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Akbar SA, Mattfeld AT, Laird AR, McMakin DL. Sleep to Internalizing Pathway in Young Adolescents (SIPYA): A proposed neurodevelopmental model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 140:104780. [PMID: 35843345 PMCID: PMC10750488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of internalizing disorders, i.e., anxiety and depressive disorders, spikes in adolescence and has been increasing amongst adolescents despite the existence of evidence-based treatments, highlighting the need for advancing theories on how internalizing disorders emerge. The current review presents a theoretical model, called the Sleep to Internalizing Pathway in Young Adolescents (SIPYA) Model, to explain how risk factors, namely sleep-related problems (SRPs), are prospectively associated with internalizing disorders in adolescence. Specifically, SRPs during late childhood and early adolescence, around the initiation of pubertal development, contribute to the interruption of intrinsic brain networks dynamics, both within the default mode network and between the default mode network and other networks in the brain. This interruption leaves adolescents vulnerable to repetitive negative thought, such as worry or rumination, which then increases vulnerability to internalizing symptoms and disorders later in adolescence. Sleep-related behaviors are observable, modifiable, low-stigma, and beneficial beyond treating internalizing psychopathology, highlighting the intervention potential associated with understanding the neurodevelopmental impact of SRPs around the transition to adolescence. This review details support for the SIPYA Model, as well as gaps in the literature and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima A Akbar
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Aaron T Mattfeld
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Angela R Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Dana L McMakin
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Arafat MM, Dinan B, Haseeb ASMA, Akbar SA, Rahman BMA, Rozali S, Naher S. Growth of 1D TiO 2nanostructures on Ti substrates incorporated with residual stress through humid oxidation and their characterizations. Nanotechnology 2021; 32:475607. [PMID: 34388742 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1d77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different Ti substrates, such as particles (as-received and ball milled), plate and TEM grid were oxidized for the growth of one dimensional (1D) TiO2nanostructures. The Ti substrates were oxidized for 4 h at temperatures of 700 °C-750 °C in humid and dry Ar containing 5 ppm of O2. The effects of residual stress on the growth of 1D TiO2nanostructures were investigated. The residual stress inside the Ti particles was measured by XRD-sin2ψtechnique. The oxidized Ti substrates were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscope, transmission electron microscope, x-ray diffractometer and x-ray photoelectron spectroscope. Results revealed that humid environment enhances the growth of 1D TiO2nanostructures. Four different types of 1D morphologies obtained during humid oxidation, e.g. stacked, ribbon, plateau and lamp-post shaped nanostructures. The presence of residual stress significantly enhances the density and coverage of 1D nanostructures. The as-grown TiO2nanostructures possess tetragonal rutile structure having length up to 10μm along the 〈1 0 1〉 directions. During initial stage of oxidation, a TiO2layer is formed on Ti substrate. Lower valence oxides (Ti3O5, Ti2O3and TiO) then form underneath the TiO2layer and induce stress at the interface of oxide layers. The induced stress plays significant role on the growth of 1D TiO2nanostructures. The induced stress is relaxed by creating new surfaces in the form of 1D TiO2nanostructures. A diffusion based model is proposed to explain the mechanism of 1D TiO2growth during humid oxidation of Ti. The 1D TiO2nanostructures and TiO2layer is formed by the interstitial diffusion of Ti4+ions to the surface and reacts with the surface adsorbed hydroxide ions (OH-). Lower valence oxides are formed at the metal-oxide interface by the reaction between diffused oxygen ions and Ti ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Arafat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - B Dinan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - A S M A Haseeb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - S A Akbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - B M A Rahman
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
| | - S Rozali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - S Naher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, United Kingdom
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McClure EA, Tomko RL, Salazar CA, Akbar SA, Squeglia LM, Herrmann E, Carpenter MJ, Peters EN. Tobacco and cannabis co-use: Drug substitution, quit interest, and cessation preferences. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:265-275. [PMID: 30556733 PMCID: PMC6538467 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The co-use of tobacco and cannabis is a common practice worldwide and carries with it substantial public health burden. Few interventions exist that target both substances and little is known about quit interest, treatment preferences, and drug substitution during past cessation attempts, which is critical to guide the development of treatment strategies. The goal of this study was to provide descriptive information regarding quit interest, treatment preferences, and perceived drug substitution among adult (age 18 +) cannabis-tobacco co-users. Participants (N = 282) from two independent survey samples (recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk) from across the United States were combined. Among all participants, 57% were female, 79% were White, and average age was 33.31 (SD = 9.54) years old. Approximately 80% had tried to quit smoking cigarettes at least once, while 40% had tried to quit using cannabis at least once. Of those who tried to quit, 50% self-reported a perceived increase in their cannabis use during tobacco cessation and 62% self-reported a perceived increase in their tobacco use during cannabis cessation. Average quit interest (10-point scale) for cannabis was 2.39 (SD = 2.35) and for tobacco was 7.07 (SD = 2.90). Results of this study suggest that tobacco use should be addressed among cannabis-tobacco co-users, but interventions should consider lack of interest in cannabis cessation. Reduction-based strategies for cannabis use appear to be more acceptable to this nontreatment-seeking, co-using population. Drug substitution during quit attempts for one substance should be further explored as an important treatment consideration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. McClure
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Rachel L. Tomko
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Claudia A. Salazar
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Saima A. Akbar
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Lindsay M. Squeglia
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | - Matthew J. Carpenter
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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Akbar SA, Tomko RL, Salazar CA, Squeglia LM, McClure EA. Tobacco and cannabis co-use and interrelatedness among adults. Addict Behav 2019; 90:354-361. [PMID: 30522075 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis and tobacco co-use is prevalent, but consensus regarding the reasons for co-use among adults and the degree of interrelatedness between these substances is lacking. Reasons for co-use have been explored with younger users, but little data exists for more experienced users with entrenched patterns of co-use. The goal of this study was to examine characteristics and patterns of cannabis-tobacco co-use among adults in the Southeastern United States (US), where there is a legal landscape of generally restrictive cannabis legislation coupled with more permissive tobacco control compared to other US regions. Participants (N = 432) were regular cannabis users recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Measures included demographics, patterns of cannabis and tobacco use, and reasons for co-use. Within this sample, 42% were current users of tobacco (n = 182). Cannabis-tobacco co-users were older and had more years of cannabis use than cannabis-only users. Among the co-using sub-sample, there was little consistency in the reasons for co-use, suggesting individual differences in the use of both substances. High levels of cannabis-tobacco interrelatedness (i.e., temporally concurrent use) were associated with smoking more cigarettes (tobacco) per day and greater nicotine dependence scores when compared to users with low levels of interrelatedness. Though these results are limited by a small sample size and generalizability issues, there were individual differences in cannabis-tobacco relatedness, which may be of importance when considering treatment strategies for cannabis, tobacco, or both. With additional research, personalized strategies adapted to cannabis-tobacco relatedness profiles among co-users may be warranted as a treatment strategy.
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Salazar CA, Tomko RL, Akbar SA, Squeglia LM, McClure EA. Medical Cannabis Use among Adults in the Southeastern United States. Cannabis 2019; 2:53-65. [PMID: 30815638 PMCID: PMC6388700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the self-reported reasons for medical cannabis use within the southeastern United States and compare recreational and medical cannabis users. METHODS This study was a cross-sectional survey administered in 2017 through Amazon's Mechanical Turk and enrolled 432 adult, regular cannabis users. Measures included demographics, cannabis use characteristics, and medical reasons for cannabis use. RESULTS Under half (47%) of respondents endorsed using cannabis for both medical and recreational reasons and 12% reported medical use only. The most commonly cited reasons for medical cannabis use were psychiatric and 60 unique medical conditions were listed. Recreational and medical users were similar on several measures of current use, but did vary in their use history, methods of use, and product knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Despite state laws and conclusive scientific evidence to support medical cannabis use for certain conditions, cannabis is still used frequently for a range of medical issues. POLICY IMPLICATIONS These data may assist healthcare providers in better understanding medical cannabis use in states with tightened restrictions and tailoring information to medical cannabis users about their specific conditions and prioritizing therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A. Salazar
- Corresponding Author: Claudia A. Salazar, Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Addiction Sciences Divisionm, 67 President St., MSC 861, Charleston, SC 29425, , Phone: 843-792-8207
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Akbar
- Department of Radiology, William Beaumont Hospital, 3601 West 13 Mile Road, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study are (1) to determine the erythrocyte CAI and CAII concentrations in SGA and anemic fetuses and to compare them with normal levels, and (2) to examine whether there is any correlation between fetal hypoxia or anemia and isoenzyme concentrations. METHODS Human erythrocyte CAI and CAII concentrations were measured in SGA (n = 25) and anemic (n = 32) fetuses (20-36 weeks' gestation), using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The blood gases and pH were measured with an ABL-2c blood gas analyzer. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In the group of SGA fetuses, there was a tendency for CAI and CAII to be higher than for normal fetuses. The CAI/CAII ratio was also significantly higher than the normal ratio. There were significant correlations between blood Delta pH and Delta CAI, Delta CAII, or Delta CAI/CAII ratio in this group of fetuses. The levels of CAI, CAII, and CAI/CAII ratio were the same as for normal fetuses in the group of anemic fetuses from red cell isoimmunized pregnancies before their first intrauterine blood transfusion. However, in the group of anemic fetuses after their first blood transfusion, the levels of both isoenzymes were significantly higher than the normal blood levels. Within the latter group there was a significant negative correlation between the Delta CAI and the percentage of fetal erythrocytes in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Akbar
- Molecular Biology and Biophysics Section, Division of Biomedical Sciences, King's College London
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