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Reply: Stapled cavo-cavostomy in liver transplantation-Well-known tools in a new technique. Liver Transpl 2024; 30:E31. [PMID: 38323984 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
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Clinical profile and outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma in primary Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:699-715. [PMID: 38577460 PMCID: PMC10989380 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i3.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is scant literature on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). AIM To assess the magnitude, clinical characteristics, feasibility, and outcomes of treatment in BCS-HCC. METHODS A total of 904 BCS patients from New Delhi, India and 1140 from Mumbai, India were included. The prevalence and incidence of HCC were determined, and among patients with BCS-HCC, the viability and outcomes of interventional therapy were evaluated. RESULTS In the New Delhi cohort of 35 BCS-HCC patients, 18 had HCC at index presentation (prevalence 1.99%), and 17 developed HCC over a follow-up of 4601 person-years, [incidence 0.36 (0.22-0.57) per 100 person-years]. BCS-HCC patients were older when compared to patients with BCS alone (P = 0.001) and had a higher proportion of inferior vena cava block, cirrhosis, and long-segment vascular obstruction. The median alpha-fetoprotein level was higher in patients with BCS-HCC at first presentation than those who developed HCC at follow-up (13029 ng/mL vs 500 ng/mL, P = 0.01). Of the 35 BCS-HCC, 26 (74.3%) underwent radiological interventions for BCS, and 22 (62.8%) patients underwent treatment for HCC [transarterial chemoembolization in 18 (81.8%), oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor in 3 (13.6%), and transarterial radioembolization in 1 (4.5%)]. The median survival among patients who underwent interventions for HCC compared with those who did not was 3.5 years vs 3.1 mo (P = 0.0001). In contrast to the New Delhi cohort, the Mumbai cohort of BCS-HCC patients were predominantly males, presented with a more advanced HCC [Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer C and D], and 2 patients underwent liver transplantation. CONCLUSION HCC is not uncommon in patients with BCS. Radiological interventions and liver transplantation are feasible in select primary BCS-HCC patients and may improve outcomes.
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A comparative study between stapled and sutured side-to-side cavo-caval anastomosis for outflow reconstruction in deceased donor liver transplants. Liver Transpl 2024; 30:110-112. [PMID: 37459047 PMCID: PMC10723765 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
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Management of Established Small-for-size Syndrome in Post Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Medical, Radiological, and Surgical Interventions: Guidelines From the ILTS-iLDLT-LTSI Consensus Conference. Transplantation 2023; 107:2238-2246. [PMID: 37749813 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) following living donor liver transplantation is a complication that can lead to devastating outcomes such as prolonged poor graft function and possibly graft loss. Because of the concern about the syndrome, some transplants of mismatched grafts may not be performed. Portal hyperperfusion of a small graft and hyperdynamic splanchnic circulation are recognized as main pathogenic factors for the syndrome. Management of established SFSS is guided by the severity of the presentation with the initial focus on pharmacological therapy to modulate portal flow and provide supportive care to the patient with the goal of facilitating graft regeneration and recovery. When medical management fails or condition progresses with impending dysfunction or even liver failure, interventional radiology (IR) and/or surgical interventions to reduce portal overperfusion should be considered. Although most patients have good outcomes with medical, IR, and/or surgical management that allow graft regeneration, the risk of graft loss increases dramatically in the setting of bilirubin >10 mg/dL and INR>1.6 on postoperative day 7 or isolated bilirubin >20 mg/dL on postoperative day 14. Retransplantation should be considered based on the overall clinical situation and the above postoperative laboratory parameters. The following recommendations focus on medical and IR/surgical management of SFSS as well as considerations and timing of retransplantation when other therapies fail.
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A fenestrated portal vein. KOREAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2023; 37:141-143. [PMID: 37435151 PMCID: PMC10332276 DOI: 10.4285/kjt.23.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
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A Review of Machine Perfusion Strategies in Liver Transplantation. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:335-349. [PMID: 36950485 PMCID: PMC10025749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The acceptance of liver transplantation as the standard of care for end-stage liver diseases has led to a critical shortage of donor allografts. To expand the donor organ pool, many countries have liberalized the donor criteria including extended criteria donors and donation after circulatory death. These marginal livers are at a higher risk of injury when they are preserved using the standard static cold storage (SCS) preservation techniques. In recent years, research has focused on optimizing organ preservation techniques to protect these marginal livers. Machine perfusion (MP) of the expanded donor liver has witnessed considerable advancements in the last decade. Research has showed MP strategies to confer significant advantages over the SCS techniques, such as longer preservation times, viability assessment and the potential to recondition high risk allografts prior to implantation. In this review article, we address the topic of MP in liver allograft preservation, with emphasis on current trends in clinical application. We discuss the relevant clinical trials related to the techniques of hypothermic MP, normothermic MP, hypothermic oxygenated MP, and controlled oxygenated rewarming. We also discuss the potential applications of ex vivo therapeutics which may be relevant in the future to further optimize the allograft prior to transplantation.
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Key Words
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, Alanine transaminase
- ASO, Antisense oligonucleotides
- AST, Aspartate transaminase
- CIT, Cold ischemia times
- COPE, Consortium for Organ Preservation in Europe
- COR, Controlled oxygenated rewarming
- DBD, Donation after brain death
- DCD, Donation after circulatory death
- DHOPE, dual hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- EAD, Early allograft dysfunction
- ECD, Extended criteria donors
- ETC, Electron transport chain
- GGT, Gamma glutamyl transferase
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HMP, Hypothermic machine perfusion
- HOPE, Hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- ICU, Intensive care unit
- IGL, Institute George Lopez-1
- INR, International normalized ratio
- IRI, ischemia reperfusion injury
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase
- MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease
- MP, Machine perfusion
- NAS, Non-anastomotic biliary strictures
- NMP, Normothermic machine perfusion
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PNF, Primary nonfunction
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SNMP, Sub-normothermic machine perfusion
- UW, University of Wisconsin
- WIT, Warm ischemia times
- hypothermic machine perfusion
- hypothermic oxygenated machine perfusion
- machine perfusion
- normothermic machine perfusion
- static cold storage
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National Liver Allocation Policy-Consensus Document by the Liver Transplantation Society of India for a Nationally Uniform System of Allocation of Deceased Donor Liver Grafts. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:303-318. [PMID: 36950486 PMCID: PMC10025588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) is increasing in India and now constitutes nearly one-third of all liver transplantation procedures performed in the country. There is currently no uniform national system of allocation of deceased donor livers. Methods A national task force consisting of 19 clinicians involved in liver transplantation from across the country was constituted under the aegis of the Liver Transplantation Society of India to develop a consensus document addressing the above issues using a modified Delphi process of consensus development. Results The National Liver Allocation Policy consensus document includes 46 statements covering all aspects of DDLT, including minimum listing criteria, listing for acute liver failure, DDLT wait-list management, system of prioritisation based on clinical urgency for adults and children, guidelines for allocation of paediatric organs and allocation priorities for liver grafts recovered from public sector hospitals. Conclusion This document is the first step in the setting up of a nationally consistent policy of deceased donor liver allocation.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- ALF, acute liver failure
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CSS, Clinical Severity Score
- CSS-P, Clinical Severity Score for Paediatric Recipients
- DD, deceased donation
- DDLG, deceased donor liver grafts
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplantation
- Delphi process
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- N-LAP, National Liver Allocation Policy
- NABL, National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories
- PELD, Paediatric Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- PuSH, Public Sector Hospital
- WL, waiting list
- acute liver failure
- paediatric
- public sector hospital
- variant syndrome
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Clinical Profile, Patterns of Care & adherence to Guidelines in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prospective multi-center Study. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1463-1473. [PMID: 36340319 PMCID: PMC9630010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India is a matter of concern and need for adequate profiling and streamlining management strategies cannot be over-emphasized. Methods This is a prospective multi-centric observational cohort study comprising of an oncology center, one university tertiary hospital with specialized hepatology service, one public hospital with gastroenterology service, and a private liver transplant center located within a 3-km radius. The demographic and clinical parameters were recorded on a prospectively maintained database. The clinical profile, demographics, characteristics of HCC and the allocated treatment were noted and compared among the four centers. Results In total, 672 patients were enrolled from June 2016 till January 2020. Abdominal pain (64.3%) and weight loss (47.3%) were the most common symptoms. Most common identified etiology was hepatitis B (39%). The cancer center received lesser patients with hepatitis C and those with advanced stage of HCC. The private transplant center reported the highest proportion of NASH, which was also significantly higher in those belonging to higher socioeconomic strata, and lowest proportion of alcoholic cirrhosis. Metastasis was seen in almost one-fifth (19%) cases at diagnosis. Portal vein thrombosis was evident in 40%. Adherence to treatment guidelines was seen in three-fourth cases (76%). Conclusions Hepatitis B is the most common underlying cause for HCC, whereas other causes like NASH are on the rise. Etiologic profile may vary with selective specialization of centers catering to patients with HCC. Adherence to guideline while allocating treatment was high among all centers with highest non-adherence in BCLC A.
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Key Words
- AASLD, American Association of Study of Liver Disease
- AFP, Alpha fetoprotein
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, Alanine transaminase
- AST, Aspartate transaminase
- BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging
- BCS, Budd Chiari syndrome
- CT, Computed tomography
- EASL, European Association for Study of Liver
- GGT, Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- HBV, Hepatitis B virus
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, Hepatitis C virus
- HKLC, Hong-Kong Liver Cancer staging
- HVPG, Hepatic venous pressure gradient
- INR, International normalized ratio
- MDT, Multidisciplinary team
- MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- PHT, Portal hypertension
- PVTT, Portal venous tumor thrombosis
- clinical profile
- hepatocellular carcinoma
- milan criteria
- multicenter
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Abstract No. 109 Comparison of long-term outcomes following PAE in >100ml vs <100ml prostates: a systematic review. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.03.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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10
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Organ Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death in India: A Joint Position Paper. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022; 26:421-438. [PMID: 35656056 PMCID: PMC9067489 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Liver Transplant Society of India Guidelines for Liver Transplant During COVID-19 times. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:180-185. [PMID: 34429571 PMCID: PMC8378015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected liver transplantation in many ways. There is risk of infection to the transplant recipients; and COVID-19 is associated with significant risk of mortality in patients on wait list. The Liver Transplant Society of India (LTSI) has prepared guidelines regarding selection of adult and pediatric patients for liver transplantation, transplant for acute liver failure, use of deceased donor organs, transplant techniques and minimally invasive donor hepatectomy, pre- and postsurgery testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-related coronavirus disease 2019 in donors and recipients, role of COVID-19 antibody testing, shifting of recipients from COVID-19 to non-COVID-19 areas after recovery, isolation policy of team members exposed to COVID-19 patients, drug therapy of proven or suspected COVID-19 infection early posttransplant, care of SARS-CoV-2 positive donors and recipients and a separate COVID-19 consent for surgery.
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12
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Organ donation after circulatory determination of death in India: A joint position paper. INDIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijot.ijot_61_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Consensus statement on organ donation from COVID-Positive deceased donors indian society of organ transplantation liver transplant society of India Indian society for heart and lung transplantation. INDIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijot.ijot_29_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Archimedes Absorbable Internal Biliary Stent in Liver Transplants to Prevent Bile Leak. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:2923-2928. [PMID: 34756648 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary complications, especially bile leaks, are an important cause of early postoperative morbidity and, rarely, mortality after liver transplant. The risk is higher in living donor liver transplant (LDLT) compared to deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT). Attempts to reduce bile leaks have included refinements in the biliary anastomosis technique and use of various external and internal stents, with inconsistent benefits. Recent availability and successful use of the absorbable Archimedes stent has prompted its intrabiliary placement across the anastomosis. METHODS In this retrospective study, we analyzed the data of 20 adult patients who underwent a liver transplant with duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis using the Archimedes stent. Both DDLT and LDLT were performed using cava-preserving hepatectomy followed by standard implantation methods. Duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis was performed in all cases using interrupted sutures with extracorporeal knots over an absorbable intrabiliary stent. In addition to standard postoperative care, patients were monitored for bile leak. RESULTS Nine DDLTs had a single anastomosis over a 10-Fr stent. Out of 11 LDLT patients, 7 had a single anastomosis and 4 patients had 2 anastomoses, all over a 6-Fr stent. Two patients died, 1 as a result of graft primary nonfunction and another because of multidrug-resistant pneumonia. One patient had ascending cholangitis owing to stent migration in the duodenum. This episode was treated with endoscopic stent removal and appropriate antibiotics, with good recovery. None of the other patients had bile leaks, biloma, or stent-related complications. CONCLUSIONS Archimedes internal absorbable biliary stents can be safely used in both living and deceased donor liver transplants to prevent bile leaks.
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A Multicentric Experience on Living Donor Liver Transplantation in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hotspots in India. Liver Transpl 2021; 27:1334-1338. [PMID: 33253477 PMCID: PMC7753810 DOI: 10.1002/lt.25957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liver Transplantation Society of India Guidelines for the Management of Acute Liver Injury Secondary to Yellow Phosphorus-Containing Rodenticide Poisoning Using the Modified Delphi Technique of Consensus Development. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:475-483. [PMID: 34276154 PMCID: PMC8267358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure caused by the ingestion of yellow phosphorus-containing rodenticide has been increasing in incidence over the last decade and is a common indication for emergency liver transplantation in Southern and Western India and other countries. Clear guidelines for its management are necessary, given its unpredictable course, potential for rapid deterioration and variation in clinical practice. METHODS A modified Delphi approach was used for developing consensus guidelines under the aegis of the Liver Transplantation Society of India. A detailed review of the published literature was performed. Recommendations for three areas of clinical practice, assessment and initial management, intensive care unit (ICU) management and liver transplantation, were developed. RESULTS The expert panel consisted of 16 clinicians, 3 nonclinical specialists and 5 senior advisory members from 11 centres. Thirty-one recommendations with regard to criteria for hospital admission and discharge, role of medical therapies, ICU management, evidence for extracorporeal therapies such as renal replacement therapy and therapeutic plasma exchange, early predictors of need for liver transplantation and perioperative care were developed based on published evidence and combined clinical experience. CONCLUSION Development of these guidelines should help standardise care for patients with yellow phosphorus poisoning and identify areas for collaborative research.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALI, acute liver injury
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplantation
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalised ratio
- KCC, Kings College Criteria
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- LTSI, Liver Transplantation Society of India
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- RRT, renal replacement therapy
- TPE, therapeutic plasma exchange
- YP, yellow phosphorus
- acute liver failure
- consensus guidelines
- liver transplantation
- rat killer poison
- yellow phosphorus
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COVID 19 and the Liver. THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICIANS OF INDIA 2020; 68:11-12. [PMID: 33187029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Acute liver failure secondary to yellow phosphorus rodenticide poisoning: Outcomes at a center with dedicated liver intensive care and transplant unit. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 11:S0973-6883(20)30149-3. [PMID: 33052182 PMCID: PMC7543916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental or suicidal poisoning with yellow phosphorus or metal phosphides (YPMP) such as aluminum (AlP) zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) commonly cause acute liver failure (ALF) and cardiotoxicity. These are used as household, agricultural and industrial rodenticides and in production of ammunitions, firecrackers and fertilizers. In absence of a clinically available laboratory test for diagnosis or toxin measurement or an antidote, managing their poisoning is challenging even at a tertiary care center with a dedicated liver intensive care unit (LICU) and liver transplant facility. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with YPMP related ALF were monitored using standardized clinical, hemodynamic, biochemical, metabolic, neurological, electrocardiography (ECG) and SOFA score and managed using uniform intensive care, treatment and transplant protocols in LICU. Socio-demographic characteristics, clinical and biochemical parameters and scores were summarized and compared between 3 groups i.e. spontaneous survivors, transplanted patients and non-survivors. Predictors of spontaneous survival and the need for liver transplant are also evaluated. RESULTS Nineteen patients with YPMP related ALF were about 32 years old (63.2% females) and presented to us at a median of 3 (0 - 10) days after poisoning. YPMP related cardiotoxicity was rapidly progressive and fatal whereas liver transplant was therapeutic for ALF. Spontaneous survivors had lower dose ingestion (<17.5 grams), absence of cardiotoxicity, < grade 3 HE, lactate < 5.8, SOFA score < 14.5, and increase in SOFA score by < 5.5. Patients with renal failure need for CVVHDF and KCC positivity on account of PT-INR > 6.5 had higher mortality risk. Patients undergoing liver transplant and with spontaneous recovery required longer ICU and hospital stay. At median follow-up of 3.4 (2.6 - 5.5) years, all spontaneous survivors and transplanted patients are well with normal liver function. CONCLUSIONS Early transfer to a specialized center, pre-emptive close monitoring, and intensive care and organ support with ventilation, CVVHDF, plasmapheresis and others may maximize their chances of spontaneous recovery, allow accurate prognostication and a timely liver transplant.
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Key Words
- AKI, Acute kidney injury
- ALF, acute liver failure
- Acute Liver Failure
- CVVHDF, Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration
- Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration
- DDLT, Deceased donor liver transplant
- IEH, Ingestion to encephalopathy interval
- KCC, King College criteria
- LDLT, living donor liver transplant
- Liver Transplant
- MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease
- MOF, Multi-Organ Failure
- Multi-Organ Failure
- Plasmapheresis
- Rodenticide
- SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment
- YPMP, yellow phosphorus or metal phosphides
- Yellow Phosphorus
- Zinc Phosphide
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Sofosbuvir, pegylated interferon, and ribavirin for retreatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b following sofosbuvir and ledipasvir failure. Hepatology 2018; 67:2049-2050. [PMID: 29152769 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Should venous ammonia be used in decision-making acute liver failure patients? Hepatology 2018; 67:800-801. [PMID: 29108118 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Pediatric liver transplantation for hepatocellular cancer and rare liver malignancies: US multicenter and single-center experience (1981-2015). Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1577-1588. [PMID: 28834194 PMCID: PMC5725660 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A tenth of all pediatric liver transplantations (LTs) are performed for unresectable liver malignancies, especially the more common hepatoblastoma (HBL). Less understood are outcomes after LT for the rare hepatocellular carcinoma, nonhepatoblastoma embryonal tumors (EMBs), and slow growing metastatic neuroendocrine tumors of childhood. Pediatric LT is increasingly performed for rare unresectable liver malignancies other than HBL. We performed a retrospective review of outcomes after LT for malignancy in the multicenter US Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR; n = 677; 1987-2015). We then reviewed the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (CHP; n = 74; 1981-2014) experience focusing on LT for unresectable hepatocellular cancer (HCC), EMBs, and metastatic liver tumors (METS). HBL was included to provide reference statistics. In the SRTR database, LT for HCC and HBL increased over time (P < 0.001). Compared with other malignancies, the 149 HCC cases received fewer segmental grafts (P < 0.001) and also experienced 10-year patient survival similar to 15,710 adult HCC LT recipients (51.6% versus 49.6%; P = 0.848, not significant [NS], log-rank test). For 22 of 149 cases with incidental HCC, 10-year patient survival was higher than 127 primary HCC cases (85% [95% confidence interval (CI), 70.6%-100%] versus 48.3% [95% CI, 38%-61%]; P = 0.168, NS) and similar to 3392 biliary atresia cases (89.9%; 95% CI, 88.7%-91%). Actuarial 10-year patient survival for 17 EMBs, 10 METS, and 6 leiomyosarcoma patients exceeded 60%. These survival outcomes were similar to those seen for HBL. At CHP, posttransplant recurrence-free and overall survival among 25 HCC, 17 (68%) of whom had preexisting liver disease, was 16/25 or 64%, and 9/25 or 36%, respectively. All 10 patients with incidental HCC and tumor-node-metastasis stage I and II HCC survived recurrence-free. Only vascular invasion predicted poor survival in multivariate analysis (P < 0.0001). A total of 4 of 5 EMB patients (80%) and all patients with METS (neuroendocrine-2, pseudopapillary pancreatic-1) also survived recurrence-free. Among children, LT can be curative for unresectable HCC confined to the liver and without vascular invasion, incidental HCC, embryonal tumors, and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. Liver Transplantation 23 1577-1588 2017 AASLD.
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Reconstruction of anomalous portal venous branching in right lobe living donor liver transplantation: Malatya approach. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:1482-1483. [PMID: 28834220 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Congenital factor VII deficiency is an autosomal recessive serious disorder of blood coagulation with wide genotypic and phenotypic variations. The clinical presentation can vary from asymptomatic patients to patients with major bleedings in severe deficiency (factor VII <1%). Investigations show prolonged PT and low factor VII. Treatment modalities include FFP and repeated recombinant factor VII infusions. We hereby report the first successful LRLT for factor VII deficiency in an infant, the first-ever youngest baby reported worldwide. A six-month-old male child presented with easy bruisability, ecchymotic patches, hematuria, and convulsions. CT of the head showed subdural hemorrhage, which was treated conservatively. He had markedly increased PT (120 s) with normal platelets, and aPTT with factor VII level <1%. Despite the treatment by rFVIIa administration weekly, which was very expensive, he still had repeated life-threatening bleeding episodes. LRLT was performed with mother as the donor, whose factor VII level was 57%. A factor VII infusion plan for pre-, intra- and postoperative periods was formulated and TEG followed. Postoperatively, his factor VII started increasing from third day and was 38% on 24th day with PT <14 s. He had uneventful intraoperative and postoperative courses. LT is a safe and definite cure for factor VII deficiency.
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Low-dose short-term hepatitis B immunoglobulin with high genetic barrier antivirals: the ideal post-transplant hepatitis B virus prophylaxis? Transpl Infect Dis 2015; 17:329-33. [PMID: 25682715 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-dose hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ides analogs (lamivudine/adefovir) used for the prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) are associated with some risk of HBV recurrence and antiviral resistance. METHODS The study cohort included 176 patients (at least >12 months follow-up) with HBV cirrhosis/hepatocellular carcinoma who received secondary prophylaxis with indefinite entecavir/tenofovir after living-donor LT (LDLT). All patients received 10,000 IU intravenous HBIG in anhepatic phase followed by 600-1000 IU intramuscularly daily for 7 days, weekly for 3 weeks, and then monthly, to keep antiHBs levels >100 mIU/mL for 1 year. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA were tested every 6 months. RESULTS The study cohort is composed of 157 men and 19 women, mean age 47.9 ± 10.1 years, all HBsAg positive, 35 (19.8%) had HBV DNA >2000 IU/mL before LT. After LT, patients received entecavir (n = 126, 71.5%), tenofovir (n = 20, 11.3%), or a combination of entecavir and tenofovir (n = 30, 17% for 3 months), followed by entecavir alone. During follow-up of 43 (12-117) months, 2 patients (including 1 with non-compliance) had HBV recurrence. CONCLUSION In a large cohort of LDLT recipients for HBV-related liver disease, use of low-dose short-term HBIG with high genetic barrier drugs results in a substantially lower incidence of HBV recurrence, even in high-risk patients.
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Sarcopenic obesity with metabolic syndrome: a newly recognized entity following living donor liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 2015; 29:211-5. [PMID: 25594826 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are limited data about sarcopenic obesity in liver transplant recipients. METHODS Living donor liver transplant recipients with at least 12 months of follow-up were included. Metabolic syndrome (MS) was defined as ≥ 3 ATP III criteria. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Immunosuppression protocol included short-term steroids, mycophenolate and calcineurin inhibitors (mainly tacrolimus). Data are shown as percentage, mean ± SD, or median (25-75 IQR). RESULTS The study comprised 82 patients (males 69), aged 50.5 ± 10.65 yr, and follow-up 24 (12-38.5) months. Etiology for cirrhosis was alcohol 29%, hepatitis C 22%, hepatitis B 17%, cryptogenic 24%, and others 7%. Post-transplant sarcopenic obesity was present in 72 (88%), and MS was present in 43 (52%) of recipients with no significant difference among etiologies. There were significant differences between pre- and post-transplant body mass index, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (p = 0.000 for all), prevalence of hypertension (18% vs. 39%), and diabetes (20% vs. 56%). Patients with sarcopenic obesity had significantly higher body mass index, waist circumference, and MS (57% vs. 20%, p = 0.041) when compared to patients without sarcopenic obesity. CONCLUSION Despite resuming routine activities, the majority of liver transplant recipients develop sarcopenic obesity and MS. The importance and role of appropriate nutrition and exercise after transplantation merits further investigation.
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India's first successful intestinal transplant: the road traveled and the lessons learnt. Indian J Gastroenterol 2014; 33:104-13. [PMID: 24500752 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-013-0437-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal transplant is a therapeutic challenge not just surgically but also logistically because of the multidisciplinary expertise and resources required. A large proportion of patients who undergo massive bowel resection and develop intestinal failure have poor outcome, because of inability to sustain long-term parenteral nutrition and limited availability of intestinal and multi-visceral transplantation facilities. We report the first successful isolated intestinal transplant from India.
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Use of ABO-incompatible grafts in living donor liver transplantation--first report from India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2014; 33:72-6. [PMID: 24369388 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-013-0424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABO incompatibility is the commonest reason for rejection of donors in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The donor pool could be expanded by 25 % to 35 % if the ABO barrier is overcome. In the absence of pre-conditioning, transplantation across the blood groups is fraught with the almost universal risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) that rapidly leads to graft loss. However, AMR can be prevented by removal of preformed antibodies and reducing their production by B cells. We describe our initial experience of three cases of ABO-incompatible (ABO-i) LDLT: a 42-year-old male, an 8-month-old male and a 28-month-old female, all of blood group O+ who received blood group B + right lobe, B + left lateral segment, and A + left lateral segment liver grafts, respectively. Pre-LDLT conditioning included administration of anti-CD20 antibody (Rituximab(®)) to the adult 4 weeks prior, and four to seven sessions of double-filtration plasmapheresis to all, to remove preformed antibodies and achieve anti-donor blood group antibody (ADA) titers of ≤ 1:16 IgG and ≤ 1:8 IgM, respectively. In addition, cases 1 and 3 received mycophenolate mofetil for 7 days prior to LDLT. After LDLT, all three patients achieved normal graft function over 8-17 days with no evidence of AMR and without the need for further plasmapheresis. Postoperative complications included portal vein thrombosis (one successfully re-explored), CMV (one), Pseudomonas and Klebsiella sepsis (one each), and abdominal collection (one treated with percutaneous drainage). All are currently well with normal graft function and low ADA titers at 8, 16, and 19 months after ABO-i LDLT.
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Transmission of dengue virus from a donor to a recipient after living donor liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2013; 19:1413-4. [PMID: 24115243 DOI: 10.1002/lt.23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Excellent outcome of living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome: a single centre experience. Clin Transplant 2013; 27:530-4. [DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30 excellent outcome of living donor liver transplantation in patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome-a single center experience. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:146. [PMID: 25755358 PMCID: PMC3940397 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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6 tuberculosis and living donor liver transplantation-a 7-year experience from India. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:135-6. [PMID: 25755334 PMCID: PMC3940131 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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11 reduced left lateral sector liver transplantation in children under 10 kg-less is better. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:138. [PMID: 25755340 PMCID: PMC3940185 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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12 variations in live-liver donor hilar anatomy and classification of donors based on anatomic suitability. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2011; 1:138-9. [PMID: 25755341 PMCID: PMC3940236 DOI: 10.1016/s0973-6883(11)60149-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Roux loop obstruction by an enterolith formation around migrated endobiliary stent. TROPICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE DIGESTIVE DISEASES FOUNDATION 2011; 32:240-241. [PMID: 22332348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis related end stage liver disease in adults: evaluation from a study on living donor liver transplant recipients. Hepatol Int 2011; 5:882-9. [PMID: 21484137 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND That non-cirrhotic portal fibrosis (NCPF) can lead to end stage chronic liver disease (CLD) has been convincingly demonstrated only recently after the study of explant livers from clinically cirrhosis cases. AIMS This study attempted to determine the frequency of NCPF among adults transplanted for end stage CLD and to identify parameters for a pre-transplant diagnosis of NCPF. METHODS Several parameters were analyzed in three categories of cases: pure NCPF (n = 10), overlap NCPF (n = 10), and NAFLD cirrhosis controls (n = 44). Morphologic features of NCPF were looked for in explant livers of all these. RESULTS Explant livers in the pure NCPF group were non-cirrhotic and showed histologic features of NCPF. These features were also present in all cases of overlap NCPF in the background of established cirrhosis of other etiologies but absent in the NAFLD cirrhosis controls. Values of seven objective and two subjective parameters showed significant differences between pure NCPF and NAFLD control groups. Compared to NAFLD controls, the model for end stage liver disease (MELD) score, body mass index (BMI), bilirubin, albumin, aspartate amino transferase (AST), and international normalized ratio (INR) were significantly less, whereas variceal grade was higher in the pure NCPF group. CONCLUSIONS The study concludes that in our population, NCPF constitutes about 5% of the subset of end stage CLD considered eligible for liver transplantation (LT), presenting mostly as cryptogenic cirrhosis (CC). A diagnosis of NCPF should be considered when patients presumed to have cryptogenic or other cirrhosis become eligible for LT even in the presence of relatively well-preserved liver function and low MELD scores. End stage CLD manifests at earlier age, when cirrhosis of another etiology supervenes on pre-existent NCPF.
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Bridge venoplasty: A new technique to simplify venous outflow reconstruction in living donor domino liver transplantation. Surgery 2010; 148:155-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Evolution of a reliable biliary reconstructive technique in 400 consecutive living donor liver transplants. J Am Coll Surg 2010; 211:24-32. [PMID: 20610245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary complications (BCs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). They occur because the graft hepatic ducts are often small, thin walled, multiple, and may become ischemic during transection. STUDY DESIGN Of the 460 LDLTs done at our center before November 2009, the first 402 partial liver grafts had at least 3 months of follow-up. In the first 158, conventional hepatic duct isolation was used in the donor (group C). In the last 244 cases, the complete hilar plate and Glissonian sheath approach (HPGS) was used (group H). We compared the incidence and outcomes of BCs in the 2 groups. RESULTS The rate of BC was significantly lower in group H (5.3%) than in group C (15.8%, p = 0.000). The incidence of early (within 3 months of transplant) BCs was similarly significantly lower in group H (3.3%) than in group C (13.2%, P=0.000). The incidence of late BCs in the 145 patients in group H who had completed at least 12 months of follow-up was 2.8%.The proportion of BCs needing surgical correction was much higher in group C (44%) than in group H (7.7%, p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS By providing a graft with a well-vascularized hepatic duct or ducts with a sheath of supporting tissue that holds sutures well, the HPGS approach minimizes the incidence and severity of BCs in LDLT.
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Abdominal packing for surgically uncontrollable haemorrhage. TROPICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE DIGESTIVE DISEASES FOUNDATION 2010; 31:61-64. [PMID: 20860236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using abdominal packs is often a life-saving technique for uncontrollable bleeding during operations. It prevents worsening of the hypothermia, coagulopathy and acidosis which usually accompanies massive bleeding till they may be corrected and the packs removed later. However, packing may be associated with a mortality of 56 to 82% due to continued bleeding, intra-abdominal abscesses and the compartment syndrome. We follow a policy of early abdominal packing (considering it after a 6 unit intraoperative blood loss) before the situation becomes irreversible. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 1997 and September 2008, abdominal packing for uncontrollable bleed was done in 49 patients (M:F 34:15, mean age 43 years). The risk factors for mortality were analyzed. The reasons for uncontrollable bleed were: liver trauma (8), liver tumours (3), following liver transplantation (4), pancreatic necrosectomy (17) and miscellaneous causes (17). RESULTS There were 16 postoperative deaths (32.7%). On univariate analysis, hypovolaemic shock, a low urine output, raised INR, blood requirement of more than 6 units, hypothermia <34 degrees C, metabolic acidosis and sepsis were associated with an increased mortality. However, on multivariate logistic regression only hypothermia was significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSION A fair survival rate can be achieved by early and judicious use of abdominal packing especially before hypothermia supervenes.
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Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia in an adult after living donor liver transplant: a rare cause of post-transplant recurrent abdominal pain. Hernia 2009; 14:547-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10029-009-0594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Single versus dual renal transplantation from donors with significant arteriosclerosis on pre-implant biopsy. Clin Transplant 2009; 23:525-31. [PMID: 19681976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transplantation of kidneys from donor with arteriosclerosis seen on pre-implantation biopsy has not been well studied. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 20 dual kidney transplant (DKT) and 28 single (SKT) kidney transplant recipients with >or=12 months follow-up from donors with moderate arteriosclerosis (>or=25% luminal diameter narrowing). RESULTS Death censored graft survival was 100% and 79%, respectively (p = 0.0339). DKT recipients had significantly lower mean creatinine levels at one, three, six, and nine months and spent somewhat less time on the waiting list (181 +/- 160 vs. 318 +/- 306 d, p = 0.1429). DKT patients received kidneys from significantly older donors (64 +/- 7 vs. 54 +/- 11 yr; p = 0.0012), proportionately more expanded criteria donors (95% vs. 54%; p = 0.0029), and more donors with hypertension (81% vs. 48%, p = 0.0344) and death related to cerebrovascular accident (100% vs. 71%, p = 0.0143); however, more DKT kidneys underwent machine perfusion (95% vs. 57%, p = 0.0068). Baseline recipient variables were comparable between the two groups including age, race, gender, retransplantation, and HLA mismatch. Pre-implant biopsy was notable for similar frequencies of moderate interstitial fibrosis (10% vs. 14%, respectively) and glomerulosclerosis. CONCLUSION Among recipients of deceased-donor kidneys with >25% arteriosclerosis, short-term outcomes after DKT were superior to that of SKT grafts. This approach may help to expand the donor-organ pool while optimizing outcomes.
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Small bowel enterocutaneous fistulae: the merits of early surgery. Indian J Surg 2008; 70:303-7. [PMID: 23133088 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-008-0087-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of patients with small bowel enterocutaneous fistulas is complex and a challenge for every surgeon. The mortality and morbidity associated with only conservative management is often high and expensive because most patients cannot afford prolonged parenteral nutrition which itself carries a high incidence of complications. Although operations are difficult if performed early they may be lifesaving in our situation. The focus of our study was to determine whether, in patients with fistulae, early intervention resulted in low mortality and morbidity rates and to identify prognostic factors for fistula closure and mortality. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between August 1996 and July 2008 we treated 64 consecutive patients with small bowel enterocutaneous fistulae. There were 28 females and 36 males patients who had a mean age of 42.4 years. 49 (77%) of the fistulae resulted from surgical complications. Our policy was to intervene early once the patient was fit for a procedure. RESULTS In 4 patients (6.2%) the fistulae arose from the jejunum and in the remaining 94% from the ileum. Octreotide was administered in 49 (77%) patients. To maintain the nutrition of the patients enteral feeding was used in 47 (73%) while re-feeding of the proximal gut fistula output into the distal stoma was used in 7 patients. Spontaneous closure occurred in 10 patients (16%). There were 9 deaths (14%). Fifty-two patients (81%) required surgical intervention at some stage. A strong relationship was found between their preoperative albumin levels and and mortality. CONCLUSION Aggressive early surgical treatment with the judicious use of nutritional support, stoma care, octreotide, and control of sepsis results in a low mortality in patients with small intestinal fistulae. Preoperative hypoalbuminaemia is an important prognostic variable.
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Abstract
Kidney biopsies are being used to evaluate marginal deceased donor organs, but, the literature on the utility of this practice remains conflicting. We re-examined this issue by performing a multivariate analysis of 597 kidney transplant recipients. The presence of moderate arteriosclerosis and/or moderate arteriolosclerosis (MA), defined as >or=25% luminal compromise, was a significant predictor of graft outcome in standard criteria donors (multivariate, P=0.01) and in expanded criteria donors (ECD) as defined by UNOS criteria (univariate P=0.02). One-, 3-, and 5-year overall allograft survival with MA was 71%, 58%, and 40%, respectively. Increasing degrees of glomerulosclerosis (GS) were associated with earlier graft failure on univariate (P=0.03) but not multivariate analysis (P=0.36). GS>20% and interstitial fibrosis>25% had a low frequency in the material reviewed, likely reflecting our organ utilization practices, and did not have a demonstrable effect on graft outcome. Clinical parameters independently associated with worse graft function were ECD status (P<0.05), retransplantation (P=0.004), recipient age (P<0.05), and delayed graft function (P<0.0001). Donor vascular disease is an independent risk factor for suboptimal graft survival. Great caution should be exercised in the decision to transplant kidneys with moderate arterial and/or arteriolar luminal narrowing.
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Clinical course of kidney transplant patients with acute rejection and BK virus replication following Campath therapy. Clin Transplant 2008; 22:348-53. [PMID: 18279421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2008.00791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant recipients with active BK virus (BKV) replication are generally treated with reduction in immunosuppression to allow a successful immune response against the virus. METHODS We inadvertently administered Campath to two patients with BKV viruria, and one patient with BKV nephropathy, since allograft biopsies showed severe tubulitis or intimal arteritis, and results of PCR and in situ hybridization were not available at the time of therapeutic intervention. RESULTS Increased viral replication was observed, but not uniformly in all cases, and follow-up biopsies showed nephropathy in one additional case. Extra-renal dissemination did not occur. With subsequent reduction of immunosuppression or antiviral therapy, it was still possible to obtain clearance of viremia in all cases. Serum creatinine fell transiently after Campath in one patient; however, at one yr post-treatment all had increased levels over baseline. One graft was lost to persistent acute rejection that led to interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. CONCLUSION These cases suggest that Campath treatment does not (i) irreversibly deplete cells believed to be important in mounting an immune response against BKV, or (ii) preclude subsequent eradication of viral DNA from the blood.
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Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid in liver transplant patients after intravenous and oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil. Liver Transpl 2007; 13:791-6. [PMID: 17538999 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of mycophenolic acid (MPA) after oral administration of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) has been reported to be more than 90% in healthy volunteers, and in kidney and thoracic organ transplant patients. Such information is limited in liver transplant (LTx) patients. The present study compares the pharmacokinetics of MPA after intravenous (IV) and oral administrations of MMF in LTx recipients. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using WinNonlin software. A total of 12 deceased donor LTx patients initially received IV MMF and were switched to oral MMF after 2-7 days (mean, 3.3 +/- 1.7) when oral feeds were started. Multiple blood samples were drawn immediately prior to and after IV or oral MMF and the plasma concentration of MPA was measured. The mean peak plasma concentrations and the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve (AUC) were significantly higher after IV MMF compared to oral MMF (peak plasma concentrations of 10.7 +/- 2.1 microg/mL for IV vs. 4.5 +/- 2.8 microg/mL for oral; P = 0.0001; and AUC of 28.9 +/- 7.1 microg . hr/mL for IV vs. 12.8 +/- 4.2 microg . hr/mL for oral; P = 0.0001). The oral bioavailability of MPA was 48.5 +/- 18.7%. The systemic clearance, half-life, and steady state volume of distribution of MPA were 26.9 +/- 6 L/hour, 5.5 hours, and 85 liters, respectively. The terminal disposition half-life was not significantly different between the 2 routes of administration. In conclusion, during the early postoperative period, LTx recipients have MPA exposure with oral MMF of less than half that of IV MMF. Use of IV MMF immediately post-LTx may provide an immunological advantage.
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Characterization of CD4, CD8, CD56 positive lymphocytes and C4d deposits to distinguish acute cellular rejection from recurrent hepatitis C in post-liver transplant biopsies. Clin Transplant 2007; 20:624-33. [PMID: 16968489 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2006.00528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is the most common cause for liver transplantation (LTx) in USA. Hepatitis C viral recurrence in liver allograft is almost universal, which is often difficult to distinguish from acute cellular rejection (ACR). AIM Aim of the present study is to examine the differences between distribution of CD4, CD8, CD56 positive lymphocytes, and C4d deposits in patients with ACR and recurrent HCV. PATIENTS AND METHODS As a pilot project, a group of five post-LTx HCV RNA negative patients, strongly suspicious for ACR based on clinical findings and history of medication non-compliance and another group of five post-LTx HCV positive, medication compliant patients with abnormal liver function were retrospectively selected. Liver biopsies of these patients were stained with monoclonal CD4, CD8, CD56, and polyclonal C4d antibodies and compared. RESULTS Mean CD4, CD8, and CD56 counts in ACR group were 156.7 +/- 17.6, 35.4 +/- 8.8, and 1.0 +/- 1.8/HPF, respectively and were 89.7 +/- 41.3, 20.3 +/- 23.2, and 0.6 +/- 0.9/HPF, respectively in HCV recurrence group. Biopsies of four of five patients with ACR demonstrated moderate to strong C4d staining, whereas all patients with recurrent HCV had none to mild C4d staining. CONCLUSION Mean CD4, CD8, and CD56 were similar for acute rejection and recurrent HCV infection. However, 80% of patients with ACR showed moderate to strong staining for C4d and all recurrent HCV patients showed none to mild C4d staining.
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Question of using valganciclovir for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection prophylaxis in post-liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl 2006; 12:1020-1; author reply 1022-3. [PMID: 16721778 DOI: 10.1002/lt.20749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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HCV antibody quantitative levels in liver transplant patients: do they have any relevance in clinical practice? EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2006; 4:475-80. [PMID: 16827647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is not directly cytopathic to the hepatocytes; however, host immune response against the virus does cause hepatic injury. Production of the HCV antibody is a host immune response to a viral antigen. The currently used HCV antibody assay is a qualitative, not quantitative, assessment. In this study, we sought to quantitatively estimate HCV antibody levels in patients who had undergone liver transplantations at the University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, and correlate these levels with HCV RNA viral load, genotype, severity of recurrence, and anti-HCV treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS From 39 liver transplantation patients, we obtained 141 blood samples for quantitative HCV RNA to measure HCV antibody levels quantitatively. RESULTS Most antibody levels were within a narrow range with a mean of 32.9+/-5.1. Samples with undetectable RNA had a mean antibody level of 31.4+/-8.0, and samples with a positive RNA had mean level of 33.0+/-4.6. The mean antibody levels were significantly higher for patients with genotype 1 (n=33) compared with those with genotype 2 (n=5) (33.2 vs 29.1; P=.007). No correlation was found between antibody levels and severity of hepatic injury with regard to hepatitis activity index or fibrosis score. Six patients with no response to anti-HCV treatment had no change in their mean antibody levels (33.7 vs 34.5). Ten patients who responded to anti-HCV therapy had lower mean levels after therapy, but the changes were not significant (34.2 vs 30.4). CONCLUSIONS Antibody levels in this study did not correlate with viral load or hepatic injury. However, genotype-2 patients had significantly lower levels compared with genotype-1 patients, and patients who responded to anti-HCV therapy demonstrated decreased antibody levels.
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