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Gower CM, Gehre F, Marques SR, Lamberton PHL, Lwambo NJ, Webster JP. Phenotypic and genotypic monitoring of Schistosoma mansoni in Tanzanian schoolchildren five years into a preventative chemotherapy national control programme. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:593. [PMID: 29197426 PMCID: PMC5712074 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2533-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni is a parasite of profound medical importance. Current control focusses on mass praziquantel (PZQ) treatment of populations in endemic areas, termed Preventative Chemotherapy (PC). Large-scale PC programmes exert prolonged selection pressures on parasites with the potential for, direct and/or indirect, emergence of drug resistance. Molecular methods can help monitor genetic changes of schistosome populations over time and in response to drug treatment, as well as estimate adult worm burdens through parentage analysis. Furthermore, methods such as in vitro drug sensitivity assays help phenotype in vivo parasite genotypic drug efficacy. METHODS We conducted combined in vitro PZQ efficacy testing with population genetic analyses of S. mansoni collected from children from two schools in 2010, five years after the introduction of a National Control Programme. Children at one school had received four annual PZQ treatments and the other school had received two mass treatments in total. We compared genetic differentiation, indices of genetic diversity, and estimated adult worm burden from parasites collected in 2010 with samples collected in 2005 (before the control programme began) and in 2006 (six months after the first PZQ treatment). Using 2010 larval samples, we also compared the genetic similarity of those with high and low in vitro sensitivity to PZQ. RESULTS We demonstrated that there were individual parasites with reduced PZQ susceptibility in the 2010 collections, as evidenced by our in vitro larval behavioural phenotypic assay. There was no evidence, however, that miracidia showing phenotypically reduced susceptibility clustered together genetically. Molecular analysis also demonstrated a significant reduction of adult worm load over time, despite little evidence of reduction in parasite infection intensity, as measured by egg output. Genetic diversity of infections did not reduce over time, despite changes in the genetic composition of the parasite populations. CONCLUSIONS Genotypic and phenotypic monitoring did not indicate a selective sweep, as may be expected if PZQ treatment was selecting a small number of related "resistant" parasites, but there was evidence of genetic changes at the population level over time. Genetic data were used to estimate adult worm burdens, which unlike parasite infection intensity, showed reductions over time, suggesting the relaxation of negative density-dependent constraints on parasite fecundity with PZQ treatment. We thereby demonstrated that density-dependence in schistosome populations may complicate evaluation and monitoring of control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Gower
- Centre for Endemic, Emerging and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, AL9 7TA UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
| | - Florian Gehre
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
- Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara R. Marques
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Poppy H. L. Lamberton
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine & Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Lwambo
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Joanne P. Webster
- Centre for Endemic, Emerging and Exotic Diseases, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, AL9 7TA UK
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College, Faculty of Medicine, W2 1PG, London, UK
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Marques SR, Nestor G, O'Brien JT, Kotting PM, McKeith IG, Rossor MN. [P3–558]: DEMENTIAS PORTFOLIO DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES: UNITING AND SUPPORTING THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY TO INCREASE RESEARCH INCOME. Alzheimers Dement 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2017.06.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary Nestor
- Institute for Ageing, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUnited Kingdom
| | - John T. O'Brien
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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Garbelotti SA, Marques SR, Rocha PR, Pereira VR, de Moraes LOC. An unusual case of accessory head of coracobrachialis muscle involving lateral cord of brachial plexus and its clinical significance. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2017; 76:762-765. [PMID: 28353299 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of anatomical variations in the peripheral nervous system is key in the interpretation of unusual clinical signs or during physical or diagnostic imaging. This case study is a description of an anatomical variation between the coracobrachialis muscle and brachial plexus. In a routine dissection in the human anatomy laboratory, we were faced with an anatomical variation in the coracobrachialis muscle, observed in the upper right limb of a male cadaver. The coracobrachialis muscle had a common origin at the apex of the coracoid process and then divided into two heads. The lateral head followed its normal course until insertion into the middle third of the humerus, while the medial head involved the lateral cord of the brachial plexus before insertion into the intermuscular septum in the proximal third of the humerus. Atypical anatomical variations have clinical and surgical implications in procedures such as brachial plexus block and lateral cord compression. In these cases the result could be paralysis of the flexor musculature of the forearm and hypoesthesia of the forearm.
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Pradhan A, Zeng XXI, Sidhwani P, Marques SR, George V, Targoff KL, Chi NC, Yelon D. FGF signaling enforces cardiac chamber identity in the developing ventricle. Development 2017; 144:1328-1338. [PMID: 28232600 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atrial and ventricular cardiac chambers behave as distinct subunits with unique morphological, electrophysiological and contractile properties. Despite the importance of chamber-specific features, chamber fate assignments remain relatively plastic, even after differentiation is underway. In zebrafish, Nkx transcription factors are essential for the maintenance of ventricular characteristics, but the signaling pathways that operate upstream of Nkx factors in this context are not well understood. Here, we show that FGF signaling plays an essential part in enforcing ventricular identity. Loss of FGF signaling results in a gradual accumulation of atrial cells, a corresponding loss of ventricular cells, and the appearance of ectopic atrial gene expression within the ventricle. These phenotypes reflect important roles for FGF signaling in promoting ventricular traits, both in early-differentiating cells that form the initial ventricle and in late-differentiating cells that append to its arterial pole. Moreover, we find that FGF signaling functions upstream of Nkx genes to inhibit ectopic atrial gene expression. Together, our data suggest a model in which sustained FGF signaling acts to suppress cardiomyocyte plasticity and to preserve the integrity of the ventricular chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjana Pradhan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Xin-Xin I Zeng
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pragya Sidhwani
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sara R Marques
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Vanessa George
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kimara L Targoff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Neil C Chi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Lourenço HM, Lopes AM, Lourenço AP, Rodrigues AM, Silva AI, Ribeiro CS, Novo MM, Matos RI, Marques SR. Internal quality control in histotechnology: a daily and cross-cutting method. J Histotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01478885.2016.1194598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo M. Lourenço
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Lopes
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Lourenço
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Rodrigues
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Silva
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Cátia S. Ribeiro
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Novo
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Rute I. Matos
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
| | - Sara R. Marques
- Serviço Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca, EPE, Amadora, Portugal
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Marques SR, Ramakrishnan C, Carzaniga R, Blagborough AM, Delves MJ, Talman AM, Sinden RE. An essential role of the basal body protein SAS-6 in Plasmodium male gamete development and malaria transmission. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:191-206. [PMID: 25154861 PMCID: PMC4441282 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gametocytes are the sole Plasmodium parasite stages that infect mosquitoes; therefore development of functional gametes is required for malaria transmission. Flagellum assembly of the Plasmodium male gamete differs from that of most other eukaryotes in that it is intracytoplasmic but retains a key conserved feature: axonemes assemble from basal bodies. The centriole/basal body protein SAS-6 normally regulates assembly and duplication of these organelles and its depletion causes severe flagellar/ciliary abnormalities in a diverse array of eukaryotes. Since basal body and flagellum assembly are intimately coupled to male gamete development in Plasmodium, we hypothesized that SAS-6 disruption may cause gametogenesis defects and perturb transmission. We show that Plasmodium berghei sas6 knockouts display severely abnormal male gametogenesis presenting reduced basal body numbers, axonemal assembly defects and abnormal nuclear allocation. The defects in gametogenesis reduce fertilization and render Pbsas6 knockouts less infectious to mosquitoes. Additionally, we show that lack of Pbsas6 blocks transmission from mosquito to vertebrate host, revealing an additional yet undefined role in ookinete to sporulating oocysts transition. These findings underscore the vulnerability of the basal body/SAS-6 to malaria transmission blocking interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Marques
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College of London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Talman AM, Lacroix C, Marques SR, Blagborough AM, Carzaniga R, Ménard R, Sinden RE. PbGEST mediates malaria transmission to both mosquito and vertebrate host. Mol Microbiol 2011; 82:462-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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de Moraes LOC, Lodi FR, Gomes TS, Marques SR, Oshima CTF, Lancellotti CLP, Rodríguez-Vázquez JF, Mérida-Velasco JR, Alonso LG. Immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen antibodies in the temporomandibular joint disc of human foetuses. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e24. [PMID: 22073371 PMCID: PMC3203475 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to study the morphology of the articular disc and analyse the immunohistochemical expression of types I and III collagen markers in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc of human foetuses of different gestational ages. Twenty TMJ from human foetuses supplied by Universidade Federal de Uberaba with gestational ages from 17 to 24 weeks were studied. The gestational age of the foetuses was determined by measuring the crown-rump (CR) length. Macroscopically, the foetuses were fixed in 10% formalin solution and dissected by removing the skin and subcutaneous tissue and exposing the deep structures. Immunohistochemical markers of type I and III were used to characterize the existence of collagen fibres. Analysis of the immunohistochemical markers of types I and III collagen revealed the presence of heterotypical fibril networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O C de Moraes
- Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brasil
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Sinden RE, Talman A, Marques SR, Wass MN, Sternberg MJE. The flagellum in malarial parasites. Curr Opin Microbiol 2010; 13:491-500. [PMID: 20566299 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The malarial parasites assemble flagella exclusively during the formation of the male gamete in the midgut of the female mosquito vector. The observation of gamete formation ex vivo reported by Laveran (Laveran MA: De la nature parasitaire des accidents de l'impaludisme. Comptes Rendues De La Societe de Biologie. Paris 1881, 93:627-630) was seminal to the discovery of the parasite itself. Following ingestion of malaria-infected blood by the mosquito, microgamete formation from the terminally arrested gametocytes is exceptionally rapid, completing three mitotic divisions in just a few minutes, and is precisely regulated. This review attempts to draw together the diverse original observations with subsequent electron microscopic studies, and recent work on the signalling pathways regulating sexual development, together with transcriptomic and proteomic studies that are paving the way to new understandings of the molecular mechanisms involved and the potential they offer for effective interventions to block the transmission of the parasites in natural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Sinden
- The Malaria Centre, The Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Mandel EM, Kaltenbrun E, Callis TE, Zeng XXI, Marques SR, Yelon D, Wang DZ, Conlon FL. The BMP pathway acts to directly regulate Tbx20 in the developing heart. Development 2010; 137:1919-29. [PMID: 20460370 DOI: 10.1242/dev.043588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TBX20 has been shown to be essential for vertebrate heart development. Mutations within the TBX20 coding region are associated with human congenital heart disease, and the loss of Tbx20 in a wide variety of model systems leads to cardiac defects and eventually heart failure. Despite the crucial role of TBX20 in a range of cardiac cellular processes, the signal transduction pathways that act upstream of Tbx20 remain unknown. Here, we have identified and characterized a conserved 334 bp Tbx20 cardiac regulatory element that is directly activated by the BMP/SMAD1 signaling pathway. We demonstrate that this element is both necessary and sufficient to drive cardiac-specific expression of Tbx20 in Xenopus, and that blocking SMAD1 signaling in vivo specifically abolishes transcription of Tbx20, but not that of other cardiac factors, such as Tbx5 and MHC, in the developing heart. We further demonstrate that activation of Tbx20 by SMAD1 is mediated by a set of novel, non-canonical, high-affinity SMAD-binding sites located within this regulatory element and that phospho-SMAD1 directly binds a non-canonical SMAD1 site in vivo. Finally, we show that these non-canonical sites are necessary and sufficient for Tbx20 expression in Xenopus, and that reporter constructs containing these sites are expressed in a cardiac-specific manner in zebrafish and mouse. Collectively, our findings define Tbx20 as a direct transcriptional target of the BMP/SMAD1 signaling pathway during cardiac maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Mandel
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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de Pater E, Clijsters L, Marques SR, Lin YF, Garavito-Aguilar ZV, Yelon D, Bakkers J. Distinct phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation regulate growth of the zebrafish heart. Development 2009; 136:1633-41. [PMID: 19395641 DOI: 10.1242/dev.030924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amongst animal species, there is enormous variation in the size and complexity of the heart, ranging from the simple one-chambered heart of Ciona intestinalis to the complex four-chambered heart of lunged animals. To address possible mechanisms for the evolutionary adaptation of heart size, we studied how growth of the simple two-chambered heart in zebrafish is regulated. Our data show that the embryonic zebrafish heart tube grows by a substantial increase in cardiomyocyte number. Augmented cardiomyocyte differentiation, as opposed to proliferation, is responsible for the observed growth. By using transgenic assays to monitor developmental timing, we visualized for the first time the dynamics of cardiomyocyte differentiation in a vertebrate embryo. Our data identify two previously unrecognized phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation separated in time, space and regulation. During the initial phase, a continuous wave of cardiomyocyte differentiation begins in the ventricle, ends in the atrium, and requires Islet1 for its completion. In the later phase, new cardiomyocytes are added to the arterial pole, and this process requires Fgf signaling. Thus, two separate processes of cardiomyocyte differentiation independently regulate growth of the zebrafish heart. Together, our data support a model in which modified regulation of these distinct phases of cardiomyocyte differentiation has been responsible for the changes in heart size and morphology among vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma de Pater
- Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Marques SR, Lee Y, Poss KD, Yelon D. Reiterative roles for FGF signaling in the establishment of size and proportion of the zebrafish heart. Dev Biol 2008; 321:397-406. [PMID: 18639539 PMCID: PMC2752040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of a functional organ requires the establishment of its proper size as well as the establishment of the relative proportions of its individual components. In the zebrafish heart, organ size and proportion depend heavily on the number of cells in each of its two major chambers, the ventricle and the atrium. Heart size and chamber proportionality are both affected in zebrafish fgf8 mutants. To determine when and how FGF signaling influences these characteristics, we examined the effect of temporally controlled pathway inhibition. During cardiac specification, reduction of FGF signaling inhibits formation of both ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes, with a stronger impact on ventricular cells. After cardiomyocyte differentiation begins, reduction of FGF signaling can still result in a deficiency of ventricular cardiomyocytes. Consistent with two temporally distinct roles for FGF, we find that increased FGF signaling induces a cardiomyocyte surplus only before cardiac differentiation begins. Thus, FGF signaling first regulates heart size and chamber proportionality during cardiac specification and later refines ventricular proportion by regulating cell number after the onset of differentiation. Together, our data demonstrate that a single signaling pathway can act reiteratively to coordinate organ size and proportion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R. Marques
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4050-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Kenneth D. Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Deborah Yelon
- Developmental Genetics Program and Department of Cell Biology, Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 USA
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Abstract
We have identified a new point mutation in the myelin protein zero (P0) gene in two genetically identical twins with a demyelinating neuropathy. The G to A transition at nucleotide position 382 caused an aspartic acid to asparagine substitution in exon 3. Moreover, we found clear clinical differences which were most evident at an early age. These observations suggest that the expression of this P0 mutation may be susceptible to external, non-genetic influences that may act early in the course of the disease to alter the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marques
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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Carvalho ES, Marques SR. [Pediatric nosocomial infections]. J Pediatr (Rio J) 1999; 75 Suppl 1:S31-45. [PMID: 14685481 DOI: 10.2223/jped.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Considering that the nosocomial infections have been a serious problem of public health all over the world in both developed and developing countries, this revision has the aim of amplifying the pediatrician's knowledge, in different interfaces of the question. METHODS: A review of the articles from the specific literature of the area leading to a practical presentation of the topics as well on the personal experience of the writers, who work in this area. RESULTS: We have characterized which topics are important when dealing with nosocomial infection as, for example, the concepts used in nosocomial infections, the methods of epidemiological surveillance, the nosocomial infections in pediatric critical areas as the intensive care and the neonatal units, the techniques of isolation and precaution, ending with general and specific preventive actions. CONCLUSION: Technical knowledge about the central questions in nosocomial infections should be basis for a conscious and responsible involvement of all the professionals in the health area to control and prevent these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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