Recent Advancement in Emerging MXene-Based Photocatalytic Membrane for Revolutionizing Wastewater Treatment

MXene-based photocatalytic membranes provide significant benefits for wastewater treatment by effectively combining membrane separation and photocatalytic degradation processes. MXene represents a pioneering 2D photocatalyst with a variable elemental composition, substantial surface area, abundant surface terminations, and exceptional photoelectric performance, offering significant advantages in producing high-performance photocatalytic membranes. In this review, an in-depth overview of the latest scientific progress in MXene-based photocatalytic membranes is provided. Initially, a brief introduction to the structure and photocatalytic capabilities of MXene is provided, highlighting their pivotal role in promoting the photocatalytic process. Subsequently, in pursuit of the optimal MXene-based photocatalytic membrane, critical factors such as the morphology, hydrophilicity, and stability of MXenes are meticulously taken into account. Various preparation strategies for MXene-based photocatalytic membranes, including blending, vacuum filtration, and dip coating, are also discussed. Furthermore, the application and mechanism of MXene-based photocatalytic membranes in micropollutant removal, oil-water separation, and antibacterial are examined. Lastly, the challenges in the development and practical application of MXene-based photocatalytic membranes, as well as their future research direction are delineated.

Measuring the effectiveness of an integrated intervention package to improve the level of infection prevention and control: a multi-centre study in Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

Infection prevention and control (IPC) is a critical component of delivering safe, effective and high-quality healthcare services, and eliminating avoidable healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in health facilities, predominantly in population-dense settings such as Bangladesh.

AIM

Our study aimed to assess the effect of an integrated intervention package in improving the IPC level of the health facilities in Bangladesh.

METHODS

We conducted a pre-post intervention study in six district hospitals (DHs) and 13 Upazila Health Complexes (UHCs) in the six districts of Bangladesh. Baseline and endline assessments were conducted between March and December 2021 using the adapted World Health Organization Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (WHO-IPCAF) tool. The IPCAF score, ranging from 0-800, was calculated by adding the scores of eight components, and the IPC promotion and practice level was categorized as Inadequate (0-200), Basic (201-400), Intermediate (401-600) and Advanced (601-800). The integrated intervention package including IPC committee formation, healthcare provider training, logistics provision, necessary guidelines distribution, triage/flu corners establishment, and infrastructure development was implemented in all facilities.

RESULTS

The average IPCAF score across all the facilities showed a significant increase from 16% (95% CI: 11.5-20.65%) to 54% (95% CI: 51.4-57.1%). Overall, the IPCAF score increased by 34 percentage points (P<0.001) in DHs and 40 percentage points (P<0.001) in UHCs. Following the intervention, 12 (three DHs, nine UHCs) of 19 facilities progressed from inadequate to intermediate, and another three DHs upgraded from basic to intermediate in terms of IPC level.

CONCLUSION

The integrated intervention package improved IPCAF score in all facilities.

Fabrication of maleic anhydride-acrylamide copolymer based sodium alginate hydrogel for elimination of metals ions and dyes contaminants from polluted water

The study explores the synergy of biobased polymers and hydrogels for water purification. Polymer nanomaterial's, synthesized by combining acrylamide copolymer with maleic anhydride, were integrated into sodium alginate biopolymer using an eco-friendly approach. Crosslinking agents, calcium chloride and glutaraladehyde, facilitated seamless integration, ensuring non-toxicity, high adsorption performance, and controlled capacity. This innovative combination presents a promising solution for clean and healthy water supplies, addressing the critical need for sustainable environmental practices in water purification. In addition, the polymer sodium alginate hydrogel (MAH@AA-P/SA/H) underwent characterization via the use of several analytical procedures, such as FTIR, XPS, SEM, EDX and XRD. Adsorption studies were conducted on metals and dyes in water, and pollutant removal methods were explored. We investigated several variables (such as pH, starting concentration, duration, and absorbent quantity) affect a material's capacity to be adsorbed. Moreover, the maximum adsorption towards Cu2+ is 754 mg/g while for Cr6+ metal ions are 738 mg/g, while the adsorption towards Congo Red and Methylene Blue dye are 685 mg/g and 653 mg/g correspondingly, within 240 min. Adsorption results were further analyzed using kinetic and isothermal models, which showed that MAH@AA-P/SA/H adsorption is governed by a chemisorption process. Hence, the polymer prepared from sodium alginate hydrogel (MAH@AA-P/SA/H) has remarkable properties as a versatile material for the significantly elimination of harmful contaminants from dirty water.

Sodium alginate hydrogel-encapsulated trans-anethole based polymer: Synthesis and applications as an eradicator of metals and dyes from wastewater

Clean and safe water resources are essential for environmental safety and human health. Hydrogels and biomass polymers have attracted considerable attention in recent years, considering their nontoxicity, controllable performance, and high adsorption capacity. The interpenetrating network described here is a combination of a biomass polymer and a hydrogel adsorbent was established, the biomass polymer microspheres were first prepared with the combination of biomass monomer trans-anethole and maleic anhydride copolymer. A simple, environmentally friendly, and facile method of incorporating biomass polymer into sodium alginate biopolymer was developed by introducing the cross-linking agents calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde into the biomass polymer. Furthermore, the biomass polymer sodium alginate hydrogel (BP@SA/H) was characterized by FTIR, XPS, SEM, and XRD. In order to test materials' performance, the removal of pollutants and the adsorption study were also investigated after and before adsorption toward metals and dyes in water. We examined the factors influencing the materials, adsorption capability, such as initial concentration, time, absorbent amount, and pH. Moreover, the maximum adsorption values for Pb+2 and Cd+2 were 734.9 and 722 mg/g. While the adsorption toward RhB dye are 745 mg/g. In addition, the adsorption results were investigated using kinetic and isothermal models, demonstrating that biomass polymer hydrogel adsorption is chemisorption. Therefore, the as-developed biomass polymer sodium alginate hydrogel (BP@SA/H) is an exceptional multifunctional material that can be used to remove hazardous pollutants from wastewater.

Synthesis of cellulose cotton-based UiO-66 MOFs for the removal of rhodamine B and Pb(II) metal ions from contaminated wastewater

The presence of pollutants in drinking water has become a significant concern recently. Various substances, including activated carbon, membranes, biochar, etc., are used to remove these pollutants. In the present study, a new composite comprising cotton fabric and a mixture of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) was synthesized and used as an adsorbent for eliminating pollutants from wastewater. At first, the UiO-66 MOFs were prepared by a simple method of reacting Zirconium (IV) chloride (ZrCl4) and p-Phthalic acid (PTA) after successful preparation of UiO-66 then modified its surface with amino functional groups by reacting with APTES to obtain UiO-66-NH2. Moreover, the cellulose cotton fabric (CF) surface was modified with Polydopamine (PDA) and obtained CF@PDA. Further, with the help of EDC-HCl and NHS, the UiO-66-NH2 grafted on the surface of the CF@PDA and finally obtained CF@PDA/UiO-66-NH2. In addition, the adsorption study was performed toward RhB dye and Pb(II) metal ion pollutants. The maximum adsorption toward RhB dye was 68.5 mg/g, while toward Pb(II) metal ions was 65 mg/g. In addition, the kinetic study was also conducted and the result favoured the Pseudo-second order kinetic study. The adsorption isotherm was also studied and the Langmuir model was more fitted as compared with the Freundlich model. Moreover, the material has excellent regeneration and recycling ability after ten cycles. The significant adsorption ability, the novel combination of cotton and MOFs, and the recycling feature make our material CF@PDA/UiO-66-NH2 a promising potential absorbent material for wastewater treatment and even in other important areas of water research.

A New Cd(II)-Based Coordination Polymer for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes

Coordination polymers (CPs) are a diverse class of multi-dimensional compounds that show promise as photocatalysts for degrading dyes in polluted water. Herein, a new 1D Cd(II)-based coordination polymer with the formula [Cd(bpyp)(nba)2] (1) (bpyp = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine and Hnba = 4-nitrobenzoic acid) is synthesized and characterized. In 1, the two carboxyl groups of two different nba- ligands show μ2-η1:η1 and μ1-η1:η1 coordination modes to connect the CdII centers and sit on either side of the chain along the b direction. The produced CP 1 was utilized as the photocatalyst in the process of the photodegradation of methyl blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl violet (MV) dyes when exposed to UV light. The photocatalytic degradation activities of CP 1 were analyzed, and the results suggest that it exhibits an extraordinary efficiency in the degradation of MB, MV, MO, and RhB. RhB has a 95.52% efficiency of degradation, whereas MV has a 58.92% efficiency, MO has 35.44%, and MB has 29.24%. The photodecomposition of dyes is catalyzed mostly by •O2- and •OH-, as shown by research involving the trapping of radicals.

State, synthesis, perspective applications, and challenges of Graphdiyne and its analogues: A review of recent research

Carbon materials technology provides the possibility of synthesizing low-cost, outstanding performance replacements to noble-metal catalysts for long-term use. Graphdiyne (GDY) is a carbon allotrope with an extremely thin atomic thickness. It consists of carbon elements, that are hybridized with both sp. and sp2, resulting in a multilayered two-dimensional (2D) configuration. Several functional models suggest, that GDY contains spontaneously existing band structure with Dirac poles. This is due to the non-uniform interaction among carbon atoms, which results from various fusions and overlapping of the 2pz subshell. Unlike other carbon allotropes, GDY has Dirac cone arrangements, that in turn give it inimitable physiochemical characteristics. These properties include an adjustable intrinsic energy gap, high speeds charging transport modulation efficiency, and exceptional conductance. Many scientists are interested in such novel, linear, stacked materials, including GDY. As a result, organized synthesis of GDY has been pursued, making it one of the first synthesized GDY materials. There are several methods to manipulate the band structure of GDY, including applying stresses, introducing boron/nitrogen loading, utilizing nanowires, and hydrogenations. The flexibility of GDY can be effectively demonstrated through the formation of nano walls, nanostructures, nanotube patterns, nanorods, or structured striped clusters. GDY, being a carbon material, has a wide range of applications owing to its remarkable structural and electrical characteristics. According to subsequent research, the GDY can be utilized in numerous energy generation processes, such as electrochemical water splitting (ECWS), photoelectrochemical water splitting (PEC WS), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), overall water splitting (OWS), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), energy storage materials, lithium-Ion batteries (LiBs) and solar cell applications. These studies suggested that the use of GDY holds significant potential for the development and implementation of efficient, multimodal, and intelligent catalysts with realistic applications. However, the limitation of GDY and GDY-based composites for forthcoming studies are similarly acknowledged. The objective of these studies is to deliver a comprehensive knowledge of GDY and inspire further advancement and utilization of these unique carbon materials.

Energy efficient IRS assisted 6G network for Industry 5.0

The real world applications are more prone to difficulties of challenges due to fast growth of technologies and inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) based logical solutions. The massive internet-of-things (IoT) devices are involved in number of Industry 5.0 applications like smart healthcare, smart manufacturing, smart agriculture, smart transportation. Advanced wireless techniques, customization of services and different technologies are experiencing a major transformation. The desire to increase the communication reliability without adding energy overhead is the major challenge for massive IoT enabled networks. To cope up with the above challenges, Industry 5.0 requirements needs to be monitored at the remote level which again adds on the communication challenge. Use of relays in 6G based wireless networks is denied due to high requirement of energy. Therefore in this paper, Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs) assisted energy constrained 6G wireless networks are studied. To provide seamless connection between the communicating mobile nodes, IRS with an array of reflecting elements are configured in the system set up. A use-case scenario of IRS enabled network in Internet-of-Underwater things (IoUT) for smart ocean transportation is also provided. The IRS assisted wireless network is evaluated for target rates achieved. A power consumption model of the IRS supported system is also proposed to optimise the energy efficiency of the system. Further, the paper evaluates the impact of number of reflecting elements N on the IRS and the phase resolution b of each element on the system performance. The energy efficiency improves by 20% for IRS with [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] over IRS with [Formula: see text].

Current status of porous coordination networks (PCNs) derived porphyrin spacers for cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

Porous coordination networks (PCNs) have been widely used in large number of applications such as light harvesting, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Inserting porphyrins into PCNs scaffolds can alleviate the solubility and chemical stability problems associated with porphyrin ligands and add functionality to PCNs. The discovery that some PCNs materials have photosensitizer and acoustic sensitizer properties has attracted significant attention in the field of biomedicine, particularly in cancer therapy. This article describes the latest applications of the porphyrin ligand-based family of PCNs in cancer chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and combination therapies and offers some observations and reflections on them.

AREAS COVERED

This article discusses the use of the PCN family of MOFs in cancer treatment, specifically focusing on chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy.

EXPERT OPINION

Although a large number of PCNs have been developed for use in novel cancer therapeutic approaches, further improvements are needed to advance the use of PCNs in the clinic. For example, the main mechanism of action of PCNs against cancer and the metabolic processes in organisms, and how to construct PCNs that maintain good stability in the complex environment of organisms.

Different Dimensionalities, Morphological Advancements and Engineering of g-C3 N4 -Based nanomaterials for Energy Conversion and Storage

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃ N₄ ) has gained tremendous interest in the domain of power transformation and retention, because of its distinctive stacked composition, adjustable electronic structure, metal-free feature, superior thermodynamic durability, and simple availability. Furthermore, the restricted illumination and extensive recombination of photoexcitation radicals have inhibited the photocatalytic performance of pure g-C₃ N₄ . The dimensions of g-C₃ N₄ may impact the field of electronics confinement; as a consequence, g-C₃ N₄ with varying dimensions shows unique features, making it appropriate for a number of fascinating uses. Even if there are several evaluations emphasizing on the fabrication methods and deployments of g-C₃ N₄ , there is certainly an insufficiency of a full overview, that exhaustively depicts the synthesis and composition of diverse aspects of g-C₃ N₄ . Consequently, from the standpoint of numerical simulations and experimentation, several legitimate methodologies were employed to deliberately develop the photocatalyst and improve the optimal result, including elements loading, defects designing, morphological adjustment, and semiconductors interfacing. Herein, this evaluation initially discusses different dimensions, the physicochemical features, modifications and interfaces design development of g-C₃ N₄ . Priority is concentrated on the sensible layout, and advancement of g-C₃ N₄ for the diverse implementations in power transformation and inventory, such as photocatalytic H₂ progression, photoreduction of CO₂ source, electrocatalytic H₂ development, O₂ propagation, O₂ reduction, alkali-metal battery cells, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and metal-air batteries. Ultimately, the current challenges and potential of g-C₃ N₄ for fuel transformation and retention activities are explored.

Algae extract delamination of molybdenum disulfide and surface modification with glycidyl methacrylate and polyaniline for the elimination of metal ions from wastewater

A special type of two-dimensional (2D) material based conducting polymer was constructed by green synthesis and in-situ polymerization techniques. The 2D Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) were first synthesized with the combination of, ammonium tetrathiomolybdate dissolved in 20 mL algae extract under stirring. After stirring for about 2 h, and then finally sulfurization was initiated using sulfur powder in 20 mL of sulfuric solution and stirred for 8 h. The resulting black precipitates of MoS₂ were collected by centrifugation at 5000 rpm. Moreover, the prepared MoS₂ was functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and form the MoS₂@PGMA. Further, the MoS₂@PGMA is combined with polyaniline (PANI) to form conducting polymer grafted thin film nanosheets named MoS₂@PGMA/PANI with a thickness in micrometer size through grafting method. The prepared materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS and EDX techniques. To check the performance of materials the adsorption study was performed. Moreover, the adsorption study toward Cu²⁺ and Cd²⁺ showed a tremendous results and the maximum adsorption was 307.7 mg/g and 214.7 mg/g respectively. In addition, the pseudo-first and second order models as well as the adsorption isotherm were investigated using the Langmuir and Freundlich model. The results were best fitted with the pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. The regeneration study was also conducted and MoS₂@PGMA/PANI nanosheets can be easily recycled and restored after five successful recycling. The established methodology for preparing the 2D materials and conducting polymer based MoS₂@PGMA/PANI nanosheets is expected to be applicable for other multiple applications.

Advances in technology and utilization of natural resources for achieving carbon neutrality and a sustainable solution to neutral environment

The greatest environmental issue of the twenty-first century is climate change. Human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are increasing the frequency of extreme weather. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) accounts for 80% of human greenhouse gas emissions. However, CO₂ emissions and global temperature have risen steadily from pre-industrial times. Emissions data are crucial for most carbon emission policymaking and goal-setting. Sustainable and carbon-neutral sources must be used to create green energy and fossil-based alternatives to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Near-real-time monitoring of carbon emissions is a critical national concern and cutting-edge science. This review article provides an overview of the many carbon accounting systems that are now in use and are based on an annual time frame. The primary emphasis of the study is on the recently created carbon emission and eliminating sources and technology, as well as the current application trends for carbon neutrality. We also propose a framework for the most advanced naturally available carbon neutral accounting sources capable of being implemented on a large scale. Forming relevant data and procedures will help the "carbon neutrality" plan decision-making process. The formation of pertinent data and methodologies will give robust database support to the decision-making process for the "carbon neutrality" plan for the globe. In conclusion, this article offers some opinions, opportunities, challenges and future perspectives related to carbon neutrality and carbon emission monitoring and eliminating resources and technologies.

Two dimensional (2D) materials and biomaterials for water desalination; structure, properties, and recent advances

BACKGROUND

An efficient solution to the global freshwater dilemma is desalination. MXene, Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂), Graphene Oxide, Hexagonal Boron Nitride, and Phosphorene are just a few examples of two-dimensional (2D) materials that have shown considerable promise in the development of 2D materials for water desalination. However, other promising materials for desalinating water are biomaterials. The benefits of bio-materials are their wide distribution, lack of toxicity, and superior capacity for water desalination.

METHODS

For the rational use of water and the advancement of sustainable development, it is of the utmost importance to research 2D-dimensional materials and biomaterials that are effective for water desalination. The scientific community has concentrated on wastewater remediation using bio-derived materials, such as nanocellulose, chitosan, bio-char, bark, and activated charcoal generated from plant sources, among the various endeavors to enhance access to clean water. Moreover, the 2D-materials and biomaterials may have ushered in a new age in the production of desalination materials and created a promising future.

RESULTS

The present review article focuses on and reviews the progress of 2D materials and biomaterials for water desalination. Their properties, surface, and structure, combined with water desalination applications, are highlighted. Further, the practicability and potential future directions of 2D materials and biomaterials are proposed. Thus, the current work provides information and discernments for developing novel 2D materials and biomaterials for wastewater desalination. Moreover, it aims to promote the contribution and advancement of materials for water desalination, fabrication, and industrial production.

1362 ANTICHOLINERGIC PRESCRIBING HABITS AND ITS ASSOCIATIONS IN A COMMUNITY POPULATION OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH DEMENTIA

Introduction

Many commonly prescribed medications have inadvertent anticholinergic effects. People with Dementia (PwD) are more vulnerable to these effects and at risk of adverse outcomes, the risk being higher with a greater degree of anticholinergic exposure. We investigated prescribing patterns and Anticholinergic burden (ACB) in a cohort of community-dwelling older adults with dementia and aimed to explore the effect of ACB on cognition, mood, and quality of life(QoL).

Method

The medication and demographic information for 87 (39 female) community-dwelling PwD were obtained from Electronic Care Summaries. We used the German Anticholinergic Burden Scale (GABS) to measure ACB. Additionally, we investigated associations between ACB and cognitive (ADAS-Cog), functional (BADL) and QoL (DemQoL) assessments.

Results

28.7% of participants had a clinically significant score (ACB&gt; 2). The most commonly prescribed medications with ACB were Lansoprazole(18.3%), Mirtazapine(12.6%) and Codeine(12.6%). ACB was higher in males and negatively correlated with age, r(87)=-.21,p=.03. There was no association between ACB and cognition, QoL, functional independence, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Over six months, PLWD with no ACB had a greater negative change in neuropsychiatric symptoms[t(18)=2.27,p=.04] and functional independence[t(23)=-3.8,p=.001], indicating greater dependence and worsening neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Conclusion

A third of PLWD in the community had clinically significant ACB. No ACB was associated with worsening neuropsychiatric symptoms and functional dependence over a six-month period. Community prescribers should consider regular medication reviews with PLWD and carers to ensure medications are prescribed safely and appropriately.

Development of novel MOF-mixed matrix three-dimensional membrane capsules for eradicating potentially toxic metals from water and real electroplating wastewater

The stability and applicability of UiO-66-(NH₂)₂ metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles (NPs) were successfully improved in this study by incorporating them into alginate biopolymer during the manifestation of crosslinking agents-calcium chloride and glutaraldehyde-via a simple, environment-friendly, and facile approach to eradicate potentially toxic metals (PTMs) such as Cr⁶⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ from water and real electroplating wastewater. Hydrophilic functional groups (i.e., -OH, -COOH, and -NH₂) are imperative in the smooth loading of UiO-66-(NH₂)₂ MOF- NPs into three-dimensional (3-D) membrane capsules (MCs). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results suggested that UiO-66-(NH₂)₂ MOF was effectively bonded in/on the capsule via electrostatic crosslinking between -H₃N⁺ and -COO^-. Scanning electron microscopy results revealed a porous honeycomb configuration of the 3-D SGMMCs (S: sodium alginate, G: glutaraldehyde, M: MOF NPs, and MCs: membrane capsules). The maximum monolayer absorption capacities for Cr⁶⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺ were 495, 975, 1295, and 1350 mg/g, respectively. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and XPS analyses showed that electrostatic attraction and ion exchange were the main processes for PTM removal used by the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs. The as-developed 3-D SGMMCs exhibited outstanding selectivity for removing the targeted PTMs under the specified pH/conditions and maintained >80% removal efficiency for up to six consecutive treatment cycles. Notably, > 60% removal efficiencies for Cr⁶⁺ and Cu²⁺ were observed when treating real electroplating wastewater. Therefore, the as-developed 3-D SGMMCs can be used as an exceptional multifunctional sorbent to remove and recover PTMs from real electroplating wastewater.

Interaction of Direct Blue 86 with cationic surfactant micelles: spectroscopic, conductometric and thermodynamic aspects

Due to the amphiphilic structure of surfactants, aqueous surfactant solutions can behave like very good solvents and dissolve both polar and non-polar solutes. This study reports on the solubilisation of a direct dye (Direct Blue 86) in a micellar medium using the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Solubilisation of dyes is important for their subsequent removal from aqueous media. UV spectroscopy and conductometry, among others, were used to quantitatively evaluate this process. The extent of solubilisation, the interaction between the molecules and the stability of the processes were checked using the partition coefficient (K x), the binding constant (K b) and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters. From the results, it could be concluded that the solubilisation of Direct Blue 86 is a spontaneous process supported by an increase in entropy. It was also found that the micellar medium CTAB is efficient for solubilisation and binding of the dye and can be used economically.

Understanding the future research needs in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): Evidence mapping the POTS adult literature

POTS is under diagnosed with an estimated prevalence of 0.2%. North American and Australian researchers, as well as patient groups have called for more research into POTS. However, there has been no comprehensive appraisal of the current POTS evidence base.

AIM

To map the POTS evidence base.

METHODS

Two reviewers systematically searched 12 databases until July 1st 2019 using the search term "Postural Tachycardia Syndrome" (n = 7280) and categorised the literature. Inclusion criteria included all adult published literature with no language restrictions. 779 papers are analysed and mapped.

RESULTS

Seven themes were identified: symptomology and quality of life 16.8% (n = 132), biomedical topics 16.5% (n = 130), co-morbidities 10.3% (n = 81), non-pharmacological management 9.8% (n = 77), aetiologies 6.9% (n = 53), pharmacological management 6.7% (n = 53), and clinical management 6.6% (n = 52). There 45 subthemes. Quality appraisal of the research studies (n = 233) evaluated design, sample size, outcome measures, data analysis and research biases. 74.8% (n = 175) were observational designs and 25.2% (n = 59) were experimental designs (16 using a randomised controlled design, 11 of which had a sample size greater than 21). 47.4% (n = 111) of studies only measured duration of effect for <1 day. 11.5% (n = 27) of studies reported outcomes using an unvalidated subjective measurement tool.

CONCLUSION

The volume of adult POTS literature is small and the validity and reliability of the research lacks rigour. The evidence map methodology provides POTS researchers with a benchmark for research thus far. This paper adds an in-depth research appraisal to the broad calls for action, highlighting the pressing need for multicentre, good quality research in POTS, to support guidelines and consensus development in the future.

Biophysical investigation of interactions between sorbic acid and human serum albumin through spectroscopic and computational approaches

This work provides an effective strategy to analyze the SA-induced microenvironmental changes in the HSA macromolecule, and also highlights the medicinal importance of SA.

Generation of low-symmetry perovskite structures forab initiocomputation

Ion displacements are the fundamental cause of ferroelectricity in perovskites. By properly shifting ions,ab initiocomputations have been extensively used to investigate the properties of perovskites in various structural phases. In addition to the relatively simple ion displacements, perovskites have another type of structural distortion known as antiferrodistortion or oxygen octahedron tilting. The interplay between these two types of distortions have generated abundant structural phases that can be tedious to prepare forab initiocomputation, especially for large supercells. Here, we design and implement a computer program to facilitate the generation of distorted perovskite structures, which can be readily used forab initiocomputation to gain further insight into the perovskite of a given structural phase.

Probing optical resonances of silicon nanostructures using tunable-excitation Raman spectroscopy

Optical materials with a high refractive index enable effective manipulation of light at the nanoscale through strong light confinement. However, the optical near field, which is mainly confined inside such high-index nanostructures, is difficult to probe with existing measurement techniques. Here, we exploit the connection between Raman scattering and the stored electric energy to detect resonance-induced near-field enhancements in silicon nanostructures. We introduce a Raman setup with a wavelength-tunable laser, which allows us to tune the Raman excitation wavelength and thereby identify Fabry-Pérot and Mie type resonances in silicon thin films and nanodisk arrays, respectively. We measure the optical near-field enhancement by comparing the Raman response on and off resonance. Our results show that tunable-excitation Raman spectroscopy can be used as a complimentary far-field technique to reflection measurements for nanoscale characterization and quality control. As proof-of-principle for the latter, we demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy captures fabrication imperfections in the silicon nanodisk arrays, enabling an all-optical quality control of metasurfaces.

Early Clinical Impact of Diagnostic Breast Ultrasound Performed by General Practitioners and Nurses in Rwanda

Background: Diagnostic breast ultrasound (US) could be an important tool for early detection of breast cancer in low-resource settings, where efficient strategies to refine the likelihood of malignancy among palpable breast masses are needed. However, the feasibility and clinical role of diagnostic ultrasound in such settings has not been described. We trained 4 general practitioner doctors (GPs) and 5 nurses in diagnostic breast US at a rural district hospital in Rwanda that serves as a cancer referral facility. Aim: Assess management plans, biopsy rates and patient diagnoses after nurse- and GP-performed breast ultrasounds to determine the impact of diagnostic US on clinical care. Methods: We reviewed outcomes from trainees' ultrasounds during 21 months of in-person and electronic training and mentorship by Boston-based radiologists. Trainees' US assessments and management plans were recorded on structured clinical forms. Patient diagnoses and follow-up were extracted from medical records using a standardized data collection form. Among patients who received breast US, we examined a) clinicians' management plans; b) biopsy rate; c) cancer detection rate; c) rate of benign diagnoses; d) cancers diagnosed among patients who were sent home after initial evaluation. Results: Between January 1, 2016 and September 30, 2017, 307 patients with breast concerns had a diagnostic breast US and a documented trainee US assessment. Of these, following their initial US, 158 (51%) were recommended to receive a biopsy, 30 (10%) were recommended to have aspiration/drainage, 49 (16%) were recommended for clinical or US surveillance, 1 (0.3%) was referred to another facility, 65 (21%) were discharged, and 4 (all with no abnormalities on US) had missing recommendations. Of those recommended for biopsy at initial presentation, 151 (96%) had a biopsy at that time. 56 (37%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 37 (25%) with fibroadenoma, 7 (5%) with lactating adenoma, and 50 (33%) with other benign diagnoses. Among those with breast masses on US (n=255), 149 (58%) received a biopsy and 55 (22%) were diagnosed with cancer. As of November 23, 2017, all patients ultimately diagnosed with cancer had had a biopsy at their initial visit, and no patients who had been discharged or recommended for clinical or radiographic surveillance had been subsequently diagnosed with cancer. Conclusion: Diagnostic breast US by GPs and nurses has been a useful tool in the evaluation of breast lesions, including palpable masses, at a rural cancer facility in Rwanda. Early findings suggest that it has allowed avoidance of biopsy for 42% of patients with breast masses noted on US. Clinical follow-up and evaluation are ongoing to assess longer-term patient outcomes, cancer detection rates among patients who are not initially biopsied, and rates of follow-up among patients recommended to have clinical or radiographic surveillance.

Impact of In-Person and Electronic Training by Breast Radiologists on Rwandan General Practitioners' and Nurses' Skills in Diagnostic Breast Ultrasound

Background: Ultrasound (US) is a key tool in evaluation of palpable breast masses and can help refine the likelihood of malignancy and the need for further diagnostic studies. US technology is available in many low-resource settings, but there are few specialized radiologists. We launched a diagnostic breast ultrasound training program for general practitioner doctors (GPs) and nurses at a rural Rwandan district hospital that serves as a cancer referral facility. Aim: Assess GPs' and nurses' skill in diagnostic breast ultrasound over 23 months of intensive in-person and online supervision and mentorship. Methods: 4 rotating breast radiologists from Brigham and Women's Hospital trained 5 nurses and 4 doctors in Rwanda over 9 weeks of in-person training and 21 months of weekly remote case consultations and mentorship using electronic review of images with emailed feedback. During in-person trainings, trainees and radiologists evaluated patients separately, while radiologists' electronic assessments were based on emailed images and assessments from trainees. Among breast lesions with documented radiologist and trainee assessments, we compared written trainee and radiologist assessments to calculate the sensitivity of trainee assessments, with radiologist assessments as the gold standard. We used paired t-tests to examine whether the sensitivity varied between the first 14 months (stage I) and the last 9 months (stage 2), after the final in-person training. Results: Of 323 breast and axillary lesions assessed by trainees and radiologists, 279 were breast lesions. Of these, 114 (41%) were evaluated by radiologists in-person, and 165 (59%) through electronic evaluation. 237 (85%) were determined to be breast masses by the radiologists, with 164 of these solid masses, 25 complex solid/cystic lesions, 15 definite or probable simple cysts, 31 normal intramammary lymph nodes, and 2 other masses. Sensitivity of trainees' assessments for identifying a solid mass was 90.2% (95% CI 85.9-94.9) overall. Among trainees who scanned ≥ 10 lesions each, mean sensitivity was 90.6% in stage I, and 94.0% in stage 2 ( P = 0.3). In cases where both radiologists and trainees perceived solid masses (n=148), trainees' assessments had a sensitivity of 81.4% (95% CI 72.3-90.5) overall for detecting masses suspicious for malignancy, or probably benign but needing further evaluation (versus benign with no further evaluation needed). Among trainees who scanned ≥ 10 lesions each, sensitivity was 79.1% during stage I and 96.2% during the stage 2 ( P = 0.03). Conclusion: Nurses and GPs in a rural sub-Saharan African facility built strong skills in diagnostic ultrasound over 23 months of combined in-person training and distance learning via electronic case reviews. The sensitivity of their assessments for identifying masses concerning for malignancy showed significant improvement after sustained mentorship. Assessment of impact on patient care and outcomes is ongoing.

Multidrug resistance reversal activity of extract and a rare dimeric naphthoquinone from Diospyros lotus

A dimeric naphthoquinone namely dihydrodyspyrole R (1) was purified once more from Diospyros lotus. Dihydrodyspyrole R and chloroform fractions were evaluated for their effects on the reversion of multidrug resistance (MDR). The compounds (1) and extract exhibited promising MDR reversing effect in a dose-dependent manner against mouse T-lymphoma cell line. Molecular docking of compound 1 revealed the correlation between in-silico with in-vitro results. The molecular docking results showed that compound 1 is bind closely where co-crystal ligand of P-gp is present. But usually, computational investigation predicts that, if a compound gives lesser score then compound will exhibit good activity. Hence, the docking scores of compound 1 are the near to the Rhodamine. It is conclude that there are certain important structural features of compound 1which are responsible for the inhibiting potency of P-gp from mice. The computational Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration (POM) analysis confirms the possibility of use of compound 1 without side effect or less toxicity risks.

MPV17-related mitochondrial DNA maintenance defect: New cases and review of clinical, biochemical, and molecular aspects

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance defects are a group of diseases caused by deficiency of proteins involved in mtDNA synthesis, mitochondrial nucleotide supply, or mitochondrial dynamics. One of the mtDNA maintenance proteins is MPV17, which is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein involved in importing deoxynucleotides into the mitochondria. In 2006, pathogenic variants in MPV17 were first reported to cause infantile-onset hepatocerebral mtDNA depletion syndrome and Navajo neurohepatopathy. To date, 75 individuals with MPV17-related mtDNA maintenance defect have been reported with 39 different MPV17 pathogenic variants. In this report, we present an additional 25 affected individuals with nine novel MPV17 pathogenic variants. We summarize the clinical features of all 100 affected individuals and review the total 48 MPV17 pathogenic variants. The vast majority of affected individuals presented with an early-onset encephalohepatopathic disease characterized by hepatic and neurological manifestations, failure to thrive, lactic acidemia, and mtDNA depletion detected mainly in liver tissue. Rarely, MPV17 deficiency can cause a late-onset neuromyopathic disease characterized by myopathy and peripheral neuropathy with no or minimal liver involvement. Approximately half of the MPV17 pathogenic variants are missense. A genotype with biallelic missense variants, in particular homozygous p.R50Q, p.P98L, and p.R41Q, can carry a relatively better prognosis.

Effects of gamma irradiation on the physico-chemical and biological properties of levofloxacin

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of gamma radiation on levofloxacin. Powder form of levofloxacin was subjected to different radiation doses (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125kGy) of Cobalt-60 source in a Gammacell-220 at a rate of 8.5 Gray/hr. The effect of radiation has been investigated with the aid of different spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis, FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and by antibacterial activities. UV data did not reveal significant changes in the structure of levofloxacin which is supported by scanning electron microscopy. However, X-rays diffraction shows a change in crystallinity of levofloxacin to an amorphous structure and this has been reflected on the morphology of this compound as indicated by SEM images. The antibacterial activities, on the other hand, reveal resistance of irradiated levofloxacin against bacteria, where some bacteria were highly affected by the irradiated drug. Similarly, FT-IR data show some changes in the functional groups principal absorption bands, in the IR spectrum, at frequencies 3286, 2846, 1716 and 1620 cm-1 for the O-H stretching band of quinolone, C-H stretching band, and C=O stretching band of carboxylic and pyridine. In addition, new peaks appeared which were not seen in the non-irradiated spectrum. In conclusion, some changes occurred in levofloxacin drug with the passage of radiation but the drug was chemically stable.