECTIVE

To determine the integrity of the BRCA1 gene in archival, paraffin-embedded tissues from precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix.

STUDY DESIGN

DNA was extracted from histologically documented precancerous cervical lesions (17 cases). Polymerase chain reactions were performed targeting exon 11 of BRCA1 (434-bp), the L1 consensus human papillomavirus (HPV) gene common to > 25 HPV types, as well as the beta-globin gene. The amplified products were analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

RESULTS

Mutation of the BRCA1 exon 11 gene was detected in > 76% of cases with precancerous lesions of the cervix. The mutations were either complete deletions or deletions of one or more nucleotides, leading to frame shifts. There were no significant differences in frequency of BRCA1 mutations among precancerous cervical tissues positive for the HPV L1 consensus gene (n = 9) when compared with HPV-negative tissues.

CONCLUSION

The mutated BRCA1 gene was associated with 76% of 17 precancerous lesions of the cervix. The type of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the presence or absence of HPV were not related to the mutations. The role of BRCA1 mutation in the genesis of precancerous cervical lesions needs to be explored further.

An alternative medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the effects of certain herbs on sperm DNA and on the fertilization process.

DESIGN

Prospective comparative study.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

PATIENT(S)

Donor sperm specimens.

INTERVENTION(S)

Zona-free hamster oocytes were incubated for 1 hour in saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), echinacea purpura, ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), or control medium before sperm-oocyte interaction. The DNA of herb-treated sperm was analyzed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Oocyte penetration and integrity of the sperm BRCAI exon 11 gene.

RESULT(S)

Pretreatment of oocytes with 0.6 mg/mL of St. John's wort resulted in zero penetration. A lower concentration (0.06 mg/mL) had no effect. High concentrations of echinacea and ginkgo also resulted in reduced oocyte penetration. Exposure of sperm to echinacea purpura and St. John's wort resulted in DNA denaturation. In contrast, saw palmetto and ginkgo had no effect. Sperm exposed to 0.6 mg/mL of St. John's wort showed mutation of the BRCA1 exon 11 gene.

CONCLUSION(S)

High concentrations of St. John's wort, echinacea, and ginkgo had adverse effects on oocytes. Saw palmetto had no effect. The data suggested that St. John's wort, ginkgo, and echinacea at high concentrations damage reproductive cells. St. John's wort was mutagenic to sperm cells.

Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine

PURPOSE

Our purpose was to analyze sperm motility parameters in the presence of herbs.

METHODS

Washed sperm were incubated in either saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens, Permixon Sabal serrulatum), echinacea purpura, ginkgo biloba, St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), or control medium. Parameters were measured on a Hamilton-Thorn analyzer after 1, 4, 24, and 48 hr at 37 degrees C.

RESULTS

Sperm motility was inhibited at the high concentration (0.6 mg/mL) of St. John's wort. Curvilinear velocities and beat cross frequencies also decreased, but not hyperactivation. High-concentration saw-palmetto, echinacea, or gikgo inhibited motility at 24 and 48 hr.

CONCLUSIONS

A potent inhibition of sperm motility was seen in St. John's wort unrelated to changes in pH. Furthermore, sperm viability was compromised in St. John's wort, suggesting a spermicidal effect. Metabolic changes were observed in saw-palmetto-treated sperm. High-concentration echinacea purpura interfered with sperm enzymes. Ginkgo did not have an antioxidant effect on sperm motility.

Absence of human papillomavirus E6-E7 transforming genes from HPV 16 and 18 in malignant ovarian carcinoma

Ovarian carcinoma is one of the frequent causes of death from malignancies in the United States. A report excited the scientific community when human papillomavirus were identified in advanced epithelial ovarian carcinoma tissues in 10 of 12 patients. A few studies also identified HPV DNA in ovarian carcinoma tissues. However, several researchers employing polymerase chain reaction techniques and using different oligonucleotide probes did not detect HPV DNA in ovarian carcinoma tissues. The objective was to determine the presence of the E6-E7 genes of HPV types 16 and 18 in archived paraffin-embedded malignant ovarian carcinoma using primers targeting. Archived human malignant ovarian cancer tissues (N = 20 cases) embedded in paraffin blocks were processed, and DNA was extracted and the presence of DNA verified by p53 amplifications. PCR analyses were performed on the extracted DNA together with appropriate controls. The results showed an absence of E6-E7 genes of HPV types 16 and 18 in ovarian carcinoma. However, the presence of other HPV types or gene regions is not ruled out and more studies are needed to resolve the question of HPV involvement in ovarian carcinogenesis.

Aggregation of human sperm at higher temperature is due to hyperactivation

Chemotaxis of sperm cells to chemicals and hormones, such as progesterone, helps us to understand the concept of sperm transport. Here, the hypothesis was that heat increased sperm hyperactive motility, which caused the sperm to aggregate at the higher temperature. The objectives were (1) to determine the concentration of sperm at both halves of an artificial female reproductive tract made from a hermetically sealed cryopreservation straw filled with culture medium and placed with each end at different temperatures, and (2) to analyze the motility or kinematic parameters and hyperactivation of sperm found at the different temperatures. Cryopreserved-thawed human donor sperm (N = 6) were pooled and processed through 2-layer colloid solution. Analyses of the motile sperm were carried out and the washed sperm were homogeneously mixed and pipetted into several 0.5-mL French cryopreservation straws and heat-sealed. The control substance, consisting of acid-treated sperm, was also placed in several straws. The plastic straws of sperm were placed half at 23 degrees C and half was at either 37 or 40 degrees C. After 4 h, sperm at different sections of the straws were analyzed using the Hamilton Thorn motility analyzer (HTM-C). After 4 h of incubation, the concentration of sperm was doubled at the 40 degrees C heated half of the straw when compared with the other half of the straw at 23 degrees C. There were no differences in sperm concentration in the straw kept half at 37 degrees C and half at 23 degrees C. There were significantly higher percent motility, mean average path velocity, straight line velocity, lateral head displacement, and percent hyperactivation in sperm at the 40 degrees C temperature. The aggregation of sperm at the higher temperature of 40 degrees C may be due to enhanced motility, increased sperm velocities, and a 10-fold increase in hyperactivation at that temperature. The 37 degrees C temperature was not sufficient to attract sperm. Sperm cells migrating into the higher temperature site of ovulation begin nonprogressive hyperactivation movement, which is the physiological "brake" to detain the sperm at the site of ovulation.

Assessment of archived paraffin-embedded cervical condyloma tissues for mycoplasma-conserved DNA using sensitive PCR-ELISA

Clinically, it is important to detect mycoplasmas because these organisms have been implicated in gastric and ovarian cancer, pneumonia, postabortal fever, pelvic inflammatory disease, pyelonephritis, endometritis, urethritis, perinatal mortality, arthritis, spontaneous abortion, infertility and interference with sperm development and they act as cofactors catalyzing the HIV disease state. Recently, the combined polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method targeting the consensus DNA of over 15 species of mycoplasmas was shown to be superior for the detection of mycoplasmas. The objective was to determine if there was an association between mycoplasmas and cervical neoplasia. Cervical tissues, histopathologically categorized by cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade, flat or exophytic, and acanthosis or koilocytotic, were used. The results showed that mycoplasmas DNA were present in 21.4% of the condyloma tissues and in 33.3% of condyloma tissues with CIN. In contrast, mycoplasmas DNA were not detected when there were no CIN. The presence or absence of human papillomavirus (HPV) did not make a difference. Mycoplasmas DNA were present in 40.0 and 12.5% of the exophytic and flat condylomas, respectively. A higher percentage of cervical tissues graded with slight koilocytosis had (P = 0.05) mycoplasmas DNA compared with tissues graded with moderate koilocytosis. The detection of mycoplasmas DNA in archived cervical condyloma tissues with CIN corroborated previous reports of an association between mycoplasmas and CIN. However, the association between mycoplasmas and the presence of HPV could not be made in this study.

A convenient mixed immunobeads screen for antisperm antibodies during routine semen analysis

OBJECTIVE

To determine if leftover unused IgG, IgA, and IgM immunobeads could be combined as a convenient screen for antisperm antibodies in unwashed sperm. For comparisons, the mixed antiglobulin reaction (SpermMar) and immunobead test were performed.

DESIGN

Prospective comparative study.

SETTING

Clinical and academic research environment.

SUBJECT(S)

Donor human sperm negative for antisperm antibodies.

INTERVENTION(S)

Sperm specimens (n = 9) were equally divided and sera with antisperm antibodies added to one portion (positive control).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Assessment of antisperm antibodies in sperm.

RESULT(S)

The mixed immunobeads screen qualitative results were the same for both the SpermMar and immunobead tests. The mixed immunobeads screen (positive when > or =10% motile sperm was bound) had a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The percentages of bound sperm for the mixed immunobeads screen correlated with the SpermMar but not the immunobead test. The mixed immunobeads screen intraassay and interassay coefficients of variation were 28.9% and 45.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSION(S)

Matching results between the mixed immunobeads screen and the SpermMar or immunobead test suggested that the screen could be used to detect antisperm antibodies in unwashed sperm. There was no advantage to washing the sperm, although the screen was flexible and applicable for both unwashed and washed sperm.