Minimally Invasive Simultaneous Colorectal and Liver Resection for Synchronous Colorectal Liver Metastasis-Short-Term Outcomes

Surgical management of colorectal disease and liver metastatectomy can be staged or synchronous. A minimally invasive approach in synchronous resection in the selected group of patients may improve postoperative outcomes. The present study aimed to explore the safety and feasibility of simultaneous liver and colorectal resection for synchronous metastasis by a minimally invasive approach in terms of major morbidity and R0 resection rates. The present study is a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database. All patients who underwent minimally invasive simultaneous resection of colorectal malignancy and liver metastases between January 2020 and April 2023 were included. A total of 39 patients were included in the study. The median age was 54 (23-79) years with 28 male (72%) and 11 female (28%) patients. Rectum (n = 21, 54%) was the most common primary location. The most commonly performed procedures were low anterior resection (n = 12) and parenchymal sparing non-anatomical resection (n = 23, 59%). The median surgery duration was 280 (150-520) min, and the median blood loss was 400 (50-2100) ml. The median hospital stay was 7 (5-18) days. Five (12.6%) patients had major complications. With a median follow-up of 12 months, the 2-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were 84.6% and 37%, respectively. Simultaneous liver and colorectal resection by minimal access approach is feasible in selected groups of patients depending on the extent of hepatectomy, the patient's general condition, and surgical team experience. A minimal access approach leads to faster recovery without compromising on the oncological radicality.

Standardizing Surgical Management of Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: Dawn of a New Surgical Subspeciality in India

BACKGROUND

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are a complex and heterogenous group of tumors. An approach to these tumors should be guided by a clear understanding of the disease biology and anatomical principles, which mandates a dedicated multidisciplinary team approach at all steps of management. We present our experience of evolution as a high-volume sarcoma center with a dedicated multidisciplinary tumor board (the RP clinic) with consequent standardization of surgeries and management protocols.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database for patients undergoing surgery from January 2011 to June 2023 was performed. Data were divided into the pre-clinic era (2011-2017) and post-clinic era (2018-2023). Survival curves were obtained using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the Chi-square test was used to test significance for categorical variables. Time trends were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULTS

Overall, 254 patients were operated during this period; 36.6% of patients underwent surgeries in the pre-RP clinic era (6 years) and 63.3% in the post-RP clinic era (4.5 years). There was a statistically significant increase in the number of cases being operated per year, from an average of 16.3 in the pre-clinic era to 42.4 in the post-RP clinic era (p = 0.001). The post-RP clinic era also showed a significant increase in compartment and multivisceral resections (49% vs. 18.2%; p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Establishment of a dedicated multidisciplinary tumor board (RP clinic) resulted in standardization of management protocols, resulting in optimal oncological and surgical outcomes.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gallbladder: A single institute analysis of outcomes and prognostic factors

INTRODUCTION

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are classified as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), and mixed neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) according to World Health Organization classification. We present our experience of NENs of the gallbladder (GB) from a high-volume cancer hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study is a retrospective analysis of all patients with GB NENs who presented between January 2015 and June 2023. The patient details and treatment received with follow-up were noted. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

A total of 147 patients were included in the study. The median age was 52 (27-81) years. There was a female predominance (70.7%). NEC was the most common subtype (84.4%) followed by MiNEN (12.9%) and NET (2.7%). The most common stage at presentation was metastatic (70.7%) followed by locally advanced (21.8%), and early disease (7.5%). The median follow-up was 9.92 (1.77-76.06) months. Median OS was 6.14 (3.93-8.35) months. Median OS in patients who received multimodality treatment was 20.20 (17.99-22.41) months versus 4.00 (2.91-5.10) months in those who did not receive it.

CONCLUSION

GB NENs are rare, but aggressive tumors with NEC being the most common type. Multimodality treatment yields favorable outcomes. However, the development of better systemic therapy is needed to help improve survival further.

En Bloc Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Resection Without Reconstruction With Right Hepatectomy and Right Nephrectomy for a Large IVC Leiomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Radical resection remains the only potential cure in the management of inferior vena cava (IVC) leiomyosarcomas with multivisceral resections often needed (Borghi et al. in J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 63:649-663, 2022). This video describes the technical nuances of surgical resection of a large retrohepatic IVC leiomyosarcoma.

PATIENT AND METHODS

Computed tomography of a 60-year-old woman revealed a 12 × 12 × 9.5 cm mass in the right suprarenal region infiltrating the IVC with intraluminal extension up to the hepatic venous confluence. The mass involved the right hepatic vein with infiltration of segment 7 of the liver and splaying of the right portal vein. Robust lumbar venous drainage from the infratumoral IVC was seen. En bloc IVC resection without reconstruction along with a right hepatectomy and right nephrectomy was performed via a right thoracoabdominal approach.

RESULTS

After a Catell-Braasch maneuver, the surgery can be broadly divided into four major steps: (1) Right retroperitoneal mobilization of the tumor and right kidney with infratumoral IVC control, (2) mobilization of the right liver with suprahepatic IVC control, (3) division of the right portal structures with right hepatectomy, and (4) en bloc resection of the IVC tumor. Reconstruction of the IVC was not performed owing to the presence of venous collaterals (Langenbecks et al. in Arch Surg 407:1209-1216, 2022). Final histopathology showed a high-grade leiomyosarcoma with histologic organ invasion in the liver and right kidney with resected margins free of the tumor (R0).

CONCLUSIONS

Meticulous preoperative planning and expertise in liver resection and retroperitoneal surgeries facilitates such radical yet safe multivisceral resection for a large retrohepatic IVC leiomyosarcoma without the need for a cardiopulmonary bypass.

Trastuzumab Plus Gemcitabine-Cisplatin for Treatment-Naïve Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Biliary Tract Adenocarcinoma: A Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase II Study (TAB)

PURPOSE

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression is seen in 4%-16% of biliary tract cancers (BTCs). We aimed to evaluate the clinical activity of gemcitabine-cisplatin (GC) plus anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab as initial treatment in HER2-positive BTCs.

METHODS

This study was an investigator-initiated, open-label, single-arm, multi-institutional, phase II trial in adult patients with HER2-positive (defined as immunohistochemistry [IHC] 3+ or IHC 2+ and fluorescent in situ hybridization-positive), treatment-naïve BTCs. The primary end point of the study was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS). Next-generation sequencing was performed on tissue samples to evaluate mutational status.

RESULTS

From March 2020 to August 2022, of the 876 screened patients, 118 (13.4%) were found to have HER2-positive status, of whom 90 were enrolled in the study. Most patients had GBC (n = 96; 96%) with two or more sites of metastatic disease (n = 70; 78%). With a median follow-up of 17.3 (95% CI, 15.22 to 19.32) months, 72 patients had disease progression with a median PFS of 7 (95% CI, 6.2 to 7.8) months. The diagnosis to event 6-month PFS rate was 75.6% (95% CI, 66.6 to 84.6). A complete or partial response was seen in 50 (55.5%) patients and 22 (24.4%) patients had stable disease as the best response to treatment, for an overall disease control rate of 80%. The presence of isolated TP53 mutations was associated with inferior PFS compared with other mutations (TERT promoter, HER2, PIK3CA, etc) or no detected mutations (6.51 v 12.02 v 10.58 months; P < .001).

CONCLUSION

The combination of GC and trastuzumab achieved its primary end point of improving PFS compared with historical data in the treatment-naïve HER2-positive BTC. Evaluating additional mutations such as TP53 and PIK3CA along with HER2 testing may help to preferentially select patients for anti-HER2 therapy in the future (Clinical Trial Registry India number: CTRI/2019/11/021955).

Gemcitabine, Cisplatin, and Nab-Paclitaxel as a First-Line Therapy for Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers

INTRODUCTION

Locally advanced, inoperable, or metastatic gallbladder cancers (GBC) are treated with either gemcitabine-platinum combinations or gemcitabine alone based on physician discretion. However, the combination of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel (GCNP) has shown increased response rates and prolonged survival in a phase II trial of biliary tract patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Consecutive series of patients diagnosed with locally advanced (liver infiltration > 5 cm, large nodes at porta, abutting duodenum), inoperable, and metastatic biliary tract patients between January 2018 and August 2022 were evaluated for first-line chemotherapy GCNP, in the multidisciplinary joint clinic (MDJC). The primary endpoint was ORR, and the major secondary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS).

RESULTS

A total of 142 patients received GCNP during the specified time period. The median age of the cohort was 52 years (range: 21-79), the majority were females (61.3%), and the majority were GB (81.7%). Response rates were available in 137 patients. Complete response, partial response, and stable disease were seen in 9 (6.3%), 87 (61.3%), and 24 (16.9%), respectively, for an ORR of 67.6% and a clinical benefit rate of 84.5%. The median EFS was 9.92 (95% CI, 7.69-12.14) months. Of the 52 patients in whom GCNP was given with NACT intent for locally advanced GBC, 17 patients underwent surgery (34%).

CONCLUSION

Our study indicates that GCNP leads to improved response rates, increased chances of resectability, and possibly better survival in patients with GBC.

Outcomes of incidental versus non-incidental T2 gallbladder cancer: A single-institute experience of 425 cases

BACKGROUND

Up to 60% of incidentally detected gallbladder cancers (GBCs) have a primary stage of pathologic T2 stage (pT2), defined by invasion of the peri-adventitial tissue by the tumour, a plane breached during a simple cholecystectomy. This study assesses the impact of incidental detection of pT2 GBCs on survival outcomes.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of pT2 GBCs undergoing a curative resection was performed. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before an upfront radical resection were excluded. Outcomes of patients undergoing upfront surgery (uGBC) and incidentally detected tumours (iGBC) were compared.

RESULTS

From a total of 1356 patients, 425 patients with pT2 GBCs were included. Of these, 118 (27.7%) and 307 (72.23%) patients were in the uGBC and iGBC groups, respectively. Patients with iGBC had significantly higher locoregional, (62 [19.8%] vs. 11 [9.3%]; p = 0.009), liver, (36 [11.5%] vs. 4 [3.4%]; p = 0.01), and abdominal wall recurrences (23 [7.4%] vs. 1 [0.8%]; p = 0.009). Five-year disease free survival rates were 68.7% and 49.2% in the uGBC and iGBC groups, respectively (p = 0.013). Five-year overall survival rates were 71.7% and 64.6% in the uGBC and iGBC groups, respectively (p = 0.317).

CONCLUSIONS

Incidentally detected pT2 GBCs have significantly poorer outcomes compared to similarly staged patients undergoing an upfront radical cholecystectomy.

Neuroendocrine differentiation in a metachronous metastatic deposit in a case of mature growing ovarian teratoma: A rare occurrence

ABSTRACT

Growing teratoma syndrome is a rare condition seen in non seminomatous germ cell tumor after completion of chemotherapy. Ectodermal, mesodermal and endodermal differentiation is commonly seen in mature teratoma. neuroendocrine differentiation in a metastatic deposit of mature teratoma is rarely reported. We are presenting a case of neuroendocrine differentiation in a long standing metastatic deposit of a mature teratoma.

Tata Memorial Centre Evidence Based Management of Colorectal cancer

ABSTRACT

This review article examines the evidence-based management of colorectal cancers, focusing on topics characterized by ongoing debates and evolving evidence. To contribute to the scientific discourse, we intentionally exclude subjects with established guidelines, concentrating instead on areas where the current understanding is dynamic. Our analysis encompasses a thorough exploration of critical themes, including the evidence surrounding complete mesocolic excision and D3 lymphadenectomy in colon cancers. Additionally, we delve into the evolving landscape of perioperative chemotherapy in both colon and rectal cancers, considering its nuanced role in the context of contemporary treatment strategies. Advancements in surgical techniques are a pivotal aspect of our discussion, with an emphasis on the utilization of minimally invasive approaches such as laparoscopy and robotic surgery in both colon and rectal cancers, including advanced rectal cases. Moving beyond conventional radical procedures, we scrutinize the feasibility and implications of endoscopic resections for small tumors, explore the paradigm of organ preservation in locally advanced rectal cancers, and assess the utility of total neoadjuvant therapy in the current treatment landscape. Our final segment reviews pivotal trials that have significantly influenced the management of colorectal liver and peritoneal metastasis.

Simultaneous laparoscopic liver metastasectomy and intersphincteric resection for neuroendocrine tumor of the rectum by natural orifice specimen extraction surgery

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are relatively uncommon rectal neoplasms, and the liver is the most common site of distant metastasis. Simultaneous liver and colorectal resections by minimally invasive surgery and natural orifice specimen extraction are gaining popularity, reducing morbidity. We describe a case of rectal NET with liver metastasis operated simultaneously by laparoscopy with both specimens extracted via the anal canal. Transanal or transvaginal natural orifice specimen extraction surgery for suitable cases is underutilized and only isolated case reports for simultaneous resections exist.

Patterns of metastatic progression and association with clinical outcomes in canine osteosarcoma: A necropsy study of 83 dogs

Osteosarcoma is a highly metastatic primary bone tumour that occurs spontaneously in both pet dogs and humans. Patterns of metastasis to organs beyond the most common site (lung) are poorly characterised and it is unknown whether specific associations between patterns of metastatic progression and patient features exist. This retrospective study characterised the necropsy findings of 83 dogs receiving standardised therapy and clinical monitoring in a prospective clinical trial setting to document patterns of metastasis and correlate outcomes with these patterns and other patient and tumour-specific factors. A total of 20 different sites of metastasis were documented, with lung as the most common site, followed by bone, kidney, liver, and heart. Two distinct clusters of dogs were identified based on patterns of metastasis. There was no significant association between site of enrollment, trial arm, sex, serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, or tumour location and clinical outcomes. A second cancer type was identified at necropsy in 10 dogs (10/83; 12%). These data showcase the extensive nature of osteosarcoma metastasis beyond the lung and provide a benchmark for clinical monitoring of the disease. Further, this study provides insight into transcriptional features of primary tumours that may relate to a propensity for osteosarcoma metastasis to specific organs and tissues.

Role of Surgery in the Treatment of Abdominal Desmoid Fibromatosis: A Single-Center Experience

With increasing multidisciplinary management and emphasis on masterly inactivity for abdominal fibromatosis (AF), the indications for surgery are evolving. This retrospective analysis looked at outcomes following surgery. Two groups of patients who underwent surgery for AF between November 2011 and August 2021 were identified-intra-abdominal fibromatosis (IAF) and abdominal wall fibromatosis (AWF). All treatment-related details and follow-up data were gathered from a database and analyzed. Sixteen patients underwent surgery for IAF. R0 resection (wide margin) was achieved in 13 patients (81.2%). Over a median follow-up period of 51.7 (range 5-103) months, 5 patients developed recurrence (31.2%). The conditional probabilities of OS and DFS at 5 years were 80% (95% CI 58.7-100) and 42.2% (95% CI 20.3-87.8), respectively. Ten patients with AWF underwent surgery. R0 resection was achieved at 70% (7/10). Over a median follow-up period of 54.8 (range 12.9-96.7) months, 2 patients (20%) developed recurrence. The conditional probabilities of OS and DFS at 5 years were 88.9% (95% CI 70.6-100) and 77.8% (95% CI 54.9-87.8), respectively. Surgery has a vital role in the management of AF presenting with progressive/symptomatic lesions, especially when watchful waiting is not an option, and must be considered as one of the first-line active therapy. Timely curative surgery avoids disease progression and its morbidity with acceptable recurrence rates and provides durable remissions.

IgG4-related disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: Experience from a tertiary care centre with systematic review of Indian literature

INTRODUCTION

IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare disease entity in India. We aimed at studying the clinical profile of IgG4-RD of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) from our centre, while systematically reviewing data from India.

METHODS

Retrospective review of IgG4-RD of GIT was done using electronic medical records between January 2013 and July 2022. Literature search was done for studies of IgG4-RD of the GIT reported from India from 2000 till January 2023. Case series, case reports of IgG4-RD of GIT and case reports describing GIT with multi-organ involvement were included in the review. Primary outcome measure was response to treatment. Secondary outcome measure was relapse after remission.

RESULTS

Thirty-one patients were included with 71% (22/31) having autoimmune pancreatitis. The diagnosis was achieved on surgical specimen in 35% (11/31) patients. Steroid was given to 64% (20/31) patients with remission achieved in 70% (14/20) patients. Four patients exhibitted response to prolonged course of steroids with maintenance azathioprine. Relapse was seen in four (20%) patients who achieved remission. Of 731 articles screened, 48 studies (four case series and 44 case reports) were included in the literature review. Of 95 patients described, steroids were given to 65.2% (62/95), while surgery was done in 33.6% (32/95). Remission was seen in 96.6% (85/88) with relapse occurring in 11.4% (10/88) patients on follow-up.

CONCLUSION

One-third patients of IgG4-RD of GIT are diagnosed after surgery. Response to steroids is good with relapse occurring in up to 12% patients.

Lessons learnt from 1300 consecutive gallbladder cancer surgeries: Evolving role of peri-operative chemotherapy in the treatment paradigm

BACKGROUND

Level I evidence for multi-modality management of gallbladder cancers (GBC) is evolving.

METHODS

Prospectively maintained operative GBC database of 1307 patients (year 2010-2019) was analysed to study the impact of peri-operative chemotherapy (PCT) on survival outcomes.

RESULTS

1040 patients had pathologically confirmed GBC. Stage distribution showed: Stage I(85,8.2%), II(247,23.8%), III(460,44.2%), IV(248, 23.8%). PCT was used as follows: in stage II, 164 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy(ACT); in stage III, ACT was given to 444 patients, either operated upfront(244 patients) or after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT)(216 patients); in stage IV, 32 patients (11 received NACT) underwent radical surgery followed by ACT and 216 patients had inoperable disease (77 received NACT) upon exploration. With a median follow-up of 30 months, the 3-year OS for stage I, II and III was 94.1%, 82.6% and 48.2% respectively. Corresponding DFS was 93.8%, 67.3% and 38.3%. Upon reassessment for surgery after NACT (n = 332), patients who underwent radical surgery (n = 235) had superior OS (p = 0.000) and DFS (p = 0.000) in comparison to those who had inoperable disease (n = 97). Amongst stage III and IV patients with operable disease (n = 492), those who were operated upfront (n = 238) had equivalent survival as those operated after NACT (n = 254). This was also confirmed by a 1:1 propensity matched analysis (118 patients each), matching for T and N stage.

CONCLUSION

The role of peri-operative chemotherapy in management of GBC is evolving. While the role of NACT for locally advanced GBC is unsettled and merits testing prospectively, it helps in selection of patients with favourable disease biology for radical surgery.

Ataxia-telangiectasia and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: A case report

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by ataxia, cutaneous and ocular telangiectasia, impaired immunity with susceptibility to sino-pulmonary infections, radiation sensitivity, and cancers particularly of hemato-lymphoid origin. Liver function tests abnormalities and elevated alfa feto-protein have been reported in A-T; however, there is no reported case of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) in literature. These tumors should be treated in similar fashion as in general population; however, reduction of chemotherapy dose might be helpful in decreasing chemo-toxicity.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) masquerading as hilar cholangiocarcinoma: An unusual presentation of jaundice

Jaundice usually occurs in the late stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Obstructive jaundice is rarely seen as an initial presentation of HCC, as opposed to cholangiocarcinoma. Various causes of obstructive jaundice in these cases also known as "Icteric HCC" have been described such as tumour thrombi, compression, infiltration or tumours arising from native hepatocytes in the bile duct. We present a case of 74-year-old gentleman with "Icteric HCC" that clinically and radiologically mimicked cholangiocarcinoma for which the patient underwent left hepatectomy with Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy. Histopathology revealed dilated large duct with polygonal sheets of cells of hepatoid morphology which stained diffusely positive for both glypican 3 and Hep-par 1. The epicentre was in the left hepatic duct with no discernible liver lesion and the tumour probably originated from the ectopic hepatocytes within the biliary duct The patient was disease free at 1.5 years of follow up. In conclusion, HCC should be a differential for obstructive jaundice. Patients with such "Icteric HCC" benefit from surgical resection with favourable outcomes. The prognosis in such patients is better than in patients of HCC with jaundice due to hepatic insufficiency.

Outcomes of Patients With Colorectal Liver Metastasis in the Developing World: Is Liver Transplantation for Unresectable Liver Metastasis, the Next Logical Step?

Background

While half of the patients with colorectal cancer develop metastasis, some 20% develop liver-only disease, and 10% of patients with unresectable liver disease live for 5 years. This study audits the outcomes of patients with colorectal liver metastasis to identify patients with unresectable liver metastasis eligible for a liver transplant.

Method

All patients with colorectal liver metastasis, irrespective of the presence of metastasis at other sites, registered between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2019, were included in this retrospective audit. Patients in whom R0 Resection with adequate future liver remnant was not possible even after downstaging with chemotherapy were deemed unresectable. Overall survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Patients eligible for a liver transplant were identified using the International Hepato-Pancreatico-Biliary Association (IHBPA) consensus guidelines and Oslo and Fong clinical risk scores.

Results

Out of 284 patients, 80 were treated with curative intent and 185 with palliative intent. At a median follow-up of 36 months, the median and 3-year OS were 37 months and 55% for the curative intent group and 9 months and 4% for the palliative intent group, respectively. Among 173 patients with liver-only metastasis, 13 patients (7%) satisfied the IHBPA consensus guidelines and had both Oslo and Fong scores of 2 or less. Transplant-eligible patients with unresectable liver metastasis had median and 3-year OS of 24 months and 25% against 9 months and 5% for ineligible patients, respectively.

Conclusion

Liver transplant has the potential to benefit a small but significant portion of patients with unresectable liver metastasis.

Laparoscopic liver metastasectomy, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection and abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer

Video demonstrating the technical details of minimally invasive, simultaneous liver resection, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, and abdominoperineal resection for synchronous metastasis.

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

BACKGROUND

Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres.

METHODS

This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low-middle-income countries.

RESULTS

In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of 'single-use' consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low-middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia.

CONCLUSION

This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high- and low-middle-income countries.

Short and long outcomes of endoscopic bilateral metal stent placement for malignant hilar biliary obstruction: Tertiary care oncology centre experience

INTRODUCTION

Placement of biliary self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) has been effective for palliation of unresectable hilar malignant biliary obstruction. Optimal drainage in hilar obstruction may require placement of multiple stents. Data on multiple SEMS placement in hilar obstruction from India is sparse.

METHODS

Retrospective review of patients with unresectable malignant hilar obstruction who underwent endoscopic bilateral SEMS insertion from 2017 to 2021 was done. Demographic details, technical success and functional success (decrease in the bilirubin value below 3 mg/dL at four weeks), immediate complications with 30-days mortality, requirement of re-intervention, stent patency and overall survival were studied.

RESULTS

Forty-three patients were included (mean age 54.9 years, 51.2% females). Thirty-six patients (83.7%) had carcinoma gallbladder as primary malignancy. Twenty-six patients (60.5%) were metastatic at presentation. Cholangitis was seen in 4/43 (9.3%). On cholangiogram, 26 (60.4%) had Bismuth type II block, 12 (27.8%) had type IIIA/B, 5 (11.6%) had type IV block. Technical success was achieved in 41/43 (95.3%) patients (38, side-by-side SEMS placement; 3, SEMS-within-SEMS in Y fashion). Functional success was achieved in 39 patients (95.1%). No moderate-severe complications were reported. Median post-procedure hospitalization was five days. Median stent patency was 137 days (interquartile range [IQR] 80-214 days). Re-intervention was required in four patients (9.3%) after mean 295.7 days. Median overall survival was 153 days (IQR 108-234 days).

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic bilateral SEMS in complex malignant hilar obstruction has good outcomes in the form of technical success, functional success and stent patency. Survival is dismal despite optimal biliary drainage.

Oxaliplatin-Induced Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome Masquerading as Colorectal Liver Metastasis: A Case Report

INTRODUCTION

Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is commonly used in adjuvant treatment of colon cancer as well as in neoadjuvant setting in patients with liver metastases. However oxaliplatin can cause damage to non-tumor bearing liver which presents as sinusoidal obstructive syndrome (SOS). These changes are difficult to differentiate from metastasis clinic-radiologically and manifests as sinusoidal dilatation, peliosis and nodular regenerative hyperplasia.

CASE

The present study reports the case of a patient with oxaliplatin-induced SOS which mimicked colo-rectal liver metastasis on follow up imaging studies after receiving neoadjuvant oxaliplatin based chemotherapy. After multidisciplinary discussion, patient was planned for simultaneous resection of rectal primary and right hepatectomy for metastasis. Final histopathology revealed no tumour in liver but the liver lesions seen radiologically were actually changes of oxaliplatin induced focal SOS and mimicked metastatic nodules.

CONCLUSION

In patients with colo-rectal cancer having received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, SOS may be considered as one of the causes of newly developed liver lesions, and should be subjected to additional radio-pathologic evaluation to prevent overtreatment and avoiding potentially morbid surgeries.

Surgical resection for large hepatocellular carcinoma and those beyond BCLC: systematic review with proposed management algorithm

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for the sixth most common cancer and ranks third in mortality worldwide with inhomogeneity in terms of resection for advanced-stage disease.

METHODS

A systematic review of published literature using the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases from 1995 to 2020 was conducted to identify studies that reported outcomes of resection for solitary HCC > 10 cm, BCLC B/C, and multinodular HCC. Our aim was to assess overall survival for resection, identify poor prognostic factors, and to compare it to trans-arterial chemotherapy (TACE) where data was available.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine articles were included after a complete database search in the systematic review as per our predefined criteria. Analysis revealed a 5-year overall survival of 33.5% for resection of HCC > 10 cm, 41.7% for BCLC B, 23.3% for BCLC C, and 36.6% for multinodular HCC. Peri-operative mortality ranged from 0 to 6.9%. Studies comparing resection versus TACE for BCLC B/C had a survival of 40% versus 17%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our systematic review justifies hepatic resection wherever feasible for hepatocellular carcinomas > 10 cm, BCLC B, BCLC C, and multinodular tumors. In addition, we identified and proposed an algorithm with five poor prognostic criteria in this group of patients who may benefit from adjuvant TACE.

Oncologic Liver Resections in a Geriatric Population: Peri-operative, Long-Term and Quality-of-Life Outcomes-Experience from a High-Volume Centre in India

BACKGROUND

Elderly patients can often be overlooked as candidates for a major hepatic resection, by virtue of their age. To enable better patient selection for hepatic resections in this age group, we analysed the outcomes of liver resections in elderly patients to identify any potential prognostic factors.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of hepatic resections from 1 January 2010 to 31 October 2021 and analysed the post-operative outcomes in patients aged 65 years or older. Short-term outcomes were analysed in terms of length of hospital stay, 90-day major morbidity, and 90-day mortality. Long-term outcome was defined by the disease-free survival, overall survival and quality of life.

RESULTS

Over a period of 11 years, 170 elderly patients underwent oncologic liver resections, of which 68 (40%) underwent a major hepatectomy. The overall morbidity and mortality rates were 32.8% and 5.3%, respectively. Extent of hepatic resection, increasing age, concomitant resection of other organs and a biliary-enteric anastomosis were independent predictors for poor immediate post-operative outcomes. Median disease-free survival and overall survival were 30 months and 78 months, respectively. The global health status was excellent in majority of patients with a mean score of 88.62.

CONCLUSION

Major oncologic liver resections can be performed in well-selected geriatric population with acceptable peri-operative, long-term and quality-of-life outcomes.

Radical surgery for stage IV gallbladder cancers: Treatment strategies in patients with limited metastatic burden

Backgrounds/Aims

The present study looked at the role of radical surgery in gallbladder cancers (GBC) with limited metastatic disease.

Methods

The retrospective observational study was conducted to screen the database from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019. Patients of GBC found to have low-volume metastatic disease upon surgical exploration were included.

Results

Of the 1,040 patients operated for GBC, 234 patients had low-volume metastatic disease (microscopic disease in station 16b1 node or N2 disease isolated port-site metastases, or low burden peritoneal disease with deposits less than 1 cm, in adjacent omentum or adjacent diaphragm or Morrison's pouch or a solitary discontinuous liver metastasis in adjacent liver parenchyma) detected intraoperative. Of these, 62 patients underwent radical surgery for R-0 metastatic disease followed by systemic therapy, while the remaining 172 patients did not undergo radical surgery and were given palliative systemic chemotherapy. Patients who underwent radical surgery had significantly superior overall survival (19 months versus 12 months, p < 0.01) and superior progression-free survival (10 months versus 5 months, p < 0.01) when compared to the rest. This difference in survival was more significant amongst patients when operated on after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Regression analysis showed that a sub-group of patients with incidental GBC with limited metastases showed more favorable outcomes with radical surgery.

Conclusions

Authors suggest a possible role for radical treatment of advanced GBC with a limited metastatic burden. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be used for preferentially selecting patients of favorable disease biology for curative treatment.

Utility and limitations of intraoperative frozen section diagnosis to determine optimal surgical strategy in suspected gallbladder malignancy

BACKGROUND

Preoperative diagnosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains a challenge. Unwarranted extensive surgery for benign disease and undertreatment for GBC pose challenges. We aimed to analyze the utility, diagnostic accuracy, and limitations of intraoperative frozen section (FS), for primary diagnosis of suspected gallbladder malignancy.

METHODS

Patients with suspected GBC underwent a cystic-plate cholecystectomy and FS for primary diagnosis. The procedure was considered adequate if FS suggested a benign pathology. A radical cholecystectomy was performed if FS favoured GBC, or in patients with high intra-operative suspicion of malignancy. All FS records were compared with final histopathology.

RESULTS

FS guided the surgical strategy in 491 of 575 resections (85.4%). FS had a sensitivity of 88.3%, specificity of 99.6%, a positive predictive value of 99.4% and a negative predictive value of 92.7%. The diagnostic accuracy of FS was 95.1%. With routine use of intraoperative FS, only 10 out of 491 patients (2%) required a revised surgical strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

For radiologically suspected GBC it is prudent to confirm the histological diagnosis by use of intraoperative FS before undertaking radical resections. This study emphasizes the safety and accuracy of FS as an adjunct for directing optimal surgical strategy in suspected GBC.

Simultaneous resection of synchronous colorectal liver metastasis: Feasibility and development of a prediction model

Backgrounds/Aims

Timing of resection for synchronous colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) has been debated for decades. The aim of the present study was to assess the feasibility of simultaneous resection of CRLM in terms of major complications and develop a prediction model for safe resections.

Methods

A retrospective single-center study of synchronous, resectable CRLM, operated between 2013 and 2021 was conducted. Upper limit of 95% confidence interval (CI) of major complications (≥ grade IIIA) was set at 40% as the safety threshold. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of morbidity. Prediction model was internally validated by bootstrap estimates, Harrell's C-index, and correlation of predicted and observed estimates.

Results

Ninety-two patients were operated. Of them, 41.3% had rectal cancers. Major hepatectomy (≥ 4 segments) was performed for 25 patients (27.2%). Major complications occurred in 20 patients (21.7%, 95% CI: 13.8%-31.5%). Predictors of complications were the presence of comorbidities and major hepatectomy (area under the ROC curve: 0.692). Unacceptable level of morbidity (≥ 40%) was encountered in patients with comorbidities who underwent major hepatectomy.

Conclusions

Simultaneous bowel and CRLM resection appear to be safe. However, caution should be exercised when combining major liver resections with bowel resection in patients with comorbid conditions.

Diagnostic performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT in recurrent adenocarcinoma gallbladder and its impact on post-recurrence survival

PURPOSE

To analyze diagnostic performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT in recurrent adenocarcinoma gallbladder (GBC) and to establish its possible impact on post-recurrence survival.

METHOD

FDG PET/CT studies of suspected recurrent GBC were retrospectively analyzed alongside tumor markers serum CEA and CA 19-9. Abnormal FDG-avid lesions and abnormal morphological lesions were considered positive for recurrence, and were categorized as isolated abdominal wall recurrence, loco-regional recurrence, and distant metastatic disease. Histopathology, definite progression on imaging and positive response to treatment was considered as reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were used as diagnostic performance parameters. Post-recurrence survival was calculated whenever appropriate follow-up was available, based on the abovementioned categories of sites of recurrence using survival curves and log-rank test.

RESULTS

Out of 117 PET/CT studies, 93 (79.5%) were positive and 24 (20.5%) were negative for recurrence. 86 out of 93 were true positive and 23 of 24 were true negative. PET/CT demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 98.8%, 76.7%, 92.5%, 95.8% and 93.1%, respectively. Diagnostic performance of PET/CT was significantly better than combination tumor markers. Of 66 cases with available follow-up, isolated abdominal wall (port/scar site) recurrence and loco-regional recurrence demonstrated significantly higher post-recurrence survival as compared to distant metastasis; median survival being 39, 25 and 12 months, respectively.

CONCLUSION

F-18 FDG PET/CT has better diagnostic performance than tumor markers combination. Isolated abdominal wall (port/scar site) recurrence and loco-regional recurrence on PET/CT demonstrated better survival than non-regional metastatic disease. These results suggest a possible role of PET/CT as a surveillance modality, as well as a guide to therapeutic decision-making in cases of recurrent GBC.

Post-hepatectomy biliary leaks: analysis of risk factors and development of a simplified predictive scoring system

PURPOSE

Most studies identifying risk factors for post-hepatectomy biliary leaks (PHBLs) have relatively small proportions of major hepatectomies. A simplified predictive score to identify high risk patients is necessary in order to investigate the efficacy of mitigation strategies.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of liver resections from a high-volume cancer center was performed. Multivariate regression was utilized for identification of risk factors and development of the predictive score.

RESULTS

A total of 862 patients underwent a curative hepatic resection over 10 years, of whom 146 (16.9%) developed a biliary leak; 85 (9.86%), 52 (6.03%), and 9 (1.04%) patients had a grade A, B, and C leak respectively. A biliary-enteric anastomosis [OR 5.1 (95% CI 2.45-10.58); p < 0.001], a central [OR 4.33 (95% CI 1.25-14.95); p = 0.021] or an extended hepatectomy [OR 4.29 (95% CI 1.52-12.12); p = 0.006], liver steatosis [OR 2.28 (95% CI 1.09-4.77); p = 0.027], and blood loss of ≥ 2000 mL [OR 2.219 (95% CI 1.15-4.27); p = 0.017] were identified as independent predictors of a clinically significant biliary leak and were assigned 1 point each to develop the biliary leak score. Clinically significant biliary leaks were seen in 11 (2.79%), 20 (6.38%), 19 (15.4%), 9 (56.3%), and 1 (100%) patients with scores of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

A biliary-enteric anastomosis, a central or extended hepatectomy, liver steatosis, and blood loss ≥ 2L combined result in a simple predictive score for clinically significant biliary leaks.

Multimodality liver directed treatment for colorectal liver metastasis: Array of complementary options can improve outcomes - A single centre experience from India

AIM

Complimentary use of Liver directed therapies (LDTs) with systemic chemotherapy has improved oncologic outcomes in colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM). We analysed institutional results of multimodality management.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of CRLM patients managed with LDT including surgical resection, Ablation, Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) or Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) between November 2011 to March 2020. Management plan was decided in multidisciplinary meeting. Resectable tumours underwent surgical resection or ablation or both in some cases. Borderline resectable or unresectable disease was treated with down staging chemotherapy or TACE/TARE followed by resection or ablation. All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Factors influencing survival were analysed.

Results

Out of total 375 patients, surgery alone was done in 191 (50.93%) patients while surgery with other LDT in 26 patients (6.93%). Ablation alone was done in 100 (26.66%) whereas TACE/TARE were done as standalone treatment in 21 (5.6%) and 7 (1.86%) patients respectively. TACE + ablation was done in 28 (7.46%) and TARE + ablation was done in 2(0.53%) patients.5-year Overall Survival(OS) was 49.8% while Event free survival(EFS) was 21.4%. The median OS and EFS for surgical group was significantly better than non-surgical group (78 V/s 39 months; p<0.05 and 20 V/s 15 months p <0.005). The resectable (78 months) group had better median OS as compared to borderline resectable and Unresectable group (39 months and 29 months). Male gender, resectable disease and surgical intervention were associated with improved OS.

Conclusion

Although surgery remains the mainstay of treatment, complementary use of non-surgical LDT with systemic therapy offers possibility of good outcomes in advanced liver limited disease. Our experience highlights the impact of multidisciplinary care in optimizing CRLM treatment.

Role of Peri-operative Chemotherapy in Stage II (pT2N0) Gallbladder Cancers

BACKGROUND

Evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy in gallbladder cancer (GBC) is conflicting, with a postulated beneficial effect reported in T2 stage or higher, and node-positive tumours. This study aims to assess the survival benefit of peri-operative chemotherapy in stage II (pT2N0) GBCs.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of stage II GBCs who underwent curative surgical resection was done. Patients receiving neo-adjuvant therapy (NACT) prior to resection of the gallbladder primary were excluded. Primary endpoint was disease-free survival, and outcomes of patients who received chemotherapy were compared to those who did not. Survival curves were plotted using a Kaplan-Meier analysis and difference between the survival curves was analysed using a log-rank test.

RESULTS

Two hundred seventy-six patients of stage II GBC were included, of whom 188 (68.1%) received chemotherapy and 88 (31.8%) did not. Forty-one (21.8%) patients received chemotherapy in the neo-adjuvant setting. There was no significant difference in the survival of patients who did and did not receive chemotherapy (5-year DFS 67.8% vs 66%, p = 0.795). There was no significant difference in the survival of patients who received chemotherapy in the adjuvant or neo-adjuvant setting (5-year DFS 66.4% vs 71.8%, p = 0.541). There was no statistically significant difference in the survival of patients with high-risk histologic features and who did and did not receive chemotherapy (3-year DFS 72.4% vs 56%; p = 0.379).

CONCLUSIONS

Routine use of chemotherapy, either in the adjuvant or neo-adjuvant setting, offers no survival advantage in stage II (pT2N0) gallbladder cancers.

Clinical Profile, Patterns of Care & adherence to Guidelines in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prospective multi-center Study

Background and aims

Increasing incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India is a matter of concern and need for adequate profiling and streamlining management strategies cannot be over-emphasized.

Methods

This is a prospective multi-centric observational cohort study comprising of an oncology center, one university tertiary hospital with specialized hepatology service, one public hospital with gastroenterology service, and a private liver transplant center located within a 3-km radius. The demographic and clinical parameters were recorded on a prospectively maintained database. The clinical profile, demographics, characteristics of HCC and the allocated treatment were noted and compared among the four centers.

Results

In total, 672 patients were enrolled from June 2016 till January 2020. Abdominal pain (64.3%) and weight loss (47.3%) were the most common symptoms. Most common identified etiology was hepatitis B (39%). The cancer center received lesser patients with hepatitis C and those with advanced stage of HCC. The private transplant center reported the highest proportion of NASH, which was also significantly higher in those belonging to higher socioeconomic strata, and lowest proportion of alcoholic cirrhosis. Metastasis was seen in almost one-fifth (19%) cases at diagnosis. Portal vein thrombosis was evident in 40%. Adherence to treatment guidelines was seen in three-fourth cases (76%).

Conclusions

Hepatitis B is the most common underlying cause for HCC, whereas other causes like NASH are on the rise. Etiologic profile may vary with selective specialization of centers catering to patients with HCC. Adherence to guideline while allocating treatment was high among all centers with highest non-adherence in BCLC A.

Heterogeneity of management practices surrounding operable gallbladder cancer - results of the OMEGA-S international HPB surgical survey

BACKGROUND

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive, uncommon malignancy, with variation in operative approaches adopted across centres and few large-scale studies to guide practice. We aimed to identify the extent of heterogeneity in GBC internationally to better inform the need for future multicentre studies.

METHODS

A 34-question online survey was disseminated to members of the European-African Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (EAHPBA), American Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (AHPBA) and Asia-Pacific Hepatopancreatobiliary Association (A-PHPBA) regarding practices around diagnostic workup, operative approach, utilization of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies and surveillance strategies.

RESULTS

Two hundred and three surgeons responded from 51 countries. High liver resection volume units (>50 resections/year) organised HPB multidisciplinary team discussion of GBCs more commonly than those with low volumes (p < 0.0001). Management practices exhibited areas of heterogeneity, particularly around operative extent. Contrary to consensus guidelines, anatomical liver resections were favoured over non-anatomical resections for T3 tumours and above, lymphadenectomy extent was lower than recommended, and a minority of respondents still routinely excised the common bile duct or port sites.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest some similarities in the management of GBC internationally, but also specific areas of practice which differed from published guidelines. Transcontinental collaborative studies on GBC are necessary to establish evidence-based practice to minimise variation and optimise outcomes.

Retroperitoneal Sarcomas: a Current Review on Management

Retroperitoneal sarcomas are heterogeneous tumours with variable disease biology and outcomes. The prognosis is primarily related to tumour histology and grade as well as the ability to achieve margin negative resection. Surgery involves compartment or contiguous organ resection to achieve the above goal. Careful utilization of neoadjuvant and adjuvant strategies like radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy can lead to improvement in margin status, thereby contributing to better local control and possibly reducing systemic dissemination. Use of targeted therapies has paved newer pathways of treatment integration centred on molecular and genetic targets. The aim of this review is to update the reader on all aspects of retroperitoneal sarcoma management including emphasis on pertinent and landmark trials in this regard.

The reality of cholangiocarcinoma in India- real world data from a tertiary referral centre

BACKGROUND

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCA) are rare tumours originating from bile duct. Due to their asymptomatic nature they are usually diagnosed when the disease is advanced. Little data exists with respect to their incidence and treatment outcomes in low and middle income countries.

METHOD

A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of all patients with perihilar (pCCA) and intrahepatic (iCCA) CCA registered between January 2012 and December 2018 was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 760 patients, 427 (56.2%) diagnosed with pCCA and 333 (43.8%) of iCCA were included. Patients with localised, locally advanced and metastatic disease in pCCA were 45.5%, 25.9%, 8.5% and that in iCCA were 22.1%, 10.1% and 67.7% respectively. Only 141 (43.9%, 57 - iCCA, 84 -pCCA) of the total 321 patients started on some definitive cancer directed therapy could complete the intended treatment. The overall curative resection rate for all patients of iCCA was 14.5% whereas for patients of pCCA it was only 10.5%.

CONCLUSION

More than half of CCA patients are not able to complete their intended treatment, being worse for pCCA as compared to iCCA. Early referral and centralisation of treatment for this complex disease might be the way forward to achieve optimal outcomes.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Resection Without Reconstruction for a Large IVC Leiomyosarcoma

BACKGROUND

Retroperitoneal tumours arising from the inferior vena cava (IVC) are rare tumours often requiring large vessel resection for complete surgical excision. Limited exposure to such tumours often discourages surgeons from offering surgical resection to these patients, depriving them of the only potentially curative modality. We present here the surgical technique for resection of a large IVC sarcoma without IVC reconstruction.

METHODS

A 53-year-old lady presented with a large retroperitoneal sarcoma encasing the infra-hepatic IVC with tumour thrombus extension into the hepatic cloaca as well as the left renal vein. Surgical resection was planned as the disease remained stable after 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with adriamycin and ifosfamide.

RESULTS

Complete surgical excision of the tumour was achieved by performing a resection of the entire length of infra-hepatic IVC and right kidney, without IVC reconstruction. Left renal vein was divided after careful preservation of a draining collateral. Tumour thrombus was extracted from the hepatic cloaca, and proximal IVC stump closure was achieved with preservation of right hepatic vein insertion. Total blood loss during the procedure was 2300 mL, and the patient recovered without compromise of renal function or development of lower limb oedema.

CONCLUSION

IVC resection without reconstruction can be safely performed for large retroperitoneal sarcomas involving major vascular structures. Familiarity with the retroperitoneal, retro-hepatic and supra-hepatic anatomy is paramount to achieving good surgical outcomes.

Gender discrimination in surgical oncology: An in-house appraisal

Introduction

Gender discrimination (GD) though rarely blatant, may present indirectly within a surgical department in the form of subtle inequities, differing standards, and bias. GD encompasses a wide spectrum including academic development, surgical opportunities and sexual harassment.

Methods

We conducted an online survey to analyse the perceived incidence of GD in the surgical oncology department at a tertiary care cancer centre in India. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions and was mailed to the entire department including trainees and faculty. Anonymity was maintained while collecting the data only of the participants' gender and whether they were faculty or trainee. Collated responses were analysed using proportions.

Results

The questionnaire was sent out to 200 recipients of whom 56% (112/200) responded via an online survey. Respondents included 84% of faculty (42/50) and 46.6% of trainees (70/150). GD was perceived by 28% of female trainees (7/25) as compared to 6.6% of male trainees (3/45), whereas amongst faculty, GD was perceived by 26.6% of female faculty (4/15) compared to 14.8% of male faculty (3/27). Approximately 13% of our trainees and 12% of our faculty mentioned that GD affected their professional performance or mental well-being. GD was experienced in terms of work experience and opportunities by a majority of trainees (13%) and faculty (9.5%). There was a significant lack of awareness about recourse to an institutional grievance committee by trainees (47%) compared to faculty (14%). About 7% of trainees and 12% of faculty acknowledged that they may have been responsible for intentional/unintentional GD.

Conclusion

Gender discrimination can present in subtle or overt fashion in surgical departments and requires active sustained efforts to allow both genders to feel equally empowered. Establishing a system to objectively evaluate gender equity while avoiding stereotyping for certain roles can help minimize GD.