Droplet Digital RT-PCR (dd RT-PCR) Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Honey Bees and Honey Collected in Apiaries across the Campania Region

Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae, are viruses that sometimes present a zoonotic character. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which, since its outbreak in 2019, has caused about 774,593,066 confirmed cases and 7,028,881 deaths. Aereosols are the main route of transmission among people; however, viral droplets can contaminate surfaces and fomites as well as particulate matter (PM) in suspensions of natural and human origin. Honey bees are well known bioindicators of the presence of pollutants and PMs in the environment as they can collect a great variety of substances during their foraging activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of honey bees as bioindicators of the prevalence SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, 91 samples of honey bees and 6 of honey were collected from different apiaries of Campania region (Southern Italy) in four time periods from September 2020 to June 2022 and were analyzed with Droplet Digital RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 target genes Orf1b and N. The screening revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in 12/91 in honey bee samples and in 2/6 honey samples. These results suggest that honey bees could also be used as indicators of outbreaks of airborne pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2.

The In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Argirium SUNc against Most Common Pathogenic and Spoilage Food Bacteria

Foodborne diseases are one of the main issues for human health, and antibacterial packaging plays a major role in food security assurance. Silver ultra nanoparticles (Argirium SUNc) are antimicrobial agents that have a wide spectrum of action, including against pathogenic bacteria and spoilage fungi. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Argirium SUNc on the bacteria most commonly found in food: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium. In this regard, an in vitro study was carried out by assessing the Argirium SUNc effectiveness on different concentrations of each tested microbial strain and at different time intervals. The data showed that the antimicrobial activity of Argirium SUNc was directly related to the microbial concentration and varied depending on the microbial species. Moreover, a greater effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria was observed. These preliminary results provided important information on the silver nanoparticles spectrum of action, and this is an aspect that appears particularly promising for obtaining a viable alternative to traditional antimicrobials to be used against the pathogens and spoilage agents most commonly found in the food chain, harmful both to health and quality aspects.

Screening for Neglected Tropical Diseases and other infections in African refugees and asylum seekers in Rome and Lazio region, Italy

BACKGROUND

Few reliable data are available on Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) and other infections among African refugees and asylum seekers in Italy. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of NTDs and other infections in a large cohort of African refugees and asylum seekers living in reception centers in Lazio, Italy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This is an observational, prospective prevalence study on infectious diseases in a large population of African refugees and asylum seekers (936 overall) consecutively enrolled for screening purpose at the Infectious and Tropical diseases outpatient clinic of the National Institute of Migrant and Poverty (INMP), Rome from August 2019 to December 2020.

RESULTS

We found a prevalence of 8.8 % and 31 % for Strongyloides and schistosoma infection, respectively, while the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was 0.7 %, HCV antibodies 2.5%, hepatitis B virus surface antigen 10.8 % and syphilis serological tests 2.9 %.

CONCLUSION

Strongyloidiasis and schistosomiasis are highly prevalent among African refugees and asylum seekers in Italy, in contrast to communicable diseases (with the exception of hepatitis B). Raising awareness of NTDs among health professionals and implementing guidelines seems to be of paramount importance to prevent these diseases and their sufferers from becoming even more "neglected".

Effect of a new sustainable cooling system used during firming and brining on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory characteristics of buffalo mozzarella cheese

The cooling applied during the firming and brining processes represents an important production step in mozzarella cheese-making. The temperature fluctuations of the cooling water can negatively affect the hygiene, composition, and quality of mozzarella. Some sustainable cooling systems can minimize this problem by using hot process fluids as heat sources to generate refrigerated energy. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a new cooling system equipped with a water-ammonia absorption chiller (MA) on the characteristics of buffalo mozzarella through a comparative study with products cooled with a traditional ice water chiller (MT). The buffalo mozzarella cheese manufacture was monitored, and the samples were analyzed for chemical, nutritional, microbiological, and sensory characteristics. The MT samples showed an overall weight loss of 7.4% compared to an average of 2.8% for the MA samples. The MT samples were characterized by greater sapidity than the MA ones, which instead showed a higher moisture content that increased juiciness. The microbiological analysis showed a lower concentration of mesophilic bacterial load in the MA samples than in the MT ones [difference of 1 Log (CFU/g)], which is probably due to the low and constant temperatures that reduced the permanence time of the mozzarella in the vats (firming and brining). This study represents a preliminary positive evaluation of the use of this sustainable cooling system for mozzarella cheese, which is useful for dairy plants with an annual cheese production volume sufficient to justify the operating cost of the plant and the annual energy cost.

Effects of the Aging Period and Method on the Physicochemical, Microbiological and Rheological Characteristics of Two Cuts of Charolais Beef

Wet-aging (WA) and dry-aging (DA) methods are usually used in the beef industry to satisfy the consumers' tastes; however, these methods are not suitable for all anatomical cuts. In this study, WA and DA were applied to improve the quality of two cuts of Charolais beef (Longissimus dorsi and Semitendinosus). For 60 days (i.e., 2 days, 15 days, 30 days and 60 days of sampling), a physicochemical, rheological, and microbiological analysis were performed at WA (vacuum packed; temperature of 4 ± 1 °C) and at DA (air velocity of 0.5 m/s; temperature of 1 ± 1 °C; relative humidity of 78 ± 10%) conditions. The results showed that the aging method influenced the aging loss (higher in the DA), cooking loss (higher in the WA), malondialdehyde concentration (higher in the DA) and fatty acid profile (few changes). No differences in the drip loss and color were observed, which decreased after 30 days of aging. The WBSF and TPA test values changed with increasing an aging time showing that the aging improved the tenderness of meat regardless of the aging method. Moreover, the aging method does not influence the microbiological profile. In conclusion, both WA and DA enhanced the quality of the different beef cuts, suggesting that an optimal method-time and aging combination could be pursued to reach the consumers' preferences.

What hides beneath the scar: sexuality and breast cancer what women don't say: A single-center study

BACKGROUND

Breast is a symbol of femininity, motherhood and sexuality. Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide and most frequent cancer in Italy: in 2019, 53.500 new cases were diagnosed. BC and its treatment, the disturbances of body image, and mental health problems such as anxiety and depression could influence sexuality. Very often the aspect of sexuality in BC is likely not to be fully investigated: cultural barriers may also contribute to lack of attention to these issues. In Italy, there are very few Breast Units that provide the figure of the sexologist and psycho-oncologist.

METHODS

We enlisted 141 BC patients (pts), mean age was 54 years afferent to Breast Unit S. Maria Goretti Hospital, Latina, from March 2019 to March 2020. All pts had undergone surgical intervention. Participants were invited to complete a structured questionnaire, which included four close-up questions regarding self-image, sexual activity, sexual satisfaction, analyzing these aspects before and after BC and its treatments. Finally the participants were asked if they needed the sexologist and psycho-oncologist.

RESULTS

Only 2/141 pts (1.41%) refused to participate in our study. Of 139 participants, 68 (48.92%) had disturbances of body image, 26 (18.7%) had sexuality greatly negatively affected, and 103 (74.1%) every kind of sexual dissatisfaction after BC. 38 pts (27.3%) would require the help of the sexologist. 135 ( 97%) would require the help of the psycho-oncologist. Despite the negative influence in their body-image and sexuality, few pts require the help of the sexologist, but nearly all pts require the help of the psycho-oncologist.

CONCLUSION

In our study nearly all pts require the help of the psycho-oncologist, but few pts of the sexologist. Further studies will be needed to understand the reasons for this disparity: at the moment we are carrying out another project following this illustration, with the aim of understanding why this disparity.

Benchmarking between two different hospitals on health risk management in the covid-19 emergency

Iusse

The strategies adopted during COVID19 emergencies by two different hospitals in the Lazio Region are presented: S. Maria Goretti Hospital (SMGH) directly managed by the ASL Latina, hub and centre of the Emergency Department, and Cristo Re Classified Hospital (CRH), accredited in the territory of the ASL Roma1.

Description of the problem

SMGH has been identified as COVID19 Intervention Hospital. CRH initially was a No-COVID support structure, then included in the COVID19 network. During the COVID19 emergency, the directors of both hospitals had to simultaneously ensure activity as usual, COVID19 recovery and risk management.

Results

SMGH, while continuing the emergency, oncological, pregnancy, paediatrics and outpatient activities, COVID19 patients was isolated on 7 different floors/areas. Moreover was defined: chain of command; clinical admission criteria; COVID19 multi-professional and support teams, roles, skills and specific training; health surveillance; environmental hygiene, safety paths/procedures, vaccinal center and much more. CRH, while continuing minimum programmed activities to reduce waiting lists, in the first epidemic phase was created 4 tensile structures for Pre-triage and COVID pathways, respiratory isolation area for supsected patient; transfer admission for emergency networks, clean-dirty pathway. Moreover in the second phase, was activated beds of COVID19 network and 4 technical beds OBI; the ‘Walk-in' for antigenic testing, with molecular confirmation <24h and infectious counselling; multi-disciplinary and specialist support teams, training courses, health surveillance, vaccinal center and much more.

Lessons

During COVID19 pandemic, risk management skills linked to the technical-organisational strategy of hospital directors, making it possible to reprogramme their structure in a short period of time with flexibility and resilience of the whole organization.

Key messages

Specific skills and roles, both hygienic and organizational, are essential to risk management in hospitals during epidemic emergencies.

The multidisciplinarity, flexibility and modularity of the hospital structure are the organizational bases in cases of pandemics.

Effect of beetroot (Beta vulgaris) extract on Black Angus burgers shelf life

Beef burgers are meat preparations with easy perishability. To ensure a longer shelflife, the Regulation EU 1129/11 allows the use of some additives. However, healthconscious consumers prefer products which do not contain synthetic substances. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Red Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) integration on Black Angus made burgers shelf life. Red beet was prepared as powder and added to meat mixture as the same or in water solution. The study was split into 2 trials to assess the extract activity also in burgers vacuum-packaged stored. Burgers were analysed (up to 9 days at 4°C) in terms of sensory properties, microbiological profile, pH, a^w and lipid oxidation (TBARS). At the end of storage, treated samples showed the highest values of redness and the lowest content of malondialdehyde, probably due to antioxidant properties of red beet towards myoglobin and lipid oxidation processes. Moreover, results highlighted that Red Beetroot activities were dose-dependent and intensified if dissolved in water. The a^w values did not appear to be conditioned by extract integrations, unlike the pH that was lower in treated samples than control ones. Microbiological analyses identified beetroot as a potential antimicrobial substance, especially in high concentration. In conclusion, Beta vulgaris extract could be proposed as natural compound exploitable in beef burgers to preserve qualities and extend their shelf-life.

Anisakis spp. Larvae in Deboned, in-Oil Fillets Made of Anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus) and Sardines (Sardina pilchardus) Sold in EU Retailers

Simple Summary

Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus are largely consumed in Europe as fresh or ripened dishes. Their consumption may represent a public health risk in regard to Anisakis allergic reactions and anisakiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae in deboned, in-oil anchovy and sardine fillets marketed in the EU. Ninety semipreserved anchovy and sardine products were examined to evaluate the presence and viability of larvae and identify them. Only 30 nonviable anisakid larvae were found, indicating that processing technologies can influence their presence in final products. It is, however, important that visual inspection is performed only by trained people and that the sources of raw materials are considered in the production flow chart.

Abstract

Sardina pilchardus and Engraulis encrasicolus are considered the principal target species for commercial fishing in Europe and are widely consumed as semipreserved products. Although they are considered shelf-stable products, if treatment is not correctly applied, their consumption may represent a public health risk in regard to anisakiasis and allergic reactions. Little is known about the prevalence of Anisakis spp. in ripened products. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Anisakis spp. larvae in deboned, in-oil anchovy and sardine fillets marketed in the EU to assess the influence of processing techniques on the prevalence of larvae. Ninety semipreserved anchovy and sardine products deriving from the Mediterranean Sea or Atlantic Ocean were collected from different EU retailers and examined using chloropeptic digestion to evaluate the presence of larvae and identify them. Thirty nonviable Anisakid larvae—A. pegreffii (30%) and A. simplex (70%)—were found. The frequency of larvae was higher in anchovies (28.8%). The low frequency of parasites found proved that processing technologies can influence the presence of larvae in final products, but it is important that visual inspection is performed only by trained people. The sources of raw materials should be considered in the production flow chart.

Risk-based scoring and genetic identification for anisakids in frozen fish products from Atlantic FAO areas

Background

The presence of Anisakis larvae in fish represents a major public health concern. Effective risk management procedures should be applied to prevent heavily infected products from reaching the market. The aim of the study is to provide preliminary data on parasite exposure and risk classification in frozen fish products by applying a risk categorization scheme (site, abundance, density and epidemiology – SADE) and Fish Parasite Rating (FPR) method. Fish and cephalopods samples (N = 771) from 5 different FAO Atlantic areas were examined and categorized after an accurate visual inspection and a chloro-peptic digestion.

Results

In 25 out of 33 fish species parasite larvae were found. 10897 anisakids larvae were collected and identified to genus level. Molva dypterygia, Conger conger, Zeus faber and Aphanopus carbo were shown to be the most highly infected species. SADE and FPR scores were 1 and poor, respectively, for the referred species, because of the disseminated Anisakis infection and commercial rejection.

Conclusion

SADE/FPR method showed high specificity and accuracy. The information provided in this work could be used in early warning systems for the detection of parasites in fishery products and might help fishing industries in establishing management strategies for infected stocks in terms of cost saving decisions.

Microbiological, rheological and physical-chemical characteristics of bovine meat subjected to a prolonged ageing period

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a long ageing period on the microbiological, rheological and physicalchemical characteristics of bovine beef. For the trial n. 3 Marchigiana bovine breed (live weight of 760 kg approximately), slaughtered at 34 months were chosen and the loin muscles were undergone to a prolonged ageing process. The analytical determinations performed were: pH and a_w values, texture profile analysis, Warner-Bratzler shear force, colour (CIE L*a*b*), centesimal analysis, total bacterial count, Enterobacteriaceae, Listeria monocytogenes, yeasts and moulds. The results indicate that extended ageing has a negative effect on weight loss but, by the means of the standardization of dry aging parameters, reduce lipid oxidation and improve tenderness.

A Fast Detection Strategy for Cyanobacterial blooms and associated cyanotoxins (FDSCC) reveals the occurrence of lyngbyatoxin A in campania (South Italy)

Fast Detection Strategy for Cyanobacterial blooms and associated Cyanotoxins (FDSCC) is a multidisciplinary strategy that allows early detection, in 24 man-hours, of cyanobacteria and related cyanotoxins in water and bivalve samples. This approach combines the advantages of remote/proximal sensing with those of analytical/bioinformatics analyses, namely, LC-HRMS-based molecular networking. The detection of Lyngbyatoxin A, a lipophilic cyanotoxin, in all analyzed water samples and in bivalves, commonly used as food, was the proof of the reliability of the new method.

Bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of bactenecin-derivative peptides against the food-pathogen Listeria monocytogenes: New perspectives for food processing industry

Antimicrobial peptides have received great attention for their potential benefits to extend the shelf-life of food-products. Innate defense regulator peptide-1018 (IDR-1018) represents a promising candidate for such applications, due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, although food-isolated pathogens have been poorly investigated. Herein, we describe the design and the structural-functional characterization of a new 1018-derivative peptide named 1018-K6, in which the alanine in position 6 was replaced with a lysine. Spectroscopic analysis revealed a noticeable switch from β-sheet to helical conformations of 1018-K6 respect to IDR-1018, with a faster folding kinetic and increased structural stability. Moreover, 1018-K6 evidenced a significant antibiofilm/bactericidal efficiency specifically against Listeria monocytogenes isolates from food-products and food-processing environments, belonging to serotype 4b involved in the majority of human-listeriosis cases, with EC₅₀ values two- five-fold lower than those measured for IDR-1018. Therefore, a single amino-acid substitution in IDR-1018 sequence produced severe changes in peptide conformation and antimicrobial performances.

Preliminary study on the inactivation of anisakid larvae in baccalà prepared according to traditional methods

The European Food Safety Authority stated that many traditional marinating and cold smoking methods are not sufficient to kill A. simplex and asked to evaluate alternative treatments for killing viable parasites in fishery. Baccalà is a well-liked traditional product. The aim of study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the salting process on the inactivation of nematodes of the genus Anisakis in naturally infected Baccalà fillets. N. 19 fillets, subjected to a dual salting process (brine and dry salting) were analyzed. Visual inspection and chloropeptic digestion were performed. Larvae viability was evaluated, and parameters such as NaCl (%), moisture (%), WPS and a_w were determined. In n. 17 samples parasites were found 123 parasites with a mean intensity of 7.23±4.78 and an mean abundance of 6.47±5.05. Visual examination has revealed 109 parasites. 61.8% of larvae were found in the ventral portions. The results show that salting process with a salt concentration of 18.6%, a_w values of 0.7514 and 24.15% WPS in all parts of baccalà fillets, devitalise Anisakidae larvae in a 15-day period.

Formulation and Shelf-life of Fish Burgers Served to Preschool Children

Consumer is very careful about healthiness; in this context nutritionists often highlight the importance of fish for human nutrition because of their protein and fatty acid composition. In order to stimulate utilisation and consumption of fish species by unusual target groups such as children, the aim of this research was to formulate and to evaluate shelf-life and nutritional values of fish preparations stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Fish species used for trail were Trachurus trachurus and Oncorhynchus mykiss fished and farmed in Basilicata region respectively. Fish burgers were made with different ingredients of plant and animal origin and packed in air (control) and in MAP and stored at refrigeration atemperature. Sensory, physical-chemical analysis as pH, a_w, total volatile nitrogen (TVN), trimetilammine (TMA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), free fatty acids (FFA) and microbiological analysis like aerobic plate count, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., sulphite-reducing clostridia, Staphylococci, Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were performed at intervals of 0°, 1°, 2°, 5°, 8°, 15°, 22°, day from production. Results showed that fish burgers stored in MAP had a longer shelf-life; protein degradation indexes and spoilage bacterial species showed lower values in the samples packaged in MAP compared with the control. The formulation of the fish burger meets the approval of the target consumers. The mixing of natural ingredients has made possible both the enhancement of the organoleptic characteristics with an excellent balance of nutritional values. The diversification of fish preparations, besides enhancing the fish production of marginal areas would add value to a product with potential and remarkable profit margins.

NMR and computational data of two novel antimicrobial peptides

Here we report details on the design and conformational analysis of two novel peptides showing antimicrobial properties, as reported in the research article, “New antimicrobial peptides against foodborne pathogens: from in silico design to experimental evidence” G. Palmieri, M. Balestrieri, Y.T.R. Proroga, L. Falcigno, A. Facchiano, A. Riccio, F. Capuano, R. Marrone, G. Campanile, A. Anastasio (2016) [1]. NMR data, such as chemical shifts in two different solvents as well as aCH protons deviations from random coil values and NOE patterns, are shown together with the statistics of structural calculations. Strategy and particulars of molecular design are presented.

Effect of electrical water bath stunning on physical reflexes of broilers: evaluation of stunning efficacy under field conditions

The effects of different amounts and frequencies of stunning sine wave alternating current were investigated under field conditions. Seven hundred and fifty broilers were stunned in an electrical water bath with an average root mean square (RMS) current of 150, 200, and 250 mA and frequencies of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,200 Hz. The occurrence of corneal reflex, spontaneous eye blinking, and a positive response to a painful stimulus were monitored and recorded immediately after the stunning and at 20 s post-stun. Statistical analysis showed that the electrical stunning frequency (P=0.0004), the stunning RMS current (P<0.0001) and the interaction between stunning frequency and stunning current (P<0.0001) had a significant effect on the occurrence of animals experiencing an abolition of corneal reflex at 20 s post-stun.At a current of 150 mA, the probability of a successful stun was over 90% at 200 Hz, approximately 40% at 400 Hz, and below 5% for frequencies greater than 600 Hz. So, stunning at frequencies greater than 600 Hz cannot be recommended when a RMS current of 150 mA is applied. The maximum probability of a successful stun was obtained for a current level of 200 mA at 400 Hz and for a current level of 250 mA at 400 and 600 Hz, whereas the stunning treatments at 1,200 Hz provided the lowest probability of a successful stun. Assessment of spontaneous eye blinking and responses to comb pinching confirmed the indications coming from the analysis of corneal reflex.

Levels of Cadmium in White and Brown Meat of Warty Crab (Eriphia verrucosa)

European Union regulations that establish the maximum cadmium (Cd) levels for crab take into account only concentrations found in crab muscle (white meat), mainly from appendages; therefore, other organs and tissues (brown meat) are excluded. The objective of the present study was to evaluate Cd levels in both white and brown crab meat, in order to achieve a more complete assessment of health risk related to human consumption of warty crab. Microwave digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry were used to determine Cd concentrations in warty crab (Eriphia verrucosa) samples collected from the southern Tyrrhenian Sea in Italy. Cd concentrations in all samples of white crab meat were found to be very low (below the limit of quantification), although brown crab meat showed significantly higher Cd concentrations (up to 5.629 mg/kg wet weight; mean value, 1.465 mg/kg). Thus, the consumption of brown meat, common among certain populations of the Mediterranean region, where whole crustaceans are traditionally eaten, substantially increased Cd intake, resulting in alarmingly high estimated weekly intake values.

Carbon Monoxide Residues in Vacuum-Packed Yellowfin Tuna Loins (Thunnus Albacares)

The use of carbon monoxide (CO) in fresh fish has generated considerable debate. Carbon monoxide is used to treat fresh fish in order to retain its fresh red appearance for a longer period. It reacts with the oxy-myoglobin to form a fairly stable cherry red carboxy-myoglobin complex that may mask spoilage, because the CO-complex can be stable beyond the microbiological shelf life of the meat. The presence of CO in tuna fish (Thunnus Albacares) has been investigated by means of optical spectroscopy. Formation of the CO adduct can be easily detected by the combined analysis of electronic absorption spectra in their normal and second derivative modes, monitoring the intense Soret band at 420 nm. Samples were judged as CO treated when their levels were higher than 200 ng/g. Only two positive samples out of 29 analyzed were detected. The high level of uncertainty (0.30) of the method requires the use of more specific and sensitive methods for confirmatory analysis.

Evaluation and Comparison of Four Protein Extraction Protocols for Mono- and Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in Mytilus Galloprovincialis

In this study, four protein extraction protocols from Mytilus galloprovincialis were evaluated with the aim to identify the most practical, efficient and reproducible method. Four extraction protocols frequently used for mussels and organic matrices were selected and compared. The methods were based on the use of: i) TRIzol reagent; ii) Lysis buffer; iii) phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride; iv) trichloroacetic acid-acetone. Protein concentration was measured by the Bradford method. Three specimens of mussels were studied and the analysis was conducted in triplicate for each of the four protocols. Results indicated that the four methods could extract significantly different protein profiles. The highest number of protein spots resolved in 2DE gels and the best reproducibility was obtained using trichloroacetic acid-acetone protocol. Results afforded the selection of a suitable extraction protocol to be used for ecotoxicoproteomics studies from mussels and for other proteomic studies conducted by particularly complex tissues such as Mytilus galloprovincialis.

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria isolated from seawater organisms caught in Campania Region: preliminary study

Background

Environmental contamination by pharmaceuticals is a public health concern: drugs administered to humans and animals are excreted with urine or faeces and attend the sewage treatment. The main consequences of use and abuse of antibiotics is the development and diffusion of antibiotic resistance that has become a serious global problem. Aim of the study is to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial residues and to assess the antimicrobial resistance in bacteria species isolated from different wild caught seawater fish and fishery products.

Results

Three antibiotic substances (Oxytetracicline, Sulfamethoxazole and Trimethoprim) were detected (by screening and confirmatory methods) in Octopus vulgaris, Sepia officinalis and Thais haemastoma. All Vibrio strains isolated from fish were resistant to Vancomycin (VA) and Penicillin (P). In Vibrio alginolyticus, isolated in Octopus vulgaris, a resistance against 9 antibiotics was noted.

Conclusions

Wild caught seawater fish collected in Gulf of Salerno (Campania Region), especially in marine areas including mouths of streams, were contaminated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains and that they might play an important role in the spread of antibiotic-resistance.

Salvage treatment with ganciclovir in a splenectomized, polytransfused patient affected by systemic inflammatory response syndrome

A 23-year-old man was admitted to hospital with a 12-day history of daily fever. A clinical history revealed that 10 months previously, the patient had been splenectomized and polytransfused for a severe blunt trauma. On admission, laboratory data revealed significant leukocytosis (33,230/ul). The patient's general clinical conditions rapidly worsened into a severe systemic inflammatory response syndrome in four days. After 10 days of broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, the temperature curve was unmodified and severe leukocytosis persisted (44,300 ul) with absolute lymphocytosis. Laboratory tests ruled out hematological diseases, pneumonia, abscesses and endocarditis. In the light of IgM positivity for CMV (unconfirmed by PCR) and with the support of a PubMed search, we commenced a salvage treatment with intravenous ganciclovir, suspecting a viral infection or reactivation. After two days of therapy, an immediate defervescence was observed with a remarkable clinical improvement. After 10 days, the clinical syndrome had been completely resolved and the patient was discharged in good, general clinical health.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Residues in Gentile Di Maiale, a Smoked Meat Product Typical of Some Mountain Areas in Latina Province (Central Italy)

Gentile di maiale is a typical meat product prepared in some traditional plants of Latina Province (Central Italy). It is obtained from dehydration, salting, smoking and ripening of swine rectum. Aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the traditional smoking process on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content by means of high-performance liquid chromatographic/fluorescence detection. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons detected in 8 samples of raw material (swine rectum) and samples of smoked gentile were: benzo[a]anthracene, chrisene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a] pyrene, benzo[a,h]anthracene. Their residues were detected in all samples of finished product. European Regulation 835/2011 established two levels of PAHs content in meat products. According to first levels, in force until September 2014, only 2 out of 8 samples exceeded legal limit. According to the subsequent, more restrictive, limits all samples would be non-compliant. An improvement and a standardisation of traditional smoking procedures are recommended.

Persistence of α-cypermethrin residues in milk of lactating donkeys (Equus asinus) using UHPLC-MS/MS

The aim of this study was to measure the persistence of residues of the pyrethroid insecticide α-cypermethrin (ACYP) in the milk of lactating donkeys following pour-on treatment. Milk was collected from animals (n = 7) before the treatment and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 84 h post-treatment. The last sampling was taken 7 days post-treatment (168 h). Milk samples were analysed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method was validated following requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. All samples showed levels of ACYP below the maximum residue limit (MRL) of 20 μg kg(-1) established for bovine milk (Commission Regulation (EU) No. 37/2010). The results demonstrate that there is minimal partitioning of ACYP into milk in lactating donkeys from pour-on treatment.

Outbreak of fatal nitrate toxicosis associated with consumption of fennels (Foeniculum vulgare) in cattle farmed in Campania region (southern Italy)

Nitrate and nitrite are toxicants that have become increasingly significant environmental chemicals. Increase in environmental distribution of nitrogenous compounds, especially in surface and ground water, has been attributed to the intensive use of nitrate as agricultural fertilizers and to increasing amounts of nitrogenous wastes produced by municipalities, industries, and feedlots. The purpose of this study is to illustrate a fatal nitrate toxicosis in cattle associated with the consumption of fennels (Foeniculum vulgare). Fifteen cows from the same farm suddenly developed weakness, muscular tremors, respiratory distress, and finally convulsions. The affected animals died within 24 to 48 h from the onset of the clinical signs. Five cows underwent a complete post-mortem examination. In all examined animals, gross lesions included presence of dark unclotted blood around the nostrils and the anal region, moderate inflammation of the gastrointestinal mucosa, and brown discoloration of the skeletal muscles and kidneys. The histological examination showed tubular degeneration and congestion of glomerular vessels in the kidney. Toxicological analysis detected nitrates at 4 672.2 ppm in the fennels used to feed the animals. The source of exposure to nitrates was identified in the fennels. The fennels were grown in a polluted area of the Campania region in southern Italy and distributed in a public market for human consumption. The waste from the sale of the fennels was fed to the cows. The accumulation of nitrates in some vegetables poses a risk not only for animal health but also for human and environmental safety.

Monitoring of irradiated food products marketed in Italy and evaluation of electron spin resonance signal sensitivity of experimentally irradiated fish scales

Many countries, in order to authorise the use of food irradiation, claim the availability of methods to detect the occurred treatment in addition to the respect of safe use of this technology. Among physical methods, the electron spin resonance (ESR) measuring the number of free radicals that are formed during irradiation can be applied only to those foods with cellulose, a crystalline or bone structure, in which free radicals have a shelf life greater than irradiated product. The aim of this study was to highlight an irradiation treatment in European and extra-European foods marketed in Southern Italy by the means of ESR technique. Furthermore, in order to optimise the preparation procedures the efficacy of the above mentioned method in fish scales experimentally irradiated has been evaluated. From February to September 2012, a total number of 83 samples of food products of animal and plant origin were taken at the border inspection post and at retail market and finally analysed. At the same time, the scales of grouper and barracuda have been experimentally irradiated at 0.5 kGy and were subsequently analysed using ESR. Results showed 5 frog legs out of 83 samples positive for treatment and confirm the applicability of ESR also for fish scales.

Laboratory confirmed bloodstream infection aetiology in an intensive care unit: eight years study

To evaluate laboratory confirmed bloodstream infection (LC-BSI) aetiology we carried out a prospective study in the general 13 bed ICU of the teaching hospital Policlinico Umberto I in Rome. According to CDC case definitions for LC-BSI, all patients admitted >48h between 2000-2007 to ICU were included. Risk factors (i.e. age, sex, SAPS II), invasive procedures (i.e. endotracheal intubation, vascular and urinary catheterisation), microbiological isolates and their antibiotic susceptibility were screened. Overall 1741 patients (64.8% males, 35.2% females) were included, mean age was 58.1 +/- 19.8, SAPS II score 45.1 +/- 17 and ICU stay 14.0 +/- 21.1 days. Finally, 167 (9.6%) patients developed 203 (11.7%) ICU-acquired LC-BSI and sources of infection were CVC (39.8%), unknown (39.3%), respiratory tract (12.4%), surgical wound (6.5%) and urinary tract (2.0%). Between 2000 and 2007 the incidence of LC-BSI/1000 patient days (14.8 per thousands vs. 7.8 per thousands: p<0.05) and LC-BSI/1000 CVC days (20.7 per thousands vs. 11.4 per thousands; p<0.05) decreased. The onset of infection followed ICU admission by 19.5 +/- 17.7 (mean) and 13 days (median). Crude mortality was 34.8%, and mortality associated with LC-BSI showed a RR 1.61; 95%CI 1.37 - 1.89; p<0.01. The most common pathogens were coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) (26.2%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (14.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.5%), enterococci (9.3%) and Acinetobacter bawnumannii (7.5%). Onset time (days) between ICU admission and LC-BSI was higher (p<0.01) among Gram-negative (22.9 +/- 18.4) compared to Gram-positive (16.6 +/- 15.9), fungi (23.8 +/- 25.3). High early death (<7 days after BSI diagnosis) was associated to A. baumannii (37.5%), Candida spp. (30.0%) and S. aureus (29.7%). Staphylococci presented a very high methicillin resistance (>85%). P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii showed respectively 25% and 68.7% multidrug-resistance. Over 1/3 of Eneterobacteriaceae isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), but non resulted resistant to carbapenems. Surveillance showed a high incidence of LC-BSI associated to invasive procedures and the presence of multiresistant bacteria.

Ulcers of the face and neck in a woman with pulmonary tuberculosis: presentation of a clinical case

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis (TB), which is endemic in developing countries, is an important public health problem. Cutaneous TB (CT) represents 1.5% of all TB cases and is considered to be a re-emerging pathology in developing countries due to co-infections with HIV, multidrug-resistant TB, a shortage of health facilities with appropriate diagnostic equipment, reduced access to treatment, and poor treatment compliance among patients who often resort to traditional medicine.

CASE REPORT

This report describes the case of a 70 year-old woman who attended the outpatients department of the Italian Dermatological Centre (IDC) in Mekelle, the capital city of Tigray (Northern Ethiopia), complaining of the appearance of two ulcers on her face and neck. The patient had a history of pulmonary TB, with her initial systemic treatment ceased after 1 month. Cytological examination of a needle aspiration from the neck lesion showed a non-specific bacterial superinfection. No acid-fast bacilli were found on Ziehl-Nielsen staining. On the basis of clinical suspicion of CT, it was decided to avoid biopsy for histology and culture and to immediately start anti-tubercular treatment. A significant improvement of the cutaneous lesions was noted after approximately 40 days.

CONCLUSION

Currently, the diagnosis of CT is based on careful clinical and histopathological correlation. The standard diagnostic approach is to biopsy for Ziehl-Nielsen stain, culture and histology. However, in rural areas of DC where diagnostic methods may not be available and advanced stages of disease such as CT are likely to be encountered, after the use of the most effective diagnostic tests available, empirical treatment on the basis of medical history and physical examination is suggested. Appropriate training of healthcare workers and public health education programs encouraging early presentation and improved patient treatment compliance are additional important preventative strategies.