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Fingrova Z, Ambroz D, Jansa P, Kuchar J, Lindner J, Kunstyr J, Aschermann M, Linhart A, Havranek S. The prevalence and clinical outcome of supraventricular tachycardia in different etiologies of pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245752. [PMID: 33471824 PMCID: PMC7817034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) frequently suffer from supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). The main purpose of our study was to identify the cumulative incidence of SVT in patients with different etiologies of PH. The secondary objective was to analyse the clinical impact of SVT. Methods We retrospectively studied the prevalence of SVT and the clinical outcome in 755 patients (41% males; 60 ± 15 years; mean follow-up 3.8 ± 2.8 years) with PH of different etiologies. The prevalence of SVT was analysed separately in isolated pre-capillary PH (Ipc-PH) and in patients with combined post- and pre-capillary PH (Cpc-PH). Results The prevalence of SVT in the Ipc-PH group (n = 641) was 25% (n = 162). The most prevalent arrhythmias were atrial fibrillation followed by a typical atrial flutter (17% and 4.4% of all Icp-PH patients). An excessive prevalence of SVT was found in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (35%, p = 0.01). Out of the overall study population, Cpc-PH was present in 114 (15%) patients. Patients with Cpc-PH manifested a higher prevalence of SVT than subjects with Ipc-PH (58; 51% vs. 162; 25%; p <0.0001) and were more likely to have persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation (38; 29% vs. 61; 10%; p <0.0001). Parameters significantly associated with mortality in a multivariate analysis included age, male gender, functional exercise capacity and right atrial diameter (p < 0.05). Neither diagnosis of SVT nor type of arrhythmia predicted mortality. Conclusions The study detected a significant prevalence of SVT in the population of PH of different origins. Different spectrum and prevalence of arrhythmia might be expected in different etiologies of PH. Patients with an elevated post-capillary pressure showed a higher arrhythmia prevalence, predominantly due to an excessive number of atrial fibrillations. The diagnosis of SVT was not associated with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenka Fingrova
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Ambroz
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jansa
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuchar
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Regional Hospital in Tabor, Tabor, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Lindner
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Surgery–Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kunstyr
- 1 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Aschermann
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Linhart
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stepan Havranek
- 1Faculty of Medicine, 2 Department of Medicine-Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, General University Hospital, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Kovacs G, Zeder K, Rosenstock P, Avian A, Bachmaier G, Douschan P, Foris V, Sassmann T, Olschewsk H. Clinical Impact of the New Definition of Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension. Chest 2021; 159:1995-1997. [PMID: 33417899 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Kovacs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria.
| | - Katarina Zeder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Piet Rosenstock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Avian
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Bachmaier
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Douschan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Vasile Foris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Teresa Sassmann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewsk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is classified into 5 clinical subgroups: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), PH due to left-sided heart disease, PH due to chronic lung disease, chronic thromboembolic PH (CTEPH), and PH with an unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. A range of underlying conditions can lead to these disorders. Overall, PH affects approximately 1% of the global population, and over half of patients with heart failure may be affected. Cardiologists are therefore likely to encounter PH in their practice. Routine tests in patients with symptoms and physical findings suggestive of PH include electrocardiography, chest radiography, and pulmonary function tests. Transthoracic echocardiography is used to estimate the probability of PH. All patients with suspected or confirmed PH, without confirmed left-sided heart or lung diseases, should have a ventilation-perfusion scan to exclude CTEPH. Right-sided heart catheterization is essential for accurate diagnosis and classification. All patients with PAH or CTEPH must be referred to a specialist center. Surgical pulmonary endarterectomy is the treatment of choice for eligible patients with CTEPH. Targeted treatments (phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, endothelin receptor antagonists, prostacyclin analogues, and prostacyclin receptor agonists) are licensed for patients with PAH. The soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator riociguat is the only licensed targeted therapy for patients with inoperable or persistent/recurrent CTEPH. Management of PH resulting from left-sided heart disease primarily involves treatment of the underlying condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anjali Vaidya
- Pulmonary Hypertension, Right Heart Failure and CTEPH Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Albinni S, Marx M, Lang IM. Focused Update on Pulmonary Hypertension in Children-Selected Topics of Interest for the Adult Cardiologist. Medicina (Kaunas) 2020; 56:E420. [PMID: 32825190 PMCID: PMC7559541 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56090420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease (PHVD), and pulmonary hypertension (PH), which is a broader term, are severe conditions associated with high morbidity and mortality at all ages. Treatment guidelines in childhood are widely adopted from adult data and experience, though big differences may exist regarding aetiology, concomitant conditions and presentation. Over the past few years, paediatric aspects have been incorporated into the common guidelines, which currently address both children and adults with pulmonary hypertension (PH). There are multiple facets of PH in the context of cardiac conditions in childhood. Apart from Eisenmenger syndrome (ES), the broad spectrum of congenital heart disease (CHD) comprises PH in failing Fontan physiology, as well as segmental PH. In this review we provide current data and novel aspects on the pathophysiological background and individual management concepts of these conditions. Moreover, we focus on paediatric left heart failure with PH and its challenging issues, including end stage treatment options, such as mechanical support and paediatric transplantation. PH in the context of rare congenital disorders, such as Scimitar Syndrome and sickle cell disease is discussed. Based on current data, we provide an overview on multiple underlying mechanisms of PH involved in these conditions, and different management strategies in children and adulthood. In addition, we summarize the paediatric aspects and the pros and cons of the recently updated definitions of PH. This review provides deeper insights into some challenging conditions of paediatric PH in order to improve current knowledge and care for children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaima Albinni
- Paediatric Heart Centre Vienna, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Manfred Marx
- Paediatric Heart Centre Vienna, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
| | - Irene M. Lang
- AKH-Vienna, Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Wien, Austria;
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic, complex and challenging disease. Advances in treatment are for the subset of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Selected review of the literature was conducted incorporating the European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society 2015 guidelines and recommendations from the Sixth World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. PH is classified into five groups based on WHO classification. Echocardiography remains the initial test of choice, and careful assessment of the right system aids in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Right heart catheterization remains the gold standard of diagnosis and key guidance of treatment. Multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the care of patients with PH. Treatment selection is based on individual risk stratification of patients, and early referral to specialized PH centers improves outcomes of patients. Treating PH is complex and is best carried out in PH centers and with multidisciplinary approach. Early diagnosis and referral to those centers are key not to delay treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Yaghi
- Queens Hospital Center, Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Anastasia Novikov
- Queens Hospital Center, Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
| | - Theo Trandafirescu
- Queens Hospital Center, Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Queens, New York, USA
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Das BB, Jadotte MM, Chan KC. Pulmonary Vascular Underperfusion Score in Premature Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia and Pulmonary Hypertension. Medicina (B Aires) 2019; 55:medicina55070359. [PMID: 31324065 PMCID: PMC6681366 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55070359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complication of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The underlying pathophysiology of BPD-associated PH is complex and poorly understood. Echocardiogram may underestimate the severity of pulmonary hypertensive vascular disease in severe BPD. Digital subtraction pulmonary angiography (DSPA) is a potentially useful imaging modality for evaluating changes in the pulmonary vasculature of BPD-associated PH. In this study, we objectively quantified the pulmonary hypertensive vascular changes demonstrated by DSPA using a novel pulmonary vascular underperfusion score (PVUS) and correlated the scoring system with echocardiography parameters and cardiac hemodynamics by right heart catheterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhuti B Das
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital Heart Institute, Memorial Healthcare, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA.
| | - Michelle-Marie Jadotte
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital Heart Institute, Memorial Healthcare, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
| | - Kak-Chen Chan
- Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital Heart Institute, Memorial Healthcare, Hollywood, FL 33021, USA
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and progressive disease that presents like many other lung diseases, often leading to a delay in diagnosis, and therefore a delay in optimal therapy. This article provides a review of PH for internists, covering clinical presentation, diagnostic algorithm, different types of PH, and overview of treatments. In addition, it emphasizes the importance of early referral to, and partnership between, PH specialists and physicians on the front lines to improve early diagnosis and optimize management of these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Kim
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver CO 80206, USA
| | - M Patricia George
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver CO 80206, USA.
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Torricelli E, Occhipinti M, Lavorini F, Cresci C, Arcangeli C, Cavigli E, Bigazzi F, Pistolesi M. Pulmonary hypertension nosography: are all patients classifiable? Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:35-40. [PMID: 28667478 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-017-1700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torricelli
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mariaelena Occhipinti
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Federico Lavorini
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Cresci
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Arcangeli
- Section of Cardiology, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Edoardo Cavigli
- Section of Radiodiagnostics, Department of Services, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Bigazzi
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Pistolesi
- Section of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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Ong MS, Mullen MP, Austin ED, Szolovits P, Natter MD, Geva A, Cai T, Kong SW, Mandl KD. Learning a Comorbidity-Driven Taxonomy of Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension. Circ Res 2017; 121:341-353. [PMID: 28611076 PMCID: PMC5559726 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a heterogeneous condition with varying natural history and therapeutic response. Precise classification of PH subtypes is, therefore, crucial for individualizing care. However, gaps remain in our understanding of the spectrum of PH in children. OBJECTIVE We seek to study the manifestations of PH in children and to assess the feasibility of applying a network-based approach to discern disease subtypes from comorbidity data recorded in longitudinal data sets. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort study comprising 6 943 263 children (<18 years of age) enrolled in a commercial health insurance plan in the United States, between January 2010 and May 2013. A total of 1583 (0.02%) children met the criteria for PH. We identified comorbidities significantly associated with PH compared with the general population of children without PH. A Bayesian comorbidity network was constructed to model the interdependencies of these comorbidities, and network-clustering analysis was applied to derive disease subtypes comprising subgraphs of highly connected comorbid conditions. A total of 186 comorbidities were found to be significantly associated with PH. Network analysis of comorbidity patterns captured most of the major PH subtypes with known pathological basis defined by the World Health Organization and Panama classifications. The analysis further identified many subtypes documented in only a few case studies, including rare subtypes associated with several well-described genetic syndromes. CONCLUSIONS Application of network science to model comorbidity patterns recorded in longitudinal data sets can facilitate the discovery of disease subtypes. Our analysis relearned established subtypes, thus validating the approach, and identified rare subtypes that are difficult to discern through clinical observations, providing impetus for deeper investigation of the disease subtypes that will enrich current disease classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Sing Ong
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.).
| | - Mary P Mullen
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Eric D Austin
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Peter Szolovits
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Marc D Natter
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Alon Geva
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Tianxi Cai
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Sek Won Kong
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
| | - Kenneth D Mandl
- From the Computational Health Informatics Program (M.-S.O., M.D.N., A.G., S.W.K., K.D.M.), Department of Cardiology (M.P.M.), Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine (A.G.), and Department of Anesthesia (A.G.), Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (E.D.A.); Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (P.S.); Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (M.D.N.); and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA. (T.C.)
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Lei S, Tang D, Xu N, Wu S. [Investigation and analysis for current situation and pathogenesis relevant to pulmonary hypertension]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2017; 42:641-646. [PMID: 28690220 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the demographic characteristics and the causes for pulmonary hypertension (PH) in adult patients.
Methods: A total of 2 508 adult patients diagnosed as PH, who came from the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2010 to December 2014, were retrospectively investigated. All subjects underwent the clinical diagnosis, or the echocardiographic diagnosis, or thetraditional hemodynamic criteria by right heart catheterization (RHC). The patient's data including hospital numbers, gender, ages, primary diseases, etc, are collected and analyzed.
Results: In this study, the number of patients diagnosed as PH was increased year by year. The median age of 2 508 patients was 47 (18-93) years old, and there were 933 males (37.2%), the ratio of male to female was 1:1.69 (P<0.05). Female was more common in Class I PH (pulmonary arterial hypertension) and Class II PH (pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease)(>70%), but there were more male patients (74.5%) in Class III PH (pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia). In our study, 896 cases (35.73%) were the Class I PH, 1 163 cases was the Class II PH (46.37%), 411 cases was the Class III PH (16.39%), and the Class IV PH (chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) and the Class V PH (PH with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms) were diagnosed in 32(1.27%) and 6 patients (0.24%), respectively.The diseases with largest number of patients for the top 7 primary PH were rheumatic heart disease (1 090, 43.48%), congenital heart disease (692, 27.60%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (358, 14.28%), connective tissue related disease(156, 6.22%), valvular heart disease (66, 2.63%), idiopathic PH (46, 1.83%) and pulmonary embolism (27, 1.08%).
Conclusion: Adult PH patients' peak incidence age is 41-50 years old. This disease is more common among women, and the Class I/II PH are common in women while the Class III is more common in men. Rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease may be the most common cause for pulmonary hypertension in China, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the most common cause for the Class III PH, in which the patients are old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Lei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Evidence-based Medicine Center, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Doudou Tang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Evidence-based Medicine Center, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Nianru Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Evidence-based Medicine Center, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Shangjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Evidence-based Medicine Center, Changsha 410011, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric pulmonary vascular disease contributes to morbidities and death in diverse clinical settings, ranging from idiopathic or heritable forms of pediatric arterial hypertension, congenital heart disease, developmental lung disorders, chronic lung disease, left heart disease, sickle cell disease, oncologic disease, and systemic disorders. Despite its impact on the clinical courses in so many diseases, information is limited on how to best approach the diagnosis and evaluation of pediatric pulmonary hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS To address this issue, a group of clinical experts from several subspecialties, including pulmonology, cardiology, neonatology, and others, were selected to form a task force to tackle this topic with support from the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society. A joint guidelines study presenting their findings was recently published. SUMMARY This review highlights a few key topics underlying guidelines for the care of children with pulmonary hypertension that are especially important for the practicing pediatrician and others, and presents some of the major recommendations from the published guidelines report. Overall, the author emphasizes that these guidelines are based on the best current evidence and clinical experience of experts in the field, yet much more clinical research is needed to improve long-term outcomes in pediatric pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Abman
- Pediatric Heart Lung Center, Section of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a cardio-pulmonary disorder that may involve multiple clinical conditions and can complicate the majority of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Its definition is an increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) \hbox{$\geqslant $} ⩾ 25 mmHg at rest, leading to right heart failure and ultimately death. The clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) categorizes PH into groups which share similar pathophysiological and hemodynamic characteristics and treatments. Five groups of disorders that cause PH are identified: pulmonary arterial hypertension (Group 1) which is a pre-capillary PH, defined by a normal pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) \hbox{$\leqslant $} ⩽ 15 mmH, due to remodelling of the small pulmonary arteries (<500 μm); pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (Group 2) which is a post-capillary PH, defined by an increased pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) >15 mmHg; pulmonary hypertension due to chronic lung disease and/or hypoxia (Group 3); chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension (Group 4); and pulmonary hypertension due to unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms (Group 5). PAH (PH group 1) can be treated with agents targeting three dysfunctional endothelial pathways of PAH: nitric oxide (NO) pathway, endothelin-1 pathway and prostacyclin pathway. Patients at low or intermediate risk can be treated with either initial monotherapy or initial oral combination therapy. In patients at high risk initial combination therapy including intravenous prostacyclin analogues should be considered. Patients with inadequate clinical response to maximum treatment (triple therapy with an intravenous prostacyclin) should be assessed for lung transplantation. Despite progresses, PAH remains a fatal disease with a 3-year survival rate of 58%. Treatment of group 2, group 3 and group 5 PH is the treatment of the causal disease and PAH therapeutics are not recommended. Treatment of group 4 PH is pulmonary endarteriectomy if patients are eligible, otherwise balloon pulmonary angioplasty and/or medical therapy can be considered.
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16
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Etter AB, C Huber L. [Pulmonary hypertension 2016: classification, diagnosis, therapy]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2016; 105:489-495. [PMID: 27120208 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a002329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lars C Huber
- 2 Klinik für Pneumologie, Universitätsspital Zürich
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17
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Abstract
The introduction of pulmonary hypertension (PH)-specific drugs has allowed certain forms of PH to become more treatable. However, patients with these diseases can present to a number of medical specialties and can be challenging to identify, particularly in a non-specialist setting. This article provides guidance on who should be investigated and referred on to a specialist centre, highlighting the potential pitfalls during assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacob Easaw
- Cardiology Department, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK
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18
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Jansson K, Kjellström B, Söderberg S, Larsen F, Rådegran G. [Pulmonary arterial hypertension--severe prognosis despite major progress]. Lakartidningen 2015; 112:DLPA. [PMID: 26661259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Jansson
- Inst för Medicin och Hälsa - Kardiologiska kliniken och Fysiologiska kliniken Linköping, Sweden Inst för Medicin och Hälsa - Kardiologiska kliniken och Fysiologiska kliniken Linköping, Sweden
| | - Barbro Kjellström
- Inst för Medicin - Enheten för Kardiologi KI Stockholm, Sweden Inst för Medicin - Enheten för Kardiologi KI Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Inst för >Folkhälsa och klinisk medicin - Hjärtcentrum Umeå, Sweden Inst för >Folkhälsa och klinisk medicin - Hjärtcentrum Umeå, Sweden
| | - Flemming Larsen
- Inst för Molekylär Medicin och Kirurgi - Sektionen för Klinisk Fysiologi KI Stockholm, Sweden Inst för Molekylär Medicin och Kirurgi - Sektionen för Klinisk Fysiologi KI Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Göran Rådegran
- Sektionen för Hjärtsvikt och klaffsjukdomar - Hjärt- och lungkliniken SUS Lund, Sweden Sektionen för Hjärtsvikt och klaffsjukdomar - Hjärt- och lungkliniken SUS Lund, Sweden
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19
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Aschermann M. [New version of classification of pulmonary hypertension]. Vnitr Lek 2015; 61:387-391. [PMID: 26075844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension has multifactorial pathophysiology with endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, pulmonary vessel wall remodeling and plexiform lesions contributing to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Recent studies showed the importance of several mediators in PH pathophysiology, including prostacyclin, nitric oxide, serotonine, endothelin 1, several cytokines, chemokines, as well as members of the transforming growth factor β family (TGF-β). Current article summarizes new classification version of pulmonary hypertension, which was presented at World pulmonary hypertension symposium in 2013. This classification has five main groups with similar pathological findings, hemodynamic characteristics and similar management.
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20
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Casu G, Scelsi L, Morsolini M, D'Armini AM. [The PATENT-1 and CHEST-1 studies]. G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 2015; 16:59-64. [PMID: 25805087 DOI: 10.1714/1798.19570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Rich
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (J.D.R.); and the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.R.).
| | - Stuart Rich
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (J.D.R.); and the Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL (S.R.)
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22
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Li M, Zeng X. [The more particular clinical classification of connective tissue diseases with pulmonary arterial hypertension, the more precise choice of therapy]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi 2015; 54:6-8. [PMID: 25877137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an orphan disease showing poor prognosis. The purpose of study was to evaluate clinical factors influencing outcomes in PAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients who were diagnosed with PAH at a single center were reviewed retrospectively. Forty patients (34.9±14.5 years, 80% of female) were enrolled. RESULTS Causes were congenital heart disease in 24 (60%), connective tissue disease in 8 (20%) and idiopathic PAH in 6 (15%). Sixteen patients (40%) were WHO functional class III or IV at the time of diagnosis. Twenty seven patients (67.5%) received molecular targeted therapy. During follow-up (53.6±45.5 months), 10 patients (25%) died and 1-, 2-, and 8 year survival rates were 91.3%, 78.7%, and 66.8%, respectively. As expected, median survival of patients with functional class I or II were significantly longer than patients with III or IV (p=0.041). Interestingly, patients with molecular targeted therapy showed longer survival than conventional therapy (p=0.021). CONCLUSION WHO functional class at the time of diagnosis was the strong predictor of survival, and molecular targeted therapy could significantly improve the survival. Therefore, early screening and intensive management would be crucial to improve the prognosis in the patient with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Min Park
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.; Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.; Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Deok Young Choi
- Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Han Joo Baek
- Division of Rheumatology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Jung
- Division of Pulmonology, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - In Suck Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.; Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eak Kyun Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Heart Center, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea.; Gachon Cardiovascular Research Institute, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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24
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McDonald JE, Deloney LA, Jambhekar K. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: Part 1: A review for an internist. J Ark Med Soc 2014; 111:62-64. [PMID: 25255688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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25
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is defined as an increase of mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25 mmHg at rest as assessed by right heart catheterization. According to different combinations of values of pulmonary wedge pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance and cardiac output, a hemodynamic classification of pulmonary hypertension has been proposed. Of major importance is the pulmonary wedge pressure which allows to distinguish pre-capillary (pulmonary wedge pressure ≤15 mmHg) and post-capillary (pulmonary wedge pressure >15 mmHg) pulmonary hypertension. Pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension includes the clinical groups 1 (pulmonary arterial hypertension), 3 (pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia), 4 (chronic thrombo-embolic pulmonary hypertension) and 5 (pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms). Post-capillary pulmonary hypertension corresponds to the clinical group 2 (pulmonary hypertension due to left heart diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Humbert
- Faculté de Médecine, Univ Paris-Sud, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France,
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27
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28
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Simonneau G, Gatzoulis MA, Adatia I, Celermajer D, Denton C, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Krishna Kumar R, Landzberg M, Machado RF, Olschewski H, Robbins IM, Souza R. Updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014. [PMID: 24355639 DOI: 10.1016/jacc.2013.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In 1998, a clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) was established, categorizing PH into groups which share similar pathological and hemodynamic characteristics and therapeutic approaches. During the 5th World Symposium held in Nice, France, in 2013, the consensus was reached to maintain the general scheme of previous clinical classifications. However, modifications and updates especially for Group 1 patients (pulmonary arterial hypertension [PAH]) were proposed. The main change was to withdraw persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) from Group 1 because this entity carries more differences than similarities with other PAH subgroups. In the current classification, PPHN is now designated number 1. Pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic hemolytic anemia has been moved from Group 1 PAH to Group 5, unclear/multifactorial mechanism. In addition, it was decided to add specific items related to pediatric pulmonary hypertension in order to create a comprehensive, common classification for both adults and children. Therefore, congenital or acquired left-heart inflow/outflow obstructive lesions and congenital cardiomyopathies have been added to Group 2, and segmental pulmonary hypertension has been added to Group 5. Last, there were no changes for Groups 2, 3, and 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Simonneau
- Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Universitaire de Bicêtre, Université Paris-Sud, Laboratoire d'excellence en recherche sur le médicament et innovation thérapeutique, and INSERM, Unité 999, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
| | - Michael A Gatzoulis
- Adult Congenital Heart Centre and Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Royal Brompton Hospital and the National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Adatia
- University of Alberta, Stollery Children's Hospital and Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Celermajer
- Heart Research Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Campus, UCL Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - R Krishna Kumar
- Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Horst Olschewski
- Institute for Lung and Vascular Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivan M Robbins
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rogiero Souza
- Pulmonary Department, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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29
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Abstract
Children need cardiac catheterization to establish the diagnosis and monitor the response to treatment when undergoing drug therapy for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Children with PAH receiving general anesthesia for cardiac catheterization procedures are at significantly increased risk of perioperative complications in comparison with other children. The most acute life-threatening complication is a pulmonary hypertensive crisis. It is essential that the anesthesiologist caring for these children understands the pathophysiology of the disease, how anesthetic medications may affect the patient's hemodynamics, and how to manage an acute pulmonary hypertensive crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Twite
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA.
| | - Robert H Friesen
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, CO, USA
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30
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Hansdottir S, Gehlbach BK. Response. Chest 2014; 145:420-1. [PMID: 24493529 DOI: 10.1378/chest.13-2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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31
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Chazova IE, Avdeev SN, Tsareva NA, Volkov AV, Martyniuk TV, Nakonechnikov SN. [Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2014; 86:4-23. [PMID: 25518501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a group of diseases characterized by progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary artery pressure, which results in right ventricular heart failure and sudden death. Based on the current version of the guidelines for PH diagnosis and treatment, adopted by the experts of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Respiratory Society in 2009, and on the data of Russian and foreign clinical trials, the Russian experts elaborated clinical guidelines for PH in 2013. The latter consider the current classifications of PH, the specific features of its pathogenesis, and its diagnostic algorithm. The section dealing with drugs for maintenance therapy discusses data on the use of oral anticoagulants, diuretics, cardiac glycosides, and oxygen therapy. PH-specific therapy includes calcium antagonists, prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Surgical procedures for PH involve atrial septostomy, thromboendartectomy, and lung or heart-lung transplantation. A treatment algorithm is proposed for PH patients. The current medicinal approaches using specific therapy agents and their combinations offer new promises for the effective treatment of patients with PH and improve its prognosis.
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32
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Said S, Porres-Aguilar M, Porres-Munoz M, Mukherjee D. Eisenmenger syndrome: recent advances in pharmacotherapy. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2013; 11:289-296. [PMID: 24655213 DOI: 10.2174/1871525712666140321095519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade advanced therapies for the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension have been introduced. These agents have also been effective in reducing pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome. Specific guidelines focusing on modern therapies for Eisenmenger syndrome however do not exist to date. More recently, clinical trials in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome demonstrated a significant clinical improvement with favorable safety and tolerability profile. This review aims to summarize newly reported pharmacological agents used in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Debabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, 4800 Alberta Avenue, El Paso, Texas, USA 79905.
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33
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Abstract
Pediatric pulmonary hypertension is a complicated disease with multiple etiologies and high mortality. Echocardiography is at the forefront of evaluation as a noninvasive, portable imaging modality that can yield diagnostic and prognostic information regarding this disease. Echocardiography is known for its ability to give an anatomic assessment of the heart and proximal blood vessels. With the additional use of Doppler echocardiography and myocardial motion assessment, the effects of elevated pulmonary pressures on the heart can be evaluated. This can allow for estimation of pulmonary artery pressures and resistances and assessment of ventricular systolic and diastolic functions. However despite its advantages, echocardiography is still an indirect assessment of pulmonary hypertension and not a substitute for cardiac catheterization. The purpose of this review is to discuss common techniques for the assessment of pulmonary hypertension by echocardiography as well as their limitations.
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34
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Uggerhøj Andersen C, Sønderskov LD, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, Simonsen U, Bendstrup E, Hilberg O, Mellemkjær S. [Pulmonary hypertension--classification, work-up and treatment]. Ugeskr Laeger 2013; 175:1642-1645. [PMID: 23731992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is classified into five groups. It is an important cause of dyspnoea. Echocardiography is the best non-invasive method for detecting PH and should be part of the evaluation of patients with dyspnoea. If signs of PH are detected on echocardiography, a number of other examinations should be undertaken to verify the diagnosis and classify PH correctly, as the treatment depends on the subtype of PH. The prognosis of PH is poor, but early detection and treatment can improve the course for some of the patients. Surgery can often cure chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
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35
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Yerly P, Aebischer N, Prella M, Aubert JD, Nicod L, Vachiéry JL. [Pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease: how to define it and how to manage it in 2013?]. Rev Med Suisse 2013; 9:1160-1167. [PMID: 23789186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a frequent complication of left heart disease arising from a wide range of cardiac disorders and is associated with poor prognosis. Its pathophysiology is complex with both passive mechanisms of elevated filling pressures in left cavities and occasionally reactive mechanisms of arterial vasoconstriction and remodelling to interplay. This stage, called <<out-of-proportions>> pulmonary hypertension, further worsens the heart failure patients' prognosis but is still a matter of debate concerning the criteria to apply for its diagnosis and concerning the best way to manage it. This article gives an overview of the importance and pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension associated with left heart disease, and discusses the challenges associated with its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Yerly
- Service de cardiologie, CHUV, Lausanne.
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36
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Murphy DT, Murphy DM, Murray JG, Gaine SP. Case 1: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Ir Med J 2013; 106:146-147. [PMID: 23914576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D T Murphy
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7
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37
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Szturmowicz M. [Pulmonary hypertension associated with lung pathology - single or multiple causes?]. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2013; 81:187-191. [PMID: 23609424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
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38
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Tsareva NA. [Role of the endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in the treatment of patients with pulmonary hypertension]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2013; 85:127-136. [PMID: 24640682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper reviews current views of the problem of pulmonary hypertension. It shows the classification of pulmonary hypertension and considers the general issues of its pathogenesis, morphological changes, clinical picture, and main approaches to treating patients with pathology. Particular emphasis is placed on the review of clinical trials of the class of endothelin receptor antagonists.
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39
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) can develop in association with many different diseases and risk factors, and its presence is nearly always associated with reduced survival. The prognosis and management of PH is largely dependent upon its underlying etiology and severity of disease. The combination of clinical and hemodynamic classifications of PH provides a framework for the diagnostic evaluation of PH to establish a final clinical diagnosis that guides therapy. As our understanding of the different pathologic mechanisms that underlie the syndrome of PH evolves, so too will the classification and treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana McGlothlin
- Division of Cardiology, UCSF Medical Center, University of California-San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0124, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined as elevated pulmonary artery pressure, is common in the general population and associated with increased mortality. Accordingly, physicians commonly encounter patients with dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and/or right heart failure who have elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) on echocardiography. Although pulmonary arterial vasodilators may often be considered in this setting, these drugs have been predominantly tested in the subset of PH patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Elevated PASP alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of PAH, and secondary causes of PASP elevation, most commonly left heart disease, are far more prevalent than isolated PAH. Treatment of this more common group of patients with PH due to left heart disease is challenging because there are few evidence-based treatment options, and pulmonary vasodilator therapy may lead to worsening symptoms. Therefore, improving symptoms and avoiding adverse outcomes in patients with PH requires the following: (1) understanding the optimal use of echocardiography for the diagnosis of PH; (2) recognizing the utility and proper interpretation of invasive hemodynamic testing prior to starting pulmonary vasodilator therapy; (3) differentiating PAH from pulmonary venous hypertension due to left heart disease; and (4) understanding the appropriate treatment strategies for PH and resultant right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv J Shah
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Humbert
- Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Respiratoire, Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
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42
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Bongard A, Aubert JD, Aebischer N. [Pulmonary hypertension: practical approach]. Rev Med Suisse 2012; 8:1150-1153. [PMID: 22737948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the definition and classification of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and the role played by echocardiography for its diagnosis based on a recent study performed by the authors. We stress the importance of identifying patients at risk and the necessity to rapidly perform complementary investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bongard
- Faculté de biologie et de médecine, Ecole de médecine, UNIL, Lausanne.
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43
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Ryan JJ, Rich JD, Thiruvoipati T, Swamy R, Kim GH, Rich S. Current practice for determining pulmonary capillary wedge pressure predisposes to serious errors in the classification of patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am Heart J 2012; 163:589-94. [PMID: 22520524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate measurement of left ventricular filling pressure is important to distinguish between category 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and category 2 pulmonary hypertension (PH) from left heart diseases (PH-HFpEF). We hypothesized that the common practice of relying on the digitized mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP-digital) results in erroneous recordings, whereas end-expiratory PCWP measurements (PCWP-end Exp) provide a reliable surrogate measurement for end-expiratory left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP-end Exp-end Exp). METHODS We prospectively performed left and right cardiac catheterization on 61 patients referred for evaluation of PH and compared the LVEDP-end Exp to end-expiration to the (a) PCWP-end Exp and (b) PCWP-digital. RESULTS The PCWP-end Exp was a more reliable reflection of LVEDP-end Exp (mean 13.2 mm Hg vs 12.4 mm Hg; P, nonsignificant) than PCWP-digital (mean 8.0 mm Hg vs 12.4 mm Hg, P < .05). Bland-Altman analysis of PCWP-digital and LVEDP-end Exp revealed a mean bias of -4.4 mm Hg with 95% limits of agreement of -11.3 to 2.5 mm Hg. Bland-Altman analysis of PCWP-end Exp and LVEDP-end Exp revealed a mean bias of 0.9 mm Hg with 95% limits of agreement of -5.2 to 6.9 mm Hg. If PCWP-digital were used to define LVEDP-end Exp, 14 (27%) of 52 patients would have been misclassified as having PAH rather than PH-HFpEF. Patients with obesity and hypoxia were particularly more likely to be misclassified as PAH instead of PH-HFpEF if PCWP-digital was used to define LVEDP-end Exp (odds ratio 8.1, 95% CI 1.644-40.04, P = .01). CONCLUSIONS The common practice of using PCWP-digital instead of PCWP-end Exp results in a significant underestimation of LVEDP-end Exp. In our study, this translated to nearly 30% of patients being misclassified as having PAH rather than PH from HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Ryan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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44
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Lau EMT, Corte TJ. Pulmonary hypertension in 2012: contemporary issues in diagnosis and management. Panminerva Med 2012; 54:11-28. [PMID: 22278113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a hemodynamic state of the pulmonary circulation characterised by an elevated pulmonary artery pressure. It can be the consequence of a wide variety of etiologies requiring distinct therapeutic approaches. Enormous progress has been made over the past decade in this field. A better understanding of the molecular basis of pulmonary vascular remodelling has led to development of therapies that target the specific dysfunctional pathways implicated in disease pathogenesis. Multiple classes of pulmonary specific vasodilator agents are now available for the treatment of the subgroup with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), although the optimal therapeutic approach (such as combination therapy) is still evolving. With effective therapy, early detection of PAH in high-risk populations has become an important objective. The use of specific vasodilator therapy for PH secondary to left-sided heart disease or chronic lung disease is currently not supported by robust evidence. This review will summarise some of the recent advances in the field including disease classification, disease detection, and the contemporary approach to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M T Lau
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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45
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension was defined as mean pulmonary artery pressure ≥ 25 mmHg at the 4th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension. In 2009, the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society jointly created guidelines for practical pulmonary hypertension classifications and treatments based on the discussions at the 4th World Symposium. This classification is characterized by division into five groups: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease; Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease and/or hypoxia; Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; and Pulmonary hypertension with unclear and/or multifactorial mechanisms. PAH is a common and fatal complication of connective tissue disease (CTD), but pulmonary hypertension in CTD consists of PAH, pulmonary hypertension caused by myocardial involvement, pulmonary veno-occlusive disorder, pulmonary hypertension due to interstitial lung disease. PAH has been studied widely in SSc and the estimated prevalence of 7-12%. Treatment of CTD associated PAH (CTD-PAH) consists of general therapeutic options and specific treatment. Specific treatment of CTD-PAH patients is targeted to produce vasodilatation. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are indicated in cases where a sufficient decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure is seen in vasoreactivity testing. If vasoreactivity is absent in CTD-PAH patients, the treatment consists of the endothelin receptor antagonists, the prostacyclin analogues and phosphodiesterase-type 5 inhibitors. Few data are available to support the use of immunosuppression in CTD-PAH. However, some case reports suggested that a minority of CTD-PAH patients could benefit from immunosuppressive therapy. The treatment of CTD-PAH patients may differ from the treatment of idiopathic PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norifumi Nakanishi
- Division of Pulmonary Circulation, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.
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Kellihan HB, Mackie BA, Stepien RL. NT-proBNP, NT-proANP and cTnI concentrations in dogs with pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension. J Vet Cardiol 2011; 13:171-82. [PMID: 21835711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare [NT-proBNP], [NT-proANP] and [cTnI] between control dogs with respiratory disease without pulmonary hypertension (PH) and dogs with pre-capillary PH, and to assess the accuracy of [NT-proBNP], [NT-proANP], [cTnI] to predict Doppler-derived peak tricuspid regurgitation (TR) gradient. ANIMALS 20 dogs. 8 control dogs with respiratory disease with no PH and 12 with pre-capillary PH. METHODS [NT-proBNP], [NT-proANP] and [cTnI] were compared between the 2 groups and simple linear regression analysis was used to predict peak TR gradients from various blood biomarkers. RESULTS Median [NT-proBNP] was higher in the dogs with PH (2011 pmol/L, 274-7713 pmol/L) compared to control dogs (744 pmol/L; 531-2710 pmol/L) (p = 0.0339). [NT-proBNP] was associated with peak TR gradient (R(2) = 0.7851, p = 0.0001). Median [NT-proANP] did not differ between dogs with PH (1747 fmol/L; 894-2884 fmol/L) and control dogs (1209 fmol/L; 976-1389 fmol/L (p = 0.058). [NT-proANP] was not associated with peak TR gradient (R(2) = 0.2780, p = 0.0781). Median [cTnI] did not differ between dogs with PH (0.2850 ng/mL; 0.19-1.13 ng/mL) and control dogs (0.2 ng/mL; 0.19-0.82 ng/mL, p = 0.3051). Median [TnI] was not associated with peak TR gradient (R(2) = 0.024, p = 0.6307). CONCLUSIONS [NT-proBNP] concentration is significantly higher in dogs with pre-capillary PH when compared to dogs with respiratory disease without PH, and [NT-proBNP] may be useful to predict the severity of estimated PH. Elevations in [NT-proBNP] due to pre-capillary PH may complicate the interpretation of [NT-proBNP] elevations in patients presenting with cardiorespiratory abnormalities. [NT-proANP] and [cTnI] were not elevated in dogs with pre-capillary PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi B Kellihan
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
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Link J, Glazer C, Torres F, Chin K. International Classification of Diseases coding changes lead to profound declines in reported idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension mortality and hospitalizations: implications for database studies. Chest 2011; 139:497-504. [PMID: 20724737 PMCID: PMC3047288 DOI: 10.1378/chest.10-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Database studies have reported several associations between the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and mortality attributable to IPAH, including older age, black race, and diabetes. METHODS We investigated reported deaths and hospital discharges coded as IPAH and compared these with other forms of pulmonary hypertension. Three databases were used: the US National Center for Health Statistics database (1979-2006), queried for mortality data; the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (1993-2007), queried for hospital discharge data; and the University of Texas Southwestern Hospital-Zale Lipshy discharge database (1999, 2002). RESULTS Marked increases in mortality attributable to IPAH and to pulmonary hypertension (all codes combined) generally were reported from 1979 until 2002 in the National Center for Health Statistics database. In 2003, reported IPAH mortality fell sharply while total pulmonary hypertension deaths increased. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database showed a similar pattern of changes beginning approximately 2 years earlier. In both cases, the timing of these observations corresponded with changes made to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding system in use for pulmonary hypertension in that particular database. Review of pulmonary hypertension discharge data from the University of Texas Southwestern Hospital-Zale Lipshy showed similar changes in diagnosis code use. CONCLUSIONS Sudden shifts in reported IPAH mortality and hospital discharges were seen in all databases, likely related to coding changes. These findings raise questions about the accuracy of pulmonary hypertension diagnosis codes. Studies based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes may have inadvertently included patients with other forms of pulmonary hypertension and should be reevaluated in this context. Validation studies of the IPAH diagnosis code are needed, and changes to the ICD coding system should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Link
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
| | - Craig Glazer
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Fernando Torres
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Kelly Chin
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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48
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Sidorenko BA, Preobrazhenskiĭ DV, Batyraliev TA, Belenkov IN. [Pulmonary arterial hypertension: changing approaches to management]. Kardiologiia 2011; 51:100-108. [PMID: 21626809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The review is devoted to different aspects of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); new classification of PAH is published in 2010. There are idiopathic PAH and PAH associated with other diseases. Current guidelines recommend to treat PAH only after the verification of diagnosis with right heart catheterization and acute tests with vasodilators. Patients-reactors should be treated with calcium antagonists. The following drugs related to one of three categories should be used in PAH: (1) prostanoids (epoprostenol, iloprost et al.); (2) blockers of endothelin receptors (bosentan, ambrisentan, sitaxsentan); (3) phosphodiesterase 5 type inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil et al.) In majority of cases the combined treatment is used, usually the combination of bosentan and sildenafil is used.
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Dobrek Ł, Thor P. Pathophysiology advances in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Folia Med Cracov 2011; 51:107-120. [PMID: 22891543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pulmonary hypertension (PH) is the disease with still not clear pathophysiology. The possibilities of current pharmacological treatment of this disorder are unfortunately relatively small, thus the advances in searching of new agents effective in this disease are in progress. The article briefly discusses the present PH classification, its basic etiopathogenesis description and the current and potential possibilities of the pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Dobrek
- Pathophysiology Department, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków.
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50
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Ly DT. Caudal anesthesia in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension. AANA J 2010; 78:202-206. [PMID: 20572406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of anesthesia to patients with severe pulmonary hypertension can be extremely challenging. The profound hemodynamic alterations of the disease can often be exacerbated by alterations in circulatory function brought about by anesthetic and surgical interventions. High perioperative morbidity and mortality rates have been reported. Minimizing adverse outcomes in these patients requires careful perioperative evaluation and planning. Selection of an anesthetic technique suitable for the surgery without causing major hemodynamic alterations, which can lead to cardiac failure and death, is a unique consideration of the anesthesia provider. As shown in this case report, caudal anesthesia, when appropriate, can offer a safe anesthetic for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doanh T Ly
- University of California, San Francisco, USA.
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