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Howell LG, Mawson PR, Comizzoli P, Witt RR, Frankham R, Clulow S, O'Brien JK, Clulow J, Marinari P, Rodger JC. Modeling genetic benefits and financial costs of integrating biobanking into the conservation breeding of managed marsupials. Conserv Biol 2023; 37:e14010. [PMID: 36178038 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Managed breeding programs are an important tool in marsupial conservation efforts but may be costly and have adverse genetic effects in unavoidably small captive colonies. Biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could help overcome these challenges, but further demonstration of their potential is required to improve uptake. We used genetic and economic models to examine whether supplementing hypothetical captive populations of dibblers (Parantechinus apicalis) and numbats (Myrmecobius fasciatus) with biobanked founder sperm through ARTs could reduce inbreeding, lower required colony sizes, and reduce program costs. We also asked practitioners of the black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) captive recovery program to complete a questionnaire to examine the resources and model species research pathways required to develop an optimized biobanking protocol in the black-footed ferret. We used data from this questionnaire to devise similar costed research pathways for Australian marsupials. With biobanking and assisted reproduction, inbreeding was reduced on average by between 80% and 98%, colony sizes were on average 99% smaller, and program costs were 69- to 83-fold lower. Integrating biobanking made long-standing captive genetic retention targets possible in marsupials (90% source population heterozygosity for a minimum of 100 years) within realistic cost frameworks. Lessons from the use of biobanking technology that contributed to the recovery of the black-footed ferret include the importance of adequate research funding (US$4.2 million), extensive partnerships that provide access to facilities and equipment, colony animals, appropriate research model species, and professional and technical staff required to address knowledge gaps to deliver an optimized biobanking protocol. Applied research investment of A$133 million across marsupial research pathways could deliver biobanking protocols for 15 of Australia's most at-risk marsupial species and 7 model species. The technical expertise and ex situ facilities exist to emulate the success of the black-footed ferret recovery program in threatened marsupials using these research pathways. All that is needed now for significant and cost-effective conservation gains is greater investment by policy makers in marsupial ARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter R Mawson
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, South Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pierre Comizzoli
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul Marinari
- Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, Virginia, USA
| | - John C Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
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Howell LG, Witt RR. Emerging arguments for reproductive technologies in wildlife and their implications for assisted reproduction and conservation of threatened marsupials. Theriogenology 2023; 198:19-29. [PMID: 36529108 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have significant potential to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of threatened wildlife. This is true of Australia's iconic, and endangered koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). If developed, ARTs could offer a solution to manage genetic diversity and costs in breeding programs and may provide frozen repositories for either insurance or the practical production of genetically resilient koalas for release and on-ground recovery. Holding back the wider use of ARTs for koalas and other wildlife is a lack of funding to close the remaining knowledge gaps in the marsupial reproductive sciences and develop the reproductive tools needed. This lack of funding is arguably driven by a poor understanding of the potential contribution ARTs could make to threatened species management. We present a review of our cross-disciplinary and accessible strategy to draw much needed public attention and funding for the development of ARTs in wildlife, using emerging cost and genetic modelling arguments and the koala as a case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia; FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW, 2290, Australia.
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW, 2290, Australia.
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Howell LG, Johnston SD, O’Brien JK, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Ryan SA, Beranek CT, Clulow J, Hudson DS, Witt RR. Modelling Genetic Benefits and Financial Costs of Integrating Biobanking into the Captive Management of Koalas. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080990. [PMID: 35454237 PMCID: PMC9028793 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Managed wildlife breeding faces high costs and genetic diversity challenges associated with caring for small populations. Biobanking (freezing of sex cells and tissues for use in assisted breeding) and associated reproductive technologies could help alleviate these issues in koala captive management by enhancing retention of genetic diversity in captive-bred animals and lowering program costs through reductions in the size of the required live captive colonies. Australia’s zoos and wildlife hospitals provide rare opportunities to refine and cost-effectively integrate these tools into conservation outcomes for koalas due to extensive already-existing infrastructure, technical expertise, and captive animals. Abstract Zoo and wildlife hospital networks are set to become a vital component of Australia’s contemporary efforts to conserve the iconic and imperiled koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Managed breeding programs held across zoo-based networks typically face high economic costs and can be at risk of adverse genetic effects typical of unavoidably small captive colonies. Emerging evidence suggests that biobanking and associated assisted reproductive technologies could address these economic and genetic challenges. We present a modelled scenario, supported by detailed costings, where these technologies are optimized and could be integrated into conservation breeding programs of koalas across the established zoo and wildlife hospital network. Genetic and economic modelling comparing closed captive koala populations suggest that supplementing them with cryopreserved founder sperm using artificial insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection could substantially reduce inbreeding, lower the required colony sizes of conservation breeding programs, and greatly reduce program costs. Ambitious genetic retention targets (maintaining 90%, 95% and 99% of source population heterozygosity for 100 years) could be possible within realistic cost frameworks, with output koalas suited for wild release. Integrating biobanking into the zoo and wildlife hospital network presents a cost-effective and financially feasible model for the uptake of these tools due to the technical and research expertise, captive koala colonies, and ex situ facilities that already exist across these networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G. Howell
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University Geelong, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.H.); (R.R.W.)
| | - Stephen D. Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia;
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society, Bradleys Head Rd., Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia;
| | - Richard Frankham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia;
| | - John C. Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Shelby A. Ryan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Chad T. Beranek
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Donald S. Hudson
- Port Stephens Koala & Wildlife Preservation Society LTD., t/a Port Stephens Koala Hospital, One Mile, NSW 2316, Australia;
| | - Ryan R. Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; (J.C.R.); (S.A.R.); (C.T.B.); (J.C.)
- FAUNA Research Alliance, P.O. Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.G.H.); (R.R.W.)
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Hayward MW, Meyer NFV, Balkenhol N, Beranek CT, Bugir CK, Bushell KV, Callen A, Dickman AJ, Griffin AS, Haswell PM, Howell LG, Jordan CA, Klop-Toker K, Moll RJ, Montgomery RA, Mudumba T, Osipova L, Périquet S, Reyna-Hurtado R, Ripple WJ, Sales LP, Weise FJ, Witt RR, Lindsey PA. Intergenerational Inequity: Stealing the Joy and Benefits of Nature From Our Children. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.830830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Howell LG, Clulow J, Jordan NR, Beranek CT, Ryan SA, Roff A, Witt RR. Drone thermal imaging technology provides a cost-effective tool for landscape-scale monitoring of a cryptic forest-dwelling species across all population densities. Wildl Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Context Drones, or remotely piloted aircraft systems, equipped with thermal imaging technology (RPAS thermal imaging) have recently emerged as a powerful monitoring tool for koala populations. Before wide uptake of novel technologies by government, conservation practitioners and researchers, evidence of greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness than with other available methods is required. Aims We aimed to provide the first comprehensive analysis of the cost-effectiveness of RPAS thermal imaging for koala detection against two field-based methods, systematic spotlighting (Spotlight) and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot-assessment technique (SAT). Methods We conducted various economic comparisons, particularly comparative cost-effectiveness of RPAS thermal imaging, Spotlight and SAT for repeat surveys of a low-density koala population. We compared methods on cost-effectiveness as well as long-term costs by using accumulating cost models. We also compared detection costs across population density using a predictive cost model. Key results Despite substantial hardware, training and licensing costs at the outset (>A$49 900), RPAS thermal imaging surveys were cost-effective, detecting the highest number of koalas per dollar spent. Modelling also suggested that RPAS thermal imaging requires the lowest survey effort to detect koalas within the range of publicly available koala population densities (~0.006–18 koalas ha−1) and would provide long-term cost reductions across longitudinal monitoring programs. RPAS thermal imaging would also require the lowest average survey effort costs at a landscape scale (A$3.84 ha−1), providing a cost-effective tool across large spatial areas. Conclusions Our analyses demonstrated drone thermal imaging technology as a cost-effective tool for conservation practitioners monitoring koala populations. Our analyses may also form the basis of decision-making tools to estimate survey effort or total program costs across any koala population density. Implications Our novel approach offers a means to perform various economic comparisons of available survey techniques and guide investment decisions towards developing standardised koala monitoring approaches. Our results may assist stakeholders and policymakers to confidently invest in RPAS thermal imaging technology and achieve optimal conservation outcomes for koala populations, with standardised data collection delivered through evidence-based and cost-effective monitoring programs.
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Howell LG, Mawson PR, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Upton RMO, Witt RR, Calatayud NE, Clulow S, Clulow J. Integrating biobanking could produce significant cost benefits and minimise inbreeding for Australian amphibian captive breeding programs. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:573-587. [PMID: 38600658 DOI: 10.1071/rd21058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Captive breeding is an important tool for amphibian conservation despite high economic costs and deleterious genetic effects of sustained captivity and unavoidably small colony sizes. Integration of biobanking and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) could provide solutions to these challenges, but is rarely used due to lack of recognition of the potential benefits and clear policy direction. Here we present compelling genetic and economic arguments to integrate biobanking and ARTs into captive breeding programs using modelled captive populations of two Australian threatened frogs, namely the orange-bellied frog Geocrinia vitellina and the white bellied frog Geocrinia alba . Back-crossing with frozen founder spermatozoa using ARTs every generation minimises rates of inbreeding and provides considerable reductions in colony size and program costs compared with conventional captive management. Biobanking could allow captive institutions to meet or exceed longstanding genetic retention targets (90% of source population heterozygosity over 100 years). We provide a broad policy direction that could make biobanking technology a practical reality across Australia's ex situ management of amphibians in current and future holdings. Incorporating biobanking technology widely across this network could deliver outcomes by maintaining high levels of source population genetic diversity and freeing economic resources to develop ex situ programs for a greater number of threatened amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - Peter R Mawson
- Perth Zoo, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, PO Box 489, South Perth, WA 6951, Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2019, Australia; and Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - John C Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Rose M O Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA; and Conservation Science Network, 24 Thomas Street, Mayfield, NSW 2304, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
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Beranek CT, Roff A, Denholm B, Howell LG, Witt RR. Trialling a real-time drone detection and validation protocol for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust Mammalogy 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/am20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS), or drone, technology has emerged as a promising survey method for the cryptic koala. We demonstrate an in-field protocol for wild koala RPAS surveys which provides real-time validation of thermal signatures. During 15 trial flights using a quadcopter drone (DJI Matrice 200 v2) we successfully detected and validated koala thermal signatures (n=12) using two in-field approaches: validation by on-ground observer (n=10) and validation using 4K footage captured and reviewed directly after the survey (n=2). We also provide detectability considerations relative to survey time, temperature, wildlife–RPAS interactions and detection of non-target species, which can be used to further inform RPAS survey protocols.
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Witt RR, Hinds LA, Rodger JC. Human chorionic gonadotrophin does not induce ovulation in the tammar wallaby. Aust Mammalogy 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/am20050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), rather than porcine luteinising hormone (pLH), could induce ovulation in the tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii) after priming with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). pLH is effective, but is more expensive and supply is problematic. On Day 0 pouch young were removed (RPY) and 5mgkg−1 of bromocriptine mesylate was administered to all non-pregnant wallabies (n=12) to reactivate an oestrous cycle. On Day 20 RPY each female received 20IU PMSG i.m. and three days later (Day 23 RPY), the Single-Dose group (n=6) received 500IU of hCG suspended in oil at 0900 hours, and the Multi-Dose group (n=6) received 500IU of hCG at 0900, 1230 and 1630 hours. From Day 25 to Day 28 RPY copulatory plugs were observed in the Single-Dose (n=4 of 6; Day 25.3 to 28.3 RPY) and Multi-Dose (n=5 of 6; Day 25 to 28 RPY) groups. Autopsy on Day 31 RPY revealed that all females had reactivated, and despite all having large preovulatory follicles (4–6mm) in both ovaries, no ovulations or embryos were observed. We conclude that hCG is not an effective source of exogenous LH for the induction of ovulation in the tammar wallaby.
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Howell LG, Frankham R, Rodger JC, Witt RR, Clulow S, Upton RMO, Clulow J. Integrating biobanking minimises inbreeding and produces significant cost benefits for a threatened frog captive breeding programme. Conserv Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan G. Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Richard Frankham
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
- Australian Museum Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John C. Rodger
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Ryan R. Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Rose M. O. Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
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Witt RR, Beranek CT, Howell LG, Ryan SA, Clulow J, Jordan NR, Denholm B, Roff A. Real-time drone derived thermal imagery outperforms traditional survey methods for an arboreal forest mammal. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242204. [PMID: 33196649 PMCID: PMC7668579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) are cryptic and currently face regional extinction. The direct detection (physical sighting) of individuals is required to improve conservation management strategies. We provide a comparative assessment of three survey methods for the direct detection of koalas: systematic spotlighting (Spotlight), remotely piloted aircraft system thermal imaging (RPAS), and the refined diurnal radial search component of the spot assessment technique (SAT). Each survey method was repeated on the same morning with independent observers (03:00-12:00 hrs) for a total of 10 survey occasions at sites with fixed boundaries (28-76 ha) in Port Stephens (n = 6) and Gilead (n = 1) in New South Wales between May and July 2019. Koalas were directly detected on 22 occasions during 7 of 10 comparative surveys (Spotlight: n = 7; RPAS: n = 14; and SAT: n = 1), for a total of 12 unique individuals (Spotlight: n = 4; RPAS: n = 11; SAT: n = 1). In 3 of 10 comparative surveys no koalas were detected. Detection probability was 38.9 ± 20.03% for Spotlight, 83.3 ± 11.39% for RPAS and 4.2 ± 4.17% for SAT. Effective detectability per site was 1 ± 0.44 koalas per 6.75 ± 1.03 hrs for Spotlight (1 koala per 6.75 hrs), 2 ± 0.38 koalas per 4.35 ± 0.28 hrs for RPAS (1 koala per 2.18 hrs) and 0.14 ± 0.14 per 6.20 ± 0.93 hrs for SAT (1 koala per 43.39 hrs). RPAS thermal imaging technology appears to offer an efficient method to directly survey koalas comparative to Spotlight and SAT and has potential as a valuable conservation tool to inform on-ground management of declining koala populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Chad T. Beranek
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
- Science Division, NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lachlan G. Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shelby A. Ryan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance, Kahibah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Neil R. Jordan
- Centre for Ecosystem Science, School of BEES, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bob Denholm
- Science Division, NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam Roff
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Science Division, NSW Department of Planning, Industry and Environment, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Witt RR, Hinds LA, Rodger JC. Induction of synchronous oestrus but not ovulation after pre-treatment with the GnRH agonist, Lucrin® Depot, in the tammar wallaby. Theriogenology 2020; 145:24-30. [PMID: 31982691 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the capacity for pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) to induce synchronous oestrus and ovulation in the tammar wallaby (Notamacropus eugenii) after follicular suppression with Lucrin® Depot, a one-month GnRH agonist. On Day 0 pouch young were removed (RPY) to reactivate a normal oestrous cycle and then two groups were treated with vehicle (Control; n = 5 and Superovulation (SOvn); n = 5) and two groups were treated with 7.5 mg of Lucrin Depot (Lucrin; n = 6; Lucrin+SOvn, n = 6). On Day 20 RPY the SOvn and Lucrin+SOvn Group received 20 IU of PMSG, which was followed on Day 23 RPY with 500 IU of hCG. The Lucrin+SOvn females underwent a more synchronous oestrus with 5 of 6 mating on Day 26 RPY while the SOvn (n = 5/5) and Control (n = 5/5) Groups copulated over two days, between Day 25-27 RPY and Day 27-29 RPY respectively. Mating plugs were not detected in any of the females in the Lucrin Group by Day 31 RPY. Autopsy on Day 31 RPY confirmed all females in each treatment group had undergone a reactivated cycle as evidenced by the presence of a large corpus luteum (CL) in one ovary. At autopsy the females in the Lucrin+SOvn Group had highly stimulated reproductive tracts, and their ovaries contained many follicles >3 mm; 14 ± 2.1 and 15.3 ± 2.1 follicles >3 mm in the CL-bearing ovary and contralateral ovary respectively. Similarly, females in the SOvn Group had 11.4 ± 2.4 and 17.4 ± 1.9 follicles >3 mm in each respective ovary. Uterine flushing and ovarian histology confirmed that females in Lucrin+SOvn and SOvn Groups had not ovulated, but normal oocytes were present in the follicles. By comparison, the Control Group had ovulated with a single embryo being recovered from the uterus of 4 of 5 females. In contrast to all groups, females in the Lucrin Group showed follicular suppression (all follicles <1.5 mm) and an unstimulated reproductive tract. We conclude that a suppression plus stimulation regimen using Lucrin Depot followed by PMSG and hCG has the capacity to synchronise oestrus, and that 20 IU of PMSG stimulates the development of antral follicles >3 mm in both ovaries. However, a single 500 IU treatment of hCG on Day 23 RPY was not able to induce ovulation in the tammar wallaby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Witt
- FAUNA Research Alliance and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Lyn A Hinds
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - John C Rodger
- FAUNA Research Alliance and Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Biology Building, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Hayward MW, Callen A, Allen BL, Ballard G, Broekhuis F, Bugir C, Clarke RH, Clulow J, Clulow S, Daltry JC, Davies-Mostert HT, Fleming PJS, Griffin AS, Howell LG, Kerley GIH, Klop-Toker K, Legge S, Major T, Meyer N, Montgomery RA, Moseby K, Parker DM, Périquet S, Read J, Scanlon RJ, Seeto R, Shuttleworth C, Somers MJ, Tamessar CT, Tuft K, Upton R, Valenzuela-Molina M, Wayne A, Witt RR, Wüster W. Deconstructing compassionate conservation. Conserv Biol 2019; 33:760-768. [PMID: 31206825 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt W Hayward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, 6019, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alex Callen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Guy Ballard
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Northern Ring Road, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Femke Broekhuis
- WildCRU, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abington Road, Oxford, OX135QL, U.K
| | - Cassandra Bugir
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rohan H Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balclava Road, Sydney, NSWs, 2019, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Daltry
- Fauna & Flora International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB23QZ, U.K
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Pinelands Office Park, Building K2, Ardeer Road, Modderfontein 1609, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter J S Fleming
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Northern Ring Road, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Andrea S Griffin
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Graham I H Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, 6019, South Africa
| | - Kaya Klop-Toker
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah Legge
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Science, University of Queensland, University Drive, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tom Major
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
| | - Ninon Meyer
- Fondation Yaguara Panama, Ciudad del Saber, calle Luis Bonilla, Panama City, 0843-03081, Panama
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Moseby
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, ANZAC Parade, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Arid Recovery, Roxby Downs, SA, 5725, Australia
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Drosty Road, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, D725 Roads, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
| | | | - John Read
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Robert J Scanlon
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca Seeto
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Craig Shuttleworth
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
| | - Michael J Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cottrell T Tamessar
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Marcia Valenzuela-Molina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Adrian Wayne
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Brain Street, Manjimup, WA, 6258, Australia
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
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Witt RR, Rodger JJ, Rodger JC. Breeding in the fat-tailed dunnart following ovarian suppression with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist Lucrin ® Depot. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018. [PMID: 29530196 DOI: 10.1071/rd16518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lucrin Depot (AbbVie), a 1-month microsphere gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist preparation, was investigated as a potential agent to synchronise cycling in the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata). Forty-eight randomly selected females were treated with 5 or 10mgkg-1 Lucrin Depot (n=24 per dose). Eighteen females per treatment had their reproductive activity scored at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks using two ovarian (Graafian follicle and corpus luteum status) and two reproductive tract (uterine and vaginal muscularity and vascularity) parameters that formed a reproductive activity score. Six females per treatment were paired with a male at 4 weeks. Fertility was assessed between 8 and 16 weeks by pouch check, and thereafter by dissection. The effects of the 5 and 10mgkg-1 doses were statistically equivalent. Females showed suppression at 4-8 weeks, an increase in reproductive activity at 8-12 weeks and all were cycling normally at 16 weeks. Six pouch young were born at 12 weeks to two females treated with the 5mgkg-1 dose. Nine embryos were recovered at 16 weeks from two females treated with the 10mgkg-1 dose. In conclusion, Lucrin Depot can suppress breeding, and fertile mating can occur in subsequent cycles in the dunnart. There is potential for Lucrin Depot to be used as an assisted breeding tool, but it may need to be combined with ovarian stimulation treatment to achieve practical levels of synchronisation in the fat-tailed dunnart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Witt
- FAUNA Research Alliance, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John J Rodger
- FAUNA Research Alliance, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John C Rodger
- FAUNA Research Alliance, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Witt RR, Hinds LA, Rodger JC. Delayed return to estrus following treatment with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, Lucrin® Depot, in the tammar wallaby. Theriogenology 2018; 115:108-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Witt RR, Rodger JC. Recent advances in tools and technologies for monitoring and controlling ovarian activity in marsupials. Theriogenology 2017; 109:58-69. [PMID: 29254685 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Components of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), such as sperm cryopreservation, artificial insemination, superovulation and pouch young surrogacy, have been developed for a range of Australian and American marsupials. However, methods to effectively control ovarian function, arguably the key limiting factors in applying and integrating ART as a practical tool in conservation management, remain poorly developed. This is largely due to unique characteristics of the marsupial corpus luteum and its failure to respond to agents used to synchronize ovarian function in eutherian mammals. This paper presents an overview of relevant aspects of marsupial reproductive biology across marsupial taxonomic groups including information on the long-established technique of removal of suckling young to activate ovarian cycles. Ovarian monitoring tools for marsupials are reviewed and their usefulness for ART assessed (laparotomy, hormone cycling, vaginal cytology, laparoscopy and ultrasonography). We also discuss promising recent work examining the potential of manipulating hypothalamic-pituitary function using GnRH agonists and antagonists as the basis of ovarian control (female synchronization) strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Witt
- FAUNA Research Alliance, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John C Rodger
- FAUNA Research Alliance, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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dos Santos BR, de Moraes EP, Piccinini GC, Sagebin HV, Eidt OR, Witt RR. [Training nurses for family health care: an overview on graduate teaching]. Rev Bras Enferm 2000; 53:49-59. [PMID: 12138853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
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Ambrosini MB, Witt RR. [Pesticide poisoning in rural areas and the nurse's work]. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2000; 21:5-21. [PMID: 11998475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoclorines pesticides are compounds that were utilized in agriculture until 1985, when their use was forbided, since they represented a risk for human health and environment. Nowadays, its clandestine use is still representative. These compounds may be used in public health campaigns to combat mosquitos that transmit malaria. If public health nurses know the particularities of these compounds, they will be able to work in health prevention and promotion, recognizing the chronic and acute damages as well as in the epidemiologic vigilance of the populations exposed. This paper presents a revision about the organoclorines pesticides and, based on it, proposes some activities to be implemented by nursing professionals in primary health care, aiming the health of workers exposed to the pesticides.
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Witt RR, Backes DL, Strim C, Rodrigues D. [Rural nursing]. Rev Gaucha Enferm 2000; 21:22-30. [PMID: 12004746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the experience of a teacher and four students of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul within a sitting of members of a rural social movement that claims for land in Brazil. The work began with an activity of familiarization and ended up being an extension project. The aim of this project was the development of a Nursing assistencial model for the population of the rural area, considering the specificities of this movement, wishing to adapt Nursing teaching to this reality. The author sought for theoretical references in Breilh (1999) and Freire (1981). The activities were developed in 1996 and consisted of home care and group education.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Witt
- Escola de Enfermagem, UFRGS, Saúde Pública/USP
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dos Santos BR, Paskulin LG, da Rosa NG, Witt RR, Dias JS. [Public health work and nursing: concepts of the managers of Porto Alegre health units]. Rev Gaucha Enferm 1999; 20:102-12. [PMID: 10948949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a descriptive study done in a qualitative perspective. It aims to describe the conceptions of health care units' managers about the work in public health. The subjects perceptions are that this work goes from interdisciplinary thought with a preventive focus to the curative practice of ambulatory care. On what concerns Nursing, nurses' management functions and auxiliaries assistance activities are pointed out. They believe that strategies to approximate to the SUS principles are necessary in the context of Public Health.
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Witt RR. [The reference and counter-reference system in a community health service]. Rev Gaucha Enferm 1992; 13:19-23. [PMID: 1518946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study has been carried out at the Community Health Service of the Conceição Hospital/Porto Alegre/RS, with the aim of describing its reference and contra reference system. After two weeks observing this system, patients were interviewed at home. The results showed the demand of the service relating to the various levels of assistance. Some problems that prevent the reference system from its best functioning in this service were also pointed out.
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Witt RR, Heck MA, de Pellegrini ML, Hartmann LM, Kerber MA, Baptista IC, Kohlrausch ER. [Perception of the multidisciplinary health team in regard to the nurse's performance in community health]. Rev Gaucha Enferm 1985; 6:35-54. [PMID: 3855076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Scaravaglione D, Coroilli EM, Witt RR, Ranieri T. [Health volunteers--myth or reality? The preliminary elements of an evaluation of 9 years of experience in the Murialdo Community Health System, Rio Grande do Sul]. Rev Bras Enferm 1984; 37:262-9. [PMID: 6571140 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-71671984000400015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
De 1974 à 1983, 140 voluntários foram formados no Sistema de Saúde Comunitária Murialdo. Os autores descrevem a origem, evolução, objetivos, operacionalização, método pedagógico e conteúdos desenvolvidos no treinamento. Analisa-se a repercussão da formação a nível do voluntário, sua família, comunidade e serviços de saúde. A obtenção de um emprego e de valorização pessoal constituem a principal motivação da procura do programa. Há predominância do exercício de tarefas curativas e uma relativa resistência de membros das equipes de saúde em reconhecer o papel do voluntário. São discutidos, em conclusão, os limites e as possibilidades de programas de treinamento dessa ordem.
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