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Jackson RJ, Keiser MS, Meltzer JC, Fykstra DP, Dierksmeier SE, Hajizadeh S, Kreuzer J, Morris R, Melloni A, Nakajima T, Tecedor L, Ranum PT, Carrell E, Chen Y, Nishtar MA, Holtzman DM, Haas W, Davidson BL, Hyman BT. APOE2 gene therapy reduces amyloid deposition and improves markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1373-1386. [PMID: 38504517 PMCID: PMC11081918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that individuals who carry the relatively uncommon APOE ε2 allele rarely develop Alzheimer disease, and if they do, they have a later age of onset, milder clinical course, and less severe neuropathological findings than people without this allele. The contrast is especially stark when compared with the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, APOE ε4, which has an age of onset several decades earlier, a more aggressive clinical course and more severe neuropathological findings, especially in terms of the amount of amyloid deposition. Here, we demonstrate that brain exposure to APOE ε2 via a gene therapy approach, which bathes the entire cortical mantle in the gene product after transduction of the ependyma, reduces Aβ plaque deposition, neurodegenerative synaptic loss, and, remarkably, reduces microglial activation in an APP/PS1 mouse model despite continued expression of human APOE ε4. This result suggests a promising protective effect of exogenous APOE ε2 and reveals a cell nonautonomous effect of the protein on microglial activation, which we show is similar to plaque-associated microglia in the brain of Alzheimer disease patients who inherit APOE ε2. These data increase the potential that an APOE ε2 therapeutic could be effective in Alzheimer disease, even in individuals born with the risky ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Megan S Keiser
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonah C Meltzer
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dustin P Fykstra
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven E Dierksmeier
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Soroush Hajizadeh
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Kreuzer
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Morris
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK
| | - Alexandra Melloni
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tsuneo Nakajima
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Luis Tecedor
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paul T Ranum
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellie Carrell
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - YongHong Chen
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maryam A Nishtar
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Krantz Family Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, UK; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Alzheimer Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Colom-Cadena M, Toombs J, Simzer E, Holt K, McGeachan R, Tulloch J, Jackson RJ, Catterson JH, Spires-Jones MP, Rose J, Waybright L, Caggiano AO, King D, Gobbo F, Davies C, Hooley M, Dunnett S, Tempelaar R, Meftah S, Tzioras M, Hamby ME, Izzo NJ, Catalano SM, Durrant CS, Smith C, Dando O, Spires-Jones TL. Transmembrane protein 97 is a potential synaptic amyloid beta receptor in human Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:32. [PMID: 38319380 PMCID: PMC10847197 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02679-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Synapse loss correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease, and soluble oligomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) is implicated in synaptic dysfunction and loss. An important knowledge gap is the lack of understanding of how Aβ leads to synapse degeneration. In particular, there has been difficulty in determining whether there is a synaptic receptor that binds Aβ and mediates toxicity. While many candidates have been observed in model systems, their relevance to human AD brain remains unknown. This is in part due to methodological limitations preventing visualization of Aβ binding at individual synapses. To overcome this limitation, we combined two high resolution microscopy techniques: array tomography and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to image over 1 million individual synaptic terminals in temporal cortex from AD (n = 11) and control cases (n = 9). Within presynapses and post-synaptic densities, oligomeric Aβ generates a FRET signal with transmembrane protein 97. Further, Aβ generates a FRET signal with cellular prion protein, and post-synaptic density 95 within post synapses. Transmembrane protein 97 is also present in a higher proportion of post synapses in Alzheimer's brain compared to controls. We inhibited Aβ/transmembrane protein 97 interaction in a mouse model of amyloidopathy by treating with the allosteric modulator CT1812. CT1812 drug concentration correlated negatively with synaptic FRET signal between transmembrane protein 97 and Aβ. In human-induced pluripotent stem cell derived neurons, transmembrane protein 97 is present in synapses and colocalizes with Aβ when neurons are challenged with human Alzheimer's brain homogenate. Transcriptional changes are induced by Aβ including changes in genes involved in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. CT1812 treatment of these neurons caused changes in gene sets involved in synaptic function. These data support a role for transmembrane protein 97 in the synaptic binding of Aβ in human Alzheimer's disease brain where it may mediate synaptotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Colom-Cadena
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Toombs
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth Simzer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kristjan Holt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert McGeachan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - James H Catterson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maxwell P Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | | | - Declan King
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Francesco Gobbo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Robert Tempelaar
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Soraya Meftah
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Makis Tzioras
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Scottish Brain Sciences, Edinburgh, EH12 9DQ, UK
| | - Mary E Hamby
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, 15203, USA
| | | | | | - Claire S Durrant
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4HB, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
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Jackson RJ, Keiser MS, Meltzer JC, Fykstra DP, Dierksmeier SE, Melloni A, Nakajima T, Tecedor L, Ranum PT, Carrell E, Chen Y, Holtzman DM, Davidson BL, Hyman BT. APOE2 gene therapy reduces amyloid deposition, and improves markers of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.14.552850. [PMID: 37645718 PMCID: PMC10461997 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.14.552850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show that individuals who carry the relatively uncommon APOE ε2 allele rarely develop Alzheimer disease, and if they do they have a later age of onset, milder clinical course, and less severe neuropathological findings than others with Alzheimer disease. The contrast is especially stark in comparison to the phenotype associated with the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer disease, APOE ε4, which has an age of onset several decades earlier, as well as a more aggressive clinical course and notably more severe neuropathological findings, especially in terms of the amount of amyloid deposition. Even one APOE ε2 allele improves phenotype, but it is uncertain if that is due to the replacement of a more toxic allele by APOE ε2, or if APOE ε2 has a protective, neuro-modulatory effect. Here, we demonstrate that brain exposure to APOE2 via a gene therapy approach which bathes the entire cortical mantle in the gene product after transduction of the ependyma, rapidly ameliorates established Aβ plaque deposition, neurodegenerative synaptic loss, and, remarkably, reduces microglial activation in an APP/PS1 mouse model despite continued expression of human APOE4. This result suggests a promising protective effect of exogenous APOE2, revealing a cell non-autonomous effect of the protein on microglial activation. We also show that plaque associated microglia in the brain of patients who inherit APOE2 similarly have less microglial reactivity to plaques. These data raise the potential that an APOE2 therapeutic could be effective in Alzheimer disease even in individuals born with the risk ε4 allele. One Sentence Summary Introduction of ApoE2 using an AAV that transduces the ependymal cells of the ventricle causes a reduction in amyloid load and plaque associated synapse loss, and reduces neuroinflammation by modulating microglial responsiveness to plaques.
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Jackson RJ, Meltzer JC, Nguyen H, Commins C, Bennett RE, Hudry E, Hyman BT. APOE4 derived from astrocytes leads to blood-brain barrier impairment. Brain 2021; 145:3582-3593. [PMID: 34957486 PMCID: PMC9586546 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifaceted secreted molecule synthesized in the CNS by astrocytes and microglia, and in the periphery largely by the liver. ApoE has been shown to impact the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and, in humans, the APOE4 allele of the gene is reported to lead to a leaky blood-brain barrier. We used allele specific knock-in mice expressing each of the common (human) ApoE alleles, and longitudinal multiphoton intravital microscopy, to directly monitor the impact of various ApoE isoforms on blood-brain barrier integrity. We found that humanized APOE4, but not APOE2 or APOE3, mice show a leaky blood-brain barrier, increased MMP9, impaired tight junctions, and reduced astrocyte end-foot coverage of blood vessels. Removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE4 led to the amelioration of all phenotypes while the removal of astrocyte-produced ApoE3 had no effect on blood-brain barrier integrity. This work shows a cell specific gain of function effect of ApoE4 in the dysfunction of the BBB and implicates astrocyte production of ApoE4, possibly as a function of astrocytic end foot interactions with vessels, as a key regulator of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Caitlin Commins
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel E Bennett
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer Research Unit, The Massachusetts General Hospital Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA,Department of Neurology, The Massachusetts General Hospital and NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Correspondence to: Bradley Hyman Massachusetts General Hospital MIND Institute 114 16th Street, Charlestown, 02129 MA, USA E-mail:
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Serrano-Pozo A, Li Z, Noori A, Nguyen HN, Mezlini A, Li L, Hudry E, Jackson RJ, Hyman BT, Das S. Effect of APOE alleles on the glial transcriptome in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Aging 2021; 1:919-931. [PMID: 36199750 PMCID: PMC9531903 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The roles of APOEε4 and APOEε2-the strongest genetic risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease-in glial responses remain elusive. We tested the hypothesis that APOE alleles differentially impact glial responses by investigating their effects on the glial transcriptome from elderly control brains with no neuritic amyloid plaques. We identified a cluster of microglial genes that are upregulated in APOEε4 and downregulated in APOEε2 carriers relative to APOEε3 homozygotes. This microglia-APOE cluster is enriched in phagocytosis-including TREM2 and TYROBP-and proinflammatory genes, and is also detectable in brains with frequent neuritic plaques. Next, we tested these findings in APOE knock-in mice exposed to acute (lipopolysaccharide challenge) and chronic (cerebral β-amyloidosis) insults and found that these mice partially recapitulate human APOE-linked expression patterns. Thus, the APOEε4 allele might prime microglia towards a phagocytic and proinflammatory state through an APOE-TREM2-TYROBP axis in normal aging as well as in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Serrano-Pozo
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaozhi Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ayush Noori
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Huong N. Nguyen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aziz Mezlini
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudeshna Das
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Litvinchuk A, Huynh TPV, Shi Y, Jackson RJ, Finn MB, Manis M, Francis CM, Tran A, Sullivan PM, Ulrich JD, Hyman BT, Cole T, Holtzman DM. Apolipoprotein E4 Reduction with Antisense Oligonucleotides Decreases Neurodegeneration in a Tauopathy Model. Ann Neurol 2021; 89:952-966. [PMID: 33550655 PMCID: PMC8260038 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, with the ε4 allele increasing risk in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition to ApoE4 playing a crucial role in amyloid-β deposition, recent evidence suggests that it also plays an important role in tau pathology and tau-mediated neurodegeneration. It is not known, however, whether therapeutic reduction of ApoE4 would exert protective effects on tau-mediated neurodegeneration. METHODS Herein, we used antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against human APOE to reduce ApoE4 levels in the P301S/ApoE4 mouse model of tauopathy. We treated P301S/ApoE4 mice with ApoE or control ASOs via intracerebroventricular injection at 6 and 7.5 months of age and performed brain pathological assessments at 9 months of age. RESULTS Our results indicate that treatment with ApoE ASOs reduced ApoE4 protein levels by ~50%, significantly protected against tau pathology and associated neurodegeneration, decreased neuroinflammation, and preserved synaptic density. These data were also corroborated by a significant reduction in levels of neurofilament light chain (NfL) protein in plasma of ASO-treated mice. INTERPRETATION We conclude that reducing ApoE4 levels should be explored further as a therapeutic approach for APOE4 carriers with tauopathy including Alzheimer's disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:952-966.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Litvinchuk
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tien-Phat V. Huynh
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Caroline M. Francis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ainsley Tran
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center’s Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jason D. Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley T. Hyman
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tracy Cole
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2855 Gazelle Ct. Carlsbad, CA 92024, USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA,Lead Contact
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Hesse R, Hurtado ML, Jackson RJ, Eaton SL, Herrmann AG, Colom-Cadena M, Tzioras M, King D, Rose J, Tulloch J, McKenzie CA, Smith C, Henstridge CM, Lamont D, Wishart TM, Spires-Jones TL. Comparative profiling of the synaptic proteome from Alzheimer's disease patients with focus on the APOE genotype. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:214. [PMID: 31862015 PMCID: PMC6925519 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of synapses in Alzheimer's disease (AD) strongly correlates with cognitive decline, and synaptic pathology contributes to disease pathophysiology. We recently observed that the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic AD, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE4), is associated with exacerbated synapse loss and synaptic accumulation of oligomeric amyloid beta in human AD brain. To begin to understand the molecular cascades involved in synapse loss in AD and how this is mediated by APOE, and to generate a resource of knowledge of changes in the synaptic proteome in AD, we conducted a proteomic screen and systematic in silico analysis of synaptoneurosome preparations from temporal and occipital cortices of human AD and control subjects with known APOE gene status. We examined brain tissue from 33 subjects (7-10 per group). We pooled tissue from all subjects in each group for unbiased proteomic analyses followed by validation with individual case samples. Our analysis identified over 5500 proteins in human synaptoneurosomes and highlighted disease, brain region, and APOE-associated changes in multiple molecular pathways including a decreased abundance in AD of proteins important for synaptic and mitochondrial function and an increased abundance of proteins involved in neuroimmune interactions and intracellular signaling.
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8
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Pickett EK, Herrmann AG, McQueen J, Abt K, Dando O, Tulloch J, Jain P, Dunnett S, Sohrabi S, Fjeldstad MP, Calkin W, Murison L, Jackson RJ, Tzioras M, Stevenson A, d'Orange M, Hooley M, Davies C, Colom-Cadena M, Anton-Fernandez A, King D, Oren I, Rose J, McKenzie CA, Allison E, Smith C, Hardt O, Henstridge CM, Hardingham GE, Spires-Jones TL. Amyloid Beta and Tau Cooperate to Cause Reversible Behavioral and Transcriptional Deficits in a Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2019; 29:3592-3604.e5. [PMID: 31825838 PMCID: PMC6915767 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A key knowledge gap blocking development of effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the lack of understanding of how amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and pathological forms of the tau protein cooperate in causing disease phenotypes. Within a mouse tau-deficient background, we probed the molecular, cellular, and behavioral disruption triggered by the influence of wild-type human tau on human Aβ-induced pathology. We find that Aβ and tau work cooperatively to cause a hyperactivity behavioral phenotype and to cause downregulation of transcription of genes involved in synaptic function. In both our mouse model and human postmortem tissue, we observe accumulation of pathological tau in synapses, supporting the potential importance of synaptic tau. Importantly, tau reduction in the mice initiated after behavioral deficits emerge corrects behavioral deficits, reduces synaptic tau levels, and substantially reverses transcriptional perturbations, suggesting that lowering synaptic tau levels may be beneficial in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Pickett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Abigail G Herrmann
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie McQueen
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Kimberly Abt
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Pooja Jain
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sophie Dunnett
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Sadaf Sohrabi
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Maria P Fjeldstad
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Will Calkin
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Leo Murison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Makis Tzioras
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Anna Stevenson
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marie d'Orange
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Monique Hooley
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Caitlin Davies
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marti Colom-Cadena
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Alejandro Anton-Fernandez
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Declan King
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Iris Oren
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Jamie Rose
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Chris-Anne McKenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences and Sudden Death Brain Bank, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Oliver Hardt
- McGill University Department of Psychology, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada; The University of Edinburgh Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Christopher M Henstridge
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at Edinburgh, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.
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9
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Li Z, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. A hierarchical role of IL-25 in ILC development and function at the lung mucosae following viral-vector vaccination. Vaccine X 2019; 2:100035. [PMID: 31384749 PMCID: PMC6668243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2019.100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates that modulation of IL-25 and IL-33 cytokines responsible for innate lymphoid cell 2 (ILC2) activation/function can differentially regulate ILC profiles at the vaccination site, in a vaccine route-dependent manner. Specifically, recombinant fowlpox (rFPV) vector-based vaccine co-expressing an adjuvant that transiently sequestered IL-25 (FPV-HIV-IL-25 binding protein), delivered intramuscularly (i.m.) was able to induce significantly lower IL-25R+ ILC2-deived IL-13 and ILC1/ILC3-derived IFN-γ expression with significantly elevated IL-17A in muscle. In contrast, intranasal (i.n.) delivery was able to induce all three known ILC2 subsets (ST2/IL-33R+, IL-25R+, and TSLPR+ ILC2) to express varying amounts of IL-13 in lung, and also the TSLPR+ ILC2 to express IL-4, unlike the unadjuvanted control, which only showed ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2 to express IL-13. Interestingly, the sequestration of IL-25 in lung also induced a unique lineage− ST2/IL-33R− IL-25R− TSLPR− ILC2 population to express elevated IL-13 and IL-4. Moreover, both i.m. and, i.n. FPV-HIV-IL-25BP vaccination induced significantly elevated ILC1/ILC3-derived IL-17A in lung, indicating that ILC2 could directly impact ILC1/ILC3 activity. To our surprise, transient sequestration of IL-33 at the lung mucosae did not alter the lung ILC2 profiles or activity. These inhibitor studies showed that in the context of i.n. viral vector vaccination, IL-25 plays a predominant role in early ILC development/regulation than IL-33, and likely acts as a master regulator of ILC. Our previous findings have indicated that level of IL-4/IL-13 at the vaccination site impacts the quality/avidity of T cell immunity. Taken together data suggest that IL-25 binding protein could be used as an effective i.m. not an i.n. adjuvant to enhance quality of vaccine-specific T cell immunity. These findings evoke the notion that route-dependent manipulation of ILCs according to the target pathogen could be exploited to design more effective vaccines against chronic pathogens in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - R J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - C Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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10
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Jackson RJ, Rose J, Tulloch J, Henstridge C, Smith C, Spires-Jones TL. Clusterin accumulates in synapses in Alzheimer's disease and is increased in apolipoprotein E4 carriers. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz003. [PMID: 31853523 PMCID: PMC6904249 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in developing effective therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease is understanding how genetic risk factors contribute to neurodegeneration. The apolipoprotein epsilon 4 isoform (APOE4) and variants in the Clusterin (CLU) gene (also known as apolipoprotein J) are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Our previous work demonstrated that APOE4 exacerbates synapse degeneration and synaptic accumulation of toxic oligomeric amyloid beta in human Alzheimer’s and mouse models of disease. Here, we observe clusterin in synapses in human Alzheimer's disease brain. The percentage of synapses containing clusterin is higher in APOE4 carriers than APOE3 carriers. Furthermore, we observe oligomeric amyloid beta accumulation within synapses containing clusterin which is also higher in APOE4 carriers. These data link two genetic risk factors with synapse degeneration in Alzheimer’s and support a potential role for clusterin working with APOE in causing synaptic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jamie Rose
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Tulloch
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Chris Henstridge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Systems Medicine, Neuroscience, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Roy S, Jaeson MI, Li Z, Mahboob S, Jackson RJ, Grubor-Bauk B, Wijesundara DK, Gowans EJ, Ranasinghe C. Viral vector and route of administration determine the ILC and DC profiles responsible for downstream vaccine-specific immune outcomes. Vaccine 2019; 37:1266-1276. [PMID: 30733092 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that route and viral vector can significantly influence the innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and dendritic cells (DC) recruited to the vaccination site, 24 h post delivery. Intranasal (i.n.) vaccination induced ST2/IL-33R+ ILC2, whilst intramuscular (i.m.) induced IL-25R+ and TSLPR+ (Thymic stromal lymphopoietin protein receptor) ILC2 subsets. However, in muscle a novel ILC subset devoid of the known ILC2 markers (IL-25R- IL-33R- TSLPR-) were found to express IL-13, unlike in lung. Different viral vectors also influenced the ILC-derived cytokines and the DC profiles at the respective vaccination sites. Both i.n. and i.m. recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV) priming, which has been associated with induction of high avidity T cells and effective antibody differentiation exhibited low ILC2-derived IL-13, high NKp46+ ILC1/ILC3 derived IFN-γ and low IL-17A, together with enhanced CD11b+ CD103- conventional DCs (cDC). In contrast, recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara (rMVA) and Influenza A vector priming, which has been linked to low avidity T cells, induced opposing ILC derived-cytokine profiles and enhanced cross-presenting DCs. These observations suggested that the former ILC/DC profiles could be a predictor of a balanced cellular and humoral immune outcome. In addition, following i.n. delivery Rhinovirus (RV) and Adenovius type 5 (Ad5) vectors that induced elevated ILC2-derived IL-13, NKp46+ ILC1/ILC3-derived-IFN-γ and no IL-17A, predominantly recruited CD11b- B220+ plasmacytoid DCs (pDC). Knowing that pDC are involved in antibody differentiation, we postulate that i.n. priming with these vectors may favour induction of effective humoral immunity. Our data also revealed that vector-specific replication status and/or presence or absence of immune evasive genes can significantly alter the ILC and DC activity. Collectively, our findings suggest that understanding the route- and vector-specific ILC and DC profiles at the vaccination site may help tailor/design more efficacious viral vector-based vaccines, according to the pathogen of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roy
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - M I Jaeson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Z Li
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S Mahboob
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - R J Jackson
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - B Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - D K Wijesundara
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia; Virology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - E J Gowans
- Virology Group, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Ranasinghe
- Molecular Mucosal Vaccine Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
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12
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Hesse R, von Einem B, Wagner F, Bott P, Schwanzar D, Jackson RJ, Föhr KJ, Lausser L, Kroker KS, Proepper C, Walther P, Kestler HA, Spires-Jones TL, Boeckers T, Rosenbrock H, von Arnim CAF. sAPPβ and sAPPα increase structural complexity and E/I input ratio in primary hippocampal neurons and alter Ca 2+ homeostasis and CREB1-signaling. Exp Neurol 2018; 304:1-13. [PMID: 29466703 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One major pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is senile plaques composed of amyloid β (Aβ). In the amyloidogenic pathway, cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is shifted towards Aβ production and soluble APPβ (sAPPβ) levels. Aβ is known to impair synaptic function; however, much less is known about the physiological functions of sAPPβ. The neurotrophic properties of sAPPα, derived from the non-amyloidogenic pathway of APP cleavage, are well-established, whereas only a few, conflicting studies on sAPPβ exist. The intracellular pathways of sAPPβ are largely unknown. Since sAPPβ is generated alongside Aβ by β-secretase (BACE1) cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that sAPPβ effects differ from sAPPα effects as a neurotrophic factor. We therefore performed a head-to-head comparison of both mammalian recombinant peptides in developing primary hippocampal neurons (PHN). We found that sAPPα significantly increases axon length (p = 0.0002) and that both sAPPα and sAPPβ increase neurite number (p < 0.0001) of PHN at 7 days in culture (DIV7) but not at DIV4. Moreover, both sAPPα- and sAPPβ-treated neurons showed a higher neuritic complexity in Sholl analysis. The number of glutamatergic synapses (p < 0.0001), as well as layer thickness of postsynaptic densities (PSDs), were significantly increased, and GABAergic synapses decreased upon sAPP overexpression in PHN. Furthermore, we showed that sAPPα enhances ERK and CREB1 phosphorylation upon glutamate stimulation at DIV7, but not DIV4 or DIV14. These neurotrophic effects are further associated with increased glutamate sensitivity and CREB1-signaling. Finally, we found that sAPPα levels are significantly reduced in brain homogenates of AD patients compared to control subjects. Taken together, our data indicate critical stage-dependent roles of sAPPs in the developing glutamatergic system in vitro, which might help to understand deleterious consequences of altered APP shedding in AD patients, beyond Aβ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Hesse
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Patricia Bott
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Rosemary J Jackson
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Ludwig Lausser
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja S Kroker
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Dept. of Drug Discovery Sciences, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Rosenbrock
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co KG, Dept. of CNS Diseases Research, Biberach, Germany
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13
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Xu C, Yu L, Hou J, Jackson RJ, Wang H, Huang C, Liu T, Wang Q, Zou X, Morris RG, Spires-Jones TL, Yang Z, Yin Z, Xu Y, Chen G. Conditional Deletion of PDK1 in the Forebrain Causes Neuron Loss and Increased Apoptosis during Cortical Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:330. [PMID: 29104535 PMCID: PMC5655024 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression but increased activity of PDK1 has been observed in neurodegenerative disease. To study in vivo function of PDK1 in neuron survival during cortical development, we generate forebrain-specific PDK1 conditional knockout (cKO) mice. We demonstrate that PDK1 cKO mice display striking neuron loss and increased apoptosis. We report that PDK1 cKO mice exhibit deficits on several behavioral tasks. Moreover, PDK1 cKO mice show decreased activities for Akt and mTOR. These results highlight an essential role of endogenous PDK1 in the maintenance of neuronal survival during cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linjie Yu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinxing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Richard G Morris
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Instituto de Neurociencias, Alicante, Spain
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongzhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Model Animal Research Center, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Ritchie DL, Adlard P, Peden AH, Lowrie S, Le Grice M, Burns K, Jackson RJ, Yull H, Keogh MJ, Wei W, Chinnery PF, Head MW, Ironside JW. Amyloid-β accumulation in the CNS in human growth hormone recipients in the UK. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:221-240. [PMID: 28349199 PMCID: PMC5508038 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human-to-human transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has occurred through medical procedures resulting in iatrogenic CJD (iCJD). One of the commonest causes of iCJD was the use of human pituitary-derived growth hormone (hGH) to treat primary or secondary growth hormone deficiency. As part of a comprehensive tissue-based analysis of the largest cohort yet collected (35 cases) of UK hGH-iCJD cases, we describe the clinicopathological phenotype of hGH-iCJD in the UK. In the 33/35 hGH-iCJD cases with sufficient paraffin-embedded tissue for full pathological examination, we report the accumulation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) protein associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the brains and cerebral blood vessels in 18/33 hGH-iCJD patients and for the first time in 5/12 hGH recipients who died from causes other than CJD. Aβ accumulation was markedly less prevalent in age-matched patients who died from sporadic CJD and variant CJD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Aβ, which can accumulate in the pituitary gland, was present in the inoculated hGH preparations and had a seeding effect in the brains of around 50% of all hGH recipients, producing an AD-like neuropathology and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), regardless of whether CJD neuropathology had occurred. These findings indicate that Aβ seeding can occur independently and in the absence of the abnormal prion protein in the human brain. Our findings provide further evidence for the prion-like seeding properties of Aβ and give insights into the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane L Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - Peter Adlard
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alexander H Peden
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Suzanne Lowrie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Margaret Le Grice
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kimberley Burns
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Helen Yull
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael J Keogh
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Wei Wei
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Mark W Head
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - James W Ironside
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
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15
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Zhou L, McInnes J, Wierda K, Holt M, Herrmann AG, Jackson RJ, Wang YC, Swerts J, Beyens J, Miskiewicz K, Vilain S, Dewachter I, Moechars D, De Strooper B, Spires-Jones TL, De Wit J, Verstreken P. Tau association with synaptic vesicles causes presynaptic dysfunction. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15295. [PMID: 28492240 PMCID: PMC5437271 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau is implicated in more than 20 neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Under pathological conditions, Tau dissociates from axonal microtubules and missorts to pre- and postsynaptic terminals. Patients suffer from early synaptic dysfunction prior to Tau aggregate formation, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we show that pathogenic Tau binds to synaptic vesicles via its N-terminal domain and interferes with presynaptic functions, including synaptic vesicle mobility and release rate, lowering neurotransmission in fly and rat neurons. Pathological Tau mutants lacking the vesicle binding domain still localize to the presynaptic compartment but do not impair synaptic function in fly neurons. Moreover, an exogenously applied membrane-permeable peptide that competes for Tau-vesicle binding suppresses Tau-induced synaptic toxicity in rat neurons. Our work uncovers a presynaptic role of Tau that may be part of the early pathology in various Tauopathies and could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Zhou
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joseph McInnes
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Keimpe Wierda
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Matthew Holt
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Abigail G. Herrmann
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Center for Dementia Prevention and Euan MacDonald Centre, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J. Jackson
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Center for Dementia Prevention and Euan MacDonald Centre, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jef Swerts
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jelle Beyens
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Miskiewicz
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sven Vilain
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Catholic University of Louvain, Alzheimer Dementia Group, Institute of Neuroscience, Brussels 1200, Belgium
- University of Hasselt, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt 3500, Belgium
| | - Diederik Moechars
- A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Neuroscience Department, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse 2340, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- University of Edinburgh, Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Center for Dementia Prevention and Euan MacDonald Centre, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Joris De Wit
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven 3000, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Jackson RJ, Rudinskiy N, Herrmann AG, Croft S, Kim JM, Petrova V, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Pitstick R, Wegmann S, Garcia-Alloza M, Carlson GA, Hyman BT, Spires-Jones TL. Human tau increases amyloid β plaque size but not amyloid β-mediated synapse loss in a novel mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:3056-3066. [PMID: 27748574 PMCID: PMC5215483 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of aggregates of amyloid beta (Aβ) in senile plaques and tau in neurofibrillary tangles, as well as marked neuron and synapse loss. Of these pathological changes, synapse loss correlates most strongly with cognitive decline. Synapse loss occurs prominently around plaques due to accumulations of oligomeric Aβ. Recent evidence suggests that tau may also play a role in synapse loss but the interactions of Aβ and tau in synapse loss remain to be determined. In this study, we generated a novel transgenic mouse line, the APP/PS1/rTg21221 line, by crossing APP/PS1 mice, which develop Aβ‐plaques and synapse loss, with rTg21221 mice, which overexpress wild‐type human tau. When compared to the APP/PS1 mice without human tau, the cross‐sectional area of ThioS+ dense core plaques was increased by ~50%. Along with increased plaque size, we observed an increase in plaque‐associated dystrophic neurites containing misfolded tau, but there was no exacerbation of neurite curvature or local neuron loss around plaques. Array tomography analysis similarly revealed no worsening of synapse loss around plaques, and no change in the accumulation of Aβ at synapses. Together, these results indicate that adding human wild‐type tau exacerbates plaque pathology and neurite deformation but does not exacerbate plaque‐associated synapse loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Nikita Rudinskiy
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Abigail G Herrmann
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Shaun Croft
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - JeeSoo Monica Kim
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Veselina Petrova
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | | | | | - Susanne Wegmann
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Bradley T Hyman
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
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17
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Henstridge CM, Jackson RJ, Kim JM, Herrmann AG, Wright AK, Harris SE, Bastin ME, Starr JM, Wardlaw J, Gillingwater TH, Smith C, McKenzie CA, Cox SR, Deary IJ, Spires-Jones TL. Post-mortem brain analyses of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936: extending lifetime cognitive and brain phenotyping to the level of the synapse. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2015; 3:53. [PMID: 26335101 PMCID: PMC4559320 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-015-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Non-pathological, age-related cognitive decline varies markedly between individuals andplaces significant financial and emotional strain on people, their families and society as a whole.Understanding the differential age-related decline in brain function is critical not only for the development oftherapeutics to prolong cognitive health into old age, but also to gain insight into pathological ageing suchas Alzheimer's disease. The Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936 (LBC1936) comprises a rare group of people forwhom there are childhood cognitive test scores and longitudinal cognitive data during older age, detailedstructural brain MRI, genome-wide genotyping, and a multitude of other biological, psycho-social, andepidemiological data. Synaptic integrity is a strong indicator of cognitive health in the human brain;however, until recently, it was prohibitively difficult to perform detailed analyses of synaptic and axonalstructure in human tissue sections. We have adapted a novel method of tissue preparation at autopsy toallow the study of human synapses from the LBC1936 cohort in unprecedented morphological andmolecular detail, using the high-resolution imaging techniques of array tomography and electronmicroscopy. This allows us to analyze the brain at sub-micron resolution to assess density, proteincomposition and health of synapses. Here we present data from the first donated LBC1936 brain andcompare our findings to Alzheimer's diseased tissue to highlight the differences between healthy andpathological brain ageing. RESULTS Our data indicates that compared to an Alzheimer's disease patient, the cognitively normalLBC1936 participant had a remarkable degree of preservation of synaptic structures. However,morphological and molecular markers of degeneration in areas of the brain associated with cognition(prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal gyrus) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our novel post-mortem protocol facilitates high-resolution neuropathological analysis of the well-characterized LBC1936 cohort, extending phenotyping beyond cognition and in vivo imaging to nowinclude neuropathological changes, at the level of single synapses. This approach offers an unprecedentedopportunity to study synaptic and axonal integrity during ageing and how it contributes to differences in agerelatedcognitive change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Henstridge
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - JeeSoo M Kim
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Abigail G Herrmann
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ann K Wright
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, University of Edinburgh Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine and MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Thomas H Gillingwater
- Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Chris-Anne McKenzie
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Department of Psychology, CCACE, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
- Department of Psychology, CCACE, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
| | - Tara L Spires-Jones
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK.
- Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK.
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Walden M, Edwards JM, Dziewulska AM, Bergmann R, Saalbach G, Kan SY, Miller OK, Weckener M, Jackson RJ, Shirran SL, Botting CH, Florence GJ, Rohde M, Banfield MJ, Schwarz-Linek U. An internal thioester in a pathogen surface protein mediates covalent host binding. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26032562 PMCID: PMC4450167 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To cause disease and persist in a host, pathogenic and commensal microbes must adhere to tissues. Colonization and infection depend on specific molecular interactions at the host-microbe interface that involve microbial surface proteins, or adhesins. To date, adhesins are only known to bind to host receptors non-covalently. Here we show that the streptococcal surface protein SfbI mediates covalent interaction with the host protein fibrinogen using an unusual internal thioester bond as a ‘chemical harpoon’. This cross-linking reaction allows bacterial attachment to fibrin and SfbI binding to human cells in a model of inflammation. Thioester-containing domains are unexpectedly prevalent in Gram-positive bacteria, including many clinically relevant pathogens. Our findings support bacterial-encoded covalent binding as a new molecular principle in host-microbe interactions. This represents an as yet unexploited target to treat bacterial infection and may also offer novel opportunities for engineering beneficial interactions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06638.001 The human body is home to many trillions of microbes; most are harmless, but some may cause disease. To live inside a host, microbes must first attach to host tissues. This process involves multiple proteins on each microbe's surface, called adhesins, which interact with the molecules that make up these tissues. Like all proteins, adhesins are long chains of simpler building blocks called amino acids, and each amino acid is connected to the next via a strong ‘covalent’ bond. Adhesins, however, typically attach bacteria to host molecules through the combined strength of many weak ‘non-covalent’ interactions. It was recently discovered that one adhesin from a bacterium called Streptococcus pyogenes contains a rare, extra covalent bond—called a thioester—in an unusual location between two of its amino acids. S. pyogenes is a common cause of throat infections in humans, and can also cause the life-threatening ‘flesh-eating disease’. Walden, Edwards et al. have now used a range of computational, biochemical, structural biology and cell-based techniques to study other adhesins that have thioester bonds in more detail. Computational searches identified hundreds of bacterial proteins containing similar bonds. These included many from bacteria that infect humans: such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is the most common cause of pneumonia in adults; and Clostridium difficile, which is notorious for causing severe gut infections in hospital patients. Closer examination of the three-dimensional structures of three of these proteins—including one called SfbI from S. pyogenes—revealed that each had a clear thioester bond. Biochemical tests of an additional nine of the identified proteins strongly suggested they too contained thioester bonds. Walden, Edwards et al. then showed that SfbI was able to not only attach to tissues like conventional adhesins, but also chemically react with fibrinogen: a human protein that is essential for blood clotting and commonly found in inflamed tissues and healing wounds. This chemical reaction results in the formation of a covalent bond between SfbI and fibrinogen, which is as stable as the bonds that link the amino acids in a protein chain. Further experiments revealed that SfbI strongly binds to human cells grown in the lab under conditions that mimic tissue inflammation. Finally, Walden, Edwards et al. made a mutant version of SfbI that did not contain a thioester, and found that it could not interact with fibrinogen nor bind to human cells. Together, these findings suggest that thioesters in bacterial adhesins act like ‘chemical harpoons’, which microbes can use to irreversibly attach themselves to molecules within their host's tissues. This attachment mechanism has not been seen before in host-microbe interactions, and further research is now needed to explore whether interfering with this process could represent a new way to treat bacterial infections. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06638.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Walden
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - John M Edwards
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rene Bergmann
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gerhard Saalbach
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Su-Yin Kan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ona K Miller
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Weckener
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary J Jackson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Sally L Shirran
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine H Botting
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Florence
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Central Facility for Microscopy, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Schwarz-Linek
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Odibo IN, Linam LE, Richter GE, Jackson RJ, Dajani NK. Extensive Fetal Congenital Subcutaneous Mixed Venous Lymphatic Lesion: Prenatal Diagnosis and Postnatal Management. AJP Rep 2015; 5. [PMID: 26199796 PMCID: PMC4502633 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1544107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular lesions may be categorized as proliferative tumors, such as hemangiomas, or nonproliferative malformations that include capillary, lymphatic, venous, arterial, or mixed lesions. Lymphatic malformations are benign localized congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. They may be microcystic or macrocystic lesions or a combination of both. The lesions may also be uniseptate or multiseptate, and are more commonly located in the head and neck or axillary region. Prenatal diagnosis is based on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Postnatal management largely depends on the size and location of the lesion. This is the first case report of prenatally diagnosed extensive subcutaneous macrocystic venous lymphatic malformation involving the fetal thorax, back, pelvis, and lower extremities. Prenatal course and postnatal management are described. This report will aid other specialists in the field of prenatal diagnosis and postnatal surgery in the evaluation and management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Odibo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
| | - L E Linam
- Department of Radiology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Arkansas
| | - G E Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Arkansas
| | - R J Jackson
- Department of Otolaryngology, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Arkansas
| | - N K Dajani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas
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Xi Y, Day SL, Jackson RJ, Ranasinghe C. Role of novel type I interferon epsilon in mucosal immunity. Retrovirology 2012. [PMCID: PMC3441604 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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21
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Jackson RJ, Gould TH, Thomas MJ. Worst Oxygenation Index during the first 24 hours of ventilation predicts mortality. Crit Care 2012. [PMCID: PMC3363508 DOI: 10.1186/cc10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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22
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Baird WO, McGrother C, Abrams KR, Dugmore C, Jackson RJ. Access to dental services for people with a physical disability: a survey of general dental practitioners in Leicestershire, UK. Community Dent Health 2008; 25:248-252. [PMID: 19149304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the availability of facilities, including parking, accessibility and toilet amenities, for physically disabled people at dental practices in Leicestershire, and views relating to the provision of treatment, as reported by general dental practitioners. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN A cross-sectional postal questionnaire-based study. SETTING General Dental Service practices in Leicestershire, United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Questionnaires were sent to all General Dental Service practices (n=123) within Leicestershire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Facilities for physically disabled people as reported by general dental practitioners and views of practitioners in relation to provision of treatment. RESULTS The response rate from general dental practices was 80%. The views of 120 (42%) of the 284 dentists approached relating to the provision of treatment to people with a physical disability were recorded. Although up to 77% of the dental practices were considered by practitioners to be accessible to someone using a wheelchair, only 7% also had suitable parking and toilet facilities. The majority of responding dentists treated patients with a physical disability, but 76% of practitioners found it difficult to provide treatment to this group. Concerns regarding the financial cost of providing treatment were raised. There is evidence that conditions are less than optimal in general practice settings for patients with a physical disability receiving treatment. Only nine of the 123 practices in Leicestershire had appropriate parking, access and toilet facilities for physically disabled people. CONCLUSION(S) Facilities for physically disabled people at general practices in Leicestershire are limited. If inequalities in dental health among the physically disabled are to be successfully reduced, steps must be taken to make practices more easily accessible with suitable facilities, and to increase awareness of services offered by appropriate dental practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Baird
- Section of Public Health, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, Sheffield, UK.
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) is an immunoregulatory cytokine produced by many different cell types, including lymphocytes and monocytes-macrophages. Two assays are described for the quantitation of TGF-beta activity in supernatant fluids. The bioassay for TGF-beta is based on the potent ability of TGF-beta to suppress lymphocyte proliferation. The radioreceptor assay is based on the ability of TGF-beta-containing supernatant fluids to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled TGF-beta to its cellular receptor. Two support protocols describe acid-activation and neutralization of TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hale-Donze
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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24
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Baird WO, Jackson RJ, Worthington LS, Robinson PG. Perspectives of dentists in primary care ahead of the 'new ways of working'. Br Dent J 2007; 202:E24; discussion 614-5. [PMID: 17384587 DOI: 10.1038/bdj.2007.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the future intentions and motivations of general dental practitioners (GDPs) relating to NHS dental practice in South Yorkshire. DESIGN Focus group discussions. SETTING General dental practices providing NHS care within South Yorkshire, United Kingdom. SUBJECTS (MATERIALS) AND METHODS Twenty-nine dental practitioners were purposively sampled and invited to take part in a series of focus groups. Focus groups were transcribed and data analysed to identify themes and concepts. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Themes and concepts relating to the current and future provision of dentistry and the proposed 'new ways of working' of the new dental contract. RESULTS The data fell into three broad categories: the organisational structures of dentistry; the future of dentistry; and the CDS. This paper focuses largely on the second category, the future of NHS dentistry. The first category related to the organisational structures of dentistry, and encompassed perceptions that dentistry was not a high priority for the Government and that current changes were politically motivated and to be implemented by PCTs with a lack of capacity for the management of such wide-reaching changes. The second category covered the future of NHS dentistry. For some, NHS dentistry was in a precarious and uncertain position, coupled with a lack of clarity and information on the 'new ways of working' and exacerbated by problems in the recruitment and retention of future dental practitioners. The last category dealt with views in connection with the CDS. CONCLUSION(S) In this 'snapshot in time' there was considerable uncertainty and instability within the general dental service against a backdrop of major organisational change. There was a need for information, guidance, openness and communication between the Government, PCTs and GDPs surrounding the implementation of the new contract.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Baird
- Section of Public Health, ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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25
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Baird WO, McGrother C, Abrams KR, Dugmore C, Jackson RJ. Verifiable CPD paper: factors that influence the dental attendance pattern and maintenance of oral health for people with multiple sclerosis. Br Dent J 2007; 202:E4; discussion 40-1. [PMID: 17220829 DOI: 10.1038/bdj.2006.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of multiple sclerosis (MS) on patient attendance at dental practices and maintenance of oral health. DESIGN A cross-sectional postal questionnaire-based study. SETTING Leicestershire, United Kingdom. SUBJECTS AND METHODS People with MS in Leicestershire identified from local health authority records (n = 476). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Number registered at dental practice, frequency of attendance, issues and perspectives relating to attendance and maintenance of oral health. RESULTS A response rate of 61% (n = 289) was obtained. When compared to the general population, a higher number of people with MS were registered with a dentist (49%:88%) and displayed more frequent practice attendance (71%:81%) in the past year. People with MS reported difficulties in attending a dentist and maintaining oral health, which were exacerbated by deterioration in general health. Problems relating to reduced personal mobility had the greatest impact on attendance. CONCLUSIONS MS has a negative impact on perceived patient attendance and maintenance of oral health. Patients with a progressive disability could benefit greatly from the provision of preventive oral health care. The importance of seeking care earlier rather than later needs to be emphasised to both professionals and patients alike. Further efforts are required to increase awareness of the importance of oral health to the quality of life of people with MS and ensure that individuals with physical disabilities receive the same access to dental services as the able-bodied.
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Baird
- Section of Public Health, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK.
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26
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Mackenzie SM, McLaughlin EA, Perkins HD, French N, Sutherland T, Jackson RJ, Inglis B, Müller WJ, van Leeuwen BH, Robinson AJ, Kerr PJ. Immunocontraceptive Effects on Female Rabbits Infected with Recombinant Myxoma Virus Expressing Rabbit ZP2 or ZP3. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:511-21. [PMID: 16306421 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.046268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant myxoma viruses expressing rabbit zona pellucida 2 (rZP2) or rabbit zona pellucida 3 (rZP3) glycoproteins were constructed and tested in domestic rabbits to assess their potential to induce autoimmune infertility. The recombinant virus expressing rZP2 had no effect on fertility or ovarian histology, despite all animals developing antibodies against the rZP2 antigen. However, recombinant viruses expressing rZP3 induced infertility in 70% of animals at the first breeding. Serum antibodies were relatively short-lived, but antibody was bound to zona pellucida of all rabbits from Day 10 onward. There was no obvious correlation between infertility and rZP3 antibody titer. There was a transient inflammatory response in the ovaries of rZP3-immunized rabbits at Day 15 but no T-cell response to rZP3 could be detected at any time. Dysfunctional follicular formation was present in ovaries from rabbits infected with rZP3-expressing viruses 15-40 days postinfection but this had disappeared at later time points. A recombinant myxoma virus expressing a modified rZP3 antigen with the C-terminal hydrophobic putative anchor sequence deleted was also tested. This virus did not induce either infertility or an antibody response against the zona pellucida. Thus, the context of antigen presentation was crucial for an autoimmune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Mackenzie
- Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Abstract
Of all the steps in mRNA translation, initiation is the one that differs most radically between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Not only is there no equivalent of the prokaryotic Shine-Dalgarno rRNA-mRNA interaction, but also what requires only three initiation factor proteins (aggregate size approximately 125 kDa) in eubacteria needs at least 28 different polypeptides (aggregate >1600 kDa) in mammalian cells, which is actually larger than the size of the 40 S ribosomal subunit. Translation of the overwhelming majority of mammalian mRNAs occurs by a scanning mechanism, in which the 40 S ribosomal subunit, primed for initiation by the binding of several initiation factors including the eIF2 (eukaryotic initiation factor 2)-GTP-MettRNA(i) complex, is loaded on the mRNA immediately downstream of the 5'-cap, and then scans the RNA in the 5'-->3' direction. On recognition of (usually) the first AUG triplet via base-pairing with the Met-tRNA(i) anticodon, scanning ceases, triggering GTP hydrolysis and release of eIF2-GDP. Finally, ribosomal subunit joining and the release of the other initiation factors completes the initiation process. This sketchy outline conceals the fact that the exact mechanism of scanning and the precise roles of the initiation factors remain enigmatic. However, the factor requirements for initiation site selection on some viral IRESs (internal ribosome entry sites/segments) are simpler, and investigations into these IRES-dependent mechanisms (particularly picornavirus, hepatitis C virus and insect dicistrovirus IRESs) have significantly enhanced our understanding of the standard scanning mechanism. This article surveys the various alternative mechanisms of initiation site selection on mammalian (and other eukaryotic) cellular and viral mRNAs, starting from the simplest (in terms of initiation factor requirements) and working towards the most complex, which paradoxically happens to be the reverse order of their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, 80 Tennis Court Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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Hardy CM, ten Have JFM, Pekin J, Beaton S, Jackson RJ, Clydesdale G. Contraceptive responses of mice immunized with purified recombinant mouse zona pellucida subunit 3 (mZP3) proteins. Reproduction 2003; 126:49-59. [PMID: 12814347 DOI: 10.1530/rep.0.1260049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mouse zona pellucida subunit 3 (mZP3) was tested for efficacy as an immunocontraceptive antigen by comparing the fertility of mice immunized with recombinant mZP3 proteins. Recombinant protein was expressed using either the vaccinia virus T7 mammalian (vmZP3 protein) or baculovirus insect cell (bmZP3 protein)-expression systems. Female BALB/c or wild mice were immunized by i.p. injection using Freund's complete adjuvant and boosted three times with affinity purified recombinant proteins in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Most mice developed antibodies that crossreacted to the respective mZP3 antigens by ELISA or western blot. In BALB/c mice immunized with vmZP3, fertility and mean litter size were reduced transiently to 25% and 10%, respectively, of those of control mice. However, immunization with bmZP3 did not affect either the fertility or mean litter sizes in BALB/c or wild mice immunized with bmZP3. The results demonstrate that reduction in fertility can be achieved in female BALB/c mice immunized using Freund's adjuvants and recombinant mZP3 protein produced in a mammalian, but not an insect, cell-expression system. Arguments are presented for the likely role of glycosylation of the mZP3 antigen in inducing contraceptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hardy
- Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Ali IK, Jackson RJ. The translation of capped mRNAs has an absolute requirement for the central domain of eIF4G but not for the cap-binding initiation factor eIF4E. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2003; 66:377-87. [PMID: 12762040 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2001.66.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I K Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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Mehall JR, Saltzman DA, Jackson RJ, Smith SD. Catheter materials affect the incidence of late blood-borne catheter infection. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2003; 2:225-9; discussion 229-30. [PMID: 12593712 DOI: 10.1089/109629601317202704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence of bacteria and subsequent catheter-related infections (CRI) are greatly enhanced by the fibrin sheath that develops on indwelling catheters. Since the infection rate of catheters without fibrin sheaths is low and the fibrin sheath mediates bacterial adherence, catheter material is not thought to affect the incidence of late catheter-related infection. METHODS A total of 276 rats had catheters placed in the right jugular vein with the proximal end buried subcutaneously to eliminate exit site infection. Rats were divided into two groups: silastic catheters (SC; n = 133) and polyurethane catheters (PC; n = 143). Injections of 1 x 10(8) CFU/mL of Staphylococcus epidermidis were given via the tail vein on either the day of surgery, day 0 (n = 53 SC, n = 51 PC), or on postoperative day 10 (n = 50 SC, n = 62 PC). Thirty animals from each group (SC, PC) received sterile saline injections on day 10 and served as controls. Animals were sacrificed on postinjection day 3. Catheters were removed via the chest and placed into trypticase soy broth. Broth was incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Microscopy for the fibrin sheath was done on 20 randomly selected catheters (10/group). Data were compared using Fisher's exact test, with p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Incidence of CRI was equal prior to the formation of the fibrin sheath, while CRI was significantly higher in silastic catheters in the presence of a fibrin sheath. Without a fibrin sheath (day 0), 8/53 silastic catheters and 3/51 polyurethane catheters were infected (p = NS). With a fibrin sheath (day 10), 31/50 silastic catheters were infected versus 20/62 polyurethane catheters (p < 0.05). Control catheters were all culture negative (30/group). With light microscopy, 20/20 catheters had fibrin sheaths at day 10 with no visible difference between silastic and polyurethane catheters. CONCLUSION Catheter material does affect the incidence of catheter-related infection even when catheters are coated with a fibrin sheath. This difference may relate to a difference in the fibrin sheath itself as it forms on different catheter materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mehall
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Repair of recurrent diaphragmatic hernia continues to be a difficult problem. An innovative method using a nonabsorbable polypropylene prosthetic mesh plug placed via the thoracic approach using minimal dissection is presented. METHODS A retrospective analysis showed 39 children with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) who underwent repair between January 1997 and March 2000. Five children suffered a recurrence and underwent repair via the thoracic approach using the Bard Marlex Mesh Perfix Plug (C.R. Bard Inc, Billerica, MA). Follow-up was available in all children and ranged from 1 to 33 months (average, 13.8 months). RESULTS Age at recurrence ranged from 2 to 48 months (average, 14.8 months), and the average time between initial repair and recurrence was 8.2 months (range, 2 to 16 months). There were no recurrences after the transthoracic mesh plug diaphragmatic hernioplasty. One child died of multiple congenital anomalies 6 months after repair. CONCLUSION The transthoracic repair of recurrent diaphragmatic hernias using a nonabsorbable polypropylene prosthetic mesh plug represents an innovative approach to a difficult problem in which 5 repairs have been accomplished without recurrence in nearly 14 months of follow-up. J Pediatr Surg 36:1768-1769.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Saltzman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Minnesota Hospital and Clinics, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
The slipping rib syndrome is an infrequent cause of thoracic and upper abdominal pain and is thought to arise from the inadequacy or rupture of the interchondral fibrous attachments of the anterior ribs. This disruption allows the costal cartilage tips to sublux, impinging on the intercostal nerves. Children with this entity are seldom described in the literature. We present a retrospective review of 12 children and young adults with slipping rib syndrome and a systematic approach for evaluation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Saltzman
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Mehall JR, Ennis JS, Saltzman DA, Chandler JC, Grewal H, Wagner CW, Jackson RJ, Smith SD. Prospective results of a standardized algorithm based on hemodynamic status for managing pediatric solid organ injury. J Am Coll Surg 2001; 193:347-53. [PMID: 11584961 DOI: 10.1016/s1072-7515(01)01027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy surrounds the need for ICU admission, prolonged bed rest, and the duration of activity restrictions for children sustaining blunt trauma. Adult literature supports management based on hemodynamic status, not CT grade. STUDY DESIGN A 3-year prospective study of a standardized management algorithm for hemodynamically normal pediatric patients with blunt liver or spleen injury was performed. Patient selection was based on vital signs, irrespective of injury grade on CT. Patients requiring ICU admission for nonliver or nonspleen injury were excluded. Patients were admitted to a surgical ward with serial hematocrit levels. Discharge occurred 48 hours postinjury if patients had no abdominal tenderness, tolerated a regular diet, and had a stable hematocrit. Patients were allowed noncontact activity, including school, after discharge. Patients were followed up at 1 month with ultrasonographic imaging. RESULTS Eighty-nine patients sustained blunt liver or spleen injury. Forty-five patients were excluded for other injuries (Glasgow Coma Scale < 13, 32 of 45); the remaining 44 patients had a mean age of 8.9 years (range 2 to 17 years), Injury Severity Score 10.6 (range 4 to 33), liver grade 2.1, and splenic injury grade 2.3. Mechanisms of injury were predominately motor vehicle collisions (59%). All patients were managed nonoperatively without transfusion; 43 of 44 patients completed the algorithm. Mean observation was 55.2 +/- 12.3 hours. One-month followup occurred in 33 of 44 patients, with one complication detected and no delayed bleeding. CONCLUSION Management of pediatric solid organ injury should be guided by hemodynamic status and not injury grade on CT. Hemodynamically normal children can be safely managed without intensive care monitoring, do not need prolonged hospitalization, and can resume school on discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mehall
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202, USA
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Abstract
The built environment embraces a wide range of concepts, from the design and integrity of housing, to land-use urban planning. A high-quality environment is essential for children to achieve optimal health and development. Building and land-use policies, including the quality and design of a child's physical environment, can cause or prevent illness, disability, and injury, and can degrade or preserve natural resources. Though many common pediatric conditions such as obesity, asthma, and lead poisoning, as well as injuries, are associated with risk factors within a child's built environment, this issue has received little attention from researchers or policymakers. This new field is ripe for etiologic and prevention research, and we need pediatric advocates to speak out for children's needs within this arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Cummins
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Fujihashi K, Kato H, van Ginkel FW, Koga T, Boyaka PN, Jackson RJ, Kato R, Hagiwara Y, Etani Y, Goma I, Fujihashi K, Kiyono H, McGhee JR. A revisit of mucosal IgA immunity and oral tolerance. Acta Odontol Scand 2001; 59:301-8. [PMID: 11680650 DOI: 10.1080/000163501750541174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Induction of mucosal immunity by oral immunization with protein antigen alone is difficult: potent mucosal adjuvants, vectors, or other special delivery systems are required. Cholera toxin (CT) has been shown to be an effective adjuvant for the development of mucosal vaccines and, when given with vaccine, induces both mucosal and systemic immune responses via a Th2 cell-dependent pathway. However, and in addition to potential type-I hypersensitivity, a major concern for use of mucosal adjuvants such as CT is that this molecule is not suitable for use in humans because of its inherent toxicity. When we examined the potential toxicity of CT for the central nervous system, both CT and CT-B accumulated in the olfactory nerves/epithelium and olfactory bulbs of mice when given by the nasal route. The development of effective mucosal vaccines for the elderly is also an important issue; however, only limited information is available. When mucosal adjuvanticity of CT was evaluated in aged mice, an early immune dysregulation was evident in the mucosal immune system. The present review discusses these potential problems for effective mucosal vaccine development. Tolerance represents the most common and important response of the host to environmental antigens, including food and commensal bacterial components, for the maintenance of an appropriate immunological homeostasis. We have examined whether Peyer patches could play a more important role for the maintenance of oral tolerance. Using Peyer patch-null mice, we found that mice lacking this gut-associated lymphoid tissue retained their capability to produce secretory IgA antibodies but did not develop normal oral tolerance to protein antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujihashi
- The Department of Oral Biology, The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA.
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Landrigan PJ, Mattison DR, Boardman B, Bruckner JV, Jackson RJ, Karol MH, Krewski D, Weil WB. Comments on "Children's health, susceptibility, and regulatory approaches to reducing risk from chemical carcinogens". Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:A412-A413. [PMID: 11673132 PMCID: PMC1240457 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.109-a412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Ali IK, McKendrick L, Morley SJ, Jackson RJ. Activity of the hepatitis A virus IRES requires association between the cap-binding translation initiation factor (eIF4E) and eIF4G. J Virol 2001; 75:7854-63. [PMID: 11483729 PMCID: PMC115028 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.17.7854-7863.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of whether translation initiation factor eIF4E and the complete eIF4G polypeptide are required for initiation dependent on the IRES (internal ribosome entry site) of hepatitis A virus (HAV) has been examined using in vitro translation in standard and eIF4G-depleted rabbit reticulocyte lysates. In agreement with previous publications, the HAV IRES is unique among all picornavirus IRESs in that it was inhibited if translation initiation factor eIF4G was cleaved by foot-and-mouth disease L-proteases. In addition, the HAV IRES was inhibited by addition of eIF4E-binding protein 1, which binds tightly to eIF4E and sequesters it, thus preventing its association with eIF4G. The HAV IRES was also inhibited by addition of m(7)GpppG cap analogue, irrespective of whether the RNA tested was capped or not. Thus, initiation on the HAV IRES requires that eIF4E be associated with eIF4G and that the cap-binding pocket of eIF4E be empty and unoccupied. This suggests two alternative models: (i) initiation requires a direct interaction between an internal site in the IRES and eIF4E/4G, an interaction which involves the cap-binding pocket of eIF4E in addition to any direct eIF4G-RNA interactions; or (ii) it requires eIF4G in a particular conformation which can be attained only if eIF4E is bound to it, with the cap-binding pocket of the eIF4E unoccupied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I K Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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Jackson RJ, Fuller GN, Abi-Said D, Lang FF, Gokaslan ZL, Shi WM, Wildrick DM, Sawaya R. Limitations of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2001; 3:193-200. [PMID: 11465400 PMCID: PMC1920616 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/3.3.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotactic biopsy is often performed for diagnostic purposes before treating patients whose imaging studies highly suggest glioma. Indications cited for biopsy include diagnosis and/or the "inoperability" of the tumor. This study questions the routine use of stereotactic biopsy in the initial management of gliomas. At The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, we retrospectively reviewed a consecutive series of 81 patients whose imaging studies suggested glioma and who underwent stereotactic biopsy followed by craniotomy/resection (within 60 days) between 1993 and 1998. All relevant clinical and imaging information was reviewed, including computerized volumetric analysis of the tumors based on pre- and postoperative MRI. Stereotactic biopsy was performed at institutions other than M. D. Anderson in 78 (96%) of 81 patients. The majority of tumors were located either in eloquent brain (36 of 81 = 44%) or near-eloquent brain (41 of 81 = 51%), and this frequently was the rationale cited for performing stereotactic biopsy. Gross total resection (>95%) was achieved in 46 (57%) of 81 patients, with a median extent of resection of 96% for this series. Diagnoses based on biopsy or resection in the same patient differed in 40 (49%) of 82 cases. This discrepancy was reduced to 30 (38%) of 80 cases when the biopsy slides were reviewed preoperatively by each of three neuropathologists at M. D. Anderson. Major neurologic complications occurred in 10 (12.3%) of 81 surgical patients and 3 (3.7%) of 81 patients undergoing biopsy. Surgical morbidity was probably higher in our series than it would be for glioma patients in general because our patients represent a highly selected subset of glioma patients whose tumors present a technical challenge to remove. Stereotactic biopsy is frequently inaccurate in providing a correct diagnosis and is associated with additional risk and cost. If stereotactic biopsy is performed, expert neuropathology consultation should be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Wollerton MC, Gooding C, Robinson F, Brown EC, Jackson RJ, Smith CW. Differential alternative splicing activity of isoforms of polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB). RNA 2001; 7:819-32. [PMID: 11421360 PMCID: PMC1370133 DOI: 10.1017/s1355838201010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates splicing by repressing specific splicing events. It also has roles in 3'-end processing, internal initiation of translation, and RNA localization. PTB exists in three alternatively spliced isoforms, PTB1, PTB2, and PTB4, which differ by the insertion of 19 or 26 amino acids, respectively, between the second and third RNA recognition motif domains. Here we show that the PTB isoforms have distinct activities upon alpha-tropomyosin (TM) alternative splicing. PTB1 reduced the repression of TM exon 3 in transfected smooth muscle cells, whereas PTB4 enhanced TM exon 3 skipping in vivo and in vitro. PTB2 had an intermediate effect. The PTB4 > PTB2 > PTB1 repressive hierarchy was observed in all in vivo and in vitro assays with TM, but the isoforms were equally active in inducing skipping of alpha-actinin exons and showed the opposite hierarchy of activity when tested for activation of IRES-driven translation. These findings establish that the ratio of PTB isoforms could form part of a cellular code that in turn controls the splicing of various other pre-mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Wollerton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Pöyry TA, Hentze MW, Jackson RJ. Construction of regulatable picornavirus IRESes as a test of current models of the mechanism of internal translation initiation. RNA 2001; 7:647-660. [PMID: 11350029 PMCID: PMC1370117 DOI: 10.1017/s1355838201001911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Picornavirus internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) are approximately 450 nt. RNA elements that direct internal initiation of translation, such that when placed between the two cistrons of a dicistronic construct, they drive independent translation of the downstream cistron. Consequently they have been widely used for coordinated expression of two or more proteins. All picornavirus IRESs have an AUG triplet at the very 3' end, which is thought to be the actual site of internal ribosome entry. However with some IRESs, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, and especially poliovirus, the majority of ribosomes do not initiate translation at this putative entry site AUG, but at the next AUG further downstream, which is thought to be accessed by a process of linear ribosome scanning from the entry site. If this is so, then it should be possible to regulate IRES-dependent translation by inserting an iron responsive element (IRE) between the putative entry site AUG and the main functional initiation site. This should make IRES-dependent translation sensitive to the concentration of iron regulatory protein (IRP), the protein that specifically binds to the IRE. This has been attempted with both the foot-and-mouth disease virus and poliovirus IRESs, and was successful in so far as an inhibition specifically of IRES-dependent translation was observed that was strictly dependent on both the presence of IRP and of a functional IRE motif inserted in the sense orientation. However, the range over which expression could be varied was rather limited (three- to fourfold maximum), because some IRES-dependent translation remained completely refractory to inhibition by even very high IRP concentrations. In contrast, with a cap-proximal IRE in the 5' untranslated region of an mRNA translated by the scanning mechanism, addition of sufficient IRP results in complete inhibition. These results support the model of IRES-promoted ribosome entry at an upstream site followed by strictly linear scanning to the main functional initiation site for the majority of internal initiation events, but imply that some ribosomes must access the functional initiation site by another route, possibly a nonlinear shunting-like mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Pöyry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Mitchell SA, Brown EC, Coldwell MJ, Jackson RJ, Willis AE. Protein factor requirements of the Apaf-1 internal ribosome entry segment: roles of polypyrimidine tract binding protein and upstream of N-ras. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:3364-74. [PMID: 11313462 PMCID: PMC100258 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.10.3364-3374.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported previously that the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA encoding Apaf-1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor 1) has an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), whose activity varies widely among different cell types. Here it is shown that the Apaf-1 IRES is active in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, provided that the system is supplemented with polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) and upstream of N-ras (unr), two cellular RNA binding proteins previously identified to be required for rhinovirus IRES activity. In UV cross-linking assays and electrophoretic mobility shift assays with individual recombinant proteins, the Apaf-1 IRES binds unr but not PTB; however, PTB binding occurs if unr is present. Over a range of different cell types there is a broad correlation between the activity of the Apaf-1 IRES and their content of PTB and unr. In cell lines deficient in these proteins, overexpression of PTB and unr stimulated Apaf-1 IRES function. This is the first example where an IRES in a cellular mRNA has been shown to be functionally dependent, both in vitro and in vivo, on specific cellular RNA binding proteins. Given the critical role of Apaf-1 in apoptosis, these results have important implications for the control of the apoptotic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A method is described for depleting rabbit reticulocyte lysates and wheat germ extracts of endogenous tRNAs by affinity chromatography using a matrix generated by coupling ethanolamine to epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B. Greater than 90% depletion of tRNA is achieved with the result that translation becomes in effect absolutely dependent on added tRNA. This depletion procedure should prove very useful for studying the influence of tRNA concentration, and the spectrum of the tRNA population, on recoding events such as programmed frameshifting and readthrough of termination codons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Boyaka PN, Marinaro M, Jackson RJ, van Ginkel FW, Cormet-Boyaka E, Kirk KL, Kensil CR, McGhee JR. Oral QS-21 requires early IL-4 help for induction of mucosal and systemic immunity. J Immunol 2001; 166:2283-90. [PMID: 11160283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The highly purified saponin derivative, QS-21, from the Quillaja saponaria Molina tree has been proved to be safe for parenteral administration and represents a potential alternative to bacterial enterotoxin derivatives as a mucosal adjuvant. Here we report that p.o. administration of QS-21 with the vaccine protein tetanus toxoid elicited strong serum IgM and IgG Ab responses, which were only slightly enhanced by further oral immunization. The IgG Ab subclass responses were predominantly IgG1 followed by IgG2b for the 50-microg p.o. dose of QS-21, whereas the 250-microg p.o. dose also induced IgG2a and IgG3 Abs. Low oral QS-21 doses induced transient IgE Ab responses 7 days after the primary immunization, whereas no IgE Ab responses were seen in mice given the higher QS-21 dose. Further, low but not high p.o. QS-21 doses triggered Ag-specific secretory IgA (S-IgA) Ab responses. Th cell responses showed higher IFN-gamma (Th1-type) and lower IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 (Th2-type) secretion after the high QS-21 p.o. dose than after low doses. Interestingly, the mucosal adjuvant activity of low oral QS-21 doses was diminished in IL-4(-/-) mice, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the initiation of mucosal immunity by oral QS-21. In summary, our results show that oral QS-21 enhances immunity to coadministered Ag and that different doses of QS-21 lead to distinct patterns of cytokine and serum Ab responses. We also show that an early IL-4 response is required for the induction of mucosal immunity by oral QS-21 as adjuvant.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Immunity, Active
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Interleukin-4/deficiency
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/physiology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Saponins/administration & dosage
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/metabolism
- Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Boyaka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Jackson RJ, Ramsay AJ, Christensen CD, Beaton S, Hall DF, Ramshaw IA. Expression of mouse interleukin-4 by a recombinant ectromelia virus suppresses cytolytic lymphocyte responses and overcomes genetic resistance to mousepox. J Virol 2001; 75:1205-10. [PMID: 11152493 PMCID: PMC114026 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.3.1205-1210.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic resistance to clinical mousepox (ectromelia virus) varies among inbred laboratory mice and is characterized by an effective natural killer (NK) response and the early onset of a strong CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response in resistant mice. We have investigated the influence of virus-expressed mouse interleukin-4 (IL-4) on the cell-mediated response during infection. It was observed that expression of IL-4 by a thymidine kinase-positive ectromelia virus suppressed cytolytic responses of NK and CTL and the expression of gamma interferon by the latter. Genetically resistant mice infected with the IL-4-expressing virus developed symptoms of acute mousepox accompanied by high mortality, similar to the disease seen when genetically sensitive mice are infected with the virulent Moscow strain. Strikingly, infection of recently immunized genetically resistant mice with the virus expressing IL-4 also resulted in significant mortality due to fulminant mousepox. These data therefore suggest that virus-encoded IL-4 not only suppresses primary antiviral cell-mediated immune responses but also can inhibit the expression of immune memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jackson
- Pest Animal Control Cooperative Research Centre, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECT Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is an aggressive malignancy that frequently metastasizes. When RCC metastasizes to the spine, significant pain and neurological dysfunction often follow. Because systemic therapy and radiotherapy have a limited effect in controlling spinal disease, surgery is frequently required; however, there are very few published series specifically addressing the role and benefits of the surgical treatment for this disease. The authors conducted a retrospective study to review their experience with the surgical treatment of metastatic RCC of the spine, paying particular attention to methodology and patient neurological status, pain relief, and survival. METHODS Between January 1993 and April 1999, 79 patients (63 men and 16 women patients; average age 55 years, range 16-82 years) underwent 107 spinal operations for metastatic RCC. Indications for surgery included disabling pain (94 [88%] of 107 procedures) and/or neurological dysfunction (55 [51%] of 107 procedures). The anatomical location and extent of tumor determined the choice of an anterior, posterior, or combined surgical approach. Internal fixation was performed in all but three patients. Preoperative embolization was required in approximately one half of the patients. Radiotherapy was performed in 40 patients prior to surgery, and immuno- and chemotherapy were administered in 70 patients either pre- or postoperatively. After an average follow-up duration of 15 months, 57 patients had died. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a median postoperative survival of 12.3 months. Significant pain reduction, as indicated by a visual analog pain scale, was achieved in 84 (89%) of the 94 cases presenting with disabling pain. Neurological improvement was seen in 36 (65%) of the 55 patients. The major morbidity and 30-day mortality rates were 15% (16 of 107 procedures) and 2% (two of 107 procedures), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In selected patients with metastatic RCC of the spine, resection followed by stabilization can provide pain relief and neurological preservation or improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030, USA
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Mehall JR, Northrop R, Saltzman DA, Jackson RJ, Smith SD. Acidification of formula reduces bacterial translocation and gut colonization in a neonatal rabbit model. J Pediatr Surg 2001; 36:56-62. [PMID: 11150438 DOI: 10.1053/jpsu.2001.20005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The authors hypothesized that gastric acidity is protective because it is bactericidal. They tested acidified formula for protection against gut colonization and bacterial translocation. METHODS In vitro: Formula was acidified to pH of 2, 3, 4, 5 and innoculated with Enterobacter. Growth over time was quantitatively assessed. In vivo: 442 premature rabbit pups were sorted randomly and fed formula of pH 2, 3, 4, or 7, with ranitidine. Two models were utilized: (1) with bacterial challenge using a known acid sensitive organism, (2) without bacterial challenge to simulate natural gut colonization and to test against organisms of unknown acid sensitivity. Normal acid animals received pH 7 formula, no ranitidine. On day 3, the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, liver, and cecum were harvested and cultured. RESULTS Bacterial growth was inhibited at pH 2 and 3, growth was logarithmic above pH 4 (P<.001). Total and organ-specific translocation was reduced at pH 3 and below in both models (P<.05). Translocation with formula pH 3 equaled normal acid animals. Quantitative cecal colonization was reduced in pups receiving pH 3 and below in both models (P<.05). CONCLUSION Acidification of formula below pH 4 is bactericidal to enteric organisms. Acidified formula decreases bacterial translocation and gut colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Mehall
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AK, USA
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Hartley BS, Hanlon N, Jackson RJ, Rangarajan M. Glucose isomerase: insights into protein engineering for increased thermostability. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1543:294-335. [PMID: 11150612 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermostable glucose isomerases are desirable for production of 55% fructose syrups at >90 degrees C. Current commercial enzymes operate only at 60 degrees C to produce 45% fructose syrups. Protein engineering to construct more stable enzymes has so far been relatively unsuccessful, so this review focuses on elucidation of the thermal inactivation pathway as a future guide. The primary and tertiary structures of 11 Class 1 and 20 Class 2 enzymes are compared. Within each class the structures are almost identical and sequence differences are few. Structural differences between Class 1 and Class 2 are less than previously surmised. The thermostabilities of Class 1 enzymes are essentially identical, in contrast to previous reports, but in Class 2 they vary widely. In each class, thermal inactivation proceeds via the tetrameric apoenzyme, so metal ion affinity dominates thermostability. In Class 1 enzymes, subunit dissociation is not involved, but there is an irreversible conformational change in the apoenzyme leading to a more thermostable inactive tetramer. This may be linked to reversible conformational changes in the apoenzyme at alkaline pH arising from electrostatic repulsions in the active site, which break a buried Arg-30-Asp-299 salt bridge and bring Arg-30 to the surface. There is a different salt bridge in Class 2 enzymes, which might explain their varying thermostability. Previous protein engineering results are reviewed in light of these insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College, SW7 2AZ, London, UK.
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Boyaka PN, Wright PF, Marinaro M, Kiyono H, Johnson JE, Gonzales RA, Ikizler MR, Werkhaven JA, Jackson RJ, Fujihashi K, Di Fabio S, Staats HF, McGhee JR. Human nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues. Functional analysis of subepithelial and intraepithelial B and T cells from adenoids and tonsils. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:2023-35. [PMID: 11106575 PMCID: PMC1885777 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Subepithelial and intraepithelial lymphocytes of human adenoids and tonsils were characterized and directly compared to determine the potential contribution of these tissues to mucosal and systemic immune responses. The distribution of T and B cell subsets, cytokine patterns, and antibody (Ab) isotype profiles were similar for adenoids and tonsils. Both tissues contained predominantly B cells ( approximately 65%), approximately 5% macrophages, and 30% CD3(+) T cells. The T cells were primarily of the CD4(+) subset ( approximately 80%). Tonsillar intraepithelial lymphocytes were also enriched in B cells. The analysis of dispersed cells revealed a higher frequency of cells secreting IgG than IgA and the predominant Ig subclass profiles were IgG1 > IgG3 and IgA1 > IgA2, respectively. In situ analysis also revealed higher numbers of IgG- than IgA-positive cells. These IgG-positive cells were present in the epithelium and in the subepithelial zones of both tonsils and adenoids. Mitogen-triggered T cells from tonsils and adenoids produced both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines, clearly exhibiting their pluripotentiality for support of cell-mediated and Ab responses. Interestingly, antigen-specific T cells produced interferon-gamma and lower levels of interleukin-5. These results suggest that adenoids and tonsils of the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoreticular tissues represent a distinct component of the mucosal-associated lymphoreticular tissues with features of both systemic and mucosal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Boyaka
- Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Abstract
Our studies examined the effects of p27(kip1) and p21(cip1) on the assembly and activity of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes and determined the composition of the cyclin D3 pool in cells containing and lacking these cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. We found that catalytically active cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes were present in fibroblasts derived from p27(kip1)-p21(cip1)-null mice and that immunodepletion of extracts of wild-type cells with antibody to p27(kip1) and/or p21(cip1) removed cyclin D3 protein but not cyclin D3-associated activity. Similar results were observed in experiments assaying cyclin D1-cdk4 activity. Data obtained using mixed cell extracts demonstrated that p27(kip1) interacted with cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes in vitro and that this interaction was paralleled by a loss of cyclin D3-cdk4 activity. In p27(kip1)-p21(cip1)-deficient cells, the cyclin D3 pool consisted primarily of cyclin D3 monomers, whereas in wild-type cells, the majority of cyclin D3 molecules were complexed to cdk4 and either p27(kip1) or p21(cip1) or were monomeric. We conclude that neither p27(kip1) nor p21(cip1) is required for the formation of cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes and that cyclin D3-cdk4 complexes containing p27(kip1) or p21(cip1) are inactive. We suggest that only a minor portion of the total cyclin D3 pool accounts for all of the cyclin D3-cdk4 activity in the cell regardless of whether the cell contains p27(kip1) and p21(cip1).
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Bagui
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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Adnane J, Jackson RJ, Nicosia SV, Cantor AB, Pledger WJ, Sebti SM. Loss of p21WAF1/CIP1 accelerates Ras oncogenesis in a transgenic/knockout mammary cancer model. Oncogene 2000; 19:5338-47. [PMID: 11103935 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and subsequent cell growth arrest or senescence is one mechanism by which normal cells are believed to respond to stress induced by the constitutively activated GTPase Ras. We hypothesize that in the absence of p21, the onset of Ras-dependent oncogenesis is accelerated. To test this hypothesis, we crossed MMTV/v-Ha-ras transgenic mice into a p21-deficient background. By 63 days of age, all 8 ras/p21-/- mice developed either malignant (mammary and/or salivary adenocarcinomas) or benign (Harderian hyperplasia) tumors. In contrast, by the same age, only one out of nine of the ras/p21+/+ mice developed a tumor. Furthermore, by 94 days of age, half of the ras/p21-/- mice, but none of the ras/p21+/+ mice, developed mammary tumors. p21-deficiency also accelerated the development of salivary (T50=66 days for ras/p21-/- vs T50=136 days for ras/p21+/+) and Harderian (T50=52 days for ras/p21-/- vs T50>221 days for ras/p21+/+) tumors. Furthermore, two out of the eight ras/p21-/- mice had metastatic lesions, one in its lungs, the other in its abdomen. None of the nine ras/p21+/+ mice had metastatic lesions. By 4 months of age, the mammary tumor multiplicity was 10-fold greater in ras/p21-/- (average 3.40 tumors/mouse) than in ras/p21+/+ (average 0.33 tumor/mouse) mice. However, once the tumors appeared, their growth rate, apoptosis level, and mitotic index were not affected by the loss of p21, suggesting that loss of p21 is critical in early but not late events of Ras oncogenesis. Altogether, the results show that tumor onset in MMTV/v-Ha-ras mice is p21-dependent with loss of p21 associated with earlier tumor appearance and increased tumor multiplicity and aggressiveness.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/etiology
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/physiopathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/etiology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/physiopathology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21
- Cyclins/genetics
- Cyclins/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genes, ras/physiology
- Male
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/etiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/genetics
- Oncogene Protein p21(ras)/physiology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/etiology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- J Adnane
- Drug Discovery Program, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612, USA
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