1
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Schiebelhut LM, Grosberg RK, Stachowicz JJ, Bay RA. Genomic responses to parallel temperature gradients in the eelgrass Zostera marina in adjacent bays. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:2835-2849. [PMID: 36814144 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The extent of parallel genomic responses to similar selective pressures depends on a complex array of environmental, demographic, and evolutionary forces. Laboratory experiments with replicated selective pressures yield mixed outcomes under controlled conditions and our understanding of genomic parallelism in the wild is limited to a few well-established systems. Here, we examine genomic signals of selection in the eelgrass Zostera marina across temperature gradients in adjacent embayments. Although we find many genomic regions with signals of selection within each bay there is very little overlap in signals of selection at the SNP level, despite most polymorphisms being shared across bays. We do find overlap at the gene level, potentially suggesting multiple mutational pathways to the same phenotype. Using polygenic models we find that some sets of candidate SNPs are able to predict temperature across both bays, suggesting that small but parallel shifts in allele frequencies may be missed by independent genome scans. Together, these results highlight the continuous rather than binary nature of parallel evolution in polygenic traits and the complexity of evolutionary predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Schiebelhut
- Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rachael A Bay
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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2
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Schiebelhut LM, Gaylord B, Grosberg RK, Jurgens LJ, Dawson MN. Species' attributes predict the relative magnitude of ecological and genetic recovery following mass mortality. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5714-5728. [PMID: 36178057 PMCID: PMC9828784 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Theoretically, species' characteristics should allow estimation of dispersal potential and, in turn, explain levels of population genetic differentiation. However, a mismatch between traits and genetic patterns is often reported for marine species, and interpreted as evidence that life-history traits do not influence dispersal. Here, we couple ecological and genomic methods to test the hypothesis that species with attributes favouring greater dispersal potential-e.g., longer pelagic duration, higher fecundity and larger population size-have greater realized dispersal overall. We used a natural experiment created by a large-scale and multispecies mortality event which created a "clean slate" on which to study recruitment dynamics, thus simplifying a usually complex problem. We surveyed four species of differing dispersal potential to quantify the abundance and distribution of recruits and to genetically assign these recruits to probable parental sources. Species with higher dispersal potential recolonized a broader extent of the impacted range, did so more quickly and recovered more genetic diversity than species with lower dispersal potential. Moreover, populations of taxa with higher dispersal potential exhibited more immigration (71%-92% of recruits) than taxa with lower dispersal potential (17%-44% of recruits). By linking ecological with genomic perspectives, we demonstrate that a suite of interacting life-history and demographic attributes do influence species' realized dispersal and genetic neighbourhoods. To better understand species' resilience and recovery in this time of global change, integrative eco-evolutionary approaches are needed to more rigorously evaluate the effect of dispersal-linked attributes on realized dispersal and population genetic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine LaboratoryUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Laura J. Jurgens
- Department of Marine BiologyTexas A&M University at GalvestonGalvestonTexasUSA
| | - Michael N Dawson
- Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCaliforniaUSA
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3
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Hiebert LS, Vieira LM, Tiozzo S, Simpson C, Grosberg RK, Migotto AE, Morandini AC, Brown FD. From the individual to the colony: Marine invertebrates as models to understand levels of biological organization. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2021; 336:191-197. [PMID: 33819384 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The developmental and evolutionary principles of coloniality in marine animals remain largely unexplored. Although many common traits have evolved independently in different groups of colonial animals, questions about their significance for colonial life histories remain unanswered. In 2018 (Nov. 25 - Dec. 8), the inaugural course on the Evolution of Coloniality and Modularity took place at the Center for Marine Biology of the University of São Paulo (CEBIMAR-USP), Brazil. During the intensive two-week graduate-level course, we addressed some of the historical ideas about animal coloniality by focal studies in bryozoans, tunicates, cnidarians, and sponges. We discussed many historical hypotheses and ways to test these using both extant and paleontological data, and we carried direct observations of animal colonies in the different phyla to address questions about coloniality. We covered topics related to multi-level selection theory and studied colonial traits, including modular miniaturization, polymorphism, brooding, and allorecognition. Course participants carried out short research projects using local species of animals to address questions on allorecognition and regeneration in ascidians and sponges, fusion and chimerism in anthoathecate hydrozoans, and evolution of polymorphism in bryozoans. Although many questions remain unanswered, this course served as a foundation to continue to develop a developmental and evolutionary synthesis of clonal and modular development in colonial marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel S Hiebert
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Leandro M Vieira
- Laboratório de Estudos de Bryozoa (LAEBry), Departamento de Zoologia, Centro de Biociências, UFPE, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Brazil
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Paris, France
| | - Carl Simpson
- Department of Geological Sciences and Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alvaro E Migotto
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Andre C Morandini
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil
| | - Federico D Brown
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Centro de Biologia Marinha (CEBIMar), Universidade de São Paulo, São Sebastião, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (IN-TREE), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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4
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Olsen KC, Ryan WH, Winn AA, Kosman ET, Moscoso JA, Krueger-Hadfield SA, Burgess SC, Carlon DB, Grosberg RK, Kalisz S, Levitan DR. Inbreeding shapes the evolution of marine invertebrates. Evolution 2020; 74:871-882. [PMID: 32191349 PMCID: PMC7383701 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inbreeding is a potent evolutionary force shaping the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations of plants and animals. Yet, our understanding of the forces shaping the expression and evolution of nonrandom mating in general, and inbreeding in particular, remains remarkably incomplete. Most research on plant mating systems focuses on self-fertilization and its consequences for automatic selection, inbreeding depression, purging, and reproductive assurance, whereas studies of animal mating systems have often assumed that inbreeding is rare, and that natural selection favors traits that promote outbreeding. Given that many sessile and sedentary marine invertebrates and marine macroalgae share key life history features with seed plants (e.g., low mobility, modular construction, and the release of gametes into the environment), their mating systems may be similar. Here, we show that published estimates of inbreeding coefficients (FIS ) for sessile and sedentary marine organisms are similar and at least as high as noted in terrestrial seed plants. We also found that variation in FIS within invertebrates is related to the potential to self-fertilize, disperse, and choose mates. The similarity of FIS for these organismal groups suggests that inbreeding could play a larger role in the evolution of sessile and sedentary marine organisms than is currently recognized. Specifically, associations between traits of marine invertebrates and FIS suggest that inbreeding could drive evolutionary transitions between hermaphroditism and separate sexes, direct development and multiphasic life cycles, and external and internal fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Olsen
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304
| | - Will H Ryan
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Alice A Winn
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304
| | - Ellen T Kosman
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304
| | - Jose A Moscoso
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794
| | | | - Scott C Burgess
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304
| | - David B Carlon
- The Biology Department, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, 04011.,Schiller Coastal Studies Center, Bowdoin College, Orr's Island, Maine, 04066
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California Davis, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Susan Kalisz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Don R Levitan
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32304
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5
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Abbott JM, DuBois K, Grosberg RK, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ. Genetic distance predicts trait differentiation at the subpopulation but not the individual level in eelgrass, Zostera marina. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7476-7489. [PMID: 30151164 PMCID: PMC6106171 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological studies often assume that genetically similar individuals will be more similar in phenotypic traits, such that genetic diversity can serve as a proxy for trait diversity. Here, we explicitly test the relationship between genetic relatedness and trait distance using 40 eelgrass (Zostera marina) genotypes from five sites within Bodega Harbor, CA. We measured traits related to nutrient uptake, morphology, biomass and growth, photosynthesis, and chemical deterrents for all genotypes. We used these trait measurements to calculate a multivariate pairwise trait distance for all possible genotype combinations. We then estimated pairwise relatedness from 11 microsatellite markers. We found significant trait variation among genotypes for nearly every measured trait; however, there was no evidence of a significant correlation between pairwise genetic relatedness and multivariate trait distance among individuals. However, at the subpopulation level (sites within a harbor), genetic (FST) and trait differentiation were positively correlated. Our work suggests that pairwise relatedness estimated from neutral marker loci is a poor proxy for trait differentiation between individual genotypes. It remains to be seen whether genomewide measures of genetic differentiation or easily measured "master" traits (like body size) might provide good predictions of overall trait differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Abbott
- Center for Population BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Institute for Wildlife StudiesArcataCalifornia
| | - Katherine DuBois
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Bodega Marine LaboratoryBodega BayCalifornia
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Center for Population BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
| | - Susan L. Williams
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Bodega Marine LaboratoryBodega BayCalifornia
| | - John J. Stachowicz
- Center for Population BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
- Department of Evolution and EcologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia
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6
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Armstrong AF, Grosberg RK. The developmental transcriptomes of two sea biscuit species with differing larval types. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:368. [PMID: 29776340 PMCID: PMC5960215 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Larval developmental patterns are extremely varied both between and within phyla, however the genetic mechanisms leading to this diversification are poorly understood. We assembled and compared the developmental transcriptomes for two sea biscuit species (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) with differing patterns of larval development, to provide a resource for investigating the evolution of alternate life cycles. One species (Clypeaster subdepressus) develops via an obligately feeding larva which metamorphoses 3-4 weeks after fertilization; the other (Clypeaster rosaceus) develops via a rare, intermediate larval type-facultative feeding- and can develop through metamorphosis entirely based on egg provisioning in under one week. RESULTS Overall, the two transcriptomes are highly similar, containing largely orthologous contigs with similar functional annotation. However, we found distinct differences in gene expression patterns between the two species. Larvae from C. rosaceus, the facultative planktotroph, turned genes on at earlier stages and had less differentiation in gene expression between larval stages, whereas, C. subdepressus showed a higher degree of stage-specific gene expression. CONCLUSION This study is the first genetic analysis of a species with facultatively feeding larvae. Our results are consistent with known developmental differences between the larval types and raise the question of whether earlier onset of developmental genes is a key step in the evolution of a reduced larval period. By publishing a transcriptome for this rare, intermediate, larval type, this study adds developmental breadth to the current genetic resources, which will provide a valuable tool for future research on echinoderm development as well as studies on the evolution of development in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Frances Armstrong
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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7
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Vermeij GJ, Grosberg RK, Marshall CR, Motani R. The sea as deathtrap: comment on a paper by miller and wiens. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:938-939. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J. Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Charles R. Marshall
- Department of Integrative Biology; University of California Museum of Paleontology; University of California; Berkeley CA 94720-4780 USA
| | - Ryosuke Motani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences; University of California, Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
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8
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Abbott JM, Grosberg RK, Williams SL, Stachowicz JJ. Multiple dimensions of intraspecific diversity affect biomass of eelgrass and its associated community. Ecology 2017; 98:3152-3164. [PMID: 28983913 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetic diversity within key species can play an important role in the functioning of entire communities. However, the extent to which different dimensions of diversity (e.g., the number of genotypes vs. the extent of genetic differentiation among those genotypes) best predicts functioning is unknown and may yield clues into the different mechanisms underlying diversity effects. We explicitly test the relative influence of genotypic richness and genetic relatedness on eelgrass productivity, biomass, and the diversity of associated invertebrate grazers in a factorial field experiment using the seagrass species, Zostera marina (eelgrass). Genotypic richness had the strongest effect on eelgrass biomass accumulation, such that plots with more genotypes at the end of the experiment attained a higher biomass. Genotypic diversity (richness + evenness) was a stronger predictor of biomass than richness alone, and both genotype richness and diversity were positively correlated with trait diversity. The relatedness of genotypes in a plot reduced eelgrass biomass independently of richness. Plots containing eelgrass with greater trait diversity also had a higher abundance of invertebrate grazers, while the diversity and relatedness of eelgrass genotypes had little effect on invertebrate abundance or richness. Our work extends previous findings by explicitly relating genotypic diversity to trait diversity, thus mechanistically connecting genotypic diversity to plot-level yields. We also show that other dimensions of diversity, namely relatedness, influence eelgrass performance independent of trait differentiation. Ultimately, richness and relatedness captured fundamentally different components of intraspecific variation and should be treated as complementary rather than competing dimensions of biodiversity affecting ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Abbott
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Susan L Williams
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California, 94923, USA
| | - John J Stachowicz
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.,Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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9
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Abstract
Rarity is a population characteristic that is usually associated with a high risk of extinction. We argue here, however, that chronically rare species (those with low population densities over many generations across their entire ranges) may have individual-level traits that make populations more resistant to extinction. The major obstacle to persistence at low density is successful fertilisation (union between egg and sperm), and chronically rare species are more likely to survive when (1) fertilisation occurs inside or close to an adult, (2) mate choice involves long-distance signals, (3) adults or their surrogate gamete dispersers are highly mobile, or (4) the two sexes are combined in a single individual. In contrast, external fertilisation and wind- or water-driven passive dispersal of gametes, or sluggish or sedentary adult life habits in the absence of gamete vectors, appear to be incompatible with sustained rarity. We suggest that the documented increase in frequency of these traits among marine genera over geological time could explain observed secular decreases in rates of background extinction. Unanswered questions remain about how common chronic rarity actually is, which traits are consistently associated with chronic rarity, and how chronically rare species are distributed among taxa, and among the world's ecosystems and regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerat J Vermeij
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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10
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Grosberg RK. LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION WITHIN A POPULATION OF THE COLONIAL ASCIDIAN BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI. I. THE GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF SEASONAL VARIATION. Evolution 2017; 42:900-920. [PMID: 28581164 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb02510.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/1987] [Accepted: 03/09/1988] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many empirical analyses of life-history tactics are based on the assumption that demographic variation ought to be greatest among populations or species living in different environments. However, in a single population of the sessile colonial sea squirt Botryllus schlosseri, there are two discrete life-history morphs. Semelparous colonies are characterized by a) death immediately following the production of a single clutch, b) early age at first reproduction, c) rapid growth to first reproduction, and d) high reproductive effort. In contrast, iteroparous colonies a) produce at least three clutches before dying, b) postpone sexual reproduction until they are nearly twice the age of semelparous colonies, c) grow at about half the rate of semelparous colonies, and d) invest roughly 75% less in reproductive effort than semelparous colonies. Semelparous colonies numerically dominate the population through midsummer; later in the summer, iteroparous colonies are most numerous. Field and laboratory common-garden experiments, along with breeding studies, indicate that the demographic differences between the morphs are genetically determined. Consequently, the seasonal switch from dominance by semelparous colonies to dominance by iteroparous colonies may be an evolved response to a seasonally changing environment. On theoretical grounds, temporal variation in selection is thought to play a relatively unimportant role in maintaining genetic polymorphism; nonetheless, the seasonally recurrent life-history polymorphism shown in this study indicates that temporal variation in selection can lead to the maintenance of genetic polymorphism for traits strongly affecting fitness.
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11
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Grosberg RK. LIMITED DISPERSAL AND PROXIMITY‐DEPENDENT MATING SUCCESS IN THE COLONIAL ASCIDIAN
BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI. Evolution 2017; 41:372-384. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1987.tb05804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/1986] [Accepted: 11/10/1986] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Grosberg RK, Levitan DR, Cameron BB. EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS OF ALLORECOGNITION IN THE COLONIAL HYDROID HYDRACTINIA SYMBIOLONGICARPUS. Evolution 2017; 50:2221-2240. [PMID: 28565652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb03612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/1995] [Accepted: 05/14/1996] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Many sedentary, clonal marine invertebrates compete intensively with conspecifics for habitable space. Allorecognition systems mediate the nature and outcome of these intraspecific competitive interactions, such that the initiation of agonistic behavior and the potential for intergenotypic fusion depend strongly on the relatedness of the contestants. The dependence of these behaviors on relatedness, along with the extraordinary precision with which self can be discriminated from nonself, suggest that allorecognition systems are highly polymorphic genetically. However, allotypic specificity of this sort could be produced by any number of genetic scenarios, ranging from relatively few loci with abundant allelic variation to numerous loci with relatively few alleles per locus. At this point, virtually nothing is known of the formal genetics of allorecognition in marine invertebrates; consequently, the evolutionary dynamics of such systems remain poorly understood. In this paper, we characterize the formal genetics of allorecognition in the marine hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus colonizes gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. When two or more individuals grow into contact, one of three outcomes ensues: fusion (compatibility), transitory fusion (a temporary state of compatibility), and rejection (incompatibility, often accompanied by the production of agonistic structures termed hyperplastic stolons). Observed patterns of compatibility between unrelated, half-sib pairs, and full-sib pairs show that unrelated and half-sib pairs under laboratory culture have a very low probability of being fusible, whereas full sibs have a roughly 30% rate of fusion in experimental pairings. The genetic simulations indicate that roughly five loci, with 5-7 alleles per locus, confer specificity in this species. In ecological terms, the reproductive ecology of H. symbiolongicarpus should promote the cosettlement of kin, some of which should be full sibs, and some half sibs. Thus, there is potential for kin selection to play a major role in the evolution of the H. symbiolongicarpus allorecognition system. In genetic terms, this system conforms to theoretical predictions for a recognition system selected to distinguish among classes of kin, in addition to self from nonself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Grosberg
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Don R Levitan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306-2043
| | - Brenda B Cameron
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Zoology, Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis CA 95616 USA
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14
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Grosberg RK. SPERM‐MEDIATED GENE FLOW AND THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF A POPULATION OF THE COLONIAL ASCIDIAN
BOTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI. Evolution 2017; 45:130-142. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1991.tb05272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/1989] [Accepted: 05/26/1990] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Grosberg RK, Quinn JF. THE EVOLUTION OF SELECTIVE AGGRESSION CONDITIONED ON ALLORECOGNITION SPECIFICITY. Evolution 2017; 43:504-515. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1989.tb04248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/1988] [Accepted: 11/14/1988] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James F. Quinn
- Division of Environmental Studies; University of California; Davis CA 95616
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16
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Puritz JB, Keever CC, Addison JA, Barbosa SS, Byrne M, Hart MW, Grosberg RK, Toonen RJ. Life-history predicts past and present population connectivity in two sympatric sea stars. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3916-3930. [PMID: 28616188 PMCID: PMC5468144 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Life‐history traits, especially the mode and duration of larval development, are expected to strongly influence the population connectivity and phylogeography of marine species. Comparative analysis of sympatric, closely related species with differing life histories provides the opportunity to specifically investigate these mechanisms of evolution but have been equivocal in this regard. Here, we sample two sympatric sea stars across the same geographic range in temperate waters of Australia. Using a combination of mitochondrial DNA sequences, nuclear DNA sequences, and microsatellite genotypes, we show that the benthic‐developing sea star, Parvulastra exigua, has lower levels of within‐ and among‐population genetic diversity, more inferred genetic clusters, and higher levels of hierarchical and pairwise population structure than Meridiastra calcar, a species with planktonic development. While both species have populations that have diverged since the middle of the second glacial period of the Pleistocene, most P. exigua populations have origins after the last glacial maxima (LGM), whereas most M. calcar populations diverged long before the LGM. Our results indicate that phylogenetic patterns of these two species are consistent with predicted dispersal abilities; the benthic‐developing P. exigua shows a pattern of extirpation during the LGM with subsequent recolonization, whereas the planktonic‐developing M. calcar shows a pattern of persistence and isolation during the LGM with subsequent post‐Pleistocene introgression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Puritz
- Marine Science Center Northeastern University Nahant MA USA.,Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Kāne'ohe HI USA
| | - Carson C Keever
- Department of Biology Kwantlen Polytechnic University Surrey BC Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Jason A Addison
- Department of Biology University of New Brunswick Fredericton NB Canada
| | - Sergio S Barbosa
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Maria Byrne
- Schools of Medical and Biological Sciences University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael W Hart
- Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada.,Crawford LabCentre for Evolutionary Studies Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology College of Biological Sciences University of California Davis Davis CA USA
| | - Robert J Toonen
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology University of Hawai'i at Mānoa Kāne'ohe HI USA
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17
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Ruiz-Guajardo JC, Grossenbacher DL, Grosberg RK, Palmer TM, Stanton ML. Impacts of worker density in colony-level aggression, expansion, and survival of the acacia-ant Crematogaster mimosae. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Ruiz-Guajardo
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Dena L. Grossenbacher
- Biological Sciences Department; California Polytechnic State University; San Luis Obispo California 93407 USA
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
| | - Todd M. Palmer
- Department of Biology; University of Florida; Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Maureen L. Stanton
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; Center for Population Biology; University of California; Davis California 95616 USA
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18
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Reynolds LK, Stachowicz JJ, Hughes AR, Kamel SJ, Ort BS, Grosberg RK. Temporal stability in patterns of genetic diversity and structure of a marine foundation species (Zostera marina). Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 118:404-412. [PMID: 28029151 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diversity and population structure reflect complex interactions among a diverse set of processes that may vary temporally, limiting their potential to predict ecological and evolutionary outcomes. Yet, the stability of these patterns is rarely tested. We resampled eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows from published studies to determine variability in genetic diversity and structure within and between meadows over 5-12 years. The meadows sampled (San Francisco, Tomales and Bodega Bays in California and the Virginia coastal bays) represent a range of life histories (annual vs perennial), age (well-established vs restored) and environments (rural vs urbanized). In all of these systems, neither diversity nor differentiation (FST) changed over time. Differences among tidal heights within Bodega Bay were also remarkably consistent, with the high intertidal being more diverse than the subtidal, and tidal height differentiation being modest but significant at both time points. Historical studies used only a few microsatellite loci; therefore, our temporal comparisons were based on 4-5 loci. However, analysis of the current data using a set of 12 loci show that 4-5 loci are sufficient to describe diversity and differentiation patterns in this system. This temporal consistency was not because of the resampling of large clones, underscoring the feasibility and relevance of understanding drivers of the differences. Because seagrasses are declining at rapid rates, restoration and conservation are increasingly a coastal management priority. Our results argue that surveys of eelgrass genetic structure and diversity at decadal scales can provide accurate depictions of populations, increasing the utility of published genetic data for restoration and designing networks of reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Reynolds
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J J Stachowicz
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - A R Hughes
- Marine Science Center, Northeastern University, Nahant, MA, USA
| | - S J Kamel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - B S Ort
- Olofson Environmental, Inc., Oakland, CA, USA
| | - R K Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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19
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Howard DJ, Grosberg RK, Noor MAF, Normark BB, Rand DM, Shaw KL, Willett CS. In memoriam: Richard G. Harrison - his life and legacy. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2333-6. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Howard
- Office of the Executive Vice President and Provost; New Mexico State University; Las Cruces NM 88003 USA
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; College of Biological Sciences; University of California Davis; Davis CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - David M. Rand
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Brown University; Box G-W 80 Waterman Street Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Kerry L. Shaw
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Cornell University; Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Christopher S. Willett
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; CB#3280 Coker Hall Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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20
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Burgess SC, Baskett ML, Grosberg RK, Morgan SG, Strathmann RR. When is dispersal for dispersal? Unifying marine and terrestrial perspectives. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 91:867-82. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott C. Burgess
- Department of Biological Science; Florida State University; 319 Stadium Drive Tallahassee FL 32308 U.S.A
| | - Marissa L. Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy; University of California; One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 U.S.A
| | - Steven G. Morgan
- Bodega Marine Laboratory; University of California; 2099 Westside Rd Davis CA 94923 U.S.A
| | - Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories; University of Washington; 620 University Rd Friday Harbor WA 98250 U.S.A
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21
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Jurgens LJ, Rogers-Bennett L, Raimondi PT, Schiebelhut LM, Dawson MN, Grosberg RK, Gaylord B. Patterns of Mass Mortality among Rocky Shore Invertebrates across 100 km of Northeastern Pacific Coastline. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126280. [PMID: 26039349 PMCID: PMC4454560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass mortalities in natural populations, particularly those that leave few survivors over large spatial areas, may cause long-term ecological perturbations. Yet mass mortalities may remain undocumented or poorly described due to challenges in responding rapidly to unforeseen events, scarcity of baseline data, and difficulties in quantifying rare or patchily distributed species, especially in remote or marine systems. Better chronicling the geographic pattern and intensity of mass mortalities is especially critical in the face of global changes predicted to alter regional disturbance regimes. Here, we couple replicated post-mortality surveys with preceding long-term surveys and historical data to describe a rapid and severe mass mortality of rocky shore invertebrates along the north-central California coast of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. In late August 2011, formerly abundant intertidal populations of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a well-known ecosystem engineer), and the predatory six-armed sea star (Leptasterias sp.) were functionally extirpated from ~100 km of coastline. Other invertebrates, including the gumboot chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri) the ochre sea star (Pisaster ochraceus), and subtidal populations of purple sea urchins also exhibited elevated mortality. The pattern and extent of mortality suggest the potential for long-term population, community, and ecosystem consequences, recovery from which may depend on the different dispersal abilities of the affected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Jurgens
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Rogers-Bennett
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Wildlife Health Center, University of California at Davis, Bodega Marine Laboratory, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
| | - Peter T. Raimondi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Schiebelhut
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Dawson
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Brian Gaylord
- Bodega Marine Laboratory and Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California at Davis, Bodega Bay, California, United States of America
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22
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Dawson MN, Hays CG, Grosberg RK, Raimondi PT. Dispersal potential and population genetic structure in the marine intertidal of the eastern North Pacific. ECOL MONOGR 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-0871.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Plachetzki DC, Sabrina Pankey M, Johnson BR, Ronne EJ, Kopp A, Grosberg RK. Gene co-expression modules underlying polymorphic and monomorphic zooids in the colonial hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:276-83. [PMID: 24935986 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in sequencing technology have forced a quantitative revolution in Evolutionary Biology. One important feature of this renaissance is that comprehensive genomic resources can be obtained quickly for almost any taxon, thus speeding the development of new model organisms. Here, we analyze 20 RNA-seq libraries from morphologically, sexually, and genetically distinct polyp types from the gonochoristic colonial hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Cnidaria). Analyses of these data using weighted gene co-expression networks highlight deeply conserved genetic elements of animal spermatogenesis and demonstrate the utility of these methods in identifying modules of genes that correlate with different zooid types across various statistical contrasts. RNA-seq data and analytical scripts described here are deposited in publicly available databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Plachetzki
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - M Sabrina Pankey
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Brian R Johnson
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric J Ronne
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Artyom Kopp
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- *Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, The University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03801, USA; Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology, The University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Entomology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, The University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
Until recently, little attention has been paid to the existence of kin structure in the sea, despite the fact that many marine organisms are sessile or sedentary. This lack of attention to kin structure, and its impacts on social evolution, historically stems from the pervasive assumption that the dispersal of gametes and larvae is almost always sufficient to prevent any persistent associations of closely related offspring or adults. However, growing evidence, both theoretical and empirical, casts doubt on the generality of this assumption, not only in species with limited dispersal, but also in species with long dispersive phases. Moreover, many marine organisms either internally brood their progeny or package them in nurseries, both of which provide ample opportunities for kinship to influence the nature and outcomes of social interactions among family members. As the evidence for kin structure within marine populations mounts, it follows that kin selection may play a far greater role in the evolution of both behaviours and life histories of marine organisms than is presently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Kamel
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, , 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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25
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Keever CC, Puritz JB, Addison JA, Byrne M, Grosberg RK, Toonen RJ, Hart MW. Shallow gene pools in the high intertidal: extreme loss of genetic diversity in viviparous sea stars (Parvulastra). Biol Lett 2013; 9:20130551. [PMID: 23925835 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2013.0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We document an extreme example of reproductive trait evolution that affects population genetic structure in sister species of Parvulastra cushion stars from Australia. Self-fertilization by hermaphroditic adults and brood protection of benthic larvae causes strong inbreeding and range-wide genetic poverty. Most samples were fixed for a single allele at nearly all nuclear loci; heterozygotes were extremely rare (0.18%); mitochondrial DNA sequences were more variable, but few populations shared haplotypes in common. Isolation-with-migration models suggest that these patterns are caused by population bottlenecks (relative to ancestral population size) and low gene flow. Loss of genetic diversity and low potential for dispersal between high-intertidal habitats may have dire consequences for extinction risk and potential for future adaptive evolution in response to climate and other selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C Keever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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26
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Stachowicz JJ, Kamel SJ, Hughes AR, Grosberg RK. Genetic Relatedness Influences Plant Biomass Accumulation in Eelgrass (Zostera marina). Am Nat 2013; 181:715-24. [DOI: 10.1086/669969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Antagonistic correlations among traits may slow the rate of adaptation to a changing environment. The tide pool copepod Tigriopus californicus is locally adapted to temperature, but within populations, the response to selection for increased heat tolerance plateaus rapidly, suggesting either limited variation within populations or costs of increased tolerance. To measure possible costs of thermal tolerance, we selected for increased upper lethal limits for 10 generations in 22 lines of T. californicus from six populations. Then, for each line, we measured six fitness-related traits. Selected lines showed an overall increase in male and female body sizes, fecundity, and starvation resistance, suggesting a small benefit from (rather than costs of) increased tolerance. The effect of selection on correlated traits also varied significantly by population for five traits, indicating that the genetic basis for the selection response differed among populations. Our results suggest that adaptation was limited by the presence of variation within isolated populations rather than by costs of increased tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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28
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Kelly MW, Grosberg RK, Sanford E. Love the one you're with: proximity determines paternity success in the barnacleTetraclita rubescens. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5088-97. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard K. Grosberg
- Department of Evolution and Ecology; University of California; Davis; CA; 95616; USA
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29
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Kamel SJ, Grosberg RK. Exclusive male care despite extreme female promiscuity and low paternity in a marine snail. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1167-73. [PMID: 22834645 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Males exhibit striking variation in the degree to which they invest in offspring, from merely provisioning females with sperm, to providing exclusive post-zygotic care. Paternity assurance is often invoked to explain this variation: the greater a male's confidence of paternity, the more he should be willing to provide care. Here, we report a striking exception to expectations based on paternity assurance: despite high levels of female promiscuity, males of a marine snail provide exclusive, and costly, care of offspring. Remarkably, genetic paternity analyses reveal cuckoldry in all broods, with fewer than 25% of offspring being sired by the caring male, although caring males sired proportionally more offspring in a given clutch than any other fathers did individually. This system presents the most extreme example of the coexistence of high levels of female promiscuity, low paternity, and costly male care, and emphasises the still unresolved roles of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of male parental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Kamel
- Center for Population Biology, Department of Evolution and Ecology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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30
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Puritz JB, Keever CC, Addison JA, Byrne M, Hart MW, Grosberg RK, Toonen RJ. Extraordinarily rapid life-history divergence between Cryptasterina sea star species. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:3914-22. [PMID: 22810427 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life history plays a critical role in governing microevolutionary processes such as gene flow and adaptation, as well as macroevolutionary processes such speciation. Here, we use multilocus phylogeographic analyses to examine a speciation event involving spectacular life-history differences between sister species of sea stars. Cryptasterina hystera has evolved a suite of derived life-history traits (including internal self-fertilization and brood protection) that differ from its sister species Cryptasterina pentagona, a gonochoric broadcast spawner. We show that these species have only been reproductively isolated for approximately 6000 years (95% highest posterior density of 905-22 628), and that this life-history change may be responsible for dramatic genetic consequences, including low nucleotide diversity, zero heterozygosity and no gene flow. The rapid divergence of these species rules out some mechanisms of isolation such as adaptation to microhabitats in sympatry, or slow divergence by genetic drift during prolonged isolation. We hypothesize that the large phenotypic differences between species relative to the short divergence time suggests that the life-history differences observed may be direct responses to disruptive selection between populations. We speculate that local environmental or demographic differences at the southern range margin are possible mechanisms of selection driving one of the fastest known marine speciation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Puritz
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i, PO Box 1346, Kāne'ohe, HI 96744, USA.
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31
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Kelly MW, Sanford E, Grosberg RK. Limited potential for adaptation to climate change in a broadly distributed marine crustacean. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:349-56. [PMID: 21653591 PMCID: PMC3223665 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which acclimation and genetic adaptation might buffer natural populations against climate change is largely unknown. Most models predicting biological responses to environmental change assume that species' climatic envelopes are homogeneous both in space and time. Although recent discussions have questioned this assumption, few empirical studies have characterized intraspecific patterns of genetic variation in traits directly related to environmental tolerance limits. We test the extent of such variation in the broadly distributed tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus using laboratory rearing and selection experiments to quantify thermal tolerance and scope for adaptation in eight populations spanning more than 17° of latitude. Tigriopus californicus exhibit striking local adaptation to temperature, with less than 1 per cent of the total quantitative variance for thermal tolerance partitioned within populations. Moreover, heat-tolerant phenotypes observed in low-latitude populations cannot be achieved in high-latitude populations, either through acclimation or 10 generations of strong selection. Finally, in four populations there was no increase in thermal tolerance between generations 5 and 10 of selection, suggesting that standing variation had already been depleted. Thus, plasticity and adaptation appear to have limited capacity to buffer these isolated populations against further increases in temperature. Our results suggest that models assuming a uniform climatic envelope may greatly underestimate extinction risk in species with strong local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan W Kelly
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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32
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Kamel SJ, Grosberg RK, Marshall DJ. Family conflicts in the sea. Trends Ecol Evol 2010; 25:442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Graham MH, Kinlan BP, Grosberg RK. Post-glacial redistribution and shifts in productivity of giant kelp forests. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:399-406. [PMID: 19846450 PMCID: PMC2842656 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles create lasting biogeographic, demographic and genetic effects on ecosystems, yet the ecological effects of ice ages on benthic marine communities are unknown. We analysed long-term datasets to develop a niche-based model of southern Californian giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forest distribution as a function of oceanography and geomorphology, and synthesized palaeo-oceanographic records to show that late Quaternary climate change probably drove high millennial variability in the distribution and productivity of this foundation species. Our predictions suggest that kelp forest biomass increased up to threefold from the glacial maximum to the mid-Holocene, then rapidly declined by 40-70 per cent to present levels. The peak in kelp forest productivity would have coincided with the earliest coastal archaeological sites in the New World. Similar late Quaternary changes in kelp forest distribution and productivity probably occurred in coastal upwelling systems along active continental margins worldwide, which would have resulted in complex shifts in the relative productivity of terrestrial and marine components of coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Graham
- Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA.
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Keever CC, Sunday J, Puritz JB, Addison JA, Toonen RJ, Grosberg RK, Hart MW. Discordant distribution of populations and genetic variation in a sea star with high dispersal potential. Evolution 2009; 63:3214-27. [PMID: 19663996 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Patiria miniata, a broadcast-spawning sea star species with high dispersal potential, has a geographic range in the intertidal zone of the northeast Pacific Ocean from Alaska to California that is characterized by a large range gap in Washington and Oregon. We analyzed spatial genetic variation across the P. miniata range using multilocus sequence data (mtDNA, nuclear introns) and multilocus genotype data (microsatellites). We found a strong phylogeographic break at Queen Charlotte Sound in British Columbia that was not in the location predicted by the geographical distribution of the populations. However, this population genetic discontinuity does correspond to previously described phylogeographic breaks in other species. Northern populations from Alaska and Haida Gwaii were strongly differentiated from all southern populations from Vancouver Island and California. Populations from Vancouver Island and California were undifferentiated with evidence of high gene flow or very recent separation across the range disjunction between them. The surprising and discordant spatial distribution of populations and alleles suggests that historical vicariance (possibly caused by glaciations) and contemporary dispersal barriers (possibly caused by oceanographic conditions) both shape population genetic structure in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson C Keever
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
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Abstract
Marine species with ranges that span the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) exhibit a range of phylogeographical patterns, most of which are interpreted in the context of vicariance between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations during Pliocene and Pleistocene low sea-level stands. However, patterns often vary among ecologically similar taxa, sometimes even within genera. This study compares phylogeographical patterns in two species of highly dispersive neritid gastropod, Nerita albicilla and Nerita plicata, with nearly sympatric ranges that span the Indo-Pacific. Mitochondrial COI sequences from >1000 individuals from 97 sites reveal similar phylogenies in both species (two divergent clades differing by 3.2% and 2.3%, for N. albicilla and N. plicata, respectively). However, despite ecological similarity and congeneric status, the two species exhibit phylogeographical discordance. N. albicilla has maintained reciprocal monophyly of Indian and Pacific Ocean populations, while N. plicata is panmictic between oceans, but displays a genetic cline in the Central Pacific. Although this difference might be explained by qualitatively different demographic histories, parameter estimates from three coalescent models indicate that both species have high levels of gene flow between demes (2Nem>75), and share a common history of population expansion that is likely associated with cyclical flooding of continental shelves and island lagoons following low sea-level stands. Results indicate that ecologically similar, codistributed species may respond very differently to shared environmental processes, suggesting that relatively minor differences in traits such as pelagic larval duration or microhabitat association may profoundly impact phylogeographical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Crandall
- Boston University Marine Program, Department of Biology, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K. Grosberg
- Center for Population Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
| | - Richard R. Strathmann
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington 98250;
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Sax DF, Stachowicz JJ, Brown JH, Bruno JF, Dawson MN, Gaines SD, Grosberg RK, Hastings A, Holt RD, Mayfield MM, O'Connor MI, Rice WR. Ecological and evolutionary insights from species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol 2007; 22:465-71. [PMID: 17640765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2007.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Species invasions provide numerous unplanned and frequently, but imperfectly, replicated experiments that can be used to better understand the natural world. Classic studies by Darwin, Grinnell, Elton and others on these species-invasion experiments provided invaluable insights for ecology and evolutionary biology. Recent studies of invasions have resulted in additional insights, six of which we discuss here; these insights highlight the utility of using exotic species as 'model organisms'. We also discuss a nascent hypothesis that might provide a more general, predictive understanding of invasions and community assembly. Finally, we emphasize how the study of invasions can help to inform our understanding of applied problems, such as extinction, ecosystem function and the response of species to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov F Sax
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Environmental Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Harley CDG, Pankey MS, Wares JP, Grosberg RK, Wonham MJ. Color polymorphism and genetic structure in the sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Biol Bull 2006; 211:248-62. [PMID: 17179384 DOI: 10.2307/4134547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The sea star Pisaster ochraceus is one of the more striking species on the rocky shores of the Northeast Pacific, in part due to the dramatic color polymorphism of the adults. Along the open Pacific coast, Pisaster populations are 6%-28% orange, with a small percentage of brilliant purple stars and a large percentage of reddish-brown to dull purple ones. However, populations in the San Juan Island Archipelago (Washington, USA) and the southern Strait of Georgia (British Columbia, Canada) are almost entirely brilliant purple. The factors that maintain the color polymorphism, and those that contribute to among-site variation in color frequencies, remain unknown. We examined the relationships between color frequencies and several ecological and morphological variables, and conducted a large-scale phylogeographic survey of Pisaster populations. We found very low population genetic structure, suggesting that gene flow is high and geographic variation in color frequencies is not a vestige of Pleistocene glacial refugia. Color frequencies are also unrelated to adult size and to the frequency of injury within a population. However, there are suggestive relationships between color frequency and diet, and with areas of potentially low salinity. We propose that, although the color polymorphism may have an underlying genetic component, the regional-scale variation in color frequency is ecologically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D G Harley
- University of British Columbia, Department of Zoology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Sotka EE, Wares JP, Barth JA, Grosberg RK, Palumbi SR. Strong genetic clines and geographical variation in gene flow in the rocky intertidal barnacle Balanus glandula. Mol Ecol 2004; 13:2143-56. [PMID: 15245390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A long-standing issue in marine biology is identifying spatial scales at which populations of sessile adults are connected by planktonic offspring. We examined the genetic continuity of the acorn barnacle Balanus glandula, an abundant member of rocky intertidal communities of the northeastern Pacific Ocean, and compared these genetic patterns to the nearshore oceanography described by trajectories of surface drifters. Consistent with its broad dispersal potential, barnacle populations are genetically similar at both mitochondrial (cytochrome oxidase I) and nuclear (elongation factor 1-alpha) loci across broad swaths of the species' range. In central California, however, there is a striking genetic cline across 475 km of coastline between northern and southern populations. These patterns indicate that gene flow within central California is far more restricted spatially than among other populations. Possible reasons for the steep cline include the slow secondary introgression of historically separated populations, a balance between diversifying selection and dispersal, or some mix of both. Geographic trajectories of oceanic drifters closely parallel geographical patterns of gene flow. Drifters placed to the north (Oregon; approximately 44 degrees N) and south (Santa Barbara, California; approximately 34 degrees N) of the cline disperse hundreds of kilometers within 40 days, yet over the long-term their trajectories never overlapped. The lack of communication between waters originating in Oregon and southern California probably helps to maintain strong genetic differentiation between these regions. More broadly, the geographical variation in gene flow implies that focusing on species-level averages of gene flow can mask biologically important variance within species which reflects local environmental conditions and historical events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik E Sotka
- Stanford University, Department of Biological Sciences, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA.
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42
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Tsutsui ND, Kauppinen SN, Oyafuso AF, Grosberg RK. The distribution and evolutionary history ofWolbachiainfection in native and introduced populations of the invasive argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Mol Ecol 2003; 12:3057-68. [PMID: 14629385 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2003.01979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia pipientis is a maternally transmitted bacterium that often alters the life history of its insect host to maximize transmission to subsequent generations. Here we report on the frequency and distribution of Wolbachia infection in a widespread invasive species, the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). We screened 1175 individual Argentine ants from 89 nests on five continents and several islands, including numerous locations in both the native (South American) and introduced ranges. We detected Wolbachia in four of 11 native populations, but only one of 21 introduced populations was infected. In the Argentine ant's native range, the distribution of Wolbachia supergroups A and B was nonoverlapping. By coupling infection frequency data with behaviourally defined colony boundaries, we show that infected and uninfected colonies are often adjacent to one another, supporting the proposition that little female-mediated gene flow occurs among Argentine ant colonies. We also conduct a phylogenetic analysis, and show that the Wolbachia infecting both native and introduced populations of Argentine ants belong to two lineages that appear to be specialized on infecting New World ants. One other lineage of Wolbachia has undergone frequent, recent episodes of horizontal transmission between distantly related, introduced insect hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Tsutsui
- Center for Population Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Tsutsui ND, Suarez AV, Grosberg RK. Genetic diversity, asymmetrical aggression, and recognition in a widespread invasive species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:1078-83. [PMID: 12538869 PMCID: PMC298729 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0234412100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and persistence of cooperative social units depends on the ability to distinguish group members from nonmembers. The precision of discrimination, in turn, relies on variation in the labels that individuals use to recognize group members. However, this same variation can be selected against if individuals that are rejected as nonmembers incur a high cost. Here we provide evidence that selection against individuals from genetically diverse groups has contributed to the formation of the unicolonial colony structure that characterizes introduced populations of the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile). Studies in both the laboratory and the field showed that individuals from less genetically diverse colonies attack individuals from more diverse colonies and that attackers survived agonistic encounters more than six times as often as recipients of aggression. This selection, in concert with reductions in genetic diversity after a founder event, likely creates a barrier to the establishment of new, genetically diverse introductions from the native range and may reduce genetic diversity within established populations in the introduced range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Tsutsui
- Center for Population Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Multicellular organisms use the products of highly polymorphic genes to distinguish self from conspecific nonself cells or tissues. These allorecognition polymorphisms may regulate somatic interactions between hosts and pathogens or between competitors (to avoid various forms of parasitism), as well as reproductive interactions between mates or between gametes (to avoid inbreeding). In both cases, rare alleles may be advantageous, but it remains unclear which mechanism maintains the genetic polymorphism for specificity in self/nonself recognition. Contrary to earlier reports, we show that mate selection cannot be a strong force maintaining allorecognition polymorphism in two colonial marine invertebrates. Instead, the regulation of intraspecific competitive interactions appears to promote the evolution of polymorphisms in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Grosberg
- Section of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, One Shields Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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45
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Hart MW, Grosberg RK. Kin Interactions in a Colonial Hydrozoan (Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus): Population Structure on a Mobile Landscape. Evolution 1999. [DOI: 10.2307/2640719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Hart MW, Grosberg RK. KIN INTERACTIONS IN A COLONIAL HYDROZOAN (HYDRACTINIA SYMBIOLONGICARPUS): POPULATION STRUCTURE ON A MOBILE LANDSCAPE. Evolution 1999; 53:793-805. [PMID: 28565621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb05373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/1998] [Accepted: 02/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many sessile colonial organisms intensively compete with conspecifics for growing space. This competition can result in either cooperative fusion or aggressive rejection between colonies, and some species have evolved highly polymorphic genetic systems that mediate the outcome of these interactions. Here we demonstrate the potential for interactions among close kin as the basis for the evolutionary maintenance of a genetically polymorphic allorecognition system in the colonial hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, which lives on gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. Fusion between hydroids in the laboratory is restricted mainly to encounters between full siblings, whereas other encounters result in aggressive rejection. Natural selection acting on the costs or benefits of fusion between colonies could be responsible for the present maintenance of such a highly specific behavioral response, but only if encounters between fusible colonies still occur in contemporary populations. The large size of these hydroid populations and the mobility of the crabs should limit the potential for interactions among closely related hydroids on the same shell. However, RAPD polymorphisms among a large sample of hydroids from a population off the coast of Massachusetts indicate that genetically similar colonies are often found together on the same shell. Some genetic distances between colonies on the same shell were low relative to genetic distances between colonies on different shells or genetic distances between known full siblings from laboratory matings. We conservatively estimate that 2-18% of co-occurring colonies may be full sibling pairs. These observations suggest that encounters between genetically similar hydroids are common, despite the mobile nature of their habitat, and these encounters may provide frequent opportunities for natural selection to influence the evolution of cooperative and agonistic behaviors and their polymorphic genetic basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Hart
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616
| | - Richard K Grosberg
- Section of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California, 95616.,Center for Population Biology, University of California. One Shields Drive, Davis, California, 95616
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Grosberg RK, Ayre DJ. Is There a Relationship between Multilocus Homozygosity and Dominance Rank in Sea Anemones? A Reply to Zeh and Zeh. Am Nat 1997. [DOI: 10.1086/286022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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48
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49
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Grosberg RK, Levitan DR, Cameron BB. Evolutionary Genetics of Allorecognition in the Colonial Hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus. Evolution 1996. [DOI: 10.2307/2410693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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