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Garrison AR, Moresco V, Zeng X, Cline CR, Ward MD, Ricks KM, Olschner SP, Cazares LH, Karaaslan E, Fitzpatrick CJ, Bergeron É, Pegan SD, Golden JW. Nucleocapsid protein-specific monoclonal antibodies protect mice against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1722. [PMID: 38409240 PMCID: PMC10897337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a WHO priority pathogen. Antibody-based medical countermeasures offer an important strategy to mitigate severe disease caused by CCHFV. Most efforts have focused on targeting the viral glycoproteins. However, glycoproteins are poorly conserved among viral strains. The CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (NP) is highly conserved between CCHFV strains. Here, we investigate the protective efficacy of a CCHFV monoclonal antibody targeting the NP. We find that an anti-NP monoclonal antibody (mAb-9D5) protected female mice against lethal CCHFV infection or resulted in a significant delay in mean time-to-death in mice that succumbed to disease compared to isotype control animals. Antibody protection is independent of Fc-receptor functionality and complement activity. The antibody bound NP from several CCHFV strains and exhibited robust cross-protection against the heterologous CCHFV strain Afg09-2990. Our work demonstrates that the NP is a viable target for antibody-based therapeutics, providing another direction for developing immunotherapeutics against CCHFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura R Garrison
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
| | - Vanessa Moresco
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Curtis R Cline
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Michael D Ward
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Keersten M Ricks
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Scott P Olschner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elif Karaaslan
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Collin J Fitzpatrick
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Éric Bergeron
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Golden
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.
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2
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Taylor KM, Ricks KM, Kuehnert PA, Eick-Cost AA, Scheckelhoff MR, Wiesen AR, Clements TL, Hu Z, Zak SE, Olschner SP, Herbert AS, Bazaco SL, Creppage KE, Fan MT, Sanchez JL. Seroprevalence as an Indicator of Undercounting of COVID-19 Cases in a Large Well-Described Cohort. AJPM Focus 2023; 2:100141. [PMID: 37885754 PMCID: PMC10598697 DOI: 10.1016/j.focus.2023.100141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Reported confirmed cases represent a small portion of overall true cases for many infectious diseases. The undercounting of true cases can be considerable when a significant portion of infected individuals are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, as is the case with COVID-19. Seroprevalence studies are an efficient way to assess the extent to which true cases are undercounted during a large-scale outbreak and can inform efforts to improve case identification and reporting. Methods A longitudinal seroprevalence study of active duty U.S. military members was conducted from May 2020 through June 2021. A random selection of service member serum samples submitted to the Department of Defense Serum Repository was analyzed for the presence of antibodies reactive to SARS-CoV-2. The monthly seroprevalence rates were compared with those of cumulative confirmed cases reported during the study period. Results Seroprevalence was 2.3% in May 2020 and increased to 74.0% by June 2021. The estimated true case count based on seroprevalence was 9.3 times greater than monthly reported cases at the beginning of the study period and fell to 1.7 by the end of the study. Conclusions In our sample, confirmed case counts significantly underestimated true cases of COVID-19. The increased availability of testing over the study period and enhanced efforts to detect asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic cases likely contributed to the fall in the seroprevalence to reported case ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Taylor
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Paul A. Kuehnert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Angelia A. Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mark R. Scheckelhoff
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Andrew R. Wiesen
- Health Readiness Policy and Oversight, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zheng Hu
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Samantha E. Zak
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Scott P. Olschner
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Sara L. Bazaco
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kathleen E. Creppage
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael T. Fan
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jose L. Sanchez
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Voorhees MA, Padilla SL, Jamsransuren D, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Adiyadorj D, Baasandagwa U, Jigjav B, Olschner SP, Minogue TD, Schoepp RJ. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Mongolia, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2202-2209. [PMID: 30457521 PMCID: PMC6256378 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2013–2014, we collected 1,926 serum samples from humans and 4,583 ticks (Hyalomma asiaticum or Dermacentor nuttalli) in select regions of Mongolia to determine the risk for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection among humans in this country. Testing of human serum samples by ELISA demonstrated an overall CCHFV antibody prevalence of 1.4%; Bayankhongor Province had the highest prevalence, 2.63%. We pooled and analyzed tick specimens by real-time reverse transcription PCR; 1 CCHFV-positive H. asiaticum tick pool from Ömnögovi was identified. In phylogenetic analyses, the virus’s partial small segment clustered with CCHFV isolates from Central Asia, and the complete medium segment grouped with CCHFV isolates from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. This study confirms CCHFV endemicity in Mongolia and provides information on risk for CCHFV infection. Further research is needed to better define the risk for CCHFV disease to improve risk mitigation, diagnostics, and surveillance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Computational Biology
- Geography, Medical
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/classification
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/genetics
- Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/isolation & purification
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/history
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/transmission
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/virology
- History, 21st Century
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Mongolia/epidemiology
- Neutralization Tests
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serologic Tests
- Ticks/virology
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4
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Koehler JW, Delp KL, Hall AT, Olschner SP, Kearney BJ, Garrison AR, Altamura LA, Rossi CA, Minogue TD. Sequence Optimized Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:211-215. [PMID: 29165231 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus of the genus Nairovirus within the family Bunyaviridae. Infection can result in general myalgia, fever, and headache with some patients developing hemorrhagic fever with mortality rates ranging from 5% to 30%. CCHFV has a wide geographic range that includes Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe with nucleotide sequence variation approaching 20% across the three negative-sense RNA genome segments. While phylogenetic clustering generally aligns with geographic origin of individual strains, distribution can be wide due to tick/CCHFV dispersion via migrating birds. This sequence diversity negatively impacts existing molecular diagnostic assays, leading to false negative diagnostic results. Here, we updated a previously developed CCHFV real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay to include strains not detected using that original assay. Deep sequencing of eight different CCHFV strains, including three that were not detectable using the original assay, identified sequence variants within this assay target region. New primers and probe based on the sequencing results and newly deposited sequences in GenBank greatly improved assay sensitivity and inclusivity with the exception of the genetically diverse strain AP92. For example, we observed a four log improvement in IbAr10200 detection with a new limit of detection of 256 PFU/mL. Subsequent comparison of this assay to another commonly used CCHFV real-time RT-PCR assay targeting a different region of the viral genome showed improved detection, and both assays could be used to mitigate CCHFV diversity for diagnostics. Overall, this work demonstrated the importance of continued viral sequencing efforts for robust diagnostic assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Korey L Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Adrienne T Hall
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Brian J Kearney
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Aura R Garrison
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Louis A Altamura
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
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5
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Blancett CD, Monninger MK, Nguessan CA, Kuehl KA, Rossi CA, Olschner SP, Williams PL, Goodman SL, Sun MG. Utilization of Capsules for Negative Staining of Viral Samples within Biocontainment. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28745647 DOI: 10.3791/56122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. Most biological materials do not contain dense elements capable of scattering electrons to create an image; therefore, a negative stain, which places dense heavy metal salts around the sample, is required. In order to visualize viruses in suspension under the TEM they must be applied to small grids coated with a transparent surface only nanometers thick. Due to their small size and fragility, these grids are difficult to handle and easily moved by air currents. The thin surface is easily damaged, leaving the sample difficult or impossible to image. Infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and some require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL)-3 and -4 is especially challenging because these environments are more turbulent and technicians are required to wear personal protective equipment (PPE), which decreases dexterity. In this study, we evaluated a new device to assist in negative staining viruses in biocontainment. The device is a capsule that works as a specialized pipette tip. Once grids are loaded into the capsule, the user simply aspirates reagents into the capsule to deliver the virus and stains to the encapsulated grid, thus eliminating user handling of grids. Although this technique was designed specifically for use in BSL-3 or -4 biocontainment, it can ease sample preparation in any lab environment by enabling easy negative staining of virus. This same method can also be applied to prepare negative stained TEM specimens of nanoparticles, macromolecules and similar specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace D Blancett
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Mitchell K Monninger
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Chrystal A Nguessan
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Kathleen A Kuehl
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | - Priscilla L Williams
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)
| | | | - Mei G Sun
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID);
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6
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Kearney BJ, Voorhees MA, Williams PL, Olschner SP, Rossi CA, Schoepp RJ. Corning HYPERFlask ® for viral amplification and production of diagnostic reagents. J Virol Methods 2016; 242:9-13. [PMID: 28012899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Viral preparations are essential components in diagnostic research and development. The production of large quantities of virus traditionally is done by infecting numerous tissue culture flasks or roller bottles, which require large incubators and/or roller bottle racks. The Corning HYPERFlask® is a multilayer flask that uses a gas permeable film to provide gas exchange between the cells and culture medium and the atmospheric environment. This study evaluated the suitability of the HYPERFlask for production of Lassa, Ebola, Bundibugyo, Reston, and Marburg viruses and compared it to more traditional methods using tissue culture flasks and roller bottles. The HYPERFlask produced cultures were equivalent in virus titer and indistinguishable in immunodiagnostic assays. The use of the Corning HYPERFlask for viral production is a viable alternative to traditional tissue culture flasks and roller bottles. HYPERFlasks allow for large volumes of virus to be produced in a small space without specialized equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kearney
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Matthew A Voorhees
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Priscilla L Williams
- Ke'aki Technologies, LLC, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States.
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7
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Monninger MK, Nguessan CA, Blancett CD, Kuehl KA, Rossi CA, Olschner SP, Williams PL, Goodman SL, Sun MG. Preparation of viral samples within biocontainment for ultrastructural analysis: Utilization of an innovative processing capsule for negative staining. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:70-76. [PMID: 27751950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transmission electron microscopy can be used to observe the ultrastructure of viruses and other microbial pathogens with nanometer resolution. In a transmission electron microscope (TEM), the image is created by passing an electron beam through a specimen with contrast generated by electron scattering from dense elements in the specimen. Viruses do not normally contain dense elements, so a negative stain that places dense heavy metal salts around the sample is added to create a dark border. To prepare a virus sample for a negative stain transmission electron microscopy, a virus suspension is applied to a TEM grid specimen support, which is a 3mm diameter fragile specimen screen coated with a few nanometers of plastic film. Then, deionized (dI) water rinses and a negative stain solution are applied to the grid. All infectious viruses must be handled in a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and many require a biocontainment laboratory environment. Staining viruses in biosafety levels (BSL) 3 and 4 is especially challenging because the support grids are small, fragile, and easily moved by air currents. In this study we evaluated a new device for negative staining viruses called mPrep/g capsule. It is a capsule that holds up to two TEM grids during all processing steps and for storage after staining is complete. This study reports that the mPrep/g capsule method is valid and effective to negative stain virus specimens, especially in high containment laboratory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell K Monninger
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Chrystal A Nguessan
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Candace D Blancett
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kuehl
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Priscilla L Williams
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | | | - Mei G Sun
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States.
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8
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Rossi CA, Kearney BJ, Olschner SP, Williams PL, Robinson CG, Heinrich ML, Zovanyi AM, Ingram MF, Norwood DA, Schoepp RJ. Evaluation of ViroCyt® Virus Counter for rapid filovirus quantitation. Viruses 2015; 7:857-72. [PMID: 25710889 PMCID: PMC4379551 DOI: 10.3390/v7030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and evaluation of medical countermeasures for diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics requires production of standardized, reproducible, and well characterized virus preparations. For filoviruses this includes plaque assay for quantitation of infectious virus, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and quantitation of virus particles, and real-time reverse transcription PCR for quantitation of viral RNA (qRT-PCR). The ViroCyt® Virus Counter (VC) 2100 (ViroCyt, Boulder, CO, USA) is a flow-based instrument capable of quantifying virus particles in solution. Using a proprietary combination of fluorescent dyes that stain both nucleic acid and protein in a single 30 min step, rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective quantification of filovirus particles was demonstrated. Using a seed stock of Ebola virus variant Kikwit, the linear range of the instrument was determined to be 2.8E+06 to 1.0E+09 virus particles per mL with coefficient of variation ranging from 9.4% to 31.5% for samples tested in triplicate. VC particle counts for various filovirus stocks were within one log of TEM particle counts. A linear relationship was established between the plaque assay, qRT-PCR, and the VC. VC results significantly correlated with both plaque assay and qRT-PCR. These results demonstrated that the VC is an easy, fast, and consistent method to quantify filoviruses in stock preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Brian J Kearney
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Priscilla L Williams
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ashley M Zovanyi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael F Ingram
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - David A Norwood
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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