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Upton R, Calatayud NE, Clulow S, Brett D, Burton AL, Colyvas K, Mahony M, Clulow J. Refrigerated storage and cryopreservation of hormonally induced sperm in the threatened frog, Litoria aurea. Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 262:107416. [PMID: 38335623 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2024.107416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
As sperm cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) advance in common amphibian species, focus on applying non-lethal sperm collection methods to the conservation and genetic management of threatened species is imperative. The goal of this study was to examine the application of logistically practical ART protocols in a threatened frog (Litoria aurea). First, we tested the efficacy of various concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) (20, 40 IU/g bodyweight) and Gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist (0.25 µg/g and 0.5 µg/g body weight GnRH-a) on the induction of spermatozoa. Using the samples obtained from the previous trials, we tested the effect of cold storage and cryopreservation protocols on long-term refrigerated storage and post-thaw sperm recovery. Our major findings include: (1) high quality sperm were induced with 20 and 40 IU/g bodyweight of (hCG); (2) proportions of live, motile sperm post-thaw, were recovered at higher levels than previously reported for L. aurea (>50%) when preserved with 15% v/v DMSO and 1% w/v sucrose; and (3) spermic urine stored at 5 °C retained motility for up to 14 days. Our findings demonstrate that the protocols developed in this study allowed for successful induction and recovery of high-quality spermatozoa from a threatened Australian anuran, L. aurea, providing a prime example of how ARTs can contribute to the conservation of rare and threatened species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia.
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Global-Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Simon Clulow
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Darcie Brett
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Alana L Burton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Kim Colyvas
- College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - John Clulow
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
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2
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Coxe N, Liu Y, Arregui L, Upton R, Bodenstein S, Voss SR, Gutierrez-Wing MT, Tiersch TR. Establishment of a Practical Sperm Cryopreservation Pathway for the Axolotl ( Ambystoma mexicanum): A Community-Level Approach to Germplasm Repository Development. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:206. [PMID: 38254376 PMCID: PMC10812443 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) draws great attention around the world for its importance as a biomedical research model, but housing and maintaining live animals is increasingly expensive and risky as new transgenic lines are developed. The goal of this work was to develop an initial practical pathway for sperm cryopreservation to support germplasm repository development. The present study assembled a pathway through the investigation of axolotl sperm collection by stripping, refrigerated storage in various osmotic pressures, cryopreservation in various cryoprotectants, and in vitro fertilization using thawed sperm. By the stripping of males, 25-800 µL of sperm fluid was collected at concentrations of 1.6 × 106 to 8.9 × 107 sperm/mL. Sperm remained motile for 5 d in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) at osmolalities of 100-600 mOsm/kg. Sperm cryopreserved in 0.25 mL French straws at 20 °C/min in a final concentration of 5% DMFA plus 200 mM trehalose and thawed at 25 °C for 15 s resulted in 52 ± 12% total post-thaw motility. In six in vitro fertilization trials, 20% of eggs tested with thawed sperm continued to develop to stage 7-8 after 24 h, and a third of those embryos (58) hatched. This work is the first report of successful production of axolotl offspring with cryopreserved sperm, providing a general framework for pathway development to establish Ambystoma germplasm repositories for future research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Coxe
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
| | - Yue Liu
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
| | - Lucía Arregui
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
| | - Rose Upton
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
| | - Sarah Bodenstein
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
- Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Steven Randal Voss
- Department of Neuroscience, Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center and Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Maria T. Gutierrez-Wing
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
| | - Terrence R. Tiersch
- Aquatic Germplasm and Genetic Resources Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA (S.B.); (M.T.G.-W.)
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Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Calatayud NE, Silla AJ, Daly J, McFadden MS, O’Brien JK. Cryopreservation Cooling Rate Impacts Post-Thaw Sperm Motility and Survival in Litoria booroolongensis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3014. [PMID: 37835620 PMCID: PMC10571529 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cryopreservation and storage of gametes (biobanking) can provide a long-term, low-cost option for the preservation of population genetic diversity and is particularly impactful when applied to manage selective breeding within conservation breeding programs (CBPs). This study aimed to develop a sperm cryopreservation protocol for the critically endangered Booroolong frog (Litoria booroolongensis) to capture founder genetics within the recently established (est. 2019) CBP for this species. Hormone-induced sperm release was achieved using established protocols, and spermic urine samples were collected over a 6-h period. Pooled spermic urine samples (n = 3 males) were divided equally between two cryoprotectant (CPA) treatments and diluted by 1:5 (sperm:CPA) with either 15% (v/v) dimethyl sulfoxide + 1% (w/v) sucrose in simplified amphibian Ringer's (SAR; CPAA) or 10% (v/v) dimethylformamide + 10% (w/v) trehalose dihydrate in SAR (CPAB). The samples were cryopreserved in 0.25 mL straws using either a programmable freezer (FrA) or an adapted dry shipper method (FrB). The thawed samples were activated via dilution in water and assessed for viability and motility using both manual assessment and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; 0 h, 0.5 h post-thaw). Upon activation, the survival and recovery of motility (total motility, forward progression and velocity) of cryopreserved sperm suspensions were higher for sperm preserved using FrB than FrA, regardless of CPA composition. This work supports our long-term goal to pioneer the integration of biobanked cryopreserved sperm with population genetic management to maximize restoration program outcomes for Australian amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Natalie E. Calatayud
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92025, USA
| | - Aimee J. Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Jonathan Daly
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S. McFadden
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
| | - Justine K. O’Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia (J.K.O.)
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Anastas ZM, Byrne PG, O'Brien JK, Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Silla AJ. The Increasing Role of Short-Term Sperm Storage and Cryopreservation in Conserving Threatened Amphibian Species. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2094. [PMID: 37443891 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidisciplinary approaches to conserve threatened species are required to curb biodiversity loss. Globally, amphibians are facing the most severe declines of any vertebrate class. In response, conservation breeding programs have been established in a growing number of amphibian species as a safeguard against further extinction. One of the main challenges to the long-term success of conservation breeding programs is the maintenance of genetic diversity, which, if lost, poses threats to the viability and adaptive potential of at-risk populations. Integrating reproductive technologies into conservation breeding programs can greatly assist genetic management and facilitate genetic exchange between captive and wild populations, as well as reinvigorate genetic diversity from expired genotypes. The generation of offspring produced via assisted fertilisation using frozen-thawed sperm has been achieved in a small but growing number of amphibian species and is poised to be a valuable tool for the genetic management of many more threatened species globally. This review discusses the role of sperm storage in amphibian conservation, presents the state of current technologies for the short-term cold storage and cryopreservation of amphibian sperm, and discusses the generation of cryo-derived offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara M Anastas
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Phillip G Byrne
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Justine K O'Brien
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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5
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Upton R, Clulow S, Colyvas K, Mahony M, Clulow J. Paradigm shift in frog sperm cryopreservation - reduced role for non-penetrating cryoprotectants. Reproduction 2023; 165:583-592. [PMID: 36943185 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Sperm cryopreservation protocols have been developed for an increasing number of amphibian species since the recognition of a global amphibian decline. Yet, the development of these protocols has neglected to elucidate the combined effect of penetrative (PCP) and non-penetrative cryoprotectants (NPCP) on the recovery of live, motile sperm. The two-factor hypothesis of cryoinjury recognises a trade-off between cooling cells slowly enough to allow osmotic dehydration and therefore avoid intracellular ice formation, but fast enough to minimise effects from increasing extracellular osmolality as the frozen fraction of the media increases during freezing. We tested the effect of two concentrations of a PCP (10 and 15% v/v dimethyl sulfoxide [Me2SO]) and two concentrations of a NPCP (1 and 10% w/v sucrose) in various combinations on sperm of six pelodryadid frogs. In all species, 15% v/v Me2SO with 1% w/v sucrose provided superior post-thaw recovery with high proportions of forward progressive motility, live cells and intact acrosomes (typically >50% for each). Theoretically, it has been suggested increased NPCP concentration should improve cell survival by increasing the rate and extent of cell dehydration. We suggest, however, that the elevated osmolality in the unfrozen water fraction when 10% sucrose is used may be causing damage to cells via excessive cell shrinkage and solute effects as proposed in the two-factor hypothesis of cryoinjury. We showed this response in sperm across a range of frog species, providing compelling evidence for this hypothesis. We suggest protocol development using the PCP/NPCP ratios demonstrated in our study will be broadly applicable to many amphibian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- R Upton, Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- S Clulow, Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kim Colyvas
- K Colyvas, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- M Mahony, Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- J Clulow, Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
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6
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Gould J, Taylor J, Davies B, Donelly R, Schmahl K, Bugir CK, Beranek CT, McGregor J, Mahony SV, Seeto R, Upton R, McHenry C, Callen A. Tadpole fingerprinting: Using tail venation patterns to photo‐identify tadpole individuals of a threatened frog. AUSTRAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.13286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gould
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - James Taylor
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Bryce Davies
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Rachael Donelly
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Kate Schmahl
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Cassandra K. Bugir
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Chad T. Beranek
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
- FAUNA Research Alliance Kahibah New South Wales Australia
| | - Jess McGregor
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Stephen V. Mahony
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Rebecca Seeto
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Colin McHenry
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Alex Callen
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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7
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O'Driscoll J, Hawkes W, Beqiri A, Mumith A, Parker A, Upton R, McCourt A, Woodward W, Dockerill C, Heitner S, Yadava M, Kaul S, Sharma R, Leeson P, Woodward G. Fully automated left ventricular ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain predicts obstructive coronary artery disease in patients undergoing stress echocardiography: a multi-centre study. Eur Heart J 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab724.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Assessment of LVEF and myocardial deformation with GLS has shown promise in predicting CAD, which may add prognostic information for patients undergoing SE. However, selection bias precludes an accurate assessment of routine clinical SE workflow due to the exclusion of poor image quality and contrast enhanced studies. We hypothesise that an artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline capable of fully automated contouring of the left ventricle and GLS analysis of both non-contrast and contrast SE images is feasible and can predict CAD.
Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prediction of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) from fully automated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) measures in a large multicentre population of patients undergoing stress echocardiography (SE).
Methods
500 patients from five medical centres undergoing SE for the clinical evaluation of ischaemic heart disease were included in this study. LVEF and GLS was automatically calculated using AI in non-contrast and contrast images at rest and peak stress. The primary endpoint was CAD assessed using invasive coronary angiography.
Results
Patients with significant CAD demonstrated significantly reduced LVEF and GLS at rest and peak stress (all p<0.001) compared to those without CAD. Of the 130 patients who exhibited myocardial ischaemia at peak stress, patients without significant CAD (37%) had significantly reduced LVEF and GLS when compared to those who did. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a peak LVEF (0.93; 95% CI 0.9–0.96) and peak GLS (1.15; 95% CI 1.07–1.24) were significant independent predictors of CAD. The addition of automated LVEF and GLS to basic models significantly improved the C statistic from 0.78 to 0.83 and 0.85 (both p<0.001), respectively.
Conclusions
Fully automated LVEF and GLS in non-contrast and contrast SE images is feasible and independently augment the prediction of obstructive CAD above and beyond traditional SE indexes.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: None.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Driscoll
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - W Hawkes
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Beqiri
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Mumith
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Parker
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R Upton
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A McCourt
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W Woodward
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Dockerill
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Heitner
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - M Yadava
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - S Kaul
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States of America
| | - R Sharma
- St George's Hospital, Department of Cardiology, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hobbs RJ, Upton R, Keogh L, James K, Baxter-Gilbert J, Whiting MJ. Sperm cryopreservation in an Australian skink (Eulamprus quoyii). Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 34:428-437. [PMID: 34420549 DOI: 10.1071/rd21031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies for population and genetic management for threatened herpetofauna have grown substantially in the past decade. Here we describe experiments to optimise sperm cryopreservation in a model squamate, the eastern water skink Eulamprus quoyii. Small, concentrated volumes of highly motile spermatozoa were reliably collected from adult male E. quoyii by non-lethal ventral massage. Samples were used to: (1) test whether protein-rich diluents, namely Beltsville poultry semen extender (BPSE) and TES and Tris (TEST) yolk buffer (TYB), improve post-thaw quality metrics compared with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS); and (2) compare the efficacy of these diluents in combination with either 1.35M glycerol or 1.35M dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at two freezing rates, fast (approximately -20°C min-1) versus slow (-6°C min-1). Glycerol and DMSO performed equally well in preserving spermatozoa under slow freezing rates. Under these conditions, the use of the complex diluents BPSE and TYB significantly improved post-thaw total motility compared with DPBS. Complex interactions occurred between cryodiluent type, cryoprotectant and freezing rate when testing fast versus slow freezing rates among treatment groups. Under slow freezing rates, DMSO was better at preserving membrane integrity and motility, regardless of diluent type, but successful fast freezing required complex diluents to support motility and membrane integrity, which has implications for implementation in a field setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hobbs
- Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Mosman, NSW 2088, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308 Australia
| | - Leesa Keogh
- Office of the NSW Chief Scientist and Engineer, MLC Centre, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Karen James
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW 2830, Australia
| | - James Baxter-Gilbert
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Martin J Whiting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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9
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Campbell L, Clulow J, Howe B, Upton R, Doody S, Clulow S. Corrigendum to: Efficacy of short-term cold storage prior to cryopreservation of spermatozoa in a threatened lizard. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:RD20231_CO. [PMID: 38600659 DOI: 10.1071/rd20231_co] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have a significant role to play in reptile conservation, yet are severely lacking. Previous attempts to cryopreserve spermatozoa in the threatened lizard Varanus panoptes achieved approximately 48% motile sperm post-thaw for samples frozen immediately after collection. However, the feasibility of extended cold storage before cryopreservation has not been tested. We held V. panoptes spermatozoa at either 25°C or 4°C for 8 days, assessing sperm motility at days 1, 2, 4 and 8. Subsamples were cryopreserved on days 1 and 4 following the previously reported protocol for this species. Percentage motility decreased rapidly at 25°C, but did not decrease significantly until 4 days after collection at 4°C, with >30% motility maintained after 8 days. There was no significant difference in post-thaw motility or viability of samples cryopreserved after 1 or 4 days storage at 4°C, yielding substantial results for both parameters (mean motility 23.8% and 28.1% and mean viability 50.1% and 57.5% after 1 and 4 days respectively). We demonstrate the capacity to extend sperm viability for up to 8 days in unfrozen samples and to produce acceptable post-thaw motility in samples frozen after 4 days of storage, contributing to the development of valuable ARTs for lizards and other reptiles.
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Groves K, Ashcroft AE, Cryar A, Sula A, Wallace BA, Stocks BB, Burns C, Cooper-Shepherd D, De Lorenzi E, Rodriguez E, Zhang H, Ault JR, Ferguson J, Phillips JJ, Pacholarz K, Thalassinos K, Luckau L, Ashton L, Durrant O, Barran P, Dalby P, Vicedo P, Colombo R, Davis R, Parakra R, Upton R, Hill S, Wood V, Soloviev Z, Quaglia M. Reference Protocol to Assess Analytical Performance of Higher Order Structural Analysis Measurements: Results from an Interlaboratory Comparison. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9041-9048. [PMID: 34165299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of protein higher order structure (HOS) provide important information on stability, potency, efficacy, immunogenicity, and biosimilarity of biopharmaceuticals, with a significant number of techniques and methods available to perform these measurements. The comparison of the analytical performance of HOS methods and the standardization of the results is, however, not a trivial task, due to the lack of reference protocols and reference measurement procedures. Here, we developed a protocol to structurally alter and compare samples of somatropin, a recombinant biotherapeutic, and describe the results obtained by using a number of techniques, methods and in different laboratories. This, with the final aim to provide tools and generate a pool of data to compare and benchmark analytical platforms and define method sensitivity to structural changes. Changes in somatropin HOS, induced by the presence of zinc at increasing concentrations, were observed, both globally and at more localized resolution, across many of the methods utilized in this study and with different sensitivities, suggesting the suitability of the protocol to improve understanding of inter- and cross-platform measurement comparability and assess analytical performance as appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Groves
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - A E Ashcroft
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology & School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - A Cryar
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - A Sula
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - B A Wallace
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, U.K
| | - B B Stocks
- National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - C Burns
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - D Cooper-Shepherd
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - E De Lorenzi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - E Rodriguez
- UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, U.K
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - J R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology & School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - J Ferguson
- Biotherapeutics Division, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K
| | - J J Phillips
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, , U.K
| | - K Pacholarz
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - K Thalassinos
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6AR, U.K
| | - L Luckau
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - L Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, U.K
| | - O Durrant
- UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, U.K
| | - P Barran
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - P Dalby
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - P Vicedo
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - R Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - R Davis
- UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, U.K
| | - R Parakra
- Living Systems Institute, Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, , U.K
| | - R Upton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - S Hill
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
| | - V Wood
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Z Soloviev
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London, London WC1E 6AR, U.K
| | - M Quaglia
- National Measurement Laboratory, LGC Ltd. Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, U.K
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11
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Khan A, Espinoza FR, Kneen T, Dafnis A, Allafi H, Carter B, Narro-Vidal M, Short R, Price A, Upton R, Vilches-Moraga A. 558 PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF FRAILTY IN PATIENTS HOSPITALISED WITH COVID-19. THE SALFORD EXPERIENCE IN WAVES 1 AND 2. Age Ageing 2021. [PMCID: PMC8344496 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab119.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has had an extensive impact on the frail older population, with significant rates of COVID-related hospital admissions and deaths amongst this vulnerable group. There is little evidence of frailty prevalence amongst patients hospitalised with COVID-19, nor the impact of frailty on their survival. Methods Prospective observational study of all consecutive patients admitted to Salford Royal NHS Foundation (SRFT) Trust between 27th February and 28th April 2020 (wave 1), and 1st October to 10th November 2020 (wave 2) with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, admission level disease severity (estimated with CRP) and frailty (using the Clinical Frailty Scale, score 1–3 = not frail, score 4–9 = frail) were collected. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the time to mortality. Results A total of 693 (N = 429, wave 1; N = 264, wave 2) patients were included, 279 (N = 180, 42%, wave 1; N = 104, 38%, wave 2) were female, and the median age was 72 in wave 1 and 73 in wave 2. 318 (N = 212, 49%, wave 1; N = 106, 39%, wave 2) patients presenting were frail. There was a reduction in mortality in wave 2, adjusted Hazard ratio (aHR) = 0.60 (95%CI 0.44–0.81; p = 0.001). There was an association between frailty and mortality aHR = 1.57 (95%CI 1.09–2.26; p = 0.015). Conclusion Frailty is highly prevalent amongst patients of all ages admitted to SRFT with COVID-19. Higher scores of frailty are associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - T Kneen
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - A Dafnis
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - H Allafi
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - B Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London
| | | | - R Short
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London
| | - A Price
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - R Upton
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
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12
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Khan A, Espinoza FR, Kneen T, Dafnis A, Allafi H, Carter B, Narro-Vidal M, Short R, Price A, Upton R, Vilches-Moraga A. 466 PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF FRAILTY IN PATIENTS HOSPITALISED WITH COVID-19. THE SALFORD EXPERIENCE IN WAVES 1 AND 2. Age Ageing 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afab119.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has had an extensive impact on the frail older population, with significant rates of COVID-related hospital admissions and deaths amongst this vulnerable group. There is little evidence comparing the prevalence and impact of frailty amongst patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in wave 1 vs wave 2 of the pandemic.
Methods
Prospective observational study of all consecutive patients admitted to Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust (SRFT) between 27th February and 28th of April 2020 (wave 1), and 1st October to 10th November 2020 (wave 2) with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Patient demographics, co-morbidities, biochemical parameters, and frailty (using the Clinical Frailty Scale, score 1–4 = not frail, score 5–9 = frail) were collected. A Cox proportional hazards model associating wave and frailty with mortality was used. A logistic regression model was used to associate patient characteristics with wave. Both models adjusted for patient characteristics.
Results
A total of 700 patients were included (N = 429, wave 1; N = 271, wave 2). In wave 1, 42% (N = 180) were female; median age was 72; 37% (N = 160) were non-survivors, 49% (N = 212) were frail (CFS 5–9). In wave 2, 38% (N = 104) were female; median age was 73; 30% (N = 80) were non-survivors, 39% (N = 106) were frail. There was a reduction in mortality in wave 2, aHR = 0.71 (95% CI 0.53–0.94). Frailty was associated with increased mortality, after adjustment for age, wave and other patient characteristics. Patients were more frail in wave 1, and the effect of frailty was more pronounced in wave 1 vs wave 2.
Conclusion
Frailty is highly prevalent amongst patients of all ages admitted to SRFT with COVID-19. Higher scores of frailty are associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - T Kneen
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - A Dafnis
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - H Allafi
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - B Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London
| | | | - R Short
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience King's College London
| | - A Price
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
| | - R Upton
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust
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13
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Upton R, Clulow S, Calatayud NE, Colyvas K, Seeto RGY, Wong LAM, Mahony MJ, Clulow J. Generation of reproductively mature offspring from the endangered green and golden bell frog Litoria aurea using cryopreserved spermatozoa. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:RD20296. [PMID: 33820600 DOI: 10.1071/rd20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are becoming increasingly reliant on captive breeding programs for continued survival. Assisted reproductive technologies including gamete cryopreservation and IVF can help reduce costs of breeding programs, provide insurance against extinction and assist genetic rescue in wild populations. However, the use of these technologies to produce reproductively mature offspring has only been demonstrated in a few non-model species. We aimed to optimise sperm cryopreservation in the threatened frog Litoria aurea and generate mature offspring from frozen-thawed spermatozoa by IVF. We tested three concentrations (1.4, 2.1 and 2.8M) of the cryoprotectants dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol with 0.3M sucrose. Using DMSO was more likely to result in recovery of sperm motility, vitality and acrosome integrity than glycerol, regardless of concentration, with forward progressive motility being most sensitive to damage. The lowest concentrations of 1.4 and 2.1M provided the best protection regardless of cryoprotectant type. Spermatozoa cryopreserved in 2.1M DMSO outperformed spermatozoa cryopreserved in equivalent concentrations of glycerol in terms of their ability to fertilise ova, resulting in higher rates of embryos hatching and several individuals reaching sexual maturity. We have demonstrated that sperm cryopreservation and subsequent offspring generation via IVF is a feasible conservation tool for L. aurea and other threatened amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Corresponding author
| | - Simon Clulow
- FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Centre for Conservation Ecology and Genomics, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Natalie E Calatayud
- FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia; and Taronga Institute of Science and Learning, Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Western Plains Zoo, Dubbo, NSW 2830, Australia; and San Diego Zoo Global-Beckman Center for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
| | - Kim Colyvas
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca G Y Seeto
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Lesley A M Wong
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Michael J Mahony
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- The Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and FAUNA Research Alliance, PO Box 5092, Kahibah, NSW 2290, Australia
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14
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Campbell L, Clulow J, Howe B, Upton R, Doody S, Clulow S. Efficacy of short-term cold storage prior to cryopreservation of spermatozoa in a threatened lizard. Reprod Fertil Dev 2021; 33:RD20231. [PMID: 33646936 DOI: 10.1071/rd20231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have a significant role to play in reptile conservation, yet are severely lacking. Previous attempts to cryopreserve spermatozoa in the threatened lizard Varanus panoptes achieved approximately 48% motile sperm post-thaw for samples frozen immediately after collection. However, the feasibility of extended cold storage before cryopreservation has not been tested. We held V. panoptes spermatozoa at either 25°C or 4°C for 8 days, assessing sperm motility at days 1, 2, 4 and 8. Subsamples were cryopreserved on days 1 and 4 following the previously reported protocol for this species. Percentage motility decreased rapidly at 25°C, but did not decrease significantly until 4 days after collection at 4°C, with >30% motility maintained after 8 days. There was no significant difference in post-thaw motility or viability of samples cryopreserved after 1 or 4 days storage at 4°C, yielding substantial results for both parameters (mean motility 23.8% and 28.1% and mean viability 50.1% and 57.5% after 1 and 4 days respectively). We demonstrate the capacity to extend sperm viability for up to 8 days in unfrozen samples and to produce acceptable post-thaw motility in samples frozen after 4 days of storage, contributing to the development of valuable ARTs for lizards and other reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Campbell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Belinda Howe
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Sean Doody
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; and Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Simon Clulow
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT 2617, Australia; and Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; and Corresponding author
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15
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Porumb M, Mumith A, Gao S, Parker A, Beqiri A, Sarwar R, Upton R, Leeson P, Woodward G. Site-specific automated contouring model generalisibiliy enhancement. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeaa356.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.
Background
Segmentation of cardiac structures in echocardiography is a pre-requisite for accurately assessing cardiac morphology and function. Manual or semi-automated segmentation are both routinely used in clinical practice, although these can be time-consuming, and can introduce high inter- and intra- operator variability resulting in decreased reproducibility. Effective contouring with no manual input has proven to be challenging due to variations in image quality, image noise, motion during the acquisition and the lack of a well-defined geometry.
Methods
This work proposes a coordinate regression method for automated left ventricle (LV) segmentation, presented in Figure 1 (a). The proposed method is based on a modified U-net architecture that outputs the likelihood of coordinates of landmark points. The obtained likelihood heatmaps are converted to 2D coordinates using a differentiable spatial to numerical transform. The model was trained and validated on UK multisite data (1383 subjects) comprising apical 2 and 4 chamber views for both contrast and non-contrast echocardiographic images.
The Cardiac Acquisitions for Multi-structure Ultrasound Segmentation (CAMUS) echocardiographic image segmentation database was used to assess the performance of the proposed method acting as data from a new clinical site. The CAMUS dataset comprises apical 2 and 4 chamber views acquired from 500 patients with manually annotated cardiac structures for end-diastole and end-systole frames. The original CAMUS dataset was split into training (450 patients) and testing (50 patients), with manual contours being available only for the training dataset. Therefore, we used the CAMUS training dataset to both test and improve our model, by using a random sample of 100 studies as an independent testing dataset and the remaining 350 studies were used for retraining the initial model to improve performance for this dataset.
Results
The results obtained on the testing images are presented in Figure 1 (b). When the model was trained using no CAMUS data for the LV segmentation, a mean Dice coefficient of 0.890 and a median of 0.911 was obtained. Including 350 studies with the original 1383 UK dataset and retraining the same model improved the average Dice coefficient to 0.930 and the median to 0.939. The CAMUS dataset authors reported the best average Dice coefficient of 0.924 on the 50 CAMUS testing images, therefore the proposed points regression method introduces a promising alternative to mask-based segmentation models.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the auto-contouring framework has proven to be effective in terms of its performance and ability to generalise to new data. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of both evaluating model performance on data from new clinical sites and also enhancing model performance.
Abstract Figure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Porumb
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - A Mumith
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - S Gao
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - A Parker
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - A Beqiri
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Sarwar
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - R Upton
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - P Leeson
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
| | - G Woodward
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland
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16
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Meyer NFV, Balkenhol N, Dutta T, Hofman M, Meyer JY, Ritchie EG, Alley C, Beranek C, Bugir CK, Callen A, Clulow S, Cove MV, Klop-Toker K, Lopez OR, Mahony M, Scanlon R, Sharma S, Shute E, Upton R, Guilbault E, Griffin AS, Hernández Pérez E, Howell LG, King JP, Lenga D, O Donoghue P, Hayward MW. Beyond species counts for assessing, valuing, and conserving biodiversity: response to Wallach et al. 2019. Conserv Biol 2021; 35:369-372. [PMID: 33351986 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ninon F V Meyer
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Niko Balkenhol
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Trishna Dutta
- Wildlife Sciences, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 3, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Maarten Hofman
- Regional Office for Eastern Europe and Central Asia, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Belgrade, 11073, Serbia
| | - Jean-Yves Meyer
- Délégation à la Recherche, Gouvernement de la Polynésie française, B.P. 20981, Papeete, Tahiti, 98713, French Polynesia
| | - Euan G Ritchie
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood Campus, Melbourne, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Charlotte Alley
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Chad Beranek
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Cassandra K Bugir
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Alex Callen
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Michael V Cove
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, U.S.A
| | - Kaya Klop-Toker
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Omar R Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton, Panama, Postal 0843-01103, Panama
- Smithonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Balboa, Panama, Postal 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Michael Mahony
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Robert Scanlon
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Conservation Biology, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37073, Germany
| | - Elen Shute
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Emy Guilbault
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Andrea S Griffin
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Edwin Hernández Pérez
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Poligono 2-A, Lerma, Campeche, 24500, Mexico
| | - Lachlan G Howell
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - John-Paul King
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Dean Lenga
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Patrick O Donoghue
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Matt W Hayward
- Conservation Science Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Woodward W, McCourt A, Dockerill C, Ayres L, Augustine D, O'Driscoll J, Sharma R, Benedetto E, Spagou N, Tsiachristas A, Upton R, Leeson P. Real-world use and accuracy of stress echocardiography: preliminary insights from the EVAREST study. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Stress echocardiography is a widely used, non-invasive imaging modality used to identify prognostically significant coronary artery disease. High levels of accuracy have been reported, however this is highly dependent on operator training and image quality. There are currently limited data available on the accuracy of stress echo in every day clinical practice.
Purpose
The EVAREST study links stress echo clinics in 30 NHS Hospital Trusts in England and therefore provides data to evaluate the performance and diagnostic accuracy of stress echo in “real-world” clinical practice.
Methods
Analysis was performed on the first 7415 patients recruited prospectively between 2015 and January 2020. Participants are included if they have undergone stress echo to investigate for ischaemic heart disease. Data is collected on medical history and stress echo performance. Participants are followed up for 12 months through health records and patient phone call, with all outcomes undergoing expert adjudication. A positive cardiac outcome is defined as initiation of anti-anginal medications, ≥70% stenosis on coronary angiography, revascularisation, confirmed acute coronary syndrome or cardiac-related death.
Results
Mean age of patients undergoing stress echo is 65±12.3 years and 56% are male. Average BMI is 28.9±5.6 kg/m2. 71.4% undergo dobutamine stress (DSE) and 28.4% exercise with <1% having a pacemaker-mediated stress. Contrast was used in 71.4% of studies. Stress echos were interpreted at time of clinic visit as positive for inducible ischaemia in 18.2% of patients. One-year outcome data is currently available for 1892 participants. Sensitivity and specificity for clinician prediction of a positive cardiac outcome was 88.7% and 94.4%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive value of stress echo was 76.4% and 97.6%, respectively.
Conclusion
EVAREST provides unprecedented, large-scale information on the “real world” use and accuracy of stress echo across different healthcare settings in the UK, demonstrating performance consistent with best practice. Ongoing data collection will be used to evaluate sources of heterogeneity in the predictive accuracy of stress echo and identify optimal approaches to further improve performance.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Ultromics Ltd., Lantheus Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Woodward
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A McCourt
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Dockerill
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - L Ayres
- National School of Healthcare Science, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - D Augustine
- Royal United Hospital Bath NHS Trust, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - J O'Driscoll
- Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - R Sharma
- St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Benedetto
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Spagou
- Ultromics Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Upton
- Ultromics Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Dockerill C, Woodward W, McCourt A, Beqiri A, Parker A, Mumith A, Woodward G, Hawkes W, Hassanali N, Sabharwal N, Boardman H, Spagou N, Upton R, Leeson P. Using deep learning to extract novel and quantitative imaging features from perfluoropropane contrast, sulphur hexafluoride contrast and non-contrast stress echocardiography images. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Stress echocardiography has become established as the most widely applied non-invasive imaging test for diagnosis of coronary artery disease within the UK. However, stress echocardiography has been substantially qualitative, rather than quantitative, based on visual wall motion assessment. For the first time, we have identified and validated quantitative descriptors of cardiac geometry and motion, extracted from ultrasound images acquired using contrast agents in an automated way.
Purpose
To establish whether these novel imaging features can be generated in an automated, quantifiable and reproducible way from images acquired with perfluoropropane contrast, as well as investigating how these extracted measures compare to those extracted from sulphur hexafluoride contrast and non-contrast studies.
Methods
100 patients who received perfluoropropane contrast during their stress echocardiogram were recruited. Their stress echocardiography images were processed through a deep learning algorithm. Novel feature values were recorded and a subset of 10 studies were repeated. The automated measures of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and ejection fraction (EF) extracted from these images were compared to values previously extracted from sulphur hexafluoride contrast and non-contrast images using the same software.
Results
A full set of 31 novel imaging features were successfully extracted from 79 studies acquired using the perfluoropropane contrast agent with a dropout rate of 14% (n=92, 8 incomplete image sets). Repeated analysis in a subset of 10 perfluoropropane cases demonstrated excellent reproducibility of the extracted feature values (R2=1). Automated values of GLS and EF, at both rest (GLS = −16.4±4.8%, EF = 63±13%) and stress stages (GLS = −17.7±5.8%, EF = 68±11%), were extracted from 83 perfluoropropane studies, with a dropout rate of 16% (n=99, fewer incomplete sets as short axis view not required). The ranges of GLS and EF measures extracted from the perfluoropropane images were comparable to the other contrast studies (n=222) (Rest GLS = −16.8±5.8%, Rest EF = 63±10%; Stress GLS = −19.1±6.7%, Stress EF = 71±9%) and non-contrast studies (n=86) (Rest GLS = −15.7±5.3%, Rest EF = 57±10%; Stress GLS = −17.3±6.4%, Stress EF = 61±14%).
Conclusions
Novel features and clinically relevant measures were extracted from images acquired using perfluoropropane contrast for the first time in a fully automated and reproducible way using a deep learning algorithm. The analysis failure rate and generated measures are comparable to those extracted from images using other commonly used sulphur hexafluoride contrast agents and non-contrast stress echocardiography studies. These findings demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can be used for automated quantitative analysis of stress echocardiograms acquired using various contrast agents and in non-contrast studies to improve stress echocardiography practice.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dockerill
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - W Woodward
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A McCourt
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Beqiri
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Parker
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - A Mumith
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - W Hawkes
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - N Sabharwal
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - H Boardman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - N Spagou
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R Upton
- Ultromics, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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19
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Gao S, Stojanovski D, Parker A, Marques P, Heitner S, Yadava M, Upton R, Woodward G, Lamata P, Beqiri A, Leeson P. Fully automated contrast and non-contrast cardiac view detection in echocardiography a multi-centre, multi-vendor study. Eur Heart J 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Correctly identifying views acquired in a 2D echocardiographic examination is paramount to post-processing and quantification steps often performed as part of most clinical workflows. In many exams, particularly in stress echocardiography, microbubble contrast is used which greatly affects the appearance of the cardiac views. Here we present a bespoke, fully automated convolutional neural network (CNN) which identifies apical 2, 3, and 4 chamber, and short axis (SAX) views acquired with and without contrast. The CNN was tested in a completely independent, external dataset with the data acquired in a different country than that used to train the neural network.
Methods
Training data comprised of 2D echocardiograms was taken from 1014 subjects from a prospective multisite, multi-vendor, UK trial with the number of frames in each view greater than 17,500. Prior to view classification model training, images were processed using standard techniques to ensure homogenous and normalised image inputs to the training pipeline. A bespoke CNN was built using the minimum number of convolutional layers required with batch normalisation, and including dropout for reducing overfitting. Before processing, the data was split into 90% for model training (211,958 frames), and 10% used as a validation dataset (23,946 frames). Image frames from different subjects were separated out entirely amongst the training and validation datasets. Further, a separate trial dataset of 240 studies acquired in the USA was used as an independent test dataset (39,401 frames).
Results
Figure 1 shows the confusion matrices for both validation data (left) and independent test data (right), with an overall accuracy of 96% and 95% for the validation and test datasets respectively. The accuracy for the non-contrast cardiac views of >99% exceeds that seen in other works. The combined datasets included images acquired across ultrasound manufacturers and models from 12 clinical sites.
Conclusion
We have developed a CNN capable of automatically accurately identifying all relevant cardiac views used in “real world” echo exams, including views acquired with contrast. Use of the CNN in a routine clinical workflow could improve efficiency of quantification steps performed after image acquisition. This was tested on an independent dataset acquired in a different country to that used to train the model and was found to perform similarly thus indicating the generalisability of the model.
Figure 1. Confusion matrices
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Ultromics Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gao
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - D Stojanovski
- King's College London, Department of Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Parker
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Marques
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - S Heitner
- Oregon Health and Science University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Portland, United States of America
| | - M Yadava
- Oregon Health and Science University, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Portland, United States of America
| | - R Upton
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - P Lamata
- King's College London, Department of Biomedical Engineering, London, United Kingdom
| | - A Beqiri
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- Ultromics Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
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20
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Browne RK, Silla AJ, Upton R, Della-Togna G, Marcec-Greaves R, Shishova NV, Uteshev VK, Proaño B, Pérez OD, Mansour N, Kaurova SA, Gakhova EN, Cosson J, Dyzuba B, Kramarova LI, McGinnity D, Gonzalez M, Clulow J, Clulow S. Sperm collection and storage for the sustainable management of amphibian biodiversity. Theriogenology 2020; 133:187-200. [PMID: 31155034 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current rates of biodiversity loss pose an unprecedented challenge to the conservation community, particularly with amphibians and freshwater fish as the most threatened vertebrates. An increasing number of environmental challenges, including habitat loss, pathogens, and global warming, demand a global response toward the sustainable management of ecosystems and their biodiversity. Conservation Breeding Programs (CBPs) are needed for the sustainable management of amphibian species threatened with extinction. CBPs support species survival while increasing public awareness and political influence. Current CBPs only cater for 10% of the almost 500 amphibian species in need. However, the use of sperm storage to increase efficiency and reliability, along with an increased number of CBPs, offer the potential to significantly reduce species loss. The establishment and refinement of techniques over the last two decades, for the collection and storage of amphibian spermatozoa, gives confidence for their use in CBPs and other biotechnical applications. Cryopreserved spermatozoa has produced breeding pairs of frogs and salamanders and the stage is set for Lifecycle Proof of Concept Programs that use cryopreserved sperm in CBPs along with repopulation, supplementation, and translocation programs. The application of cryopreserved sperm in CBPs, is complimentary to but separate from archival gene banking and general cell and tissue storage. However, where appropriate amphibian sperm banking should be integrated into other global biobanking projects, especially those for fish, and those that include the use of cryopreserved material for genomics and other research. Research over a broader range of amphibian species, and more uniformity in experimental methodology, is needed to inform both theory and application. Genomics is revolutionising our understanding of biological processes and increasingly guiding species conservation through the identification of evolutionary significant units as the conservation focus, and through revealing the intimate relationship between evolutionary history and sperm physiology that ultimately affects the amenability of sperm to refrigerated or frozen storage. In the present review we provide a nascent phylogenetic framework for integration with other research lines to further the potential of amphibian sperm banking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Browne
- Sustainability America, Sarteneja, Corozal District, Belize.
| | - Aimee J Silla
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Gina Della-Togna
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project, Panama City, Panama; Universidad Interamericana de Panamá, Dirección de Investigación, Sede Central, Panama
| | - Ruth Marcec-Greaves
- National Amphibian Conservation Center Detroit Zoological Society, Detroit, USA
| | - Natalia V Shishova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Victor K Uteshev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Belin Proaño
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Oscar D Pérez
- Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Ecuador
| | - Nabil Mansour
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Svetlana A Kaurova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Edith N Gakhova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | - Jacky Cosson
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, 38925, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Borys Dyzuba
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, 38925, Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila I Kramarova
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia
| | | | - Manuel Gonzalez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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21
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Campbell L, Cafe SL, Upton R, Doody JS, Nixon B, Clulow J, Clulow S. A model protocol for the cryopreservation and recovery of motile lizard sperm using the phosphodiesterase inhibitor caffeine. Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coaa044. [PMID: 32607239 PMCID: PMC7307436 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive technologies such as genome storage and assisted reproduction have a significant role to play in ending or reversing species extinctions. However, such technologies for non-model organisms (i.e. non-mammalian species) are poorly developed. This is particularly true for the reptiles, in which there is a dearth of successful protocols for cryopreserving reptile spermatozoa, despite limited attempts. We investigated sperm cryopreservation in the Australian lizard Varanus panoptes with the objective of addressing the unmet need for an optimized cryopreservation protocol for the spermatozoa of squamate reptiles. We tested the efficacy of two cryoprotectants [dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol] as well supplementation with a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (caffeine) to promote post-thaw motility. For cryopreservation, sperm were cooled in straws suspended in liquid nitrogen vapour for 5 minutes (approximately -135°C), before being plunged into liquid nitrogen (approximately -196°C), and later thawed in a water bath at 35°C. Samples were incubated post-thaw for 10 minutes in the presence or absence of 10 mM of caffeine. Both cryoprotectant type and concentration significantly affected percent sperm motility pre-freezing, with DMSO being less cytotoxic than glycerol and motility decreasing at higher concentrations of both cryoprotectant types. While cold shock did not significantly affect sperm motility, both cryoprotectant type and concentration did significantly impact the motility of post-thawed spermatozoa. Thus, mid-range concentrations (10% v/v) of DMSO and glycerol yielded a greater post-thaw motility compared with 5 and 20% v/v, while DMSO proved superior to glycerol. The addition of caffeine resulted in a significant recovery of post-thaw motility for both cryoprotectants, with higher rates of motility being associated with higher cryoprotectant concentrations. These protocols provide a significant step forward for in situ and ex situ management of threatened reptiles and add to recent evidence that reptilian sperm may have the full range of phosphorylation-mediated cellular mechanisms associated with capacitation, motility and metabolic regulation found in mammalian sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Campbell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Shenae L Cafe
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - J Sean Doody
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Brett Nixon
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109 Australia
- Corresponding author: Tel: +61 459 551 370, E-mail:
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22
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Campbell L, Upton R, Doody S, Clulow J, Clulow S. Incubation Time And Its Effect On Sperm Motility Following Cryopreservation. Cryobiology 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Hayward MW, Callen A, Allen BL, Ballard G, Broekhuis F, Bugir C, Clarke RH, Clulow J, Clulow S, Daltry JC, Davies-Mostert HT, Fleming PJS, Griffin AS, Howell LG, Kerley GIH, Klop-Toker K, Legge S, Major T, Meyer N, Montgomery RA, Moseby K, Parker DM, Périquet S, Read J, Scanlon RJ, Seeto R, Shuttleworth C, Somers MJ, Tamessar CT, Tuft K, Upton R, Valenzuela-Molina M, Wayne A, Witt RR, Wüster W. Deconstructing compassionate conservation. Conserv Biol 2019; 33:760-768. [PMID: 31206825 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compassionate conservation focuses on 4 tenets: first, do no harm; individuals matter; inclusivity of individual animals; and peaceful coexistence between humans and animals. Recently, compassionate conservation has been promoted as an alternative to conventional conservation philosophy. We believe examples presented by compassionate conservationists are deliberately or arbitrarily chosen to focus on mammals; inherently not compassionate; and offer ineffective conservation solutions. Compassionate conservation arbitrarily focuses on charismatic species, notably large predators and megaherbivores. The philosophy is not compassionate when it leaves invasive predators in the environment to cause harm to vastly more individuals of native species or uses the fear of harm by apex predators to terrorize mesopredators. Hindering the control of exotic species (megafauna, predators) in situ will not improve the conservation condition of the majority of biodiversity. The positions taken by so-called compassionate conservationists on particular species and on conservation actions could be extended to hinder other forms of conservation, including translocations, conservation fencing, and fertility control. Animal welfare is incredibly important to conservation, but ironically compassionate conservation does not offer the best welfare outcomes to animals and is often ineffective in achieving conservation goals. Consequently, compassionate conservation may threaten public and governmental support for conservation because of the limited understanding of conservation problems by the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt W Hayward
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, 6019, South Africa
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alex Callen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Benjamin L Allen
- Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia
| | - Guy Ballard
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Northern Ring Road, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Femke Broekhuis
- WildCRU, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tubney House, Abington Road, Oxford, OX135QL, U.K
| | - Cassandra Bugir
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rohan H Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Balclava Road, Sydney, NSWs, 2019, Australia
| | - Jennifer C Daltry
- Fauna & Flora International, The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB23QZ, U.K
| | - Harriet T Davies-Mostert
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- Endangered Wildlife Trust, Pinelands Office Park, Building K2, Ardeer Road, Modderfontein 1609, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Peter J S Fleming
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Northern Ring Road, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Government, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Andrea S Griffin
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Lachlan G Howell
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Graham I H Kerley
- Centre for African Conservation Ecology, Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, 6019, South Africa
| | - Kaya Klop-Toker
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Sarah Legge
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Science, University of Queensland, University Drive, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Linnaeus Way, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Tom Major
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
| | - Ninon Meyer
- Fondation Yaguara Panama, Ciudad del Saber, calle Luis Bonilla, Panama City, 0843-03081, Panama
| | - Robert A Montgomery
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, U.S.A
| | - Katherine Moseby
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, ANZAC Parade, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Arid Recovery, Roxby Downs, SA, 5725, Australia
| | - Daniel M Parker
- Wildlife and Reserve Management Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Drosty Road, Grahamstown, 6139, South Africa
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Mpumalanga, D725 Roads, Mbombela, 1200, South Africa
| | | | - John Read
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Robert J Scanlon
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Rebecca Seeto
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Craig Shuttleworth
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
| | - Michael J Somers
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Lynwood Road, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Cottrell T Tamessar
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | | | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Marcia Valenzuela-Molina
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Adrian Wayne
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Brain Street, Manjimup, WA, 6258, Australia
| | - Ryan R Witt
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Wüster
- College of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, College Road, Gwynedd, LL572DG, U.K
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24
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Gould J, Valdez JW, Upton R. Adhesive defence mucus secretions in the red triangle slug (
Triboniophorus graeffei
) can incapacitate adult frogs. Ethology 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Gould
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| | - Jose W. Valdez
- Department of Bioscience ‐ Biodiversity and Conservation Aarhus University Rønde Denmark
| | - Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
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Clulow J, Upton R, Trudeau VL, Clulow S. Amphibian Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Moving from Technology to Application. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019; 1200:413-463. [PMID: 31471805 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23633-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians have experienced a catastrophic decline since the 1980s driven by disease, habitat loss, and impacts of invasive species and face ongoing threats from climate change. About 40% of extant amphibians are under threat of extinction and about 200 species have disappeared completely. Reproductive technologies and biobanking of cryopreserved materials offer technologies that could increase the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation programs involving management of captive breeding and wild populations through reduced costs, better genetic management and reduced risk of species extinctions. However, there are relatively few examples of applications of these technologies in practice in on-the-ground conservation programs, and no example that we know of where genetic diversity has been restored to a threatened amphibian species in captive breeding or in wild populations using cryopreserved genetic material. This gap in the application of technology to conservation programs needs to be addressed if assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and biobanking are to realise their potential in amphibian conservation. We review successful technologies including non-invasive gamete collection, IVF and sperm cryopreservation that work well enough to be applied to many current conservation programs. We consider new advances in technology (vitrification and laser warming) of cryopreservation of aquatic embryos of fish and some marine invertebrates that may help us to overcome factors limiting amphibian oocyte and embryo cryopreservation. Finally, we address two case studies that illustrate the urgent need and the opportunity to implement immediately ARTs, cryopreservation and biobanking to amphibian conservation. These are (1) managing the biosecurity (disease risk) of the frogs of New Guinea which are currently free of chytridiomycosis, but are at high risk (2) the Sehuencas water frog of Bolivia, which until recently had only one known surviving male.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
| | - R Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - V L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - S Clulow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Campbell L, Upton R, Doody SJ, Nixon B, Clulow J, Clulow S. Model protocol for cryopreservation of lizard sperm using the phosphodiesterase inhibitor caffeine. Cryobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Upton R, Clulow S, Seeto R, Wong L, Mahony M, Clulow J. Successful sperm cryopreservation and generated offspring of the endangered frog, Litoria aurea. Cryobiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.10.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Alsharqi M, Woodward WJ, Mumith JA, Markham DC, Upton R, Leeson P. Artificial intelligence and echocardiography. Echo Res Pract 2018; 5:R115-R125. [PMID: 30400053 PMCID: PMC6280250 DOI: 10.1530/erp-18-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Echocardiography plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular disease. However, interpretation remains largely reliant on the subjective expertise of the operator. As a result inter-operator variability and experience can lead to incorrect diagnoses. Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies provide new possibilities for echocardiography to generate accurate, consistent and automated interpretation of echocardiograms, thus potentially reducing the risk of human error. In this review, we discuss a subfield of AI relevant to image interpretation, called machine learning, and its potential to enhance the diagnostic performance of echocardiography. We discuss recent applications of these methods and future directions for AI-assisted interpretation of echocardiograms. The research suggests it is feasible to apply machine learning models to provide rapid, highly accurate and consistent assessment of echocardiograms, comparable to clinicians. These algorithms are capable of accurately quantifying a wide range of features, such as the severity of valvular heart disease or the ischaemic burden in patients with coronary artery disease. However, the applications and their use are still in their infancy within the field of echocardiography. Research to refine methods and validate their use for automation, quantification and diagnosis are in progress. Widespread adoption of robust AI tools in clinical echocardiography practice should follow and have the potential to deliver significant benefits for patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alsharqi
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - W J Woodward
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J A Mumith
- Ultromics Ltd, Magdalen Centre, Robert Robinson Ave, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - D C Markham
- Ultromics Ltd, Magdalen Centre, Robert Robinson Ave, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - R Upton
- Ultromics Ltd, Magdalen Centre, Robert Robinson Ave, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Leeson
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Clulow J, Pomering M, Herbert D, Upton R, Calatayud N, Clulow S, Mahony MJ, Trudeau VL. Differential success in obtaining gametes between male and female Australian temperate frogs by hormonal induction: A review. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 265:141-148. [PMID: 29859744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Most Australian frogs fall into two deeply split lineages, conveniently referred to as ground frogs (Myobatrachidae and Limnodynastidae) and tree frogs (Pelodryadidae). Species of both lineages are endangered because of the global chytrid pandemic, and there is increasing interest and research on the endocrine manipulation of reproduction to support the use of assisted reproductive technologies in conservation. Hormonal induction of gamete release in males and females is one such manipulation of the reproductive process. This paper reviews progress in temperate ground and tree frogs towards developing simple and efficient hormonal protocols for induction of spermiation and ovulation, and presents some new data, that together build towards an understanding of advances and obstacles towards progress in this area. We report that protocols for the non-invasive induction of sperm release, relying on single doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or human chorionic gonadotropin are very effective in both ground and tree frog species investigated to date. However, we find that, while protocols based on GnRH, and GnRH and dopamine antagonists, are moderately efficient in inducing ovulation in ground frogs, the same cannot be said for the use of such protocols in tree frogs. Although induced ovulation in the pelodryadid tree frogs has not been successfully implemented, and is difficult to explain in terms of the underlying endocrinology, we propose future avenues of investigation to address this problem, particularly the need for a source of purified or recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone for species from this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Clulow
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia.
| | - Melissa Pomering
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Danielle Herbert
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Rose Upton
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Natalie Calatayud
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA, USA
| | - Simon Clulow
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109 Australia
| | - Michael J Mahony
- Conservation Biology Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308 Australia
| | - Vance L Trudeau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Upton R, Clulow S, Mahony MJ, Clulow J. Generation of a sexually mature individual of the Eastern dwarf tree frog, Litoria fallax, from cryopreserved testicular macerates: proof of capacity of cryopreserved sperm derived offspring to complete development. Conserv Physiol 2018; 6:coy043. [PMID: 30151196 PMCID: PMC6101482 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are the most threatened vertebrate class globally based on recent rates of decline and extinction. Sperm cryopreservation and other assisted reproductive technologies have the potential to help manage small and threatened populations and prevent extinctions. There are a growing number of reports of recovery of amphibian sperm after cryopreservation, but relatively few published reports of amphibian embryos generated from frozen sperm developing beyond metamorphosis to the adult stage and achieving sexual maturation. In this study on the Eastern dwarf tree frog (Litoria fallax), a temperate amphibian species from eastern Australia, a small number of viable metamorphs and one sexually mature male frog (itself producing sperm) were produced from cryopreserved sperm, demonstrating the capacity of embryos generated from cryopreserved sperm to complete the life cycle to sexual maturity. Low progression rates between developmental stages were not deemed to be due to effects of cryopreservation, since control embryos from unfrozen sperm had a similarly low progression rate through development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Upton
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Simon Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Michael J Mahony
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - John Clulow
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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Betz JM, Colegate SM, Upton R, Gardner DR, Panter KE. Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum L.) and Three Related Species. Am J Transl Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1644957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JM Betz
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 6100 Executive Blvd., 3B01, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - SM Colegate
- USDA, ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - R Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, PO Box 66809, Scotts Valley, CA 95067, USA
| | - DR Gardner
- USDA, ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA
| | - KE Panter
- USDA, ARS, Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT 84341, USA
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Gafner S, Upton R, Khan I, Cardellina J, Foster S, Blumenthal M. Botanical Ingredient Adulteration – How Commonly Used Analytical Techniques Can Be Fooled. Am J Transl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Gafner
- American Botanical Council, Austin, TX, United States
| | - R Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Scotts Valley, CA, United States
| | - I Khan
- NCNPR, University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | | | - S Foster
- Steven Foster Group, Eureka Springs, AR, United States
| | - M Blumenthal
- American Botanical Council, Austin, TX, United States
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Gray C, Thomas B, Upton R, Migas L, Eyers C, Barran P, Flitsch S. Applications of ion mobility mass spectrometry for high throughput, high resolution glycan analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1688-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aye C, Davis E, Upton R, Lewandowski AJ, Leeson P. Assessment of cardiac function from fetal to adult life with myocardial deformation imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2014; 43:605-608. [PMID: 24888740 DOI: 10.1002/uog.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Aye
- Oxford Cardiovascular Clinical Research Facility, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX39DU, UK; Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Secchi F, Cannao P, Pluchinotta F, Butera G, Carminati M, Sardanelli F, Lombardi M, Monney P, Piccini D, Rutz T, Vincenti G, Coppo S, Koestner S, Stuber M, Schwitter J, Romana P, Francesco S, Gianfranco B, Mario C, Francesco S, Massimo L, Alizadeh Sani Z, Vojdan-Parast M, Alimohammadi M, Sarafan-Sadeghi S, Seifi A, Fallahabadi H, Karami Tanha F, Jamshidi M, Hesamy M, Bonello B, Sorensen C, Fouilloux V, Gorincour G, Mace L, Fraisse A, Jacquier A, de Meester C, Amzulescu M, Bouzin C, Boileau L, Melchior J, Boulif J, Lazam S, Pasquet A, Vancrayenest D, Vanoverschelde J, Gerber B, Loudon M, Bull S, Bissell M, Joseph J, Neubauer S, Myerson S, Dorniak K, Hellmann M, Rawicz-Zegrzda D, W sierska M, Sabisz A, Szurowska E, Heiberg E, Dudziak M, Kwok T, Chin C, Dweck M, Hadamitzky M, Nadjiri J, Hendrich E, Pankalla C, Will A, Schunkert H, Martinoff S, Sonne C, Pepe A, Meloni A, Terrazzino F, Spasiano A, Filosa A, Bitti P, Tangari C, Restaino G, Resta M, Ricchi P, Meloni A, Tudisca C, Grassedonio E, Positano V, Piraino B, Romano N, Keilberg P, Midiri M, Pepe A, Meloni A, Positano V, Macchi S, Ambrosio D, De Marchi D, Chiodi E, Resta M, Salvatori C, Pepe A, Artang R, Bogachkov A, Botelho M, Bou-Ayache J, Vazquez M, Carr J, Collins J, Maret E, Ahlander B, Bjorklund P, Engvall J, Cimermancic R, Inage A, Mizuno N, Positano V, Meloni A, Santarelli M, Izzi G, Maddaloni D, De Marchi D, Salvatori C, Landini L, Pepe A, Pepe A, Meloni A, Carulli G, Oliva E, Arcioni F, Fraticelli V, Toia P, Renne S, Restaino G, Salvatori C, Rizzo M, Reinstadler S, Klug G, Feistritzer H, Aschauer A, Schocke M, Franz W, Metzler B, Melonil A, Positanol V, Roccamo G, Argento C, Benni M, De Marchil D, Missere M, Prezios P, Salvatoril C, Pepel A, Meloni A, Rossi G, Positano V, Cirotto C, Filati G, Toia P, Preziosi P, De Marchi D, Pepe A, Mongeon F, Fischer K, Teixeira T, Friedrich M, Marcotte F, Vincenti G, Monney P, Rutz T, Zenge M, Schmidt M, Nadar M, Chevre P, Rohner C, Schwitter J, Mouratoglou S, Kallifatidis A, Giannakoulas G, Grapsa J, Kamperidis V, Pitsiou G, Stanopoulos I, Hadjimiltiades S, Karvounis H, Ahmed N, Lawton C, Ghosh Dastidar A, Frontera A, Jackson A, Cripps T, Diab I, Duncan E, Thomas G, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Kannoly S, Gosling O, Ninan T, Fulford J, Dalrymple-Haym M, Shore A, Bellenger N, Alegret J, Beltran R, Martin M, Mendoza M, Elisabetta C, Teresa C, Zairo F, Marcello N, Clorinda M, Bruna M, Vincenzo P, Alessia P, Giorgio B, Klug G, Feistritzer H, Reinstadler S, Mair J, Schocke M, Kremser C, Franz W, Metzler B, Aschauer S, Tufaro C, Kammerlander A, Pfaffenberger S, Marzluf B, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J, Kliegel A, Sailer A, Brustbauer R, Sedivy R, Mayr H, Manessi M, Castelvecchio S, Votta E, Stevanella M, Menicanti L, Secchi F, Sardanelli F, Lombardi M, Redaelli A, Reiter U, Reiter G, Kovacs G, Greiser A, Olschewski H, Fuchsjager M, Kammerlander A, Tufaro C, Pfaffenberger S, Marzluf B, Aschauer S, Babayev J, Bonderman D, Mascherbauer J, Mlynarski R, Mlynarska A, Sosnowski M, Pontone G, Bertella E, Petulla M, Russo E, Innocenti E, Baggiano A, Mushtaq S, Gripari P, Andreini D, Tondo C, Nyktari E, Izgi C, Haidar S, Wage R, Keegan J, Wong T, Mohiaddin R, Durante A, Rimoldi O, Laforgia P, Gianni U, Benedetti G, Cava M, Damascelli A, Laricchia A, Ancona M, Aurelio A, Pizzetti G, Esposito A, Margonato A, Colombo A, De Cobelli F, Camici P, Zvaigzne L, Sergejenko S, Kal js O, Kannoly S, Ripley D, Swarbrick D, Gosling O, Hossain E, Chawner R, Moore J, Shore A, Bellenger N, Aquaro G, Barison A, Masci P, Todiere G, Strata E, Barison A, Di Bella G, Monasterio F, Feistritzer H, Reinstadler S, Klug G, Kremser C, Schocke M, Franz W, Metzler B, Levelt E, Mahmod M, Ntusi N, Ariga R, Upton R, Piechnick S, Francis J, Schneider J, Stoll V, Davis A, Karamitsos T, Leeson P, Holloway C, Clarke K, Neubauer S, Karwat K, Tomala M, Miszalski-Jamka K, Mrozi ska S, Kowalczyk M, Mazur W, Kereiakes D, Nessler J, Zmudka K, Ja wiec P, Miszalski-Jamka T, Ben Yaacoub-Kzadri I, Harguem S, Bennaceur R, Ganzoui I, Ben Miled A, Mnif N, Rodriguez Palomares J, Ortiz J, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Tejedor P, Lee D, Wu E, Bonow R, Khanji M, Castiello T, Westwood M, Petersen S, Pepe A, Meloni A, Carulli G, Oliva E, Arcioni F, Storti S, Grassedonio E, Renne S, Missere M, Positano V, Rizzo M, Meloni A, Quota A, Smacchia M, Paci C, Positano V, Vallone A, Valeri G, Chiodi E, keilberg P, Pepe A, Barison A, De Marchi D, Gargani L, Aquaro G, Guiducci S, Pugliese N, Lombardi M, Pingitore A, Cole B, Douglas H, Rodden S, Horan P, Harbinson M, Johnston N, Dixon L, Choudhary P, Hsu C, Grieve S, Semsarian C, Richmond D, Celermajer D, Puranik R, Hinojar Baydes R, Varma N, Goodman B, Khan S, Arroyo Ucar E, Dabir D, Schaeffter T, Nagel E, Puntmann V, Hinojar R, Ucar E, Ngah N, Kuo N, D'Cruz D, Gaddum N, Schaeffter T, Nagel E, Puntmann V, Hinojar R, Foote L, Arroyo Ucar E, Dabir D, Schnackenburg B, Higgins D, Schaeffter T, Nagel E, Puntmann V, Nucifora G, Muser D, Morocutti G, Gianfagna P, Zanuttini D, Piccoli G, Proclemer A, Nucifora G, Prati G, Vitrella G, Allocca G, Buttignoni S, Muser D, Morocutti G, Delise P, Proclemer A, Sinagra G, Silva G, Almeida A, David C, Francisco A, Magalhaes A, Placido R, Menezes M, Guimaraes T, Mendes A, Nunes Diogo A, Aneq M, Maret E, Engvall J, Douglas H, Cole B, Rodden S, Horan P, Harbinson M, Dixon L, Johnston N, Papavassiliu T, Sandberg R, Schimpf R, Schoenberg S, Borggrefe M, Doesch C, Khan S, Tamin S, Tan L, Joshi S, Khan S, Memon S, Tamin S, Tan L, Joshi S, Tangcharoen T, Prasertkulchai W, Yamwong S, Sritara P, Hinojar R, Foote L, Arroyo Ucar E, Binti Ngah N, Cruz D, Schnackenburg B, Higgins D, Schaeffter T, Nagel E, Puntmann V, Nucifora G, Muser D, Masci P, Barison A, Rebellato L, Piccoli G, Daleffe E, Zanuttini D, Facchin D, Lombardi M, Proclemer A, Melao F, Paiva M, Pinho T, Martins E, Vasconcelos M, Madureira A, Macedo F, Ramos I, Maciel M, Agoston-Coldea L, Marjanovic Z, Hadj Khelifa S, Kachenoura N, Lupu S, Soulat G, Farge-Bancel D, Mousseaux E, Ben Yaacoub-Kzadri I, Harguem S, Bennaceur R, Ben Miled A, Mnif N, Dastidar A, Ahmed N, Frontera A, Lawton C, Augustine D, McAlindon E, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Vasconcelos M, Leite S, Sousa C, Pinho T, Rangel I, Madureira A, Ramos I, Maciel M, El ghannudi S, Lefoulon A, Noel E, Germain P, Doutreleau S, Jeung M, Gangi A, Roy C, Todiere G, Pisciella L, Barison A, Zachara E, Federica R, Emdin M, Aquaro G, El ghannudi S, Lefoulon A, Noel E, Germain P, Doutreleau S, Jeung M, Gangi A, Roy C, Baydes R, Ucar E, Foote L, Dabir D, Mahmoud I, Jackson T, Schaeffter T, Higgins D, Nagel E, Puntmann V, Melao F, Paiva M, Pinho T, Martins E, Vasconcelos M, Madureira A, Macedo F, Ramos I, Maciel M. These abstracts have been selected for VIEWING only as ePosters and in print. ePosters will be available on Screen A & B throughout the meeting, Print Posters at the times indicated below. Please refer to the PROGRAM for more details. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Walk C, Wyatt C, Upton R, McElroy A. Effect of diet and phytase on the performance and tibia ash of broilers exposed to a live coccidia oocyst vaccine. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jensen ML, Foster D, Upton R, Grant C, Martinez A, Somogyi A. Comparison of cerebral pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in anin vivosheep model. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:441-57. [PMID: 17455115 DOI: 10.1080/00498250701251126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics and time course of blood-brain equilibration of buprenorphine (BUP) and norbuprenorphine (norBUP) in sheep were characterized. Sheep were administered 0.04 mg kg(-1) BUP or 0.6 mg kg(-1) norBUP as 4-min i.v. infusions. The cerebral kinetics were inferred from arterio-sagittal sinus concentration gradients and changes in cerebral blood flow. These data were fitted to physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. BUP cerebral kinetics were best described by a membrane-limited model with a large equilibration delay (half-life of 20 min) between brain and blood due to intermediate permeability (47 ml min(-1)) and a large cerebral distribution volume (595 ml). Significant limitation in permeability (6 ml min(-1)) characterized the cerebral kinetics of norBUP with a cerebral distribution volume (157 ml) giving a blood-brain equilibration half-life (21 min) similar to that for BUP. The logD of BUP and norBUP were 3.93 +/- 0.08 and 1.18 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SD), respectively. Both compounds revealed slow cerebral equilibration with variations in degree of permeability and distribution volume reflecting the difference in lipophilicity. It is possible that norBUP contributes to the central effects seen after chronic BUP administration as this study demonstrated its entry into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Jensen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Wu KM, Farrelly JG, Upton R, Chen J. Complexities of the herbal nomenclature system in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): lessons learned from the misuse of Aristolochia-related species and the importance of the pharmaceutical name during botanical drug product development. Phytomedicine 2007; 14:273-9. [PMID: 16863692 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have diverse cultural/historical backgrounds and are described based on complex nomenclature systems. Using the family Aristolochiaceae as an example, at least three categories of nomenclature could be identified: (1) one-to-one (one plant part from one species): the herb guan mutong refers to the root of Aristolochia manshuriensis; (2) multiple-to-one (multiple plant parts from the same species serve as different herbs): three herbs, madouling, qingmuxiang and tianxianteng, derived respectively from the fruit, root and stem of Aristolochia debilis; and (3) one-to-multiple (one herb refers to multiple species): the herb fangji refers to the root of either Aristolochia fangchi, Stephania tetrandra or Cocculus trilobus; in this case, the first belongs to a different family (Aristolochiaceae) than the latter two (Menispermaceae), and only the first contains aristolochic acid (AA), as demonstrated by independent analytical data provided in this article. Further, mutong (Akebia quinata) is allowed in TCM herbal medicine practice to be substituted with either guan mutong (Aristolochia manshuriensis) or chuan mutong (Clematis armandii); and mu fangji (Cocculus trilobus) by guang fanchi (Aristolochia fangchi) or hanzhong fangji (Aristolochia heterophylla), thereby increasing the risk of exposing renotoxic AA-containing Aristolochia species to patients. To avoid these and other confusions, we wish to emphasize the importance of a pharmaceutical name, which defines the species name, the plant part, and sometimes the special process performed on the herb, including cultivating conditions. The pharmaceutical name as referred to in this article is defined, and is limited to those botanicals that are intended to be used as drug. It is hoped that by following the pharmaceutical name, toxic herbs can be effectively identified and substitution or adulteration avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Wu
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, FDA, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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Gray DE, Upton R, Chandra A, Porter A, Harris RK. Quantitative analysis of flavonol glycosides in Ginkgo biloba: a comparison of two analytical methods. Phytochem Anal 2006; 17:56-62. [PMID: 16454477 DOI: 10.1002/pca.886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of testing methods for constituents of Ginkgo biloba was performed as part of the process for determining which of the many available analytical methods was most appropriate for inclusion in the American Herbal Pharmacopoeia (AHP). Three primary methods were reviewed: those adopted by the European Pharmacopoeia, the National Science Foundation-Institute for Nutraceutical Advancement (NSF-INA) and the United States Pharmacopeia. Methods were compared by evaluating sample preparation and hydrolysis, precision and methods of total flavonol glycoside calculation by two independent laboratories. The AHP adopted the method of NSF-INA for inclusion in the AHP monograph owing to observed superiority of this method in terms of precision, glycoside calculation, ease of sample preparation and chromatographic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Gray
- Midwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Blvd, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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Weiss SM, Benwell K, Cliffe IA, Gillespie RJ, Knight AR, Lerpiniere J, Misra A, Pratt RM, Revell D, Upton R, Dourish CT. Discovery of nonxanthine adenosine A2A receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 2004; 61:S101-6. [PMID: 14663021 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000095581.20961.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During a program to investigate the biochemical basis of side effects associated with the antimalarial drug mefloquine, the authors made the unexpected discovery that the (-)-(R,S)-enantiomer of the drug is a potent adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Although the compound was ineffective in in vivo animal models of central adenosine receptor function, it provided a unique nonxanthine adenosine A2A receptor antagonist lead structure and encouraged the initiation of a medicinal chemistry program to develop novel adenosine A2A antagonists for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). The authors have synthesized and screened more than 2,000 chemically diverse and novel adenosine A(2A antagonists. Early examples from two distinct chemical series are the thieno[3,2-dy]pyrimidine VER-6623 and the purine compounds VER-6947 and VER-7835, which have high affinity at adenosine A2A receptors (K(i) values 1.4, 1.1, and 1.7 nmol/L, respectively) and act as competitive antagonists. In particular, VER-6947 and VER-7835 demonstrate potent in vivo activity reversing the locomotor deficit caused by the D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol, with minimum effective doses comparable with that of KW6002 (0.3 to 1 mg/kg). In conclusion, the authors have discovered potent, selective, and in vivo active nonxanthine adenosine A2A antagonists that have considerable promise as a new therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Weiss
- Vernalis Research Ltd., Wokingham, UK.
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Upton R. Use of herbal medications before surgery. JAMA 2001; 286:2543-4. [PMID: 11722258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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Nolan D, Upton R, McKinnon E, John M, James I, Adler B, Roff G, Vasikaran S, Mallal S. Stable or increasing bone mineral density in HIV-infected patients treated with nelfinavir or indinavir. AIDS 2001; 15:1275-80. [PMID: 11426072 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200107060-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To determine the factors contributing to changes in bone mineral density (BMD) over time in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS Analyses of lumbar spine BMD in 183 male Caucasian participants in the Western Australian HIV Cohort study, comprising a longitudinal analysis of data from 54 patients on stable HAART regimens, and a cross-sectional analysis comparing data from 131 protease inhibitor (PI)-treated patients and 52 PI-naive (including 28 antiretroviral treatment-naive) patients. RESULTS Average lumbar spine BMD remained stable or increased over the time frame considered. Although there was no evidence of a change of average BMD over time in patients receiving nelfinavir (P = 0.92), there was evidence of increasing bone density in the indinavir group (average increase, 0.31 z-score per year; P < 0.001). Lower initial z-scores in the longitudinal analysis were significantly associated with lower pre-HAART BMI (P = 0.003), consistent with results of the cross-sectional analysis in which lowest BMI prior to initial dual X-ray absorptiometry scan was associated with decreased BMD (P = 0.02, overall group). Although PI therapy was also associated with decreased BMD in a univariate analysis of the cross-sectional data (P = 0.04), this effect was abrogated in a multiple linear regression analysis (P = 0.11) with lowest BMI remaining significant (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence, overall, of accelerated bone loss in patients treated with nelfinavir- or indinavir-containing HAART regimens, and propose that indinavir therapy may be associated with an increase in bone mineral density over time. Pre-HAART BMI was an independent and powerful determinant of an individual's initial z-score in the longitudinal analysis, and adjustment for this effect in a cross-sectional analysis abrogated the association between PI therapy and decreased lumbar spine z-score.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nolan
- Centre for Clinical Immunology and Biomedical Statistics, Royal Perth Hospital and Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- R Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Soquel, CA 95073, USA.
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Upton R. Additional information and comments on guidelines for selecting an herbalist. J Altern Complement Med 1999; 5:503-4. [PMID: 10630343 DOI: 10.1089/acm.1999.5.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Upton R, Widdowson PS, Ishii S, Tanaka H, Williams G. Improved metabolic status and insulin sensitivity in obese fatty (fa/fa) Zucker rats and Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats treated with the thiazolidinedione, MCC-555. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:1708-14. [PMID: 9886762 PMCID: PMC1565756 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We examined the effect of chronic (21 days) oral treatment with the thiazolidinedione, MCC-555 ((+)-5-[[6-(2-fluorbenzyl)-oxy-2-naphy]methyl]-2,4-thiazo lid inedione) on metabolic status and insulin sensitivity in obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats and Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats which display an impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or overt diabetic symptoms, respectively. 2. MCC-555 treatment to obese Zucker rats (10 and 30 mg kg(-1)) and diabetic ZDF rats (10 mg kg(-1)) reduced non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in both rat strains and reduced plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations in the obese Zucker rats. Liver glycogen concentrations were significantly increased by chronic MCC-555 treatment in both obese Zucker rats (30 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) and diabetic ZDF rats (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), as compared with vehicle-treated lean and obese rats and there was a significant increase in hepatic glycogen synthase activity in MCC-555-treated diabetic ZDF rats as compared to vehicle-treated controls. 3. During a euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp, MCC-555-treated obese Zucker rats and diabetic ZDF rats required significantly higher glucose infusion rates to maintain stable glucose concentrations (2.01+/-0.19 mg min(-1) and 6.42+/-1.03 mg min(-1), respectively) than vehicle-treated obese controls (0.71+/-0.17 mg min(-1) and 2.09+/-0.71 mg min(-1); P<0.05), demonstrating improved insulin sensitivity in both Zucker and ZDF rats. MCC-555 treatment also enhanced insulin-induced suppression of hepatic glucose production in ZDF rats as measured using infusions of [6-3H]-glucose under clamp conditions. 4. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that MCC-555 improves metabolic status and insulin sensitivity in obese Zucker and diabetic ZDF rats. MCC-555 may prove a useful compound for alleviating the metabolic disturbances and IGT associated with insulin resistance in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Upton
- Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, UK
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Widdowson PS, Upton R, Pickavance L, Buckingham R, Tadayyon M, Arch J, Williams G. Acute hyperleptinemia does not modify insulin sensitivity in vivo in the rat. Horm Metab Res 1998; 30:259-62. [PMID: 9660085 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-978879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with hyperleptinemia, whilst exposure of hepatoma cells and isolated adipocytes to high concentrations of leptin has been demonstrated to result in attenuated insulin response and a reduced suppression of gluconeogenesis. To determine the acute metabolic effects of hyperleptinemia, we measured whole body glucose uptake (WBU) and hepatic glucose production rate (HGP) in rats using the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamping technique. Anesthetised male rats received recombinant murine leptin (1 microg/min) or vehicle into the jugular vein for 90 min. After 30 min of leptin infusion, insulin was infused to a level of 70 microU/ml and a variable-rate glucose infusion was adjusted to maintain blood glucose levels to 4-4.5 mmol/l. Glucose infusion rates during clamping were not different between leptin-infused and control rats, and there were no significant effects on the HPR or WBU measured using [6-(3)H]glucose under basal or clamped conditions. In summary, our data demonstrate that acute hyperleptinemia in normal weight Wistar rats does not appear to reduce insulin sensitivity, in vivo, or to affect HPR under clamp conditions.
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Upton R. Herbal monographs push natural medicines into the 21st century. J Altern Complement Med 1998; 3:397-9. [PMID: 9449061 DOI: 10.1089/acm.1997.3.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Upton
- American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Santa Cruz, CA 9506, USA.
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Widdowson PS, Gyte A, Upton R, Smith JC, Pitts M, Moores R, Wyatt I. L-2-chloropropionic acid-induced cerebellar granule cell necrosis is potentiated by L-type calcium channel antagonists. Arch Toxicol 1997; 71:751-5. [PMID: 9388008 DOI: 10.1007/s002040050457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have used the model of L-2-chloropropionic acid (L-CPA)-induced selective cerebellar granule necrosis to study excitatory amino acid-induced necrotic cell death in vivo produced by the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. However, the mechanism for the NMDA receptor activation and the biochemical events which dictate the anatomical selectivity for the L-CPA-induced lesion are as yet unknown. We examined whether blockade of sodium and calcium channels may reduce the neurotoxicity through a reduction of glutamate release from granule cells. None of the sodium channel antagonists examined, i.e. phenytoin, lamotrigine or rilazole nor the mixed sodium/calcium channel blocker, lifarazine, altered the L-CPA neurotoxicity. However, L-type calcium channel blockers, verapamil and nifedipine enhanced the L-CPA-induced granule cell necrosis, assessed by measuring the degree of L-CPA-induced reductions in cerebellar aspartate concentration, increases in cerebellar glycine concentrations and the development of cerebellar oedema. In addition, the locomotor activity of rats receiving both L-CPA and either verapamil or nifedipine was significantly lower than when rats received L-CPA alone, suggesting an enhancement of the neurotoxicity of L-CPA by L-type calcium channel blockade. The data suggest that L-CPA may interfere with non-L-type calcium channels located on granule cell bodies and nerve terminals leading to reduction of the calcium entry into the cells. We suggest that a combination of L-type channel blockade and non-L-type channels which are sensitive to L-CPA produces reductions in intracellular calcium concentrations below that required for neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Widdowson
- ZENECA Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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Widdowson PS, Upton R, Henderson L, Buckingham R, Wilson S, Williams G. Reciprocal regional changes in brain NPY receptor density during dietary restriction and dietary-induced obesity in the rat. Brain Res 1997; 774:1-10. [PMID: 9452185 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)81680-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) potently induces feeding, reduces thermogenesis and induces obesity in rats when injected into the cerebral ventricles. Groups of male Wistar rats were either restricted to 60% of their normal daily food intake over 10 days or made obese by presenting them with a high-calorie diet rich in sugars and fat over 6 weeks. Food restricted rats lost up to 20% of their body weight, compared with control rats and had large reductions in their body fat mass. By contrast, rats with dietary-induced obesity weighed 26% more than controls due mainly to increased body fat mass. Quantitative receptor autoradiography demonstrated reduced [(125)I]PYY binding in the hypothalamic lateral (perifornical) and dorsal areas, hypothalamic ventromedial, arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, hippocampal CA3 region, centromedial amygdaloid nucleus and thalamic paraventricular and reuniens nuclei in dietary restricted rats compared with controls. By contrast, regional [(125)I]PYY binding was significantly increased in hypothalamic lateral and dorsal areas, hypothalamic arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, amygdaloid medial and centromedial nuclei, thalamic centromedial and paraventricular nuclei of dietary obese rats versus controls. Masking NPY Y1 receptors with 1 microM BIBP3226, a selective Y1 receptor antagonist, revealed that the changes in [(125)I]PYY binding in brains of food-restricted and dietary-obese rats were due to changes in BIBP3226-insensitive binding sites, presumably Y2 or Y5 NPY receptors. These data suggest that dietary-restriction stimulates NPY release resulting in down-regulation of NPY Y5 'feeding' and/or Y2 receptors and reduced BAT thermogenesis thereby providing an increased drive to eat to restore normal caloric intake whilst reducing thermogenesis in order to conserve fat reserves. By contrast, the up-regulation of NPY Y5 and/or Y2 receptors in dietary-induced obesity is consistent with inhibition of NPY release in the hypothalamus, amygdala and thalamus. Overall, we suggest that there is a regional increase in NPY release during negative energy balance, such as during food-restriction and a reduced regional release of NPY in positive energy balance, such as during hyperphagia associated with the development of obesity.
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