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Cardemil CV, Cao Y, Posavad CM, Badell ML, Bunge K, Mulligan MJ, Parameswaran L, Olson-Chen C, Novak RM, Brady RC, DeFranco E, Gerber JS, Pasetti M, Shriver M, Coler R, Berube B, Suthar MS, Moreno A, Gao F, Richardson BA, Beigi R, Brown E, Neuzil KM, Munoz FM. Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination and Prevention of Symptomatic Infection in Infants. Pediatrics 2024; 153:e2023064252. [PMID: 38332733 PMCID: PMC10904887 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maternal vaccination may prevent infant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We aimed to quantify protection against infection from maternally derived vaccine-induced antibodies in the first 6 months of an infant's life. METHODS Infants born to mothers vaccinated during pregnancy with 2 or 3 doses of a messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccine (nonboosted or boosted, respectively) had full-length spike (Spike) immunoglobulin G (IgG), pseudovirus 614D, and live virus D614G, and omicron BA.1 and BA.5 neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers measured at delivery. Infant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection was determined by verified maternal-report and laboratory confirmation through prospective follow-up to 6 months of age between December 2021 and July 2022. The risk reduction for infection by dose group and antibody titer level was estimated in separate models. RESULTS Infants of boosted mothers (n = 204) had significantly higher Spike IgG, pseudovirus, and live nAb titers at delivery than infants of nonboosted mothers (n = 271), and were 56% less likely to acquire infection in the first 6 months (P = .03). Irrespective of boost, for each 10-fold increase in Spike IgG titer at delivery, the infant's risk of acquiring infection was reduced by 47% (95% confidence interval 8%-70%; P = .02). Similarly, a 10-fold increase in pseudovirus titers against Wuhan Spike, and live virus nAb titers against D614G, and omicron BA.1 and BA.5 at delivery were associated with a 30%, 46%, 56%, and 60% risk reduction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Higher transplacental binding and nAb titers substantially reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants, and a booster dose amplified protection during a period of omicron predominance. Until infants are age-eligible for vaccination, maternal vaccination provides passive protection against symptomatic infection during early infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina V. Cardemil
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yi Cao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Posavad
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Martina L. Badell
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University Hospital Midtown Perinatal Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katherine Bunge
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark J. Mulligan
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lalitha Parameswaran
- New York University Langone Vaccine Center, and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Courtney Olson-Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard M. Novak
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Rebecca C. Brady
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Emily DeFranco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey S. Gerber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marcela Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mallory Shriver
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rhea Coler
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryan Berube
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mehul S. Suthar
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alberto Moreno
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Fei Gao
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Barbra A. Richardson
- Departments of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Divisions of Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard Beigi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Brown
- Departments of Biostatistics and Global Health, University of Washington, Divisions of Vaccine and Infectious Disease and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen M. Neuzil
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Flor M. Munoz
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas
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Goletti D, Al-Abri S, Migliori GB, Coler R, Ong CWM, Esposito SMR, Tadolini M, Matteelli A, Cirillo D, Nemes E, Zumla A, Petersen E. World Tuberculosis Day 2023 theme "Yes! We Can End TB!". Int J Infect Dis 2023; 130 Suppl 1:S1-S3. [PMID: 38039194 PMCID: PMC10186916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Intro Viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19, are constantly changing. These genetic changes (aka mutations) occur over time and can lead to the emergence of new variants that may have different characteristics. After the first SARS-CoV-2 genome was published in early 2020, scientists all over the world soon realized the immediate need to obtain as much genetic information from as many strains as possible. However, understanding the functional significance of the mutations harbored by a variant is important to assess its impact on transmissibility, disease severity, immune escape, and the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutics. Methods Here in Canada, we have developed an interactive framework for visualizing and reporting mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants. This framework is composed of three stand-alone yet connected components; an interactive visualization (COVID-MVP), a manually curated functional annotation database (pokay), and a genomic analysis workflow (nf-ncov-voc). Findings: COVID-MVP provides (i) an interactive heatmap to visualize and compare mutations in SARS-CoV-2 lineages classified across different VOCs, VOIs, and VUMs; (ii) mutation profiles including the type, impact, and contextual information; (iii) annotation of biological impacts for mutations where functional data is available in the literature; (iv) summarized information for each variant and/or lineage in the form of a surveillance report; and (v) the ability to upload raw genomic sequence(s) for rapid processing and annotating for real-time classification. Discussion This comprehensive comparison allows microbiologists and public health practitioners to better predict how the mutations in emerging variants will impact factors such as infection severity, vaccine resistance, hospitalization rates, etc. Conclusion This framework is cloud-compatible & standalone, which makes it easier to integrate into other genomic surveillance tools as well. COVID-MVP is integrated into the Canadian VirusSeq data portal (https://virusseqdataportal.ca ) - a national data hub for SARS-COV-2 genomic data. COVID-MVP is also used by the CanCOGeN and CoVaRR networks in national COVID-19 genomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Roma, Italy.
| | - Seif Al-Abri
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; International Society for Infectious Diseases, Brookline, USA
| | - Giovanni Battista Migliori
- Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - Rhea Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA
| | - Catherine Wei Min Ong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Tower Block, Singapore; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital; Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Susanna Maria Roberta Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marina Tadolini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Matteelli
- Institute of Infectious and Tropical diseases, WHO Collaborating Centre for TB prevention, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, WHO Collaborating Centre in Tuberculosis Laboratory Strengthening, Division of Immunology, Transplantation, and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NHIR-BRC, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eskild Petersen
- Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman; Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Aarhus, Denmark and ESCMID (European Society Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases), Emerging Infections Task Force, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Munoz FM, Posavad CM, Richardson BA, Badell ML, Bunge K, Mulligan MJ, Parameswaran L, Kelly C, Olsen-Chen C, Novak RM, Brady RC, Pasetti M, DeFranco E, Gerber JS, Shriver M, Suthar MS, Moore K, Coler R, Berube B, Kim SH, Piper JM, Miller A, Cardemil C, Neuzil KM, Beigi R. COVID-19 booster vaccination during pregnancy enhances maternal binding and neutralizing antibody responses and transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn (DMID 21-0004). medRxiv 2022:2022.06.13.22276354. [PMID: 35734087 PMCID: PMC9216723 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.13.22276354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE COVID-19 vaccination is recommended during pregnancy for the protection of the mother. Little is known about the immune response to booster vaccinations during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To measure immune responses to COVID-19 primary and booster mRNA vaccination during pregnancy and transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of pregnant participants enrolled from July 2021 to January 2022, with follow up through and up to 12 months after delivery. SETTING Multicenter study conducted at 9 academic sites. PARTICIPANTS Pregnant participants who received COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy and their newborns. EXPOSURES Primary or booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers after primary or booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy and antibody transfer to the newborn. Immune responses were compared between primary and booster vaccine recipients in maternal sera at delivery and in cord blood, after adjusting for days since last vaccination. RESULTS In this interim analysis, 167 participants received a primary 2-dose series and 73 received a booster dose of mRNA vaccine during pregnancy. Booster vaccination resulted in significantly higher binding and nAb titers, including to the Omicron BA.1 variant, in maternal serum at delivery and cord blood compared to a primary 2-dose series (range 0.55 to 0.88 log 10 higher, p<0.0001 for all comparisons). Although levels were significantly lower than to the prototypical D614G variant, nAb to Omicron were present at delivery in 9% (GMT ID50 12.7) of Pfizer and 22% (GMT ID50 14.7) of Moderna recipients, and in 73% (GMT ID50 60.2) of boosted participants (p<0.0001). Transplacental antibody transfer was efficient regardless of vaccination regimen (median transfer ratio range: 1.55-1.77 for binding IgG and 1.00-1.78 for nAb). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE COVID-19 mRNA vaccination during pregnancy elicited robust immune responses in mothers and efficient transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn. A booster dose during pregnancy significantly increased maternal and cord blood antibody levels, including against Omicron.Findings support continued use of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy, including booster doses. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinical trials.gov; Registration Number: NCT05031468 ; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05031468. KEY POINTS Question: What is the immune response after COVID-19 booster vaccination during pregnancy and how does receipt of a booster dose impact transplacental antibody transfer to the newborn?Findings: Receipt of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines during pregnancy elicited robust binding and neutralizing antibody responses in the mother and in the newborn. Booster vaccination during pregnancy elicited significantly higher antibody levels in mothers at delivery and cord blood than 2-dose vaccination, including against the Omicron BA.1 variant.Meaning: COVID-19 vaccines, especially booster doses, should continue to be strongly recommended during pregnancy.
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4
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Anderson E, Jackson L, Rouphael N, Widge A, Montefiori D, Doria-Rose N, Suthar M, Cohen K, O'Connell S, Makowski M, Makhene M, Buchanan W, Spearman P, Creech CB, O'Dell S, Schmidt S, Leav B, Bennett H, Pajon R, Posavad C, Hural J, Beigel J, Albert J, Abebe K, Eaton A, Rostad C, Rebolledo P, Kamidani S, Graciaa D, Coler R, McDermott A, Ledgerwood J, Mascola J, DeRosa S, Neuzil K, McElrath MJ, Roberts P. Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine - An Interim Analysis. Res Sq 2022:rs.3.rs-1222037. [PMID: 35547849 PMCID: PMC9094107 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1222037/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Waning immunity after two SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations and the emergence of variants precipitated the need for a third dose of vaccine. We evaluated early safety and immunogenicity after a third mRNA vaccination in adults who received the mRNA-1273 primary series in the Phase 1 trial approximately 9 to 10 months earlier. The booster vaccine formulations included 100 mcg of mRNA-1273, 50 mcg of mRNA-1273.351 that encodes Beta variant spike protein, and bivalent vaccine of 25 mcg each of mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351. A third dose of mRNA vaccine appeared safe with acceptable reactogenicity. Vaccination induced rapid increases in binding and neutralizing antibody titers to D614G, Beta, and Delta variants that were similar or greater than peak responses after the second dose. Spike-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells increased to similar levels as after the second dose. A third mRNA vaccination was well tolerated and generated robust humoral and T cell responses. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers NCT04283461 (mRNA-1273 Phase 1) and NCT04785144 (mRNA-1273.351 Phase 1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute
| | | | - Alicia Widge
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Vaccine Research Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center (VRC), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH
| | | | - Mamodikoe Makhene
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | - Wendy Buchanan
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Posavad
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Satoshi Kamidani
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics
| | - Daniel Graciaa
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Rhea Coler
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children's Research Institute
| | | | | | - John Mascola
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
| | - Stephen DeRosa
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and the University of Washington
| | | | | | - Paul Roberts
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH)
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5
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Parks KR, MacCamy AJ, Trichka J, Gray M, Weidle C, Borst AJ, Khechaduri A, Takushi B, Agrawal P, Guenaga J, Wyatt RT, Coler R, Seaman M, LaBranche C, Montefiori DC, Veesler D, Pancera M, McGuire A, Stamatatos L. Overcoming Steric Restrictions of VRC01 HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies through Immunization. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3060-3072.e7. [PMID: 31801073 PMCID: PMC6936959 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly HIV-1 neutralizing VRC01 class antibodies target the CD4-binding site of Env. They are derived from VH1-2∗02 antibody heavy chains paired with rare light chains expressing 5-amino acid-long CDRL3s. They have been isolated from infected subjects but have not yet been elicited by immunization. Env-derived immunogens capable of binding the germline forms of VRC01 B cell receptors on naive B cells have been designed and evaluated in knockin mice. However, the elicited antibodies cannot bypass glycans present on the conserved position N276 of Env, which restricts access to the CD4-binding site. Efforts to guide the appropriate maturation of these antibodies by sequential immunization have not yet been successful. Here, we report on a two-step immunization scheme that leads to the maturation of VRC01-like antibodies capable of accommodating the N276 glycan and displaying autologous tier 2 neutralizing activities. Our results are relevant to clinical trials aiming to elicit VRC01 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rachael Parks
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna J MacCamy
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Josephine Trichka
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Gray
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Connor Weidle
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew J Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arineh Khechaduri
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brittany Takushi
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Parul Agrawal
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Javier Guenaga
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard T Wyatt
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rhea Coler
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research and Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marie Pancera
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Andrew McGuire
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Leonidas Stamatatos
- Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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6
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Gage E, Van Hoeven N, Coler R. Memory CD4+ T cells guide memory B cell adaptability to drifting influenza vaccination. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.125.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Influenza A annually infects 5–10% of the world’s human population resulting in an estimated one million deaths. Unlike other infectious agents, where either infection or vaccination against the disease confers long-term immunity, influenza causes annual epidemics and re-infects previously exposed individuals as a result of antigenic drift in the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA). Due to antigenic drift, the human immune system is simultaneously exposed to both novel and conserved parts of the influenza virus through vaccination and/or infection multiple times throughout life. Preexisting immunity by infection or vaccination influences subsequent neutralizing antibody responses, the correlate of protection for influenza. To understand how preexisting immunity augments future responses to drifted influenza immunization, we established mouse models, sequentially infecting mice with a H1N1 strain and then immunizing with a second drifted H1N1 strain. Mice previously infected with A/CA have increased neutralizing antibody response (nAb) to A/PR upon immunization with A/PR HA. This increase in nAbs was dependent on CD4+ T cell and memory B cell, correlating with CD4+ T cell reactivity conserved across both influenza HA’s. We also found increased germinal center PR8-specific B and T follicular helper cells post vaccination in the draining lymph node. These results suggest conserved MHC Class II restricted epitopes within HA are critical for B cells to adapt to drifting influenza and could be leveraged to boost out subsequent neutralizing antibody responses. Understanding the mechanism by which preexisting immune responses shape future responses is essential to optimize and leverage vaccination strategies.
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7
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Vono M, Eberhardt CS, Mohr E, Auderset F, Christensen D, Schmolke M, Coler R, Meinke A, Andersen P, Lambert PH, Mastelic-Gavillet B, Siegrist CA. Overcoming the Neonatal Limitations of Inducing Germinal Centers through Liposome-Based Adjuvants Including C-Type Lectin Agonists Trehalose Dibehenate or Curdlan. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541075 PMCID: PMC5835515 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates and infants are more vulnerable to infections and show reduced responses to vaccination. Consequently, repeated immunizations are required to induce protection and early life vaccines against major pathogens such as influenza are yet unavailable. Formulating antigens with potent adjuvants, including immunostimulators and delivery systems, is a demonstrated approach to enhance vaccine efficacy. Yet, adjuvants effective in adults may not meet the specific requirements for activating the early life immune system. Here, we assessed the neonatal adjuvanticity of three novel adjuvants including TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant-squalene emulsion), TLR9 (IC31®), and Mincle (CAF01) agonists, which all induce germinal centers (GCs) and potent antibody responses to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in adult mice. In neonates, a single dose of HA formulated into each adjuvant induced T follicular helper (TFH) cells. However, only HA/CAF01 elicited significantly higher and sustained antibody responses, engaging neonatal B cells to differentiate into GCs already after a single dose. Although antibody titers remained lower than in adults, HA-specific responses induced by a single neonatal dose of HA/CAF01 were sufficient to confer protection against influenza viral challenge. Postulating that the neonatal adjuvanticity of CAF01 may result from the functionality of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) Mincle in early life we asked whether other C-type lectin agonists would show a similar neonatal adjuvanticity. Replacing the Mincle agonist trehalose 6,6′-dibehenate by Curdlan, which binds to Dectin-1, enhanced antibody responses through the induction of similar levels of TFH, GCs and bone marrow high-affinity plasma cells. Thus, specific requirements of early life B cells may already be met after a single vaccine dose using CLR-activating agonists, identified here as promising B cell immunostimulators for early life vaccines when included into cationic liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vono
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Sigrid Eberhardt
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Mohr
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Auderset
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Vaccine Adjuvant Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul-Henri Lambert
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beatris Mastelic-Gavillet
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pathology-Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,WHO Collaborative Center for Vaccine Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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8
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Olafsdottir TA, Lindqvist M, Nookaew I, Andersen P, Maertzdorf J, Persson J, Christensen D, Zhang Y, Anderson J, Khoomrung S, Sen P, Agger EM, Coler R, Carter D, Meinke A, Rappuoli R, Kaufmann SHE, Reed SG, Harandi AM. Comparative Systems Analyses Reveal Molecular Signatures of Clinically tested Vaccine Adjuvants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39097. [PMID: 27958370 PMCID: PMC5153655 DOI: 10.1038/srep39097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the mechanisms of action of human adjuvants could inform a rational development of next generation vaccines for human use. Here, we exploited a genome wide transcriptomics analysis combined with a systems biology approach to determine the molecular signatures induced by four clinically tested vaccine adjuvants, namely CAF01, IC31, GLA-SE and Alum in mice. We report signature molecules, pathways, gene modules and networks, which are shared by or otherwise exclusive to these clinical-grade adjuvants in whole blood and draining lymph nodes of mice. Intriguingly, co-expression analysis revealed blood gene modules highly enriched for molecules with documented roles in T follicular helper (TFH) and germinal center (GC) responses. We could show that all adjuvants enhanced, although with different magnitude and kinetics, TFH and GC B cell responses in draining lymph nodes. These results represent, to our knowledge, the first comparative systems analysis of clinically tested vaccine adjuvants that may provide new insights into the mechanisms of action of human adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorunn A Olafsdottir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Madelene Lindqvist
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers, University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josefine Persson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenna Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sakda Khoomrung
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers, University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Partho Sen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers, University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andreas Meinke
- Valneva Austria GmbH, Campus Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ali M Harandi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Paes W, Brown N, Brzozowski AM, Coler R, Reed S, Carter D, Bland M, Kaye PM, Lacey CJN. Recombinant polymorphic membrane protein D in combination with a novel, second-generation lipid adjuvant protects against intra-vaginal Chlamydia trachomatis infection in mice. Vaccine 2016; 34:4123-4131. [PMID: 27389169 PMCID: PMC4967447 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
rPmpD in combination with SLA elicits significant protection against intra-vaginal Ct challenge. Antibodies induced by immunisation with rPmpD recognise Ct elementary bodies. SLA is a novel adjuvant class that may be widely used in future preclinical Ct vaccine development.
The development of a chlamydial vaccine that elicits protective mucosal immunity is of paramount importance in combatting the global spread of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infections. While the identification and prioritization of chlamydial antigens is a crucial prerequisite for efficacious vaccine design, it is likely that novel adjuvant development and selection will also play a pivotal role in the translational potential of preclinical Ct vaccines. Although the molecular nature of the immuno-modulatory component is of primary importance, adjuvant formulation and delivery systems may also govern vaccine efficacy and potency. Our study provides the first preclinical evaluation of recombinant Ct polymorphic membrane protein D (rPmpD) in combination with three different formulations of a novel second-generation lipid adjuvant (SLA). SLA was rationally designed in silico by modification of glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA), a TLR4 agonistic precursor molecule currently in Phase II clinical development. We demonstrate robust protection against intra-vaginal Ct challenge in mice, evidenced by significantly enhanced resistance to infection and reduction in mean bacterial load. Strikingly, protection was found to correlate with the presence of robust anti-rPmpD serum and cervico-vaginal IgG titres, even in the absence of adjuvant-induced Th1-type cellular immune responses elicited by each SLA formulation, and we further show that anti-rPmpD antibodies recognize Ct EBs. These findings highlight the utility of SLA and rational molecular design of adjuvants in preclinical Ct vaccine development, but also suggest an important role for anti-rPmpD antibodies in protection against urogenital Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Paes
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Naj Brown
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej M Brzozowski
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Steve Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102, United States
| | - Martin Bland
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul M Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J N Lacey
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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10
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Jin J, Reese V, Coler R, Carter D, Rolandi M. Chitin microneedles for an easy-to-use tuberculosis skin test. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:349-53. [PMID: 23983170 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An easy-to-use tuberculosis skin test is developed with chitin microneedles that deliver purified protein derivative at the correct skin depth and result in a positive test in BCG-immunized guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98103 USA
| | - Valerie Reese
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI); Seattle WA 98102 USA
| | - Rhea Coler
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI); Seattle WA 98102 USA
- Department of Global Health; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI); Seattle WA 98102 USA
| | - Marco Rolandi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Washington; Seattle WA 98103 USA
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11
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Baldwin S, Bertholet S, Reese V, Ching L, Reed S, Coler R. Modulation of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by adjuvants that elicit different T cell responses. (166.18). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.166.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The use of an adjuvant within a vaccine can influence and direct the immune response to enable a desired outcome. A T helper 1 (Th1) response, including antigen-specific production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), is needed to protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A successful subunit vaccine should include not only an appropriate antigen but also a proper adjuvant to ensure that a Th1 mediated cellular response is induced. Only a few adjuvants have been approved for use in human vaccines such as Alum and oil-in-water (o/w) based emulsions, including MF59 (Novartis), AS03 (GSK Biologics), AF03 (Sanofi) and liposomes (Crucell). These adjuvants primarily induce humoral responses. A new adjuvant in approved products is AS04, which combines the TLR-4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) with Alum. In this study we combine our candidate TB vaccine, ID93, with a synthetic TLR-4 agonist, glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) mixed with a stable o/w emulsion (SE). Both SE and GLA-SE induce potent cellular responses when combined with ID93 in mice. ID93/GLA-SE induced multifunctional CD4+ Th1 cell responses (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2) in mice and protected both mice and guinea pigs against M. tuberculosis. In contrast, ID93/SE in the absence of GLA induced IL-5 and provided no protection, as assessed by bacterial burden, survival, and pathology. These results demonstrate the importance of properly formulating subunit vaccines with effective adjuvants for use against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Baldwin
- 1Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Valerie Reese
- 1Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Lance Ching
- 1Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Steven Reed
- 1Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- 3Immunology, Immune Design Corp., Seattle, WA
| | - Rhea Coler
- 1Immunology, Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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12
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Arlehamn CSL, Sidney J, Henderson R, Greenbaum JA, James EA, Moutaftsi M, Coler R, McKinney DM, Park D, Taplitz R, Kwok WW, Grey H, Peters B, Sette A. Dissecting mechanisms of immunodominance to the common tuberculosis antigens ESAT-6, CFP10, Rv2031c (hspX), Rv2654c (TB7.7), and Rv1038c (EsxJ). J Immunol 2012; 188:5020-31. [PMID: 22504645 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of tuberculosis often relies on the ex vivo IFN-γ release assays QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube and T-SPOT.TB. However, understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying their diagnostic use is still incomplete. Accordingly, we investigated T cell responses for the TB Ags included in the these assays and other commonly studied Ags: early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa, culture filtrate protein 10 kDa, Rv2031c, Rv2654c, and Rv1038c. PBMC from latently infected individuals were tested in ex vivo ELISPOT assays with overlapping peptides spanning the entirety of these Ags. We found striking variations in prevalence and magnitude of ex vivo reactivity, with culture filtrate protein 10 kDa being most dominant, followed by early secreted antigenic target 6 kDa and Rv2654c being virtually inactive. Rv2031c and Rv1038c were associated with intermediate patterns of reactivity. Further studies showed that low reactivity was not due to lack of HLA binding peptides, and high reactivity was associated with recognition of a few discrete dominant antigenic regions. Different donors recognized the same core sequence in a given epitope. In some cases, the identified epitopes were restricted by a single specific common HLA molecule (selective restriction), whereas in other cases, promiscuous restriction of the same epitope by multiple HLA molecules was apparent. Definition of the specific restricting HLA allowed to produce tetrameric reagents and showed that epitope-specific T cells recognizing either selectively or promiscuously restricted epitopes were predominantly T effector memory. In conclusion, these results highlight the feasibility of more clearly defined TB diagnostic reagent.
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13
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Alderson MR, Bement T, Day CH, Zhu L, Molesh D, Skeiky YA, Coler R, Lewinsohn DM, Reed SG, Dillon DC. Expression cloning of an immunodominant family of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens using human CD4(+) T cells. J Exp Med 2000; 191:551-60. [PMID: 10662800 PMCID: PMC2195809 DOI: 10.1084/jem.191.3.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a subunit vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is likely to be dependent on the identification of T cell antigens that induce strong proliferation and interferon gamma production from healthy purified protein derivative (PPD)(+) donors. We have developed a sensitive and rapid technique for screening an Mtb genomic library expressed in Escherichia coli using Mtb-specific CD4(+) T cells. Using this technique, we identified a family of highly related Mtb antigens. The gene of one family member encodes a 9.9-kD antigen, termed Mtb9.9A. Recombinant Mtb9.9A protein, expressed and purified from E. coli, elicited strong T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PPD(+) but not PPD(-) individuals. Southern blot analysis and examination of the Mtb genome sequence revealed a family of highly related genes. A T cell line from a PPD(+) donor that failed to react with recombinant Mtb9.9A recognized one of the other family members, Mtb9.9C. Synthetic peptides were used to map the T cell epitope recognized by this line, and revealed a single amino acid substitution in this region when compared with Mtb9.9A. The direct identification of antigens using T cells from immune donors will undoubtedly be critical for the development of vaccines to several intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alderson
- Department of Immunology, Corixa Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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14
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Dillon DC, Alderson MR, Day CH, Lewinsohn DM, Coler R, Bement T, Campos-Neto A, Skeiky YA, Orme IM, Roberts A, Steen S, Dalemans W, Badaro R, Reed SG. Molecular characterization and human T-cell responses to a member of a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis mtb39 gene family. Infect Immun 1999; 67:2941-50. [PMID: 10338503 PMCID: PMC96604 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.6.2941-2950.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/1998] [Accepted: 03/22/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used expression screening of a genomic Mycobacterium tuberculosis library with tuberculosis (TB) patient sera to identify novel genes that may be used diagnostically or in the development of a TB vaccine. Using this strategy, we have cloned a novel gene, termed mtb39a, that encodes a 39-kDa protein. Molecular characterization revealed that mtb39a is a member of a family of three highly related genes that are conserved among strains of M. tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG but not in other mycobacterial species tested. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated the presence of Mtb39A in M. tuberculosis lysate but not in culture filtrate proteins (CFP), indicating that it is not a secreted antigen. This conclusion is strengthened by the observation that a human T-cell clone specific for purified recombinant Mtb39A protein recognized autologous dendritic cells infected with TB or pulsed with purified protein derivative (PPD) but did not respond to M. tuberculosis CFP. Purified recombinant Mtb39A elicited strong T-cell proliferative and gamma interferon responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 9 of 12 PPD-positive individuals tested, and overlapping peptides were used to identify a minimum of 10 distinct T-cell epitopes. Additionally, mice immunized with mtb39a DNA have shown increased protection from M. tuberculosis challenge, as indicated by a reduction of bacterial load. The human T-cell responses and initial animal studies provide support for further evaluation of this antigen as a possible component of a subunit vaccine for M.tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Dillon
- Corixa Corporation, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA.
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15
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Correa M, Coler R. Enhanced oxygen uptake rates in dragonfly nymphs (Somatochlora cingulata) as an indication of stress from naphthalene. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 1983; 30:269-276. [PMID: 6850112 DOI: 10.1007/bf01610132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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16
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Asbury C, Coler R. Toxicity of dissolved ozone to fish eggs and larvae. J Water Pollut Control Fed 1980; 52:1990-1996. [PMID: 7190622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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