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Montani D, Eichstaedt CA, Belge C, Chung WK, Gräf S, Grünig E, Humbert M, Quarck R, Tenorio-Castano JA, Soubrier F, Trembath RC, Morrell NW. [Genetic counselling and testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension - A consensus statement on behalf of the International Consortium for Genetic Studies in PAH - French version]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:838-852. [PMID: 37923650 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease that can be caused by (likely) pathogenic germline genomic variants. In addition to the most prevalent disease gene, BMPR2 (bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2), several genes, some belonging to distinct functional classes, are also now known to predispose to the development of PAH. As a consequence, specialist and non-specialist clinicians and healthcare professionals are increasingly faced with a range of questions regarding the need for, approaches to and benefits/risks of genetic testing for PAH patients and/or related family members. We provide a consensus-based approach to recommendations for genetic counselling and assessment of current best practice for disease gene testing. We provide a framework and the type of information to be provided to patients and relatives through the process of genetic counselling, and describe the presently known disease causal genes to be analysed. Benefits of including molecular genetic testing within the management protocol of patients with PAH include the identification of individuals misclassified by other diagnostic approaches, the optimisation of phenotypic characterisation for aggregation of outcome data, including in clinical trials, and importantly through cascade screening, the detection of healthy causal variant carriers, to whom regular assessment should be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Montani
- French Referral Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Pulmonary Department, hôpital de Bicêtre, AP-HP, université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR_S999, hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.
| | - C A Eichstaedt
- Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Allemagne; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Allemagne; Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Allemagne
| | - C Belge
- Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA), Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgique
| | - W K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, États-Unis
| | - S Gräf
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, Royaume-Uni; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, Royaume-Uni; NIHR BioResource, for Translational Research - Rare Diseases, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, Royaume-Uni
| | - E Grünig
- Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg gGmbH at Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Allemagne; Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Allemagne
| | - M Humbert
- French Referral Center for Pulmonary Hypertension, Pulmonary Department, hôpital de Bicêtre, AP-HP, université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Inserm UMR_S999, hôpital Marie-Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - R Quarck
- Department of Chronic Diseases & Metabolism (CHROMETA), Clinical Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals, Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases & Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgique
| | - J A Tenorio-Castano
- INGEMM, Instituto de Genética Médica y Molecular, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Espagne; CIBERER, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Madrid, Espagne; ITHACA, European Reference Network, Brussels, Belgique
| | - F Soubrier
- Département de génétique, Inserm UMR_S1166, AP-HP, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institute for Cardio-metabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Sorbonne université, Paris, France
| | - R C Trembath
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, Royaume-Uni
| | - N W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Heart and Lung Research Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0BB, Royaume-Uni; Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0PT, Royaume-Uni
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2
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Lam BYH, Williamson A, Finer S, Day FR, Tadross JA, Gonçalves Soares A, Wade K, Sweeney P, Bedenbaugh MN, Porter DT, Melvin A, Ellacott KLJ, Lippert RN, Buller S, Rosmaninho-Salgado J, Dowsett GKC, Ridley KE, Xu Z, Cimino I, Rimmington D, Rainbow K, Duckett K, Holmqvist S, Khan A, Dai X, Bochukova EG, Trembath RC, Martin HC, Coll AP, Rowitch DH, Wareham NJ, van Heel DA, Timpson N, Simerly RB, Ong KK, Cone RD, Langenberg C, Perry JRB, Yeo GS, O'Rahilly S. MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty. Nature 2021; 599:436-441. [PMID: 34732894 PMCID: PMC8819628 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The state of somatic energy stores in metazoans is communicated to the brain, which regulates key aspects of behaviour, growth, nutrient partitioning and development1. The central melanocortin system acts through melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) to control appetite, food intake and energy expenditure2. Here we present evidence that MC3R regulates the timing of sexual maturation, the rate of linear growth and the accrual of lean mass, which are all energy-sensitive processes. We found that humans who carry loss-of-function mutations in MC3R, including a rare homozygote individual, have a later onset of puberty. Consistent with previous findings in mice, they also had reduced linear growth, lean mass and circulating levels of IGF1. Mice lacking Mc3r had delayed sexual maturation and an insensitivity of reproductive cycle length to nutritional perturbation. The expression of Mc3r is enriched in hypothalamic neurons that control reproduction and growth, and expression increases during postnatal development in a manner that is consistent with a role in the regulation of sexual maturation. These findings suggest a bifurcating model of nutrient sensing by the central melanocortin pathway with signalling through MC4R controlling the acquisition and retention of calories, whereas signalling through MC3R primarily regulates the disposition of calories into growth, lean mass and the timing of sexual maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y H Lam
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Williamson
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Finer
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - F R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J A Tadross
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Gonçalves Soares
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - K Wade
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - P Sweeney
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - M N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D T Porter
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Melvin
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K L J Ellacott
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - R N Lippert
- Department of Neurocircuit Development and Function, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - S Buller
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Rosmaninho-Salgado
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - G K C Dowsett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K E Ridley
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Z Xu
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - I Cimino
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Rimmington
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Rainbow
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - K Duckett
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Holmqvist
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A Khan
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - X Dai
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - E G Bochukova
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - R C Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H C Martin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - A P Coll
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - D H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D A van Heel
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - N Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - R B Simerly
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - R D Cone
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Langenberg
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G S Yeo
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - S O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Chowdhury HM, Sharmin N, Yuzbasioglu Baran M, Long L, Morrell NW, Trembath RC, Nasim MT. BMPRII deficiency impairs apoptosis via the BMPRII-ALK1-BclX-mediated pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:2161-2173. [PMID: 30809644 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiovascular disorder characterized by the remodelling of pre-capillary pulmonary arteries. The vascular remodelling observed in PAH patients results from excessive proliferation and apoptosis resistance of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs). We have previously demonstrated that mutations in the type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMPRII) underlie the majority of the familial and inherited forms of the disease. We have further demonstrated that BMPRII deficiency promotes excessive proliferation and attenuates apoptosis in PASMCs, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The major objective of this study is to investigate how BMPRII deficiency impairs apoptosis in PAH. Using multidisciplinary approaches, we demonstrate that deficiency in the expression of BMPRII impairs apoptosis by modulating the alternative splicing of the apoptotic regulator, B-cell lymphoma X (Bcl-x) transcripts: a finding observed in circulating leukocytes and lungs of PAH subjects, hypoxia-induced PAH rat lungs as well as in PASMCs and PAECs. BMPRII deficiency elicits cell specific effects: promoting the expression of Bcl-xL transcripts in PASMCs while inhibiting it in ECs, thus exerting differential apoptotic effects in these cells. The pro-survival effect of BMPRII receptor is mediated through the activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) but not the ALK3 receptor. Finally, we show that BMPRII interacts with the ALK1 receptor and pathogenic mutations in the BMPR2 gene abolish this interaction. Taken together, dysfunctional BMPRII responsiveness impairs apoptosis via the BMPRII-ALK1-Bcl-xL pathway in PAH. We suggest Bcl-xL as a potential biomarker and druggable target.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Chowdhury
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - N Sharmin
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Merve Yuzbasioglu Baran
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - L Long
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - N W Morrell
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R C Trembath
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Md Talat Nasim
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Health Agricultural and Socio-economic Advancements (CHASA), Lalmonirhat, Bangladesh
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4
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Sharmin N, Malik H, Siddiqui A, Chowdhury H, Kanagenti S, Graham A, Wright C, Morrell N, Trembath RC, Nasim MT. 202 Therapeutic resolution of pulmonary arterial hypertension (pah) by novel small molecule natural products. Heart 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311726.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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5
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Petridis C, Shinomiya I, Kohut K, Gorman P, Caneppele M, Shah V, Troy M, Pinder SE, Hanby A, Tomlinson I, Trembath RC, Roylance R, Simpson MA, Sawyer EJ. Germline CDH1 mutations in bilateral lobular carcinoma in situ. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:1053-7. [PMID: 24366306 PMCID: PMC3929874 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are characterised by loss of E-cadherin expression. However germline CDH1 mutations are rare in cases of ILC with no family history of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) and have not been described in women with LCIS. METHODS We screened the CDH1 gene in 50 cases of bilateral LCIS/ILC using Sanger sequencing and MLPA. RESULTS Sanger sequencing revealed four pathogenic germline mutations, including a novel splicing mutation (c.48+1G>A). The remaining three (c.1465insC, c.1942G>T, c.2398delC) have been previously described. All four cases had bilateral LCIS +/- ILC and no family history of gastric cancer. CONCLUSION CDH1 germline mutations have not been previously described in women with LCIS. We have shown that germline CDH1 mutations are associated with early onset of bilateral LCIS with or without ILC in women without a family history of gastric cancer. CDH1 mutation screening should be considered in women with early onset of bilateral LCIS/ILC with no family history of HDGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Petridis
- 1] Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK [2] Medical and Molecular Genetics, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - I Shinomiya
- Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - K Kohut
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - P Gorman
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M Caneppele
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - V Shah
- Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - M Troy
- Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S E Pinder
- Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - A Hanby
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - I Tomlinson
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - R C Trembath
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - R Roylance
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - M A Simpson
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - E J Sawyer
- Research Oncology, Kings College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
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6
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Makrythanasis P, van Bon BW, Steehouwer M, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Simpson M, Dias P, Anderlid BM, Arts P, Bhat M, Augello B, Biamino E, Bongers EMHF, del Campo M, Cordeiro I, Cueto-González AM, Cuscó I, Deshpande C, Frysira E, Izatt L, Flores R, Galán E, Gener B, Gilissen C, Granneman SM, Hoyer J, Yntema HG, Kets CM, Koolen DA, Marcelis CL, Medeira A, Micale L, Mohammed S, de Munnik SA, Nordgren A, Psoni S, Reardon W, Revencu N, Roscioli T, Ruiterkamp-Versteeg M, Santos HG, Schoumans J, Schuurs-Hoeijmakers JHM, Silengo MC, Toledo L, Vendrell T, van der Burgt I, van Lier B, Zweier C, Reymond A, Trembath RC, Perez-Jurado L, Dupont J, de Vries BBA, Brunner HG, Veltman JA, Merla G, Antonarakis SE, Hoischen A. MLL2mutation detection in 86 patients with Kabuki syndrome: a genotype-phenotype study. Clin Genet 2013; 84:539-45. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Makrythanasis
- Departement of Genetic Medicine and Development; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - BW van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M Steehouwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B Rodríguez-Santiago
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
| | - M Simpson
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - P Dias
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - BM Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - P Arts
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M Bhat
- Centre for Human Genetics; Bangalore India
| | - B Augello
- Medical Genetics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - E Biamino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - EMHF Bongers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - M del Campo
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
| | - I Cordeiro
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - AM Cueto-González
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
- Pediatric Service, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa; Terrassa (Barcelona) Spain
| | - I Cuscó
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - C Deshpande
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - E Frysira
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - L Izatt
- Servicio de Genética, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo; Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R Flores
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - E Galán
- Servicio de Genética, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo; Bizkaia, Spain
| | - B Gener
- Clinical Genetics Unit; Hospital de Cruces; Barakaldo Bizkaia Spain
| | - C Gilissen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - SM Granneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - J Hoyer
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - HG Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - CM Kets
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - DA Koolen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - CL Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A Medeira
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - L Micale
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S Mohammed
- Clinical Genetics, Guy's Hospital; Guy's and St. Thomas' National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust; London UK
| | - SA de Munnik
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - A Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine; Karolinska Institutet
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - S Psoni
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Medical School; University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - W Reardon
- National Centre for Medical Genetics; Our Lady's Hospital for Sick Children; Dublin 12 Ireland
| | - N Revencu
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc; Université Catholique de Louvain; Brussels Belgium
| | - T Roscioli
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Sydney Children's Hospital; University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - M Ruiterkamp-Versteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - HG Santos
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - J Schoumans
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cancer Cytogenetic Unit; University Hospital of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - JHM Schuurs-Hoeijmakers
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - MC Silengo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche; Università di Torino; Torino Italy
| | - L Toledo
- Hospital Materno Infantil; Unidad de Neurologia Infantil; Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain
| | - T Vendrell
- Programa de Medicina Molecular y Genética; Hospital Vall d'Hebron
| | - I van der Burgt
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - B van Lier
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - C Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - A Reymond
- The Center for Integrative Genomics; University of Lausanne; Lausanne
| | - RC Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Guy's Hospital; King's College London School of Medicine; London UK
| | - L Perez-Jurado
- Unitat de Genètica; Universitat Pompeu Fabra
- Hospital del Mas Medical Research Institute (IMIM)
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, Ltd (qGenomics); Barcelona Spain
- CIBER de enfermedades raras (CIBERER)
| | - J Dupont
- Hospital de Santa Maria; Serviço de Genética Médica; Lisbon Portugal
| | - BBA de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - HG Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - JA Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - G Merla
- Medical Genetics Unit; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo
| | - SE Antonarakis
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Service of Genetic Medicine; University Hospitals of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - A Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disorders; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Southgate L, Scollen S, He W, Moss A, Simpson MA, Zhang B, Xi L, Schlitt T, Weale ME, Hyde CL, Stephens JC, Sjöstrand C, Russell MB, Leone M, John SL, Trembath RC. Elucidating the molecular genetic basis of cluster headache: delineation of the genetic architecture by exome sequencing. J Headache Pain 2013. [PMCID: PMC3620257 DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-14-s1-p34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Southgate L, Scollen S, He W, Moss A, Simpson MA, Zhang B, Xi L, Schlitt T, Weale ME, Hyde CL, Stephens JC, Sjöstrand C, Russell MB, Leone M, John SL, Trembath RC. Elucidating the molecular genetic basis of cluster headache: delineation of the genetic architecture by exome sequencing. J Headache Pain 2013. [DOI: 10.1186/1129-2377-1-s1-p34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Walsh DM, Shah SH, Simpson MA, Morgan NV, Khaliq S, Trembath RC, Mehdi SQ, Maher ER. A Novel ABCA12 Mutation in Two Families with Congenital Ichthyosis. Scientifica (Cairo) 2012; 2012:649090. [PMID: 24278723 PMCID: PMC3820470 DOI: 10.6064/2012/649090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperkeratosis in addition to dry, scaly skin. There are six genes currently known to be associated with the disease. Exome sequencing data for two affected individuals with ichthyosis from two apparently unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families was analysed. Potential candidate mutations were analysed in additional family members to determine if the putative mutation segregated with disease status. A novel mutation (c.G4676T, p.Gly1559Val) in ABCA12 occurred at a highly conserved residue, segregated with disease status in both families, and was not detected in 143 control chromosomes. Genotyping with microsatellite markers demonstrated a partial common haplotype in the two families, and a common founder mutation could not be excluded. Comparison to previously reported cases was consistent with the hypothesis that severe loss of function ABCA12 mutations are associated with Harlequin Ichthyosis and missense mutations are preferentially associated with milder phenotypes. In addition to identifying a possible founder mutation, this paper illustrates how advances in genome sequencing technologies could be utilised to rapidly elucidate the molecular basis of inherited skin diseases which can be caused by mutations in multiple disease genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. M. Walsh
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S. H. Shah
- Centre for Human Genetics, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - M. A. Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - N. V. Morgan
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - S. Khaliq
- University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - R. C. Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - S. Q. Mehdi
- Centre for Human Genetics, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - E. R. Maher
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Service, Birmingham Women's Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Meyer E, Kurian MA, Morgan NV, McNeill A, Pasha S, Tee L, Younis R, Norman A, van der Knaap MS, Wassmer E, Trembath RC, Brueton L, Maher ER. Promoter mutation is a common variant in GJC2-associated Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:637-43. [PMID: 21959080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pelizaeus-Merzbacher-like disease (PMLD) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurological disorder of cerebral hypomyelination. It is clinically characterised by early onset (usually infantile) nystagmus, impaired motor development, ataxia, choreoathetoid movements, dysarthria and progressive limb spasticity. We undertook autozygosity mapping studies in a large consanguineous family of Pakistani origin in which affected children had progressive lower limb spasticity and features of cerebral hypomyelination on MR brain imaging. SNP microarray and microsatellite marker analysis demonstrated linkage to chromosome 1q42.13-1q42.2. Direct sequencing of the gap junction protein gamma-2 gene, GJC2, identified a promoter region mutation (c.-167A>G) in the non-coding exon 1. The c.-167A>G promoter mutation was identified in a further 4 individuals from two families (who were also of Pakistani origin) with clinical and radiological features of PMLD in whom previous routine diagnostic screening of GJC2 had been reported as negative. A common haplotype was identified at the GJC2 locus in the three mutation-positive families, consistent with a common origin for the mutation and likely founder effect. This promoter mutation has only recently been reported in GJC2-PMLD but it has been postulated to affect the binding of the transcription factor SOX10 and appears to be a prevalent mutation, accounting for ~29% of reported patients with GJC2-PMLD. We propose that diagnostic screening of GJC2 should include sequence analysis of the non-coding exon 1, as well as the coding regions to avoid misdiagnosis or diagnostic delay in suspected PMLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Meyer
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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11
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Capon F, Boulding H, Quaranta M, Mortimer NJ, Setterfield JF, Black MM, Trembath RC, Harman KE. Genetic analysis of desmoglein 3 (DSG3) sequence variants in patients with pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:1403-5. [PMID: 19678820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
The realization of scientific discovery being delivered to patients for their clinical benefit is termed Translational Medicine. This requires the bridging of excellence in both basic scientific endeavour and clinical care. Whilst there is consensus that it is important to drive translation for the benefit of patient care, the mechanism whereby this is to be achieved is less clear. In this article, we describe a novel strategy for the realization of effective translation that encompasses capacity building, a flexible proof of concept in man and the creation of a translational faculty adjacent to clinical research facilities that forms the basis of our NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre. The opportunity to deliver world-class biomedical research from within the UK has never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Snape
- Comprehensive NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, Guy's and St Thomas' Foundation Trust, London, UK
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13
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Southwood M, Jeffery TK, Yang X, Upton PD, Hall SM, Atkinson C, Haworth SG, Stewart S, Reynolds PN, Long L, Trembath RC, Morrell NW. Regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signalling in human pulmonary vascular development. J Pathol 2008; 214:85-95. [PMID: 17992660 DOI: 10.1002/path.2261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type II receptor (BMPR-II) is predominantly expressed on the vascular endothelium in the adult lung. Although mutations in BMPR-II are known to underlie many cases of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (FPAH), little is known regarding the expression of BMPs and their signalling pathways during normal lung development or the impact of BMPR-II mutations on endothelial cell function. We determined the cellular localization and expression levels of BMP4, BMP receptors, and activation of downstream signalling via phospho-Smad1 in a developmental series of human embryonic and fetal lungs by immunohistochemistry. The expression of BMP4 and BMP receptors was temporally and spatially regulated during lung development. BMPR-II expression correlated with phosphorylation of tissue Smad1 and was highest during the late pseudoglandular and early canalicular stage of lung development, when vasculogenesis is intense. Phospho-Smad1 expression was associated with markers of proliferation in endothelial cells. In vitro studies confirmed that BMPs 2 and 4 induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and pulmonary artery endothelial cell (PAEC) migration and proliferation. Adenoviral transfection of PAECs with mutant kinase-deficient BMPR-II, or siRNA knockdown of BMPR-II, inhibited Smad signalling and the proliferative response to BMP4. Our findings support a critical role for BMPs in lung vasculogenesis. Dysfunctional BMP signalling in PAECs during development may lead to abnormal pulmonary vascular development and contribute to the pathogenesis of FPAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Southwood
- Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Rauch A, Thiel CT, Schindler D, Wick U, Crow YJ, Ekici AB, van Essen AJ, Goecke TO, Al-Gazali L, Chrzanowska KH, Zweier C, Brunner HG, Becker K, Curry CJ, Dallapiccola B, Devriendt K, Dorfler A, Kinning E, Megarbane A, Meinecke P, Semple RK, Spranger S, Toutain A, Trembath RC, Voss E, Wilson L, Hennekam R, de Zegher F, Dorr HG, Reis A. Mutations in the Pericentrin (PCNT) Gene Cause Primordial Dwarfism. Science 2008; 319:816-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1151174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Wolf N, Quaranta M, Prescott NJ, Allen M, Smith R, Burden AD, Worthington J, Griffiths CEM, Mathew CG, Barker JN, Capon F, Trembath RC. Psoriasis is associated with pleiotropic susceptibility loci identified in type II diabetes and Crohn disease. J Med Genet 2007; 45:114-6. [PMID: 17993580 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2007.053595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder that is inherited as a multifactorial trait. Linkage analyses have clearly mapped a primary disease susceptibility locus to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region on chromosome 6p21. More recently, whole-genome association studies have identified two non-MHC disease genes (IL12B and IL23R), both of which also confer susceptibility to Crohn disease (CD). OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To ascertain the genetic overlap between these two inflammatory conditions further, we investigated 15 CD-associated loci in a psoriasis case-control dataset. RESULTS The analysis of 1256 patients and 2938 unrelated controls found significant associations for loci mapping to chromosomes 1q24 (rs12035082, p = 0.009), 6p22 (rs6908425, p = 0.00015) and 21q22 (rs2836754, p = 0.0003). Notably, the marker showing the strongest phenotypic effect (rs6908425) maps to CDKAL1, a gene also associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS These results substantiate emerging evidence for a pleiotropic role for s genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of immune-mediated disorders.
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Tarpey P, Thomas S, Sarvananthan N, Mallya U, Lisgo S, Talbot CJ, Roberts EO, Awan M, Surendran M, McLean RJ, Reinecke RD, Langmann A, Lindner S, Koch M, Woodruff G, Gale R, Degg C, Droutsas K, Asproudis I, Zubcov AA, Pieh C, Veal CD, Machado RD, Backhouse OC, Baumber L, Jain S, Constantinescu CS, Brodsky MC, Hunter DG, Hertle RW, Read RJ, Edkins S, O’Meara S, Parker A, Stevens C, Teague J, Wooster R, Futreal PA, Trembath RC, Stratton MR, Raymond FL, Gottlob I. Mutations in FRMD7, a newly identified member of the FERM family, cause X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Nat Genet 2006; 38:1242-4. [PMID: 17013395 PMCID: PMC2592600 DOI: 10.1038/ng1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic congenital nystagmus is characterized by involuntary, periodic, predominantly horizontal oscillations of both eyes. We identified 22 mutations in FRMD7 in 26 families with X-linked idiopathic congenital nystagmus. Screening of 42 singleton cases of idiopathic congenital nystagmus (28 male, 14 females) yielded three mutations (7%). We found restricted expression of FRMD7 in human embryonic brain and developing neural retina, suggesting a specific role in the control of eye movement and gaze stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tarpey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - S Thomas
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - N Sarvananthan
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - U Mallya
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
| | - S Lisgo
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - CJ Talbot
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - EO Roberts
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - M Awan
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - M Surendran
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - RJ McLean
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
| | - RD Reinecke
- Foerderer Eye Movement Centre for Children, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107 USA
| | - A Langmann
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - S Lindner
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - M Koch
- Medical University Graz, Department of Ophthalmology, Auenbruggerplatz 4, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - G Woodruff
- Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT
| | - R Gale
- Ophthalmology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - C Degg
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
| | - K Droutsas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - I Asproudis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - AA Zubcov
- University Eye Hospital, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - C Pieh
- University Eye Hospital, Killianstr. 5, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - CD Veal
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - RD Machado
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - OC Backhouse
- Ophthalmology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, LS1 3EX, UK
| | - L Baumber
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - S Jain
- Royal Preston Hospital, Sharoe Green Lane North, Fulwood, Preston, Lancashire PR2 9HT
| | - CS Constantinescu
- Division of Clinical Neurology, School of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - MC Brodsky
- Arkansas Children’s Hospital, 800 Marshall, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, UK
| | - DG Hunter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA
| | - RW Hertle
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Division of Paediatric Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - RJ Read
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
| | - S Edkins
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - S O’Meara
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - A Parker
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - C Stevens
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - J Teague
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - R Wooster
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - PA Futreal
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - RC Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - MR Stratton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton Cambridge CB10 1SA UK
| | - FL Raymond
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital Cambridge CB2 2XY UK
- Joint senior authors and corresponding authors and
| | - I Gottlob
- Ophthalmology Group, School of Medicine, University of Leicester, RKCSB, PO Box 65, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK
- Joint senior authors and corresponding authors and
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Kinning E, Tufarelli C, Winship WS, Aldred MA, Trembath RC. Genomic duplication in Dyggve Melchior Clausen syndrome, a novel mutation mechanism in an autosomal recessive disorder. J Med Genet 2006; 42:e70. [PMID: 16326827 PMCID: PMC1735964 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.033829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyggve Melchior Clausen syndrome (DMC) is a severe autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia associated with mental retardation. Direct sequencing of genomic DNA has identified causative mutations in the gene Dymeclin (chromosome 18q12-21), with the majority predicting the generation of a truncated protein product. OBJECTIVE To carry out molecular genetic studies in three DMC kindreds. RESULTS Two novel nonsense mutations and two complex genomic duplication events resulting in exon repetition were identified. CONCLUSIONS Exon dosage assessment or mRNA analysis, in addition to direct genomic DNA sequencing, should be employed in the investigation of DMC affected individuals. Genomic duplication may be the causative mutation mechanism in other autosomal recessive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kinning
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Genetics and Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Baumber L, Sjöstrand C, Leone M, Harty H, Bussone G, Hillert J, Trembath RC, Russell MB. A genome-wide scan and HCRTR2 candidate gene analysis in a European cluster headache cohort. Neurology 2006; 66:1888-93. [PMID: 16801656 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000219765.95038.d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular genetic basis of cluster headache (CH), using a genome-wide scan and candidate gene strategy. METHODS Northern European CH families and a case-control cohort of Danish, Swedish, and British origin (total n = 259 sporadic CH patients), including 267 control subjects matched for ancestry, participated in the study. A genome-wide genetic screen using approximately 400 microsatellite markers was performed for five informative Danish CH families. Additional markers were typed for those loci generating statistical evidence suggestive of linkage, together with genotypes for 111 individuals from further Danish and Italian kindreds. Sporadic CH patients and controls were investigated by association analysis for variation in the candidate gene, HCRTR2. Finally, complete HCRTR2 sequencing was undertaken for eight independent probands. RESULTS Potential linkage was identified at four possible disease loci in Danish kindreds, yet no single chromosome location generated a lod or NPL score of recognized significance. No deleterious sequence variants of the HCRTR2 gene were detected by comparison to wild-type sequence. Association of the HCRTR2 gene was not replicated in this large dataset, even when the data were stratified into distinct populations. CONCLUSIONS Cluster headache is a complex genetic disorder, with possible phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity compounding attempts at gene identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baumber
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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19
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Capon F, Bharkhada J, Cochrane NE, Mortimer NJ, Setterfield JF, Reynaert S, Black MM, Vaughan RW, Trembath RC, Harman KE. Evidence of an association between desmoglein 3 haplotypes and pemphigus vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:67-71. [PMID: 16403096 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.06882.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus vulgaris (PV, OMIM 169610) is a severe blistering disorder of the skin and mucous membranes, caused by the production of autoantibodies directed against the epithelial adhesive protein desmoglein 3. Although an association between PV and HLA class II alleles has been established, the genetic factors predisposing to the disease remain poorly understood, the rarity of PV hampering the recruitment of substantial patient cohorts. OBJECTIVES To investigate DSG3 as a candidate PV susceptibility gene. METHODS We examined five DSG3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8085532, rs3911655, rs3848485, rs3794925 and rs1466379) in two case-control datasets respectively originating from the U.K. (62 PV patients, 154 controls) and northern India (28 patients, 98 controls). RESULTS In the U.K. sample, we observed a significant association between PV and the DSG3*TCCTC haplotype (Fisher's exact test P = 0.002). A related haplotype (DSG3*TCCCC) was associated with PV in the Indian dataset (P = 0.002). We also found that all British and Indian patients bearing DSG3 risk haplotypes carried at least one copy of a PV-associated HLA allele. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that genetic variation of DSG3 may be an additive risk factor predisposing to PV and warrant further investigations of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Capon
- Department of Genetics and Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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20
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Shackleton S, Smallwood DT, Clayton P, Wilson LC, Agarwal AK, Garg A, Trembath RC. Compound heterozygous ZMPSTE24 mutations reduce prelamin A processing and result in a severe progeroid phenotype. J Med Genet 2006; 42:e36. [PMID: 15937076 PMCID: PMC1736080 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.029751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Baumber L, Tufarelli C, Patel S, King P, Johnson CA, Maher ER, Trembath RC. Identification of a novel mutation disrupting the DNA binding activity of GCM2 in autosomal recessive familial isolated hypoparathyroidism. J Med Genet 2006; 42:443-8. [PMID: 15863676 PMCID: PMC1736051 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.026898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina K Jeffery
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK
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23
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Sladden MJ, Mortimer NJ, Camp RDR, Fletcher A, Trembath RC. Skin tumours and a family history of cancer. Clin Exp Dermatol 2005; 30:605-6. [PMID: 16045718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Sladden
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Methods for determining protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells typically rely on single reporter functions and are susceptible to variations between samples particularly in regard to levels of transcription, processing and translation. A method has been developed for determining protein–protein interactions in mammalian cells, which bypasses these variables confounding single reporter assays. The approach utilizes two units of gene expression linked to reporter functions that are interposed by a deactivation–activation unit in such a way that the downstream expression unit is switched off. Hence upstream expression occurs regardless of protein–protein interaction, leading to the production of the upstream reporter. In the event of protein–protein interactions, the downstream expression unit is switched on leading to dual reporter read outs. Thus, the ratio of the two reporter activities provides a measure to determine the efficiency of protein–protein interactions. To access the system we screened a mutant of BMPR2 where the interaction between BMPR-II and LIMK is abrogated. BMPR-II is a type II receptor of the TGFβ superfamily and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension. This system has potential for high-throughput screening of libraries (peptide, chemical, cDNA, etc.) to isolate agents that are capable of interfering with highly selective protein–protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Nasim
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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25
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Aldred MA, Sanford ROC, Thomas NS, Barrow MA, Wilson LC, Brueton LA, Bonaglia MC, Hennekam RCM, Eng C, Dennis NR, Trembath RC. Molecular analysis of 20 patients with 2q37.3 monosomy: definition of minimum deletion intervals for key phenotypes. J Med Genet 2004; 41:433-9. [PMID: 15173228 PMCID: PMC1735790 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.017202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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26
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Capon F, Helms C, Veal CD, Tillman D, Burden AD, Barker JN, Bowcock AM, Trembath RC. Genetic analysis of PSORS2 markers in a UK dataset supports the association between RAPTOR SNPs and familial psoriasis. J Med Genet 2004; 41:459-60. [PMID: 15173233 PMCID: PMC1735814 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2004.018226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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27
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Harrison RE, Flanagan JA, Sankelo M, Abdalla SA, Rowell J, Machado RD, Elliott CG, Robbins IM, Olschewski H, McLaughlin V, Gruenig E, Kermeen F, Halme M, Räisänen-Sokolowski A, Laitinen T, Morrell NW, Trembath RC. Molecular and functional analysis identifies ALK-1 as the predominant cause of pulmonary hypertension related to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Med Genet 2004; 40:865-71. [PMID: 14684682 PMCID: PMC1735342 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.12.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) receptor components ENDOGLIN and ALK-1 cause the autosomal dominant vascular disorder hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Heterozygous mutations of the type II receptor BMPR2 underlie familial primary pulmonary hypertension. OBJECTIVE To investigate kindreds presenting with both pulmonary hypertension and HHT. METHODS Probands and families were identified by specialist pulmonary hypertension centres in five countries. DNA sequence analysis of ALK-1, ENDOGLIN, and BMPR2 was undertaken. Cellular localisation was investigated by heterologous overexpression of mutant constructs in both BAEC and HeLa cells. The impact of a novel sequence variant was assessed through comparative analysis and computer modelling. RESULTS Molecular analysis of 11 probands identified eight missense mutations of ALK-1, one of which was observed in two families. Mutations were located within exons 5 to 10 of the ALK-1 gene. The majority of ALK-1 mutant constructs appeared to be retained within the cell cytoplasm, in the endoplasmic reticulum. A novel GS domain mutation, when overexpressed, reached the cell surface but is predicted to disrupt conformational changes owing to loss of a critical hydrogen bond. Two novel missense mutations were identified in ENDOGLIN. CONCLUSIONS The association of pulmonary arterial hypertension and HHT identifies an important disease complication and appears most common among subjects with defects in ALK-1 receptor signalling. Future studies should focus on detailed molecular analysis of the common cellular pathways disrupted by mutations of ALK-1 and BMPR2 that cause inherited pulmonary vascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/analysis
- Activin Receptors, Type I/chemistry
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type II
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, CD
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Endoglin
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/chemistry
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnosis
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation, Missense
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/complications
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/diagnosis
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Harrison
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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28
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Young C, Allen MH, Cuthbert A, Ameen M, Veal C, Leman J, Burden AD, Kirby B, Griffiths CEM, Trembath RC, Mathew CG, Barker JNWN. A Crohn's disease-associated insertion polymorphism (3020insC) in the NOD2 gene is not associated with psoriasis vulgaris, palmo-plantar pustular psoriasis or guttate psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2003; 12:506-9. [PMID: 12930309 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0625.2002.120420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A C-insertion polymorphism in the NOD2 gene (3020insC) on chromosome 16 is a rare mutation associated with Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease and psoriasis are more commonly observed together than expected by chance. Furthermore a susceptibility locus for psoriasis has been identified on chromosome 16q which overlaps the recently identified susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease. Thus, NOD2 may potentially be important as a candidate susceptibility gene for psoriasis. We tested this hypothesis by genotyping psoriasis patients for the C-insertion polymorphism using the Taqman ABI 7700 sequencing system. No statistically significant differences were observed between psoriasis vulgaris (n = 216), palmo-plantar pustular psoriasis (PPP) (n = 100), guttate psoriasis (n = 118) and the control group (n = 283). In both patient and control groups, no mutant homozygotes were observed and approximately 4% were heterozygotes. This particular insertion mutation in the NOD2 gene does not appear to contribute to the genetic susceptibility of psoriasis vulgaris, PPP or guttate psoriasis. However, other mutations exist in the NOD2 gene, which may potentially have a role in psoriasis susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Young
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's, Kings & St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, UK
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29
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Morgan NV, Bacchelli C, Gissen P, Morton J, Ferrero GB, Silengo M, Labrune P, Casteels I, Hall C, Cox P, Kelly DA, Trembath RC, Scambler PJ, Maher ER, Goodman FR, Johnson CA. A locus for asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, ATD, maps to chromosome 15q13. J Med Genet 2003; 40:431-5. [PMID: 12807964 PMCID: PMC1735497 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.6.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), or Jeune syndrome, is a multisystem autosomal recessive disorder associated with a characteristic skeletal dysplasia and variable renal, hepatic, pancreatic, and retinal abnormalities. We have performed a genome wide linkage search using autozygosity mapping in a cohort of four consanguineous families with ATD, three of which originate from Pakistan, and one from southern Italy. In these families, as well as in a fifth consanguineous family from France, we localised a novel ATD locus (ATD) to chromosome 15q13, with a maximum cumulative two point lod score at D15S1031 (Zmax=3.77 at theta=0.00). Five consanguineous families shared a 1.2 cM region of homozygosity between D15S165 and D15S1010. Investigation of a further four European kindreds, with no known parental consanguinity, showed evidence of marker homozygosity across a similar interval. Families with both mild and severe forms of ATD mapped to 15q13, but mutation analysis of two candidate genes, GREMLIN and FORMIN, did not show pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Morgan
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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30
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Capon F, Toal IK, Evans JC, Allen MH, Patel S, Tillman D, Burden D, Barker JNWN, Trembath RC. Haplotype analysis of distantly related populations implicates corneodesmosin in psoriasis susceptibility. J Med Genet 2003; 40:447-52. [PMID: 12807967 PMCID: PMC1735499 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Pendred syndrome is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder characterized by profound hearing impairment and inappropriate iodine release by the thyroid on perchlorate challenge. Thirty-three cases comprising members of 13 families and eight isolated cases were studied, with detailed audiological and vestibular investigation and computerized tomography. A uniform, profound, symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss was identified in all cases. Approximately one-third of the group reported progressive hearing impairment, in childhood or adolescence, associated with head injury, infection, or delayed secondary hydrops. Ninety per cent of the cases scanned showed dilated vestibular aqueducts, and all cases with progression of the hearing impairment demonstrated this structural abnormality. Approximately one-third of the cases had normal vestibular function, but a further third demonstrated a unilateral peripheral deficit, while the remaining third showed bilateral vestibular hypofunction. There was no intra-familial concordance of vestibular findings, and no correlation between vestibular abnormality and presence or absence of a dilated vestibular aqueduct, with or without a Mondini malformation. In older children and adults, Pendred syndrome was associated with a profound, symmetrical, sensorineural auditory impairment, and a variety of vestibular abnormalities, which are not uniform within families, or correlated with structural labyrinthine deformities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Luxon
- Academic Unit of Audiological Medicine, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK.
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32
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Aligianis IA, Forshew T, Johnson S, Michaelides M, Johnson CA, Trembath RC, Hunt DM, Moore AT, Maher ER. Mapping of a novel locus for achromatopsia (ACHM4) to 1p and identification of a germline mutation in the alpha subunit of cone transducin (GNAT2). J Med Genet 2002; 39:656-60. [PMID: 12205108 PMCID: PMC1735242 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.9.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecular basis for achromatopsia using autozygosity mapping and positional candidate gene analysis. DESIGN AND METHODS A large consanguineous Pakistani family containing six subjects with autosomal recessive complete achromatopsia was ascertained. After excluding linkage to the two known achromatopsia genes (CNGA3 and CNGB3), a genome wide linkage screen was undertaken. RESULTS Significant linkage was detected to a 12 cM autozygous segment between markers D1S485 and D1S2881 on chromosome 1p13. Direct sequence analysis of the candidate gene GNAT2 located within this interval identified a frameshift mutation in exon 7 (c842_843insTCAG; M280fsX291) that segregated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS The GNAT2 gene codes for cone alpha-transducin, the G protein that couples the cone pigments to cGMP-phosphodiesterase in phototransduction. Although cone alpha-transducin has a fundamental role in cone phototransduction, mutations in GNAT2 have not been described previously. Since mutations in the CNGA3 gene may cause a variety of retinal dystrophies (complete and incomplete achromatopsia and progressive cone dystrophy), GNAT2 mutations may also prove to be implicated in other forms of retinal dystrophy with cone dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Aligianis
- Section of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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33
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Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension has been described as either sporadic or clustered in families. Familial primary pulmonary hypertension segregates as an autosomal dominant trait with markedly reduced disease gene penetrance. Defects within bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II gene, coding for a receptor member of the transforming growth factor-beta family, underlie familial primary pulmonary hypertension. Several lines of evidence point to the potential requirement of additional factors, either environmental or genetic, in the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, a proportion of so-called sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension turns out to have an inherited basis, as demonstrated by germline bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II gene mutations. Analysis of cases in association with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia led to the demonstration that pulmonary arterial hypertension can involve activin-receptor-like kinase 1 mutations, a type I transforming growth factor-beta receptor. These findings emphasise the critical role of the transforming growth factor-beta signalling pathway in pulmonary arterial hypertension. While this achievement has generated extreme interest, the pathobiology of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension remains unclear and genomic approaches to pulmonary hypertension research may identify additional molecular determinants for this disorder. Finally, there is an urgent need to develop relevant guidelines for genetic counselling to assist patients, their relatives and pulmonary vascular specialists to utilise these recent observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Humbert
- UPRES 2705, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Centre des Maladies Vasculaires Pulmonaires, Hĵpital Antoine-Béclère, Université Paris-Sud, Clamart.
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rudarakanchana
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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35
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Morrell NW, Yang X, Upton PD, Jourdan KB, Morgan N, Sheares KK, Trembath RC. Altered growth responses of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells from patients with primary pulmonary hypertension to transforming growth factor-beta(1) and bone morphogenetic proteins. Circulation 2001; 104:790-5. [PMID: 11502704 DOI: 10.1161/hc3201.094152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the type II receptor for bone morphogenetic protein (BMPR-II), a receptor member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily, underlie many cases of familial and sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). We postulated that pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with PPH might demonstrate abnormal growth responses to TGF-beta superfamily members. METHODS AND RESULTS For studies of (3)H-thymidine incorporation or cell proliferation, PASMCs (passages 4 to 8) were derived from main pulmonary arteries. In control cells, 24-hour incubation with TGF-beta(1) (10 ng/mL) or bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, -4, and -7 (100 ng/mL) inhibited basal and serum-stimulated (3)H-thymidine incorporation, and TGF-beta(1) and BMPs inhibited the proliferation of serum-stimulated PASMCs. In contrast, TGF-beta(1) stimulated (3)H-thymidine incorporation (200%; P<0.001) and cell proliferation in PASMCs from PPH but not from patients with secondary pulmonary hypertension. In addition, BMPs failed to suppress DNA synthesis and proliferation in PASMCs from PPH patients. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction of PASMC mRNA detected transcripts for type I (TGF-betaRI, Alk-1, ActRI, and BMPRIB) and type II (TGF-betaRII, BMPR-II, ActRII, ActRIIB) receptors. Receptor binding and cross-linking studies with (125)I-TGF-beta(1) confirmed that the abnormal responses in PPH cells were not due to differences in TGF-beta receptor binding. Mutation analysis of PASMC DNA failed to detect mutations in TGF-betaRII and Alk-1 but confirmed the presence of a mutation in BMPR-II in 1 of 5 PPH isolates. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that PASMCs from patients with PPH exhibit abnormal growth responses to TGF-beta(1) and BMPs and that altered integration of TGF-beta superfamily growth signals may contribute to the pathogenesis of PPH.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors
- Adult
- Binding, Competitive/drug effects
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/pharmacology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Pulmonary Artery
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Thymidine/pharmacokinetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Morrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's and Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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36
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Trembath RC, Thomson JR, Machado RD, Morgan NV, Atkinson C, Winship I, Simonneau G, Galie N, Loyd JE, Humbert M, Nichols WC, Morrell NW, Berg J, Manes A, McGaughran J, Pauciulo M, Wheeler L. Clinical and molecular genetic features of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:325-34. [PMID: 11484689 DOI: 10.1056/nejm200108023450503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with familial primary pulmonary hypertension have defects in the gene for bone morphogenetic protein receptor II (BMPR2), a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of receptors. Because patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia may have lung disease that is indistinguishable from primary pulmonary hypertension, we investigated the genetic basis of lung disease in these patients. METHODS We evaluated members of five kindreds plus one individual patient with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and identified 10 cases of pulmonary hypertension. In the two largest families, we used microsatellite markers to test for linkage to genes encoding TGF-beta-receptor proteins, including endoglin and activin-receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), and BMPR2. In subjects with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary hypertension, we also scanned ALK1 and BMPR2 for mutations. RESULTS We identified suggestive linkage of pulmonary hypertension with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia on chromosome 12q13, a region that includes ALK1. We identified amino acid changes in activin-receptor-like kinase 1 that were inherited in subjects who had a disorder with clinical and histologic features indistinguishable from those of primary pulmonary hypertension. Immunohistochemical analysis in four subjects and one control showed pulmonary vascular endothelial expression of activin-receptor-like kinase 1 in normal and diseased pulmonary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Pulmonary hypertension in association with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia can involve mutations in ALK1. These mutations are associated with diverse effects, including the vascular dilatation characteristic of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and the occlusion of small pulmonary arteries that is typical of primary pulmonary hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors
- Adult
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Female
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/pathology
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Microsatellite Repeats
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Mutation, Missense
- Pedigree
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/complications
- Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Trembath
- Department of Medicine, University of Leicester, United Kingdom.
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37
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Cookson WO, Ubhi B, Lawrence R, Abecasis GR, Walley AJ, Cox HE, Coleman R, Leaves NI, Trembath RC, Moffatt MF, Harper JI. Genetic linkage of childhood atopic dermatitis to psoriasis susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2001; 27:372-3. [PMID: 11279517 DOI: 10.1038/86867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out a genome screen for atopic dermatitis (AD) and have identified linkage to AD on chromosomes 1q21, 17q25 and 20p. These regions correspond closely with known psoriasis loci, as does a previously identified AD locus on chromosome 3q21. The results indicate that AD is influenced by genes with general effects on dermal inflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Cookson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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38
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Veal CD, Clough RL, Barber RC, Mason S, Tillman D, Ferry B, Jones AB, Ameen M, Balendran N, Powis SH, Burden AD, Barker JN, Trembath RC. Identification of a novel psoriasis susceptibility locus at 1p and evidence of epistasis between PSORS1 and candidate loci. J Med Genet 2001; 38:7-13. [PMID: 11134234 PMCID: PMC1734710 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of all forms of psoriasis remains obscure. Segregation analysis and twin studies together with ethnic differences in disease frequency all point to an underlying genetic susceptibility to psoriasis, which is both complex and likely to reflect the action of a number of genes. We performed a genome wide analysis using a total of 271 polymorphic autosomal markers on 284 sib relative pairs identified within 158 independent families. We detected evidence for linkage at 6p21 (PSORS1) with a non-parametric linkage score (NPL)=4.7, p=2 x 10(-6) and at chromosome 1p (NPL=3.6, p=1.9 x 10(-4)) in all families studied. Significant excess (p=0. 004) paternal allele sharing was detected for markers spanning the PSORS1 locus. A further three regions reached NPL scores of 2 or greater, including a region at chromosome 7 (NPL 2.1), for which linkage for a number of autoimmune disorders has been reported. Partitioning of the data set according to allele sharing at 6p21 (PSORS1) favoured linkage to chromosomes 2p (NPL 2.09) and 14q (NPL 2.0), both regions implicated in previous independent genome scans, and suggests evidence for epistasis between PSORS1 and genes at other genomic locations. This study has provided linkage evidence in favour of a novel susceptibility locus for psoriasis and provides evidence of the complex mechanisms underlying the genetic predisposition to this common skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Veal
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Leicester, Adrian Building, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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39
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Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) represents the end stage of a disruption of pulmonary vascular integrity, of unknown cause. Although PPH is associated with several systemic disorders, there have hitherto been few clues as to the aetiological factors responsible for the pathogenesis of this condition. As an example of the application of modern molecular genetics and positional cloning, this leader describes the range of studies currently under way, which aim to find the gene that underlies PPH, and summarises the implications of the identification of such a gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thomson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Adrian Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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40
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Aldred MA, Bagshaw RJ, Macdermot K, Casson D, Murch SH, Walker-Smith JA, Trembath RC. Germline mosaicism for a GNAS1 mutation and Albright hereditary osteodystrophy. J Med Genet 2000; 37:E35. [PMID: 11073544 PMCID: PMC1734481 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.11.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Vigouroux C, Magré J, Vantyghem MC, Bourut C, Lascols O, Shackleton S, Lloyd DJ, Guerci B, Padova G, Valensi P, Grimaldi A, Piquemal R, Touraine P, Trembath RC, Capeau J. Lamin A/C gene: sex-determined expression of mutations in Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy and absence of coding mutations in congenital and acquired generalized lipoatrophy. Diabetes 2000; 49:1958-62. [PMID: 11078466 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.49.11.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Missense mutations of the lamin A/C gene, LMNA, have been recently identified in Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), which belongs to a heterogeneous group of rare disorders affecting adipose tissue distribution and metabolism. In this study, we sequenced the LMNA coding region from patients presenting with FPLD or other forms of lipodystrophy. We identified two heterozygous mutations in exon 8, R482W and R482Q, in FPLD patients (six families and one individual) with various clinical presentations. In addition, we found a novel heterozygous mutation (R584H) in exon 11, encoding specifically the lamin A isoform, in a patient with typical FPLD. Clinical and biochemical investigations in FPLD patients revealed that the expression and the severity of the phenotype were markedly dependent on sex, with female patients being more markedly affected. In subjects with generalized lipoatrophy, either congenital (13 case subjects) or acquired (14 case subjects), or Barraquer-Simon syndrome (2 case subjects), the entire LMNA coding sequence was normal. Although FPLD mutations are predominantly localized in exon 8 of LMNA, the finding of a novel mutation at codon 584, together with the R582H heterozygous substitution recently described, confirms that the C-terminal region specific to the lamin A isoform is a second susceptibility region for mutations in FPLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vigouroux
- INSERM U402, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Fédération de Biochimie, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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42
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Thomson JR, Machado RD, Pauciulo MW, Morgan NV, Humbert M, Elliott GC, Ward K, Yacoub M, Mikhail G, Rogers P, Newman J, Wheeler L, Higenbottam T, Gibbs JS, Egan J, Crozier A, Peacock A, Allcock R, Corris P, Loyd JE, Trembath RC, Nichols WC. Sporadic primary pulmonary hypertension is associated with germline mutations of the gene encoding BMPR-II, a receptor member of the TGF-beta family. J Med Genet 2000; 37:741-5. [PMID: 11015450 PMCID: PMC1757155 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.10.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), resulting from occlusion of small pulmonary arteries, is a devastating condition. Mutations of the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II gene (BMPR2), a component of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family which plays a key role in cell growth, have recently been identified as causing familial PPH. We have searched for BMPR2 gene mutations in sporadic PPH patients to determine whether the same genetic defect underlies the more common form of the disorder. METHODS We investigated 50 unrelated patients, with a clinical diagnosis of PPH and no identifiable family history of pulmonary hypertension, by direct sequencing of the entire coding region and intron/exon boundaries of the BMPR2 gene. DNA from available parent pairs (n=5) was used to assess the occurrence of spontaneous (de novo) mutations contributing to sporadic PPH. RESULTS We found a total of 11 different heterozygous germline mutations of the BMPR2 gene in 13 of the 50 PPH patients studied, including missense (n=3), nonsense (n=3), and frameshift (n=5) mutations each predicted to alter the cell signalling response to specific ligands. Parental analysis showed three occurrences of paternal transmission and two of de novo mutation of the BMPR2 gene in sporadic PPH. CONCLUSION The sporadic form of PPH is associated with germline mutations of the gene encoding the receptor protein BMPR-II in at least 26% of cases. A molecular classification of PPH, based upon the presence or absence of BMPR2 mutations, has important implications for patient management and screening of relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Thomson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Leicester, UK
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43
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Lane KB, Machado RD, Pauciulo MW, Thomson JR, Phillips JA, Loyd JE, Nichols WC, Trembath RC. Heterozygous germline mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta receptor, cause familial primary pulmonary hypertension. Nat Genet 2000; 26:81-4. [PMID: 10973254 DOI: 10.1038/79226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 994] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), characterized by obstruction of pre-capillary pulmonary arteries, leads to sustained elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (mean >25 mm Hg at rest or >30 mm Hg during exercise). The aetiology is unknown, but the histological features reveal proliferation of endothelial and smooth muscle cells with vascular remodelling (Fig. 1). More than one affected relative has been identified in at least 6% of cases (familial PPH, MIM 178600). Familial PPH (FPPH) segregates as an autosomal dominant disorder with reduced penetrance and has been mapped to a locus designated PPH1 on 2q33, with no evidence of heterogeneity. We now show that FPPH is caused by mutations in BMPR2, encoding a TGF-beta type II receptor (BMPR-II). Members of the TGF-beta superfamily transduce signals by binding to heteromeric complexes of type I and II receptors, which activates serine/threonine kinases, leading to transcriptional regulation by phosphorylated Smads. By comparison with in vitro studies, identified defects of BMPR-II in FPPH are predicted to disrupt ligand binding, kinase activity and heteromeric dimer formation. Our data demonstrate the molecular basis of FPPH and underscore the importance in vivo of the TGF-beta signalling pathway in the maintenance of blood vessel integrity.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type II
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Exons
- Family Health
- Female
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Linkage
- Genetic Markers
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Humans
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/metabolism
- Introns
- Ligands
- Lung/blood supply
- Lung/diagnostic imaging
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Pedigree
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Radiography
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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44
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Machado RD, Pauciulo MW, Fretwell N, Veal C, Thomson JR, Vilariño Güell C, Aldred M, Brannon CA, Trembath RC, Nichols WC. A physical and transcript map based upon refinement of the critical interval for PPH1, a gene for familial primary pulmonary hypertension. The International PPH Consortium. Genomics 2000; 68:220-8. [PMID: 10964520 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), an often fatal disorder, is characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure of unknown cause. In its familial form (FPPH), the disorder segregates as an autosomal dominant and displays markedly reduced penetrance. A gene for FPPH was previously localized to a 25-cM interval on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q31-q33). We now report a complete yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)/P1 artificial chromosome contig (PAC), assembled by STS content mapping, across a newly identified minimum nonrecombinant interval containing the gene designated PPH1. The physical map has served to establish polymorphic marker order unequivocally, enabling the establishment of detailed haplotypes for the region. Together with the identification of novel recombination events in affected individuals from six newly ascertained kindreds, these data have allowed the significant reduction of the minimum PPH1 critical interval to a 4.8-cM region. The region, flanked by the polymorphic markers D2S115 (centromeric) and D2S1384 (telomeric), corresponds to a minimum physical distance of 5.8 Mb at 2q33. Numerous expressed sequence tags and known genes were placed on the YAC/BAC contig spanning the PPH1 gene critical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Machado
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, England
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45
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Abstract
GNAS1 on chromosome 20 is a complex locus, encoding multiple proteins, of which G(s)alpha, the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric stimulatory G protein G(s), is of particular interest clinically. Amino acid substitutions at two specific codons lead to constitutive activation of G(s)alpha. Such gain-of-function mutations are found in a variety of sporadic endocrine tumors and in McCune-Albright syndrome, a sporadic condition characterized by multiple endocrine abnormalities. Heterozygous loss of G(s)alpha function results in the dominantly inherited condition, Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). Here we present a review of published GNAS1 mutations and report 19 additional mutations, of which 15 are novel. A diverse range of inactivating mutations has been detected, scattered throughout the gene but showing some evidence of clustering. Only one, a recurring 4 bp deletion in exon 7, could be considered common among AHO patients. The parental origin of the mutation apparently determines whether or not the patient shows end-organ resistance to hormones such as parathyroid hormone. G(s)alpha is biallelically expressed in all tissues studied to date and thus there is no direct evidence that this transcript is imprinted. However, the recent identification of other imprinted transcripts encoded by GNAS1 and overlapping G(s)alpha, together with at least one imprinted antisense transcript, raises intriguing questions about how the primary effect of mutations in GNAS1 might be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Aldred
- Leicestershire Genetics Centre, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Behrens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Germany
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47
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Abstract
The Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is generally sporadic, but with sufficient reported cases of dominant and recessive patterns of inheritance to suggest a genetic cause in some cases, at least. No consistent cytogenetic abnormalities have been found although some features of the syndrome have been reported to be associated with structural abnormalities of distal 15q. More recently it has been shown that about 10% of SRS patients have maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 which suggests the presence of a maternally imprinted gene on chromosome 7 that is associated with SRS. In the majority of patients with normal biparental inheritance of chromosome 7 the same gene could be involved if the paternal copy were deleted or mutated so that it is disabled and the maternal copy is silent because of the imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Wakeling
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, UK
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48
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Shackleton S, Lloyd DJ, Jackson SN, Evans R, Niermeijer MF, Singh BM, Schmidt H, Brabant G, Kumar S, Durrington PN, Gregory S, O'Rahilly S, Trembath RC. LMNA, encoding lamin A/C, is mutated in partial lipodystrophy. Nat Genet 2000; 24:153-6. [PMID: 10655060 DOI: 10.1038/72807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The lipodystrophies are a group of disorders characterized by the absence or reduction of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Partial lipodystrophy (PLD; MIM 151660) is an inherited condition in which a regional (trunk and limbs) loss of fat occurs during the peri-pubertal phase. Additionally, variable degrees of resistance to insulin action, together with a hyperlipidaemic state, may occur and simulate the metabolic features commonly associated with predisposition to atherosclerotic disease. The PLD locus has been mapped to chromosome 1q with no evidence of genetic heterogeneity. We, and others, have refined the location to a 5.3-cM interval between markers D1S305 and D1S1600 (refs 5, 6). Through a positional cloning approach we have identified five different missense mutations in LMNA among ten kindreds and three individuals with PLD. The protein product of LMNA is lamin A/C, which is a component of the nuclear envelope. Heterozygous mutations in LMNA have recently been identified in kindreds with the variant form of muscular dystrophy (MD) known as autosomal dominant Emery-Dreifuss MD (EDMD-AD; ref. 7) and dilated cardiomyopathy and conduction-system disease (CMD1A). As LMNA is ubiquitously expressed, the finding of site-specific amino acid substitutions in PLD, EDMD-AD and CMD1A reveals distinct functional domains of the lamin A/C protein required for the maintenance and integrity of different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shackleton
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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49
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Price SM, Stanhope R, Garrett C, Preece MA, Trembath RC. The spectrum of Silver-Russell syndrome: a clinical and molecular genetic study and new diagnostic criteria. J Med Genet 1999; 36:837-42. [PMID: 10544228 PMCID: PMC1734267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) is characterised by severe intrauterine growth retardation, with a preserved head circumference, leading to a lean body habitus and short stature. Facial dysmorphism and asymmetry are considered typical features of the syndrome, although the range of phenotypic variance is unknown. Fifty seven subjects varying in age from 0.84 to 35.01 years, in whom the diagnosis of SRS had been considered definite or likely, were re-evaluated in a combined clinical and molecular study by a single observer (SMP). In 50 patients the clinical findings complied with a very broad definition of SRS. Notable additional findings included generalised camptodactyly seen in 11 (22%), many with distal arthrogryposis. Thirteen of the 25 males required genital surgery for conditions including hypospadias and inguinal hernia. Fourteen (36.8%) subjects above school age have received a statement of special educational needs. Molecular genetic analysis was performed in 42 subjects and has identified maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 7 in four. The phenotype was generally milder with birth weights for one patient above and three below -2 SD from the mean. Two children had classical facial dysmorphic features, and two had a milder facial phenotype. Of relevance to the possible molecular mechanism underlying this condition, none of the four disomic patients had significant asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Price
- Child Health Directorate, Northampton General Hospital NHS Trust, Cliftonville, Northampton NN1 5BD, UK
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50
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Balendran N, Clough RL, Arguello JR, Barber R, Veal C, Jones AB, Rosbotham JL, Little AM, Madrigal A, Barker JN, Powis SH, Trembath RC. Characterization of the major susceptibility region for psoriasis at chromosome 6p21.3. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113:322-8. [PMID: 10469328 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin condition caused by genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide linkage analyses have identified a locus encoding susceptibility to psoriasis and placed this gene in the 12 cM interval between markers D6S426 and D6S276 on chromosome 6p21.3. This is a broad region and encompasses the human major histocompatibility complex. We have sought to localize the susceptibility gene more precisely by exploiting the linkage, haplotype, and linkage disequilibrium information available through genotyping 118 affected sib pairs, their parents and other affected family members. A total of 14 highly polymorphic markers were genotyped, combining anonymous loci with the class I genes HLA-B and -C distributed across a genetic interval of approximately 14 cM including the entire major histocompatibility complex. Through the application of higher density mapping within the major histocompatibility complex, we identified those regions most commonly shared identical by descent in patients with psoriasis. Using the transmission-disequilibrium test, we found significant evidence of linkage and allelic association across an interval defined by the markers tn62 (p = 1.0 x 10(-7)), HLA-B (p = 4.0 x 10(-7)), and HLA-C (p = 2.7 x 10(-9)), a region encompassed within a 285 kb genomic DNA fragment. Hence these studies contribute to the refinement of the localization of a major psoriasis susceptibility gene and place the critical region near to HLA-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Balendran
- Center for Nephrology, Royal Free and University College Medical School of University College London, Royal Free Campus, UK
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