Molecular basis for selectivity of high affinity peptide antagonists for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor

Few gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters have high affinity peptide receptor antagonists, and little is known about the molecular basis of their selectivity or affinity. The receptor mediating the action of the mammalian bombesin (Bn) peptide, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), is an exception, because numerous classes of peptide antagonists are described. To investigate the molecular basis for their high affinity for the GRPR, two classes of peptide antagonists, a statine analogue, JMV594 ([d-Phe(6),Stat(13)]Bn(6-14)), and a pseudopeptide analogue, JMV641 (d-Phe-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leupsi(CHOH-CH(2))-(CH(2))(2)-CH(3)), were studied. Each had high affinity for the GRPR and >3,000-fold selectivity for GRPR over the closely related neuromedin B receptor (NMBR). To investigate the basis for this, we used a chimeric receptor approach to make both GRPR loss of affinity and NMBR gain of affinity chimeras and a site-directed mutagenesis approach. Chimeric or mutated receptors were transiently expressed in Balb/c 3T3. Only substitution of the fourth extracellular (EC) domain of the GRPR by the comparable NMBR domain markedly decreased the affinity for both antagonists. Substituting the fourth EC domain of NMBR into the GRPR resulted in a 300-fold gain in affinity for JMV594 and an 11-fold gain for JMV641. Each of the 11 amino acid differences between the GRPR and NMBR in this domain were exchanged. The substitutions of Thr(297) in GRPR by Pro from the comparable position in NMBR, Phe(302) by Met, and Ser(305) by Thr decreased the affinity of each antagonist. Simultaneous replacement of Thr(297), Phe(302), and Ser(305) in GRPR by the three comparable NMBR amino acids caused a 500-fold decrease in affinity for both antagonists. Replacing the comparable three amino acids in NMBR by those from GRPR caused a gain in affinity for each antagonist. Receptor modeling showed that each of these three amino acids faced inward and was within 5 A of the putative binding pocket. These results demonstrate that differences in the fourth EC domain of the mammalian Bn receptors are responsible for the selectivity of these two peptide antagonists. They demonstrate that Thr(297), Phe(302), and Ser(305) of the fourth EC domain of GRPR are the critical residues for determining GRPR selectivity and suggest that both receptor-ligand cation-pi interactions and hydrogen bonding are important for their high affinity interaction.

N-Methyl scan of somatostatin octapeptide agonists produces interesting effects on receptor subtype specificity

The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin which exhibit selective affinities for the five receptor subtypes is of considerable basic and therapeutic interest and has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues with a wide spectrum of binding profiles. In the past, conformational restriction of side chain groups and the peptide backbone has yielded the most interesting results. Under the latter category and as part of the present study, we were interested in the potential effects of N-methylation of peptide bond NH groups on binding affinity since this approach had not been systematically examined with these peptides. This was aided by new chemistries for introducing an N-Me group during regular solid-phase peptide synthesis using Boc protection. A number of interesting effects were noted on relative binding affinities of the two series of agonist sequences chosen, DPhe(5)(or Tyr(5))-c[Cys(6)-Phe(7)-DTrp(8)-Lys(9)-Thr(10)-Cys(11)]Thr(12)-NH(2) (SRIF numbering), at the five known human somatostatin receptors transfected into and stably expressed by CHO cells. N-Methylation of residues 7 (Phe), 10 (Thr), 11 (Cys), and 12 (Thr) largely destroyed affinities for all five receptors. N-Methylation of DTrp in the DPhe series gave an analogue with extraordinarily high affinity for the type 5 receptor for which it was also quite selective. N-Methylation of Lys in both series resulted in retention of type 2 affinity despite this residue constituting the "active center" of somatostatin peptides. N-Methylation of either the N-terminal Tyr residue or of Cys(6) in the Tyr series resulted in analogues with extraordinarily high affinity for the type 3 receptor, also with a degree of specificity. N-Methylation of the peptide bond constrains the conformational space of the amino acid and eliminates the possibility of donor hydrogen bond formation from the amide linkage. The beta-bend conformation of the agonists around DTrp-Lys is stabilized by a transannular intramolecular hydrogen bond(s) between Phe(7) and Thr(10) so methylation of these residues eliminates this source of stabilization. It is expected that several of these analogues will provide additional tools for determining some of the physiological roles played by type 3 and 5 somatostatin receptors which are still far from being fully elucidated.

Highly potent and subtype selective ligands derived by N-methyl scan of a somatostatin antagonist

The search for synthetic peptide analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonists. Some of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 1, 2, 3, and 5, including analogues created by N-methyl amino acid substitutions in a standard octapeptide analogue format. We have now extended this peptide backbone N-methylation approach to a potent somatostatin receptor antagonist series using the antagonist Cpa-cyclo(DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys)-Nal-NH2 9 reported from this laboratory as the lead structure. Synthetic analogues were tested for their ability to inhibit somatostatin-stimulated GH release from rat pituitary cells in culture and to displace 125I-labeled somatostatin from CHO cells transfected with the five known human somatostatin receptors. Several interesting observations resulted from the study. N-Methylation at the Lys(9) residue (5) increased the rat GH release inhibitory potency nearly 4-fold to 0.73 nM but resulted in little change in the binding affinity for human type 2 receptor. This analogue also had a high affinity of 5.98 nM for sst5 receptor (compared to 1.4 nM for somatostatin itself) and is the first antagonist analogue to be reported with high affinity for sst5. It also had high potency on in vitro inhibition of sst5 mediated intracellular calcium mobilization. These results were considered surprising, since the Lys(9) residue has long been considered to constitute the active center of somatostatin, important both for receptor binding and activation, and suggests important conformational differences between D-Cys(9) somatostatin antagonists and normal agonist structures. More modifications were carried out on this analogue with the aim of improving antagonist potency and/or specificity. Tyr(7) substitution of 5 resulted in an analogue, which had the highest affinity in the series for hsst2 (K(I) 5.51 nM) and an extraordinarily low IC50 of 0.53 nM in the rat pituitary cell assay. However, this analogue lost considerable affinity for sst5 relative to analogue 5. Analogue 16 with DTrp(12) at C-terminus had the highest affinity for hsst2, however, the IC50 in the rat GH release assay was only 11.6 nM. Replacement of Lys(9) in 9 with Dab(9) gave 11 which displayed high binding affinity for sst3, and it was also quite selective for that receptor. Both the sst3 and sst5 antagonists should be of value in assigning the physiological roles to type 3 and 5 receptor, respectively.

Rational design of a peptide agonist that interacts selectively with the orphan receptor, bombesin receptor subtype 3

The orphan receptor, bombesin (Bn) receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3), shares high homology with bombesin receptors (neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R)). This receptor is widely distributed in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract; target disruption leads to obesity, diabetes, and hypertension, however, its role in physiological and pathological processes remain unknown due to lack of selective ligands or identification of its natural ligand. We have recently discovered (Mantey, S. A., Weber, H. C., Sainz, E., Akeson, M., Ryan, R. R. Pradhan, T. K., Searles, R. P., Spindel, E. R., Battey, J. F., Coy, D. H., and Jensen, R. T. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 26062-26071) that [d-Tyr(6),beta-Ala(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn-(6-14) has high affinity for BRS-3 and using this ligand showed BRS-3 has a unique pharmacology with high affinity for no known natural Bn peptides. However, use of this ligand is limited because it has high affinity for all known Bn receptors. In the present study we have attempted to identify BRS-3 selective ligands using a strategy of rational peptide design with the substitution of conformationally restricted amino acids into the prototype ligand [d-Tyr(6),beta-Ala(11),Phe(13),Nle(14)]Bn-(6-14) or its d-Phe(6) analogue. Each of the 22 peptides synthesized had binding affinities determined for hBRS-3, hGRPR, and hNMBR, and hBRS-3 selective ligands were tested for their ability to activate phospholipase C and increase inositol phosphates ([(3)H]inositol phosphate). Using this approach we have identified a number of BRS-3 selective ligands. These ligands functioned as receptor agonists and their binding affinities were reflected in their potencies for altering [(3)H]inositol phosphate. Two peptides with an (R)- or (S)-amino-3-phenylpropionic acid substitution for beta-Ala(11) in the prototype ligand had the highest selectivity for the hBRS-3 over the mammalian Bn receptors and did not interact with receptors for other gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters. Molecular modeling demonstrated these two selective BRS-3 ligands had a unique conformation of the position 11 beta-amino acid. This selectivity was of sufficient magnitude that these should be useful in explaining the role of hBRS-3 activation in obesity, glucose homeostasis, hypertension, and other physiological or pathological processes.

Tyrosine 220 in the 5th transmembrane domain of the neuromedin B receptor is critical for the high selectivity of the peptoid antagonist PD168368

Peptoid antagonists are increasingly being described for G protein-coupled receptors; however, little is known about the molecular basis of their binding. Recently, the peptoid PD168368 was found to be a potent selective neuromedin B receptor (NMBR) antagonist. To investigate the molecular basis for its selectivity for the NMBR over the closely related receptor for gastrin-releasing peptide (GRPR), we used a chimeric receptor approach and a site-directed mutagenesis approach. Mutated receptors were transiently expressed in Balb 3T3. The extracellular domains of the NMBR were not important for the selectivity of PD168368. However, substitution of the 5th upper transmembrane domain (uTM5) of the NMBR by the comparable GRPR domains decreased the affinity 16-fold. When the reverse study was performed by substituting the uTM5 of NMBR into the GRPR, a 9-fold increase in affinity occurred. Each of the 4 amino acids that differed between NMBR and GRPR in the uTM5 region were exchanged, but only the substitution of Phe(220) for Tyr in the NMBR caused a decrease in affinity. When the reverse study was performed to attempt to demonstrate a gain of affinity in the GRPR, the substitution of Tyr(219) for Phe caused an increase in affinity. These results suggest that the hydroxyl group of Tyr(220) in uTM5 of NMBR plays a critical role for high selectivity of PD168368 for NMBR over GRPR. Receptor and ligand modeling suggests that the hydroxyl of the Tyr(220) interacts with nitrophenyl group of PD168368 likely primarily by hydrogen bonding. This result shows the selectivity of the peptoid PD168368, similar to that reported for numerous non-peptide analogues with other G protein-coupled receptors, is primarily dependent on interaction with transmembrane amino acids.

Highly potent cyclic disulfide antagonists of somatostatin

The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst1 or sst4. Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists of somatostatin had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we further explore the effect of this putative L,5D6 antagonist motif on somatostatin octapeptide analogues with a cyclic hexapeptide core. The most potent antagonist found to date is H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Tyr-DTrp-Lys-Thr-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2970 (21), which has an IC50 of 1.1 nM in a rat pituitary growth hormone in vitro antagonist assay versus SRIF (1 nM). This analogue bound to cloned human somatostatin subtype 2 receptors with a Ki of 26 nM. The highest hsst2 affinity analogue was H-Cpa-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Tle-Cys]-Nal-NH2, PRL-2915 (15), with a Ki of 12 nM (IC50 = 1.8 nM). This analogue was also selective for hsst2 over hsst3 and hsst5 by factors of 8 and 40, respectively, and had no agonist activity when tested alone at concentrations up to 10 microM. Regression analysis of the binding affinities versus the observed antagonist potencies revealed high correlations for hsst2 (r = 0.65) and hsst3 (r = 0.52) with a less significant correlation to hsst5 (r = 0.40). This is quite different from the somatostatin agonist analogues which show a highly significant correlation to hsst2 (r > 0.9). Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.

Potent antagonists of somatostatin: synthesis and biology

The search for synthetic analogues of somatostatin (SRIF) which exhibit selective affinities for the five known receptor subtypes (sst1-5) has generated a large number of potent agonist analogues. Many of these agonists display good subtype selectivities and affinities for the subtypes 2, 3, and 5, with very few selective for sst1 or sst4. Until the recent report by Bass and co-workers (Mol. Pharmacol. 1996, 50, 709-715; erratum, Mol. Pharmacol. 1997, 51, 170), no true antagonists had been discovered, let alone any displaying differential receptor subtype selectivity. In this present study, we explore the effect of this putative L5,D6 antagonist motif on various series of somatostatin agonist analogues, both linear and cyclic. It was found that many D5,L6 agonists could be converted into competitive antagonists by applying this motif, the most potent of which was H-Nal-cyclo[DCys-Pal-DTrp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Nal-NH2 (32). This antagonist was selective for hsst2 with an affinity of 75 nM and an IC50 of 15.1 nM against SRIF-14 in a rat in vitro antagonist bioassay. Receptor-selective somatostatin antagonists should provide valuable tools for characterizing the many important physiological functions of this neuropeptide.

Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships of somatostatin analogues. 1. Comparative molecular field analysis of growth hormone release-inhibiting potencies

Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone (GH). It has also been shown to inhibit the release of a broad range of hormones including insulin, glucagon, and gastrin. Presently, five different receptor subtypes of somatostatin have been characterized and cloned. Our previous work on the structure-activity relationship of somatostatin and that of many others has generated a large database of analogues with different biological activities and receptor affinities. This present work is an investigation of the growth hormone release-inhibiting potencies of somatostatin analogues by the three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity paradigm, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). A total of 64 analogues were modeled in SYBYL using structural information from two NMR studies. The molecules were aligned by a root-mean-square fit of atoms and field-fit of the steric and electrostatic molecular fields and the resulting databases analyzed by partial least squares analysis with cross-validation to extract the optimum number of components. The analysis was then repeated without cross-validation to give the final QSAR models. Preliminary investigations with the CoMFA models led to the synthesis of a new somatostatin analogue. This compound together with five other newly synthesized compounds not included in the original training sets were used to test the predictive ability of the CoMFA models. Two models with good predictive powers are presented.

A chimeric VIP-PACAP analogue but not VIP pseudopeptides function as VIP receptor antagonists

The ability to assess the importance of VIP in different physiological processes is limited by the lack of specific potent antagonists. In the present study, we have adopted two different approaches used successfully with other peptides in an attempt to identify new VIP receptor antagonists. One involves the formation of pseudopeptides by insertion of reduced peptide bonds in the NH2-terminus from position 2 to 8 of VIP. The other methodology involves the formation of a COOH-terminal chimeric analogue by combining VIP(6-28) and PACAP(28-38). The ability of each of these peptides to function as an antagonist was compared with reported VIP antagonists. All of the peptides inhibited [125I]VIP binding to VIP receptors on guinea pig pancreatic acini. For the pseudopeptides the affinities were: [psi 3-4]VIP (0.2 microM) = 4 x [psi 4-5]VIP = 8 x [psi 8-9]VIP = 14 x [psi 6-7]VIP, [psi 2-3]VIP = 25 x [psi 5-6]VIP. Each nonpseudopeptide analogue also inhibited VIP binding with relative potencies of VIP(6-28)-PACAP(28-38) (1 microM) = 2.5 x [4-Cl-D-Phe6,Leu17]VIP, VIP(10-28), neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28) = 6 x [Ac-Tyr1,D-Phe2]GRF. All pseudopeptides were agonists with relative potencies: [psi 3-4]VIP > [psi 6-7], [psi 4-5]VIP > [psi 5-6] > [psi 8- 9]VIP > [psi 2-3]VIP. The reported VIP receptor antagonist, neurotensin(6-11)-VIP(7-28), was also an agonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Human growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues with much improved in vitro growth hormone-releasing potencies in rat pituitary cells

Enhancement of the amphiphilic alpha-helical properties of the central and C-terminal regions of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) by substitution with helix-favouring amino acids, particularly Ala, can result in significant improvements in GH-releasing potencies using monolayer cultures of rat pituitary cells, a system which reflects analogue receptor affinity rather than effects of structural modifications on pharmacokinetic properties. For instance, previously reported, helix-enhanced [Ala15]GRH-(1-29)NH2 was presently 5 times more potent than [Gly15]GRH-(1-29)NH2 in this assay. The extent and importance of alpha-helical character further towards the N-terminus is less clear since Chou-Fasman probability calculations indicate also the possibility of beta-bend formation in the 6-10 region. However, replacement of Asn8 with Ala resulted in a 4-fold improvement in potency and when this was combined with Ala15 to give [Ala8,15]GRH-(1-29)NH2 a 15-fold increase in potency was achieved and combination of D-Ala2, Ala8 and Ala15 gave a 27-fold increase indicating that the effects of all of these modifications were additive. Computer analysis furthermore revealed that substitution of Ala for Ser in position 9 should also increase alpha-helix probability from 0.93 to 1.05. [D-Ala2,Ala8,9,15]GRH- (1-29)NH2 was 49 times more potent than GRH itself making it by far the most potent analogue thus far reported in an in vitro assay system. The Ala8 and Ala9 substitutions were also effective in improving the inhibitory potency of a GRH receptor antagonist, [D-Arg2,Leu27]GRH-(1-29)NH2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Reduced peptide bond pseudopeptide analogues of secretin. A new class of secretin receptor antagonists

The ability to assess the importance of secretin in various physiological processes is limited by the lack of specific potent antagonists. Recently, reduced peptide bond (psi) analogues of bombesin or substance P in which the -CONH- bond is replaced by -CH2NH- are reported to be receptor antagonists. To attempt to develop a new class of secretin receptor antagonists, we have adopted a similar strategy with secretin and sequentially altered the eight NH2-terminal peptide bonds, the biological active portion of secretin. In guinea pig pancreatic acini, secretin caused a 75-fold increase in cyclic AMP (cAMP). Secretin inhibited 125I-secretin binding with a half-maximal effect at 7 nM. Each of the psi analogues inhibited 125I-secretin binding. [psi 4,5]Secretin was the most potent, causing the half-maximal inhibition at 4 microM, and was 2-fold more potent than the [psi 1,2]secretin; 7-fold more than [psi 3,4]secretin, [psi 5,6]secretin, and [psi 8,9]secretin; 9-fold more than [psi 7,8]secretin; 13-fold more potent [psi 6,7]secretin, and 17-fold more than [psi 2,3]secretin. Secretin caused a half-maximal increase in cAMP at 1 nM. At concentrations up to 10 microM, [psi 2,3]secretin, [psi 4,5]secretin, and [psi 8,9]secretin did not alter cAMP whereas [psi 1,2]secretin and [psi 6,7]secretin caused a detectable increase in cAMP at 10 nM, [psi 7,8]secretin at 300 nM, [psi 5,6]secretin at 1 microM, and [psi 3,4]secretin at 10 microM. The [psi 4,5], [psi 2,3], and [psi 8,9] analogues of secretin each inhibited 1 nM secretin-stimulated cAMP as well as [psi 3,4]secretin, which functioned as a partial agonist. [psi 4,5]Secretin was the most potent, causing half-maximal inhibition at 3 microM whereas [psi 8,9]secretin was 6-fold less potent, and [psi 2,3]secretin and [psi 3,4]secretin were 17-fold less potent. [psi 4,5]Secretin inhibited secretin-stimulated cAMP and binding of 125I-secretin in a competitive manner. [psi 4,5]Secretin did not interact with cholecystokinin, bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or cholinergic receptors but did interact with receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide, causing half-maximal inhibition at 72 microM and thus had a 18-fold higher affinity for secretin than vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors. These results indicate that reduced peptide bond analogues of the NH2 terminus of secretin represent a new class of secretin receptor antagonists. It is likely that in the future even more potent members of this class can be developed which may be useful to investigate the role of secretin in various physiological processes.

Analogues of growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29) amide containing the reduced peptide bond isostere in the N-terminal region

Previous peptide structure-activity investigations employing the psi[CH2NH] peptide bond isostere have produced antagonists when inserted into various sequences. These include bombesin, in which the incorporation of Leu13 psi[CH2NH]Leu14 produced a potent antagonist, and tetragastrin, with which Boc-Trp-Leu psi[CH2NH]Asp-Phe-NH2 is an antagonist. In this study, we chose to investigate the effect of this isostere on growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29) amide. Analogues were prepared by solid-phase synthesis and the isosteres incorporated by racemization-free reductive alkylation with a preformed protected amino acid aldehyde in the presence of NaBH3CN. The aldehydes were prepared by the reduction of the protected N,O-dimethyl hydroxamates with LiAlH4 at 0 degrees C. The purified analogues were assayed in a 4-day primary culture of male rat anterior pituitary cells for growth hormone (GH) release. Potential antagonists were retested in the presence of GRF(1-29)NH2. The following results were obtained: At position 5-6, a very weak agonist was produced with much less than 0.01% activity. Incorporation of the isostere in positions 1-2, 2-3, and 6-7 gave weak agonists with approximately 0.1% activity. Agonists with 0.39% and 1.6% activity were produced by incorporation at 10-11 and 3-4, respectively. The analogue [Ser9 psi[CH2NH]Tyr10]GRF(1-29)NH2 was found to be an antagonist in the 10 microM range vs 1 nM GRF and had no agonist activity at doses as high as 0.1 mM.

Effect of the CH2NH and CH2NAc peptide bond isosteres on the antagonistic and histamine releasing activities of a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue

The effect of the CH2NH and CH2NAc peptide bond isosteres on the antagonistic and histamine releasing activities of the LH-RH antagonist [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-Phe2,3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10] LH-RH was investigated. The moieties were introduced by facile, racemization-free solid-phase synthesis in an attempt to reduce the histamine releasing activity inherent to the most potent analogues while retaining high antiovulatory activity. The psi [CH2NH] isostere was incorporated at each CONH site with the exception of 8-9, which involves Pro, by reductive alkylation with a protected amino acid aldehyde in the presence of NaBH3CN during conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis. The psi [CH2NH] group was extremely resistant to derivatization and could only be partially acetylated to give psi [CH2NAc]. The analogues were cleaved from the resin with simultaneous deprotection by anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and purified to homogeneity in two stages: gel permeation followed by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The analogues were assayed in standard rat antiovulatory and in vitro histamine release assays. The isosteres caused a loss of the antiovulatory activity of the antagonist at the 50-microgram dose when incorporated at the positions 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, and 7-8. Incorporation at the other positions resulted in a less marked reduction in activity relative to the unmodified parent analogue. No significant effect was noted on the potent histamine releasing activity of the analogues.

Effect of reductive alkylation of lysine in positions 6 and/or 8 on the histamine-releasing activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists

The solid-phase reductive alkylation of the Lys side chain in positions 6 (D) and 8 (L) and position 8 alone of the LH-RH antagonist [N-Ac-D-Nal,D-Ph2,3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10]LH-RH was investigated in an attempt to reduce the histamine-releasing activity inherent to most potent antagonists while retaining high antiovulatory activity. The protected parent analogues were prepared by conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis. After selective removal of the Lys Fmoc side chain protection, the resin-bound peptides were readily and conveniently alkylated at the epsilon amino groups with various aldehydes and ketones in the presence of NaBH3CN. The analogues were then cleaved from the resin with simultaneous deprotection by anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and purified to homogeneity in two stages: gel permeation followed by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The analogues were assayed in standard rat antiovulatory and in vitro histamine-release assays.

Structure-activity studies of antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with emphasis on the amino-terminal region

The structure-activity relationship of the hydrophobic amino terminal region of the antagonist [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-pClPhe2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10]-LH- RH has been investigated by the incorporation of a variety of amino acids with emphasis on positions 1, 2, and 3. The analogues were prepared by routine solid-phase peptide synthesis. All purifications were performed in two stages: gel permeation chromatography followed by preparative, reversed-phase, high-performance chromatography. The analogues were assayed in a standard rat antiovulatory assay using a 40% propane-1,2-diol-saline vehicle. A simplified antagonist was developed that allowed the removal of the custom-synthesized D-pClPhe and the labile D-Trp while retaining antiovulatory potency. The compound [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-Phe2,3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10]-LH-RH caused a 56% blockade of ovulation at the 500-ng dose and is approximately equipotent with the parent analogue in this system.

Effect of reductive alkylation of D-lysine in position 6 on the histamine-releasing activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists

The reductive alkylation of the D-Lys side chain in position 6 of the LH-RH antagonist [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-Phe2,3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10]LH-RH was investigated in an attempt to reduce the histamine-releasing activity inherent to most potent antagonists while retaining high antiovulatory activity. The protected parent analogue was prepared by conventional solid-phase peptide synthesis. After selective removal of the Lys Fmoc side-chain protection, the resin-bound peptide was readily and conveniently alkylated at the epsilon amino group with various aldehydes and ketones in the presence of NaCNBH3. The analogues were then cleaved from the resin with simultaneous deprotection by anbydrous hydrogen fluoride and purified to homogeneity in two stages: gel permeation followed by preparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The analogues were assayed in standard rat antiovulatory and in vitro histamine-release assays. Simple alkyl groups such as ethyl, isopropyl, neopentyl, and cyclohexyl caused little reduction in histamine-releasing activity while exhibiting antiovulatory activity similar to that of the parent peptide. The presence of benzyl and substituted benzyl groups resulted in substantial losses of both histamine-releasing and antiovulatory activities. Thus, results showed that alterations in the hydrophobicity and size of the position-6 side chain have little effect on histamine-releasing activity or antiovulatory activity as long as a high degree of basicity is retained.

Use of the cutaneous anaphylactoid test to detect differences in mast cell mediator-releasing activity among LHRH peptides

The cutaneous anaphylactoid test was evaluated as a screen for assessing mast cell mediator-releasing (MCMR) activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) peptides. As expected, LHRH and D-Trp6-LHRH, an agonist of LHRH, were nonreactive at concentrations of antagonist which induced pronounced skin lesions. Differences between LHRH and antagonists were obvious, but it was difficult to detect differences among antagonists using arithmetic means. However, when the geometric means of the highest positive dilution were calculated, the MCMR activities of the antagonists differed and these differences appeared to be related to the hydrophobicities of their N-termini. Thus, it appears that the cutaneous anaphylactoid test is an appropriate screen to assess the MCMR activity of LHRH peptides and should assist in the development of clinically useful inhibitory analogs of LHRH.

Antagonistic analogs of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone are mast cell secretagogues

The histamine-releasing activity of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) antagonistic analogs has been documented. Antagonists of LHRH elicited in vitro histamine release from mast cells obtained from previously unexposed rats. Intradermal injection of the antagonists caused increased local skin permeability. Anaphylactoid reactions followed subcutaneous injection of the antagonists and in some cases these edematous reactions were accompanied by increased serum histamine levels. These studies show that these small peptides can cause mast cell degranulation and suggest that the neuropeptide, LHRH, may have modulating effects on the immune system.

Prolonged inhibition of growth hormone secretion by peripheral injection of bombesin is mediated by somatostatin in the rat

Peripherally injected bombesin inhibits GH secretion in conscious, freely moving rats and in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. This inhibition of GH secretion is unusually prolonged, lasting up to 90 min after a single ip injection. The duration of inhibition of GH secretion by bombesin is greater than that observed for somatostatin (SRIF) in the same bioassay. The inhibition of GH release occurs concomitantly with stimulation of gastrin release and is independent of stimulatory effects of bombesin on plasma glucose. The structurally related mammalian gastrin-releasing peptide also inhibits GH secretion in the pentobarbital-anesthetized rat after peripheral injection. Peripherally administered bombesin blocks GH-releasing factor stimulation of GH secretion. Prior treatment of pentobarbital-anesthetized rats with SRIF-specific anti-serum blocks the inhibitory effect of bombesin on GH secretion. No effect of bombesin on GH secretion was observed in primary cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells. These data suggest that peripherally administered bombesin stimulates SRIF secretion, most probably of hypothalamic origin, which, in turn, inhibits pituitary secretion of GH. This sensitivity of the hypothalamus to a peripherally rather than centrally administered peptide has important mechanistic and therapeutic implications.

Improved antagonists of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone modified in position 7

The structure-activity relationship of position 7 in the antagonist [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-pClPhe2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,D-Ala10]-LH-RH has been investigated by the incorporation of a series of amino acids at this position. The analogues were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. All purifications were performed in two stages: gel permeation followed by preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The analogues were assayed in the standard rat antiovulatory assay using a 40% propylene glycol-saline vehicle. The results demonstrated that position 7 requires a hydrophobic aromatic amino acid for greatest antiovulatory activity. The compound [N-Ac-D-Nal1,D-pClPhe2,D-Trp3,D-Arg6,Phe7,D-Ala10]-LH- RH caused 65% blockade of ovulation at the 500-ng dose and is approximately twice as active as the parent analogue in this assay system. The enhanced activity may indicate the stabilization of the active conformation via intramolecular hydrophobic or tau-tau interactions.