1
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Asimakopoulou EM, Bellucci V, Birnsteinova S, Yao Z, Zhang Y, Petrov I, Deiter C, Mazzolari A, Romagnoni M, Korytar D, Zaprazny Z, Kuglerova Z, Juha L, Lukić B, Rack A, Samoylova L, Garcia-Moreno F, Hall SA, Neu T, Liang X, Vagovic P, Villanueva-Perez P. Development towards high-resolution kHz-speed rotation-free volumetric imaging. Opt Express 2024; 32:4413-4426. [PMID: 38297643 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
X-ray multi-projection imaging (XMPI) has the potential to provide rotation-free 3D movies of optically opaque samples. The absence of rotation enables superior imaging speed and preserves fragile sample dynamics by avoiding the centrifugal forces introduced by conventional rotary tomography. Here, we present our XMPI observations at the ID19 beamline (ESRF, France) of 3D dynamics in melted aluminum with 1000 frames per second and 8 µm resolution per projection using the full dynamical range of our detectors. Since XMPI is a method under development, we also provide different tests for the instrumentation of up to 3000 frames per second. As the high-brilliance of 4th generation light-sources becomes more available, XMPI is a promising technique for current and future X-ray imaging instruments.
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2
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Henningsson A, Hall SA. An efficient system matrix factorization method for scanning diffraction based strain tensor tomography. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2023; 79:542-549. [PMID: 37772493 PMCID: PMC10626655 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273323008136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffraction-based tomographic strain tensor reconstruction problems in which a strain tensor field is determined from measurements made in different crystallographic directions are considered in the context of sparse matrix algebra. Previous work has shown that the estimation of the crystal elastic strain field can be cast as a linear regression problem featuring a computationally involved assembly of a system matrix forward operator. This operator models the perturbation in diffraction signal as a function of spatial strain tensor state. The structure of this system matrix is analysed and a block-partitioned factorization is derived that reveals the forward operator as a sum of weighted scalar projection operators. Moreover, the factorization method is generalized for another diffraction model in which strain and orientation are coupled and can be reconstructed jointly. The proposed block-partitioned factorization method provides a bridge to classical absorption tomography and allows exploitation of standard tomographic ray-tracing libraries for implementation of the forward operator and its adjoint. Consequently, RAM-efficient, GPU-accelerated, on-the-fly strain/orientation tensor reconstruction is made possible, paving the way for higher spatial resolution studies of intragranular deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Henningsson
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Ole Römersväg 1, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen A. Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Ole Römersväg 1, Lund, Sweden
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3
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Henningsson A, Hall SA. xrd_simulator: 3D X-ray diffraction simulation software supporting 3D polycrystalline microstructure morphology descriptions. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:282-292. [PMID: 36777138 PMCID: PMC9901924 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576722011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An open source Python package named xrd_simulator, capable of simulating geometrical interactions between a monochromatic X-ray beam and a polycrystalline microstructure, is described and demonstrated. The software can simulate arbitrary intragranular lattice variations of single crystals embedded within a multiphase 3D aggregate by making use of a tetrahedral mesh representation where each element holds an independent lattice. By approximating the X-ray beam as an arbitrary convex polyhedral region in space and letting the sample be moved continuously through arbitrary rigid motions, data from standard and non-standard measurement sequences can be simulated. This implementation is made possible through analytical solutions to a modified, time-dependent version of the Laue equations. The software, which primarily targets three-dimensional X-ray diffraction microscopy (high-energy X-ray diffraction microscopy) type experiments, enables the numerical exploration of which sample quantities can and cannot be reconstructed for a given acquisition scheme. Similarly, xrd_simulator targets investigations of different measurement sequences in relation to optimizing both experimental run times and sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Henningsson
- Div. Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 1, Lund, Sweden,Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Stephen A. Hall
- Div. Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 1, Lund, Sweden
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4
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Lewis H, Couples G, Tengattini A, Buckman J, Tudisco E, Etxegarai M, Viggiani G, Hall SA. Interactions Between Imbibition and Pressure-Driven Flow in a Microporous Deformed Limestone. Transp Porous Media 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11242-022-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNeutron imaging is used for direct observation of evolving water–air and deuterated water–normal water exchanges in flow experiments performed on a laboratory-deformed, microporous laminated limestone, an extremely fine-textured rock altered by arrays of superposed fractures generated in a rock mechanics apparatus. The neutron images document significant, evolving, water speed and flow direction variability at the deci-micron scale and spatially complex patterns of both increasing and decreasing water saturation. We infer that capillarity-driven and pressure-driven water movement occurs concurrently, in close proximity and in competition, and that as local and global water saturations evolve these two drivers can change their dominance in both matrix and deformed elements. Thin sections are used to obtain sub-micron resolution SEM images that provide multi-scale information on the textural features’ spatial arrangements. The textural characteristics are consistent with the inferences made from the coarser flow imaging. Alternating lamina types provide the primary lithological heterogeneity, while the experimentally created deformations lead to quasi-planar zones of highly comminuted matrix and fracture-like voids, each with lengths ranging from sub-mm to cm. Together deformation features delineate a partially connected array. The interplay between fluid movement through deformation features, and flow into (and out of) the laminae, implies near-equivalence of local driving pressure- and capillary-related energies, with subtle shifts in this balance as water saturation increases. The insights gained invite a re-examination of common rules-of-thumb for multi-phase fluid flow often adopted in fractured, low-permeability microporous rocks.
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5
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Törnquist E, Le Cann S, Tengattini A, Helfen L, Kok J, Hall SA, Isaksson H. The Hydration State of Bone Tissue Affects Contrast in Neutron Tomographic Images. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:911866. [PMID: 35782510 PMCID: PMC9247154 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.911866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron tomography has emerged as a promising imaging technique for specific applications in bone research. Neutrons have a strong interaction with hydrogen, which is abundant in biological tissues, and they can penetrate through dense materials such as metallic implants. However, in addition to long imaging times, two factors have led to challenges in running in situ mechanical characterization experiments on bone tissue using neutron tomography: 1) the high water content in specimens reduces the visibility of internal trabecular structures; 2) the mechanical properties of bone are dependent on the hydration state of the tissue, with drying being reported to cause increased stiffness and brittleness. This study investigates the possibility of improving image quality in terms of neutron transmission and contrast between material phases by drying and rehydrating in heavy water. Rat tibiae and trabecular bovine bone plugs were imaged with neutron tomography at different hydration states and mechanical testing of the bone plugs was carried out to assess effects of drying and rehydration on the mechanical properties of bone. From analysis of image histograms, it was found that drying reduced the contrast between bone and soft tissue, but the contrast was restored with rehydration. Contrast-to-noise ratios and line profiles revealed that the contrast between bone tissue and background was reduced with increasing rehydration duration but remained sufficient for identifying internal structures as long as no free liquid was present inside the specimen. The mechanical analysis indicated that the proposed fluid exchange protocol had no adverse effects on the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Törnquist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- CNRS, Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Gustave Eiffel, UMR 8208, MSME, F-94010, Créteil, France
| | - Alessandro Tengattini
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Joeri Kok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Hanna Isaksson,
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6
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Lama S, Vallenback P, Hall SA, Kuzmenkova M, Kuktaite R. Prolonged heat and drought versus cool climate on the Swedish spring wheat breeding lines: Impact on the gluten protein quality and grain microstructure. Food Energy Secur 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sbatie Lama
- Department of Plant Breeding Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden
| | | | - Stephen A. Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics Lund University Lund Sweden
- Lund Institute of advanced Neutron and X‐ray Science (LINXS) Lund Sweden
| | - Marina Kuzmenkova
- Department of Plant Breeding Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden
| | - Ramune Kuktaite
- Department of Plant Breeding Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Lomma Sweden
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7
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Zhai C, Albayrak N, Engqvist J, Hall SA, Wright J, Majkut M, Herbold EB, Hurley RC. Quantifying local rearrangements in three-dimensional granular materials: Rearrangement measures, correlations, and relationship to stresses. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014904. [PMID: 35193203 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the ways in which local particle rearrangements contribute to macroscopic plasticity is one of the fundamental pursuits of granular mechanics and soft matter physics. Here we examine local rearrangements that occur naturally during the deformation of three samples of 3D granular materials subjected to distinct boundary conditions by employing in situ x-ray measurements of particle-resolved structure and stress. We focus on five distinct rearrangement measures, their statistics, interrelationships, contributions to macroscopic deformation, repeatability, and dependence on local structure and stress. Our most significant findings are that local rearrangements (1) are correlated on a scale of three to four particle diameters, (2) exhibit volumetric strain-shear strain and nonaffine displacement-rotation coupling, (3) exhibit correlations that suggest either rearrangement repeatability or that rearrangements span multiple steps of incremental sample strain, and (4) show little dependence on local stress but correlate with quantities describing local structure, such as porosity. Our results are presented in the context of relevant plasticity theories and are consistent with recent findings suggesting that local structure may play at least as important of a role as local stress in determining the nature of local rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongpu Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Nahuel Albayrak
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Jonas Engqvist
- Division for Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Eric B Herbold
- Atmospheric, Earth, & Energy Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Ryan C Hurley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA and Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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8
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Etxegarai M, Tudisco E, Tengattini A, Viggiani G, Kardjilov N, Hall SA. Characterisation of Single-Phase Fluid-Flow Heterogeneity Due to Localised Deformation in a Porous Rock Using Rapid Neutron Tomography. J Imaging 2021; 7:jimaging7120275. [PMID: 34940742 PMCID: PMC8708639 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7120275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The behaviour of subsurface-reservoir porous rocks is a central topic in the resource engineering industry and has relevant applications in hydrocarbon, water production, and CO2 sequestration. One of the key open issues is the effect of deformation on the hydraulic properties of the host rock and, specifically, in saturated environments. This paper presents a novel full-field data set describing the hydro-mechanical properties of porous geomaterials through in situ neutron and X-ray tomography. The use of high-performance neutron imaging facilities such as CONRAD-2 (Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin) allows the tracking of the fluid front in saturated samples, making use of the differential neutron contrast between “normal” water and heavy water. To quantify the local hydro-mechanical coupling, we applied a number of existing image analysis algorithms and developed an array of bespoke methods to track the water front and calculate the 3D speed maps. The experimental campaign performed revealed that the pressure-driven flow speed decreases, in saturated samples, in the presence of pre-existing low porosity heterogeneities and compactant shear-bands. Furthermore, the observed complex mechanical behaviour of the samples and the associated fluid flow highlight the necessity for 3D imaging and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddi Etxegarai
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France; (M.E.); (A.T.); (G.V.)
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Tengattini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France; (M.E.); (A.T.); (G.V.)
| | - Gioacchino Viggiani
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France; (M.E.); (A.T.); (G.V.)
| | | | - Stephen A. Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden;
- Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), 223 70 Lund, Sweden
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9
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Henningsson A, Hall SA. A Continuity Flow Based Tomographic Reconstruction Algorithm for 4D Multi-Beam High Temporal-Low Angular Sampling. J Imaging 2021; 7:246. [PMID: 34821877 PMCID: PMC8624918 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging7110246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mathematical framework and accompanying numerical algorithm exploiting the continuity equation for 4D reconstruction of spatiotemporal attenuation fields from multi-angle full-field transmission measurements is presented. The algorithm is geared towards rotation-free dynamic multi-beam X-ray tomography measurements, for which angular information is sparse but the temporal information is rich. 3D attenuation maps are recovered by propagating an initial discretized density volume in time according to the advection equations using the Finite Volumes method with a total variation diminishing monotonic upstream-centered scheme (TVDMUSCL). The benefits and limitations of the algorithm are explored using dynamic granular system phantoms modelled via discrete elements and projected by an analytical ray model independent from the numerical ray model used in the reconstruction scheme. Three phantom scenarios of increasing complexity are presented and it is found that projections from only a few (unknowns:equations > 10) angles can be sufficient for characterisation of the 3D attenuation field evolution in time. It is shown that the artificial velocity field produced by the algorithm sub-iteration, which is used to propagate the attenuation field, can to some extent approximate the true kinematics of the system. Furthermore, it is found that the selection of a temporal interpolation scheme for projection data can have a significant impact on error build up in the reconstructed attenuation field.
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10
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Nypelö T, Fredriksson J, Arumughan V, Larsson E, Hall SA, Larsson A. N2O–Assisted Siphon Foaming of Modified Galactoglucomannans With Cellulose Nanofibers. Front Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.756026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foaming of most bio-based polymers is challenged by low pore formation and foam stability. At the same time, the developing utilization of bio-based materials for the circular economy is placing new demands for easily processable, low-density materials from renewable raw materials. In this work, we investigate cellulose nanofiber (CNF) foams in which foaming is facilitated with wood-based hemicelluloses, galactoglucomannans (GGMs). Interfacial activity of the GGM is modulated via modification of the molecule’s amphiphilicity, where the surface tension is decreased from approximately 70 to 30 mN m−1 for unmodified and modified GGM, respectively. The chemical modification of GGMs by substitution with butyl glycidyl ether increased the molecule’s hydrophobicity and interaction with the nanocellulose component. The highest specific foam volume using 1 wt% CNF was achieved when modified GGM was added (3.1 ml g−1), compared to unmodified GGM with CNF (2.1 ml g−1). An amount of 96 and 98% of the GGM and GGM-BGE foams were lost after 15 min of foaming while the GGM and GGM-BGE with cellulose nanofibers lost only 33 and 28% of the foam respectively. In the case of GGM-BGE, the foam stability increased with increasing nanofiber concentration. This suggests that the altered hydrophobicity facilitated increased foam formation when the additive was incorporated in the CNF suspension and foamed with nitrous oxide (N2O). Thus, the hydrophobic character of the modified GGM was a necessity for foam formation and stability while the CNFs were needed for generating a self-standing foam structure.
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11
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Fijoł N, Abdelhamid HN, Pillai B, Hall SA, Thomas N, Mathew AP. 3D-printed monolithic biofilters based on a polylactic acid (PLA) - hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite for heavy metal removal from an aqueous medium. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32408-32418. [PMID: 35495521 PMCID: PMC9041825 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High flux, monolithic water purification filters based on polylactic acid (PLA) functionalised with fish scale extracted hydroxyapatite (HAp) were prepared by solvent-assisted blending and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), followed by twin-screw extrusion into filaments and processed via three-dimensional (3D) printing. The printed filters with consistent pore geometry and channel interconnectivity as well as homogenous distribution of HAp in the PLA matrix showed adsorption capabilities towards heavy metals i.e. cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) with maximum adsorption capacity of 112.1 mg gHAp−1 and 360.5 mg gHAp−1 for the metal salt of Pb and Cd, respectively. The adsorption was found to be driven by a combination of ion exchange, dissolution and precipitation on HAp and surface complexation. Water purification filters based on polylactic acid functionalised with hydroxyapatite were prepared by solvent-assisted blending and thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), extruded into filaments and processed via three-dimensional (3D) printing.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fijoł
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Frescativägen 8 106 91 Stockholm Sweden +46 8161256
| | - Hani Nasser Abdelhamid
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Frescativägen 8 106 91 Stockholm Sweden +46 8161256.,Advanced Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University Assiut 71515 Egypt
| | - Binsi Pillai
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Matsyapuri, Willington Island Cochin India - 682 029
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University Lund Sweden.,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-Ray Science Lund Sweden
| | - Nebu Thomas
- Department of Periodontology, Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences Thiruvalla Kerala India
| | - Aji P Mathew
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University Frescativägen 8 106 91 Stockholm Sweden +46 8161256
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12
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Törnquist E, Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Tengattini A, Andò E, Lenoir N, Hektor J, Raina DB, Tägil M, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Dual modality neutron and x-ray tomography for enhanced image analysis of the bone-metal interface. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34010812 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac02d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone tissue formed at the contact interface with metallic implants, particularly its 3D microstructure, plays a pivotal role for the structural integrity of implant fixation. X-ray tomography is the classical imaging technique used for accessing microstructural information from bone tissue. However, neutron tomography has shown promise for visualising the immediate bone-metal implant interface, something which is highly challenging with x-rays due to large differences in attenuation between metal and biological tissue causing image artefacts. To highlight and explore the complementary nature of neutron and x-ray tomography, proximal rat tibiae with titanium-based implants were imaged with both modalities. The two techniques were compared in terms of visualisation of different material phases and by comparing the properties of the individual images, such as the contrast-to-noise ratio. After superimposing the images using a dedicated image registration algorithm, the complementarity was further investigated via analysis of the dual modality histogram, joining the neutron and x-ray data. From these joint histograms, peaks with well-defined grey value intervals corresponding to the different material phases observed in the specimens were identified and compared. The results highlight differences in how neutrons and x-rays interact with biological tissues and metallic implants, as well as the benefits of combining both modalities. Future refinement of the joint histogram analysis could improve the segmentation of structures and tissues, and yield novel information about specimen-specific properties such as moisture content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Törnquist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,MSME, CNRS UMR 8208, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Univ Gustave Eiffel, Creteil, France
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Tengattini
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | - Edward Andò
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | - Nicolas Lenoir
- Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France.,Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Hektor
- LUNARC-Centre for Scientific and Technical Computing at Lund University, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Deepak Bushan Raina
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Tägil
- Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Institute of Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Orthopaedics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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13
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Ceresino EB, Johansson E, Sato HH, Plivelic TS, Hall SA, Bez J, Kuktaite R. Lupin Protein Isolate Structure Diversity in Frozen-Cast Foams: Effects of Transglutaminases and Edible Fats. Molecules 2021; 26:1717. [PMID: 33808718 PMCID: PMC8003408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study addresses an innovative approach to generate aerated foods with appealing texture through the utilization of lupin protein isolate (LPI) in combination with edible fats. We show the impact of transglutaminases (TGs; SB6 and commercial), glycerol (Gly), soy lecithin (Lec) and linoleic acid (LA) on the micro- and nanostructure of health promoting solid foods created from LPI and fats blends. 3-D tomographic images of LPI with TG revealed that SB6 contributed to an exceptional bubble spatial organization. The inclusion of Gly and Lec decreased protein polymerization and also induced the formation of a porous layered material. LA promoted protein polymerization and formation of homogeneous thick layers in the LPI matrix. Thus, the LPI is a promising protein resource which when in blend with additives is able to create diverse food structures. Much focus has been placed on the great foamability of LPI and here we show the resulting microstructure of LPI foams, and how these were improved with addition of TGs. New food applications for LPI can arise with the addition of food grade dispersant Lec and essential fatty-acid LA, by improved puffiness, and their contributing as replacer of chemical leavening additives in gluten-free products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Berger Ceresino
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Eva Johansson
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden;
| | - Hélia Harumi Sato
- Department of Food Science, School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP 13083-862, Brazil;
| | - Tomás S. Plivelic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Stephen A. Hall
- Department of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Jürgen Bez
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging, Giggenhauser Str. 35, D-85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Ramune Kuktaite
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden;
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14
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Ceresino EB, Johansson E, Sato HH, Plivelic TS, Hall SA, Kuktaite R. Morphological and structural heterogeneity of solid gliadin food foams modified with transglutaminase and food grade dispersants. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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15
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Turunen MJ, Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Lovric G, Patera A, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Sub-trabecular strain evolution in human trabecular bone. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13788. [PMID: 32796859 PMCID: PMC7429852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To comprehend the most detrimental characteristics behind bone fractures, it is key to understand the material and tissue level strain limits and their relation to failure sites. The aim of this study was to investigate the three-dimensional strain distribution and its evolution during loading at the sub-trabecular level in trabecular bone tissue. Human cadaver trabecular bone samples were compressed in situ until failure, while imaging with high-resolution synchrotron radiation X-ray tomography. Digital volume correlation was used to determine the strains inside the trabeculae. Regions without emerging damage were compared to those about to crack. Local strains in close vicinity of developing cracks were higher than previously reported for a whole trabecular structure and similar to those reported for single isolated trabeculae. Early literature on bone fracture strain thresholds at the tissue level seem to underestimate the maximum strain magnitudes in trabecular bone. Furthermore, we found lower strain levels and a reduced ability to capture detailed crack-paths with increased image voxel size. This highlights the dependence between the observed strain levels and the voxel size and that high-resolution is needed to investigate behavior of individual trabeculae. Furthermore, low trabecular thickness appears to be one predictor of developing cracks. In summary, this study investigated the local strains in whole trabecular structure at sub-trabecular resolution in human bone and confirmed the high strain magnitudes reported for single trabeculae under loading and, importantly extends its translation to the whole trabecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Goran Lovric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland.,Centre D'Imagerie BioMédicale, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Institute of advanced Neutron and X-ray Science (LINXS), Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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16
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Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Tägil M, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Bone Damage Evolution Around Integrated Metal Screws Using X-Ray Tomography - in situ Pullout and Digital Volume Correlation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:934. [PMID: 32850760 PMCID: PMC7419699 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Better understanding of the local deformation of the bone network around metallic implants subjected to loading is of importance to assess the mechanical resistance of the bone-implant interface and limit implant failure. In this study, four titanium screws were osseointegrated into rat tibiae for 4 weeks and screw pullout was conducted in situ under x-ray microtomography, recording macroscopic mechanical behavior and full tomographies at multiple load steps before failure. Images were analyzed using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) to access internal displacement and deformation fields during loading. A repeatable failure pattern was observed, where a ∼300–500 μm-thick envelope of bone detached from the trabecular structure. Fracture initiated close to the screw tip and propagated along the implant surface, at a distance of around 500 μm. Thus, the fracture pattern appeared to be influenced by the microstructure of the bone formed closely around the threads, which confirmed that the model is relevant for evaluating the effect of pharmacological treatments affecting local bone formation. Moreover, cracks at the tibial plateau were identified by DVC analysis of the tomographic images acquired during loading. Moderate strains were first distributed in the trabecular bone, which localized into higher strains regions with subsequent loading, revealing crack-formation not evident in the tomographic images. The in situ loading methodology followed by DVC is shown to be a powerful tool to study internal deformation and fracture behavior of the newly formed bone close to an implant when subjected to loading. A better understanding of the interface failure may help improve the outcome of surgical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Tägil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Lund Institute for Advanced Neutron and X-ray Science, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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17
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Henningsson NA, Hall SA, Wright JP, Hektor J. Reconstructing intragranular strain fields in polycrystalline materials from scanning 3DXRD data. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:314-325. [PMID: 32280319 PMCID: PMC7133059 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576720001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two methods for reconstructing intragranular strain fields are developed for scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD). The methods are compared with a third approach where voxels are reconstructed independently of their neighbours [Hayashi, Setoyama & Seno (2017). Mater. Sci. Forum, 905, 157-164]. The 3D strain field of a tin grain, located within a sample of approximately 70 grains, is analysed and compared across reconstruction methods. Implicit assumptions of sub-problem independence, made in the independent voxel reconstruction method, are demonstrated to introduce bias and reduce reconstruction accuracy. It is verified that the two proposed methods remedy these problems by taking the spatial properties of the inverse problem into account. Improvements in reconstruction quality achieved by the two proposed methods are further supported by reconstructions using synthetic diffraction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Axel Henningsson
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jonathan P Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Hektor
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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18
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Taylor GJ, Hall SA, Gren JA, Baird E. Exploring the visual world of fossilized and modern fungus gnat eyes (Diptera: Keroplatidae) with X-ray microtomography. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20190750. [PMID: 32019468 PMCID: PMC7061697 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal eyes typically possess specialized regions for guiding different behavioural tasks within their specific visual habitat. These specializations, and evolutionary changes to them, can be crucial for understanding an animal's ecology. Here, we explore how the visual systems of some of the smallest flying insects, fungus gnats, have adapted to different types of forest habitat over time (approx. 30 Myr to today). Unravelling how behavioural, environmental and phylogenetic factors influence the evolution of visual specializations is difficult, however, because standard quantitative techniques often require fresh tissue and/or provide data in eye-centric coordinates that prevent reliable comparisons between species with different eye morphologies. Here, we quantify the visual world of three gnats from different time periods and habitats using X-ray microtomography to create high-resolution three-dimensional models of the compound eyes of specimens in different preservation states—fossilized in amber, dried or stored in ethanol. We present a method for analysing the geometric details of individual corneal facets and for estimating and comparing the sensitivity, spatial resolution and field of view of species across geographical space and evolutionary time. Our results indicate that, despite their miniature size, fungus gnats do have variations in visual properties across their eyes. We also find some indication that these visual specializations vary across species and may represent adaptations to their different forest habitats. Overall, the findings demonstrate how such investigations can be used to study the evolution of visual specializations—and sensory ecology in general—across a range of insect taxa from different geographical locations and across time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan A Gren
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Emily Baird
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Lindgren J, Nilsson DE, Sjövall P, Jarenmark M, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Kear BP, Schultz BP, Sylvestersen RL, Madsen H, LaFountain JR, Alwmark C, Eriksson ME, Hall SA, Lindgren P, Rodríguez-Meizoso I, Ahlberg P. Fossil insect eyes shed light on trilobite optics and the arthropod pigment screen. Nature 2019; 573:122-125. [PMID: 31413368 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fossilized eyes permit inferences of the visual capacity of extinct arthropods1-3. However, structural and/or chemical modifications as a result of taphonomic and diagenetic processes can alter the original features, thereby necessitating comparisons with modern species. Here we report the detailed molecular composition and microanatomy of the eyes of 54-million-year-old crane-flies, which together provide a proxy for the interpretation of optical systems in some other ancient arthropods. These well-preserved visual organs comprise calcified corneal lenses that are separated by intervening spaces containing eumelanin pigment. We also show that eumelanin is present in the facet walls of living crane-flies, in which it forms the outermost ommatidial pigment shield in compound eyes incorporating a chitinous cornea. To our knowledge, this is the first record of melanic screening pigments in arthropods, and reveals a fossilization mode in insect eyes that involves a decay-resistant biochrome coupled with early diagenetic mineralization of the ommatidial lenses. The demonstrable secondary calcification of lens cuticle that was initially chitinous has implications for the proposed calcitic corneas of trilobites, which we posit are artefacts of preservation rather than a product of in vivo biomineralization4-7. Although trilobite eyes might have been partly mineralized for mechanical strength, a (more likely) organic composition would have enhanced function via gradient-index optics and increased control of lens shape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Sjövall
- Chemistry and Materials, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - James R LaFountain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Carl Alwmark
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Stephen A Hall
- Department of Construction Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Per Ahlberg
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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20
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Hall SA, Ison SH, Owles C, Coe J, Sandercock DA, Zanella AJ. Development and validation of a multiplex fluorescent microsphere immunoassay assay for detection of porcine cytokines. MethodsX 2019; 6:1218-1227. [PMID: 31193967 PMCID: PMC6545349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are cell signalling proteins that mediate a number of different physiological responses. The accurate measurement of cytokine profiles is important for a variety of diagnostic and prognostic scenarios in relation to animal health and welfare. Simultaneous quantification of cytokine profiles in a single sample is now possible using fluorescent microsphere immunoassays (FMIA). We describe the development and validation of a novel multiplex assay using the Bio-Plex® 200 system to quantify cytokines in five different porcine tissues (brain, placenta, synovial tissue and fluid, plasma). The cytokine profiles are both tissue, and research hypothesis, -dependent but include Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). This methods paper is reported in two parts: the development of a FMIA for porcine tissues and validation of pre-treatment for optimal cytokine recovery in porcine brain, placenta, synovial tissue and plasma. Validation steps are critical in ensuring an assay is suitable for novel sample types. This technique advances traditional ELISAs by: FMIA provides insight into the profiles of multiple porcine cytokines in certain situations (e.g. disease, parturition). Use of the Bio-Plex® 200 system to investigate novel sample types, including brain, placenta and synovial tissue. Multiplexing utilises a fraction of the sample volume compared with multiple ELISAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hall
- SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - S H Ison
- SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,World Animal Protection, United Kingdom
| | - C Owles
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, United Kingdom
| | - J Coe
- SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - A J Zanella
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Campus Pirassununga, Brazil
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21
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Hektor J, Hall SA, Henningsson NA, Engqvist J, Ristinmaa M, Lenrick F, Wright JP. Scanning 3DXRD Measurement of Grain Growth, Stress, and Formation of Cu6Sn5 around a Tin Whisker during Heat Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12030446. [PMID: 30709058 PMCID: PMC6384662 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 3D microstructure around a tin whisker, and its evolution during heat treatment were studied using scanning 3DXRD. The shape of each grain in the sample was reconstructed using a filtered-back-projection algorithm. The local lattice parameters and grain orientations could then be refined, using forward modelling of the diffraction data, with a spatial resolution of 250 nm. It was found that the tin coating had a texture where grains were oriented such that their c-axes were predominantly parallel to the sample surface. Grains with other orientations were consumed by grain growth during the heat treatment. Most of the grain boundaries were found to have misorientations larger than 15∘, and many coincidence site lattice (CSL) or other types of low-energy grain boundaries were identified. None of the grains with CSL grain boundaries were consumed by grain growth. During the heat treatment, growth of preexisting Cu6Sn5 occurred; these grains were indexed as a hexagonal η phase, which is usually documented to be stable only at temperatures exceeding 186 ∘C. This indicates that the η phase can exist in a metastable state for long periods. The tin coating was found to be under compressive hydrostatic stress, with a negative gradient in hydrostatic stress extending outwards from the root of the whisker. Negative stress gradients are generally believed to play an essential role in providing the driving force for diffusion of material to the whisker root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hektor
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - N Axel Henningsson
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Engqvist
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Matti Ristinmaa
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Filip Lenrick
- Production and Materials Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jonathan P Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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22
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Le Cann S, Tudisco E, Turunen MJ, Patera A, Mokso R, Tägil M, Belfrage O, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Investigating the Mechanical Characteristics of Bone-Metal Implant Interface Using in situ Synchrotron Tomographic Imaging. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:208. [PMID: 30719433 PMCID: PMC6348316 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term stability of endosseous implants depends on successful bone formation, ingrowth and adaptation to the implant. Specifically, it will define the mechanical properties of the newly formed bone-implant interface. 3D imaging during mechanical loading tests (in situ loading) can improve the understanding of the local processes leading to bone damage and failure. In this study, titanium screws were implanted into rat tibiae and were allowed to integrate for 4 weeks with or without the addition of the growth factor Bone Morphogenetic Protein and the bisphosphonate Zoledronic Acid. Samples were subjected to in situ pullout using high-resolution synchrotron x-ray tomography at the Tomcat beamline (SLS, PSI, Switzerland) at 30 keV with 25 ms exposure time, resulting in a total acquisition time of 45 s per scan, with a 3.6 μm isotropic voxel size. Using a custom-made loading device positioned inside the beamline, screws were pulled out with 0.05 mm increment, acquiring multiple scans until rupture of the sample. The in situ loading protocol was adapted to ensure short imaging time, which enabled multiple samples to be tested with short loading steps, while keeping the total testing time low and reducing dose deposition. Higher trabecular bone content was quantified in the surrounding of the screw in the treated groups, which correlated with increased mechanical strength and stiffness. Differences in screw implantation, such as contact between threads and cortex as well as minor tilt of the screw were also correlated to the mechanical parameters. In situ loading enabled the investigation of crack propagation during the pullout, highlighting the mechanical behavior of the interface. Three typical crack types were observed: (1) rupture at the interface of trabecular and cortical bone tissues, close to the screw, (2) large crack inside the cortex connected to the implant, and (3) first failure away from the screw with cracks propagating toward the screw-bone interface. Mechanical properties of in vivo integrated bone-metal screws rely on a combination of multiple parameters that are difficult to identify and separate one from the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | - Magnus Tägil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ola Belfrage
- Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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23
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Gustafsson A, Mathavan N, Turunen MJ, Engqvist J, Khayyeri H, Hall SA, Isaksson H. Linking multiscale deformation to microstructure in cortical bone using in situ loading, digital image correlation and synchrotron X-ray scattering. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:323-331. [PMID: 29410089 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of fragility fractures is expected to increase in the near future due to an aging population. Therefore, improved tools for fracture prediction are required to treat and prevent these injuries efficiently. For such tools to succeed, a better understanding of the deformation mechanisms in bone over different length scales is needed. In this study, an experimental setup including mechanical tensile testing in combination with digital image correlation (DIC) and small/wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) was used to study deformation at multiple length scales in bovine cortical bone. Furthermore, micro-CT imaging provided detailed information about tissue microstructure. The combination of these techniques enabled measurements of local deformations at the tissue- and nanoscales. The orientation of the microstructure relative to the tensile loading was found to influence the strain magnitude on all length scales. Strains in the collagen fibers were 2-3 times as high as the strains found in the mineral crystals for samples with microstructure oriented parallel to the loading. The local tissue strain at fracture was found to be around 0.5%, independent of tissue orientation. However, the maximum force and the irregularity of the crack path were higher when the load was applied parallel to the tissue orientation. This study clearly shows the potential of combining these different experimental techniques concurrently with mechanical testing to gain a better understanding of bone damage and fracture over multiple length scales in cortical bone. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE To understand the pathophysiology of bone, it is important to improve our knowledge about the deformation and fracture mechanisms in bone. In this study, we combine several recently available experimental techniques with mechanical loading to investigate the deformation mechanisms in compact bone tissue on several length scales simultaneously. The experimental setup included mechanical tensile testing in combination with digital image correlation, microCT imaging, and small/wide angle X-ray scattering. The combination of techniques enabled measurements of local deformations at the tissue- and nanoscales. The study clearly shows the potential of combining different experimental techniques concurrently with mechanical testing to gain a better understanding of structure-property-function relationships in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gustafsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Neashan Mathavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-702 11 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jonas Engqvist
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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24
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Mooring L, Thompson S, Hall SA, Pani S, Zioupos P, Swan M, Stone C, Howlin BJ, Hamerton I. ‘Phoenix polymers’: fire induced nanohardness in fibril-forming aromatic cyanate esters. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36264-36271. [PMID: 35558471 PMCID: PMC9088260 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07449f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time we present nanoindentation analysis of charred, cured aromatic cyanate esters, which exhibit outstanding mechanical properties when analysed under applied loads of 0.1–300 mN. Following charring (900 °C for 10 minutes to achieve graphitised structures), the samples display a remarkable combination of a modulus of elasticity of around 25 GPa and nanohardness of 300 kgf mm−2, making them some 30–40% stiffer than bone and practically as hard as tooth enamel. At the same time we find that under the same conditions the chars are highly resilient, displaying complete elastic recovery with very little plastic deformation. When cured in the presence of copper(ii) acetylacetonate (200 ppm) in dodecylphenol (1% w/v active copper suspension) to form a polycyanurate, compound (2) forms a dense, consolidated structure compared with compound (1) under the same conditions. At high magnification, the presence of a nanoscale, fibrillar structure is observed, accounting for the high resilience. For the first time we present nanoindentation analysis of charred, cured aromatic cyanate esters, which exhibit outstanding mechanical properties when analysed under applied loads of 0.1–300 mN.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Pani
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- Surrey
- UK
| | - Peter Zioupos
- Cranfield Forensic Institute
- CDS
- Cranfield University
- UK
| | | | | | | | - Ian Hamerton
- Bristol Composites Institute (ACCIS)
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering
- Queen's Building
- University of Bristol
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Hall
- Department of Geography University of Texas at Austin A1mstin, TX 78712
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald O. Henry
- Department of Anthropology University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma
| | - Barbara H. Butler
- Department of Anthropology North Texas State University Denton, Texas
| | - Stephen A. Hall
- Department of Geography North Texas State University Denton, Texas
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27
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Isaksson H, Le Cann S, Perdikouri C, Turunen MJ, Kaestner A, Tägil M, Hall SA, Tudisco E. Neutron tomographic imaging of bone-implant interface: Comparison with X-ray tomography. Bone 2017; 103:295-301. [PMID: 28739417 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal implants, in e.g. joint replacements, are generally considered to be a success. As mechanical stability is important for the longevity of a prosthesis, the biological reaction of the bone to the mechanical loading conditions after implantation and during remodelling determines its fate. The bone reaction at the implant interface can be studied using high-resolution imaging. However, commonly used X-ray imaging suffers from image artefacts in the close proximity of metal implants, which limit the possibility to closely examine the bone at the bone-implant interface. An alternative ex vivo 3D imaging method is offered by neutron tomography. Neutrons interact with matter differently than X-rays; therefore, this study explores if neutron tomography may be used to enrich studies on bone-implant interfaces. A stainless steel screw was implanted in a rat tibia and left to integrate for 6weeks. After extracting the tibia, the bone-screw construct was imaged using X-ray and neutron tomography at different resolutions. Artefacts were visible in all X-ray images in the close proximity of the implant, which limited the ability to accurately quantify the bone around the implant. In contrast, neutron images were free of metal artefacts, enabling full analysis of the bone-implant interface. Trabecular structural bone parameters were quantified in the metaphyseal bone away from the implant using all imaging modalities. The structural bone parameters were similar for all images except for the lowest resolution neutron images. This study presents the first proof-of-concept that neutron tomographic imaging can be used for ex-vivo evaluation of bone microstructure and that it constitutes a viable, new tool to study the bone-implant interface tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | - Sophie Le Cann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | - Mikael J Turunen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden; Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Swiss Spallation Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland.
| | - Magnus Tägil
- Department of Orthopaedics, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Geotechnical Engineering, Lund University, Sweden.
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Cereser A, Strobl M, Hall SA, Steuwer A, Kiyanagi R, Tremsin AS, Knudsen EB, Shinohara T, Willendrup PK, da Silva Fanta AB, Iyengar S, Larsen PM, Hanashima T, Moyoshi T, Kadletz PM, Krooß P, Niendorf T, Sales M, Schmahl WW, Schmidt S. Time-of-Flight Three Dimensional Neutron Diffraction in Transmission Mode for Mapping Crystal Grain Structures. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9561. [PMID: 28842660 PMCID: PMC5572055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The physical properties of polycrystalline materials depend on their microstructure, which is the nano- to centimeter scale arrangement of phases and defects in their interior. Such microstructure depends on the shape, crystallographic phase and orientation, and interfacing of the grains constituting the material. This article presents a new non-destructive 3D technique to study centimeter-sized bulk samples with a spatial resolution of hundred micrometers: time-of-flight three-dimensional neutron diffraction (ToF 3DND). Compared to existing analogous X-ray diffraction techniques, ToF 3DND enables studies of samples that can be both larger in size and made of heavier elements. Moreover, ToF 3DND facilitates the use of complicated sample environments. The basic ToF 3DND setup, utilizing an imaging detector with high spatial and temporal resolution, can easily be implemented at a time-of-flight neutron beamline. The technique was developed and tested with data collected at the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility of the Japan Proton Accelerator Complex (J-PARC) for an iron sample. We successfully reconstructed the shape of 108 grains and developed an indexing procedure. The reconstruction algorithms have been validated by reconstructing two stacked Co-Ni-Ga single crystals, and by comparison with a grain map obtained by post-mortem electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cereser
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden
| | - Markus Strobl
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Stephen A Hall
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Axel Steuwer
- Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa.,University of Malta, Msida, MSD, 2080, Malta
| | - Ryoji Kiyanagi
- J-PARC center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Anton S Tremsin
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Erik B Knudsen
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Takenao Shinohara
- J-PARC center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai-mura, 319-1195, Japan
| | - Peter K Willendrup
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Srinivasan Iyengar
- European Spallation Source ESS AB, Lund, 22592, Sweden.,Division of Materials Engineering, Lund University, Lund, 22362, Sweden
| | - Peter M Larsen
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Takayasu Hanashima
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, CROSS, Tokai, Naka-gun, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taketo Moyoshi
- Research Center for Neutron Science and Technology, CROSS, Tokai, Naka-gun, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Peter M Kadletz
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, 80333, Germany
| | - Philipp Krooß
- Institut für Werkstofftechnik (Materials Engineering), Universität Kassel, Kassel, 34125, Germany
| | - Thomas Niendorf
- Institut für Werkstofftechnik (Materials Engineering), Universität Kassel, Kassel, 34125, Germany
| | - Morten Sales
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Applied Crystallography and Materials Science, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, 80333, Germany
| | - Søren Schmidt
- NEXMAP, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Hurley RC, Hall SA, Andrade JE, Wright J. Quantifying Interparticle Forces and Heterogeneity in 3D Granular Materials. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:098005. [PMID: 27610890 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.098005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interparticle forces in granular materials are intimately linked to mechanical properties and are known to self-organize into heterogeneous structures, or force chains, under external load. Despite progress in understanding the statistics and spatial distribution of interparticle forces in recent decades, a systematic method for measuring forces in opaque, three-dimensional (3D), frictional, stiff granular media has yet to emerge. In this Letter, we present results from an experiment that combines 3D x-ray diffraction, x-ray tomography, and a numerical force inference technique to quantify interparticle forces and their heterogeneity in an assembly of quartz grains undergoing a one-dimensional compression cycle. Forces exhibit an exponential decay above the mean and partition into strong and weak networks. We find a surprising inverse relationship between macroscopic load and the heterogeneity of interparticle forces, despite the clear emergence of two force chains that span the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hurley
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - S A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - J E Andrade
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - J Wright
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble 38000, France
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Finegan DP, Tudisco E, Scheel M, Robinson JB, Taiwo OO, Eastwood DS, Lee PD, Di Michiel M, Bay B, Hall SA, Hinds G, Brett DJL, Shearing PR. Quantifying Bulk Electrode Strain and Material Displacement within Lithium Batteries via High-Speed Operando Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2016; 3:1500332. [PMID: 27610334 PMCID: PMC4991305 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the dynamic morphology of active materials during operation of lithium batteries is essential for identifying causes of performance loss. Digital volume correlation (DVC) is applied to high-speed operando synchrotron X-ray computed tomography of a commercial Li/MnO2 primary battery during discharge. Real-time electrode material displacement is captured in 3D allowing degradation mechanisms such as delamination of the electrode from the current collector and electrode crack formation to be identified. Continuum DVC of consecutive images during discharge is used to quantify local displacements and strains in 3D throughout discharge, facilitating tracking of the progression of swelling due to lithiation within the electrode material in a commercial, spiral-wound battery during normal operation. Displacement of the rigid current collector and cell materials contribute to severe electrode detachment and crack formation during discharge, which is monitored by a separate DVC approach. Use of time-lapse X-ray computed tomography coupled with DVC is thus demonstrated as an effective diagnostic technique to identify causes of performance loss within commercial lithium batteries; this novel approach is expected to guide the development of more effective commercial cell designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal P Finegan
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Erika Tudisco
- Division of Solid Mechanics Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Mario Scheel
- ESRFThe European Synchrotron71 Rue des Martyrs38000GrenobleFrance; Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des MerisiersSaint-Aubin91192Gif-sur-YvetteFrance
| | - James B Robinson
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Oluwadamilola O Taiwo
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - David S Eastwood
- Manchester X-ray Imaging FacilitySchool of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK; Research Complex at HarwellHarwell Oxford, DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0FAUK
| | - Peter D Lee
- Manchester X-ray Imaging FacilitySchool of MaterialsUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUK; Research Complex at HarwellHarwell Oxford, DidcotOxfordshireOX11 0FAUK
| | - Marco Di Michiel
- ESRF The European Synchrotron 71 Rue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Brian Bay
- School of Mechanical Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331-6001 USA
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics Lund University 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Gareth Hinds
- National Physical Laboratory Hampton Road Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Dan J L Brett
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Paul R Shearing
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab Department of Chemical Engineering University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK
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Tudisco E, Roux P, Hall SA, Viggiani GMB, Viggiani G. Timelapse ultrasonic tomography for measuring damage localization in geomechanics laboratory tests. J Acoust Soc Am 2015; 137:1389-1400. [PMID: 25786951 DOI: 10.1121/1.4913525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variation of mechanical properties in materials can be detected non-destructively using ultrasonic measurements. In particular, changes in elastic wave velocity can occur due to damage, i.e., micro-cracking and particles debonding. Here the challenge of characterizing damage in geomaterials, i.e., rocks and soils, is addressed. Geomaterials are naturally heterogeneous media in which the deformation can localize, so that few measurements of acoustic velocity across the sample are not sufficient to capture the heterogeneities. Therefore, an ultrasonic tomography procedure has been implemented to map the spatial and temporal variations in propagation velocity, which provides information on the damage process. Moreover, double beamforming has been successfully applied to identify and isolate multiple arrivals that are caused by strong heterogeneities (natural or induced by the deformation process). The applicability of the developed experimental technique to laboratory geomechanics testing is illustrated using data acquired on a sample of natural rock before and after being deformed under triaxial compression. The approach is then validated and extended to time-lapse monitoring using data acquired during plane strain compression of a sample including a well defined layer with different mechanical properties than the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tudisco
- University Grenoble Alpes, 3SR, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Roux
- Institut des Sciences de la Terre, Université Joseph Fourier and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble, France
| | - Stephen A Hall
- Division of Solid Mechanics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulia M B Viggiani
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ingegneria Informatica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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Baggott A, Bass JR, Hall SA, Hamerton I, Howlin BJ, Mooring L, Sparks D. At the Limits of Simulation: A New Method to Predict Thermal Degradation Behavior in Cyanate Esters and Nanocomposites Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.201300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Baggott
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Joanne R. Bass
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Stephen A. Hall
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Brendan J. Howlin
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Lyndsey Mooring
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - David Sparks
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Chemistry Department; University of Surrey; Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
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Rosen RC, Yang M, Hall SA, Roehrborn CG. Progression and remission of urologic symptoms in the community: results of a longitudinal cluster analysis approach. Urology 2014; 83:1041-50. [PMID: 24674118 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the natural history of urologic symptom progression and remission by means of cluster analysis in a large, well-characterized cohort of men and women. METHODS Cluster analysis was used to assign men and women to symptom clusters on the basis of the prevalence of 14 self-reported urologic symptoms. Data were analyzed from the Boston Area Community Health study at baseline (T1) and 5-year follow-up (T2). Cluster progression was defined as any change from a less symptomatic to a more symptomatic cluster; conversely, cluster remission was defined as movement from more symptomatic to less symptomatic clusters. Logistic regression models examined the association of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health outcome measures with cluster progression and remission. RESULTS Follow-up data were available from 4145 participants (1610 men; 2535 women). More than two thirds of men (69.2%) and women (68.2%) had stable symptom cluster assignments. Cluster progression occurred in 280 of 1610 (15.2%) men and 390 of 2535 (14.6%) women; cluster remission in 280 of 1610 (15.6%) men and 409 of 2535 (17.4%) women. In multivariate analyses, cluster progression was twice as common in men with incident depression (odds ratio = 2.43, 95% confidence interval 1.26-4.67) and 3 times more likely in men with ≥ 3 comorbidities at baseline. Urologic surgeries were uncommon in men and women and were not consistently related to cluster progression or remission. CONCLUSION Urologic symptom clusters were relatively stable over a 5-year follow-up period for more than two thirds of men and women in our sample. Specific risk factors for progression were identified in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Rosen
- Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA.
| | - M Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA
| | - S A Hall
- Department of Epidemiology, New England Research Institutes, Inc., Watertown, MA
| | - C G Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
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Hall SA, Howlin BJ, Hamerton I, Baidak A, Billaud C, Ward S. Solving the problem of building models of crosslinked polymers: an example focussing on validation of the properties of crosslinked epoxy resins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42928. [PMID: 22916182 PMCID: PMC3423435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction of molecular models of crosslinked polymers is an area of some difficulty and considerable interest. We report here a new method of constructing these models and validate the method by modelling three epoxy systems based on the epoxy monomers bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) and triglycidyl-p-amino phenol (TGAP) with the curing agent diamino diphenyl sulphone (DDS). The main emphasis of the work concerns the improvement of the techniques for the molecular simulation of these epoxies and specific attention is paid towards model construction techniques, including automated model building and prediction of glass transition temperatures (T(g)). Typical models comprise some 4200-4600 atoms (ca. 120-130 monomers). In a parallel empirical study, these systems have been cast, cured and analysed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) to measure T(g). Results for the three epoxy systems yield good agreement with experimental T(g) ranges of 200-220°C, 270-285°C and 285-290°C with corresponding simulated ranges of 210-230°C, 250-300°C, and 250-300°C respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Hall
- Chemical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan J Howlin
- Chemical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian Hamerton
- Chemical Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Claude Billaud
- Cytec Engineered Materials, R422 The Wilton Centre, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven Ward
- Cytec Engineered Materials, R422 The Wilton Centre, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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Davies GM, Bakker JD, Dettweiler-Robinson E, Dunwiddie PW, Hall SA, Downs J, Evans J. Trajectories of change in sagebrush steppe vegetation communities in relation to multiple wildfires. Ecol Appl 2012; 22:1562-1577. [PMID: 22908714 DOI: 10.1890/10-2089.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Repeated perturbations, both biotic and abiotic, can lead to fundamental changes in the nature of ecosystems, including changes in state. Sagebrush steppe communities provide important habitat for wildlife and grazing for livestock. Fire is an integral part of these systems, but there is concern that increased ignition frequencies and invasive species are fundamentally altering them. Despite these issues, the majority of studies of fire effects in systems dominated by Artemisia tridentata wyomingensis have focused on the effects of single burns. The Arid Lands Ecology Reserve (ALE), in south-central Washington (U.S.A.), was one of the largest contiguous areas of sagebrush steppe habitat in the state until large wildfires burned the majority of it in 2000 and 2007. We analyzed data from permanent vegetation transects established in 1996 and resampled in 2002 and 2009. Our objective was to describe how the fires, and subsequent postfire restoration efforts, affected communities' successional pathways. Plant communities differed in response to repeated fire and restoration; these differences could largely be ascribed to the functional traits of the dominant species. Low-elevation communities, previously dominated by obligate seeders, moved furthest from their initial composition and were dominated by weedy, early-successional species in 2009. Higher-elevation sites with resprouting shrubs, native bunchgrasses, and few invasive species were generally more resilient to the effects of repeated disturbances. Shrub cover has been almost entirely removed from ALE, although there was some recovery where communities were dominated by resprouters. Bromus tectorum dominance was reduced by herbicide application in areas where it was previously abundant, but it increased significantly in untreated areas. Several resprouting species, notably Phlox longifolia and Poa secunda, expanded remarkably following competitive release from shrub canopies and/or abundant B. tectorum. Our results suggest that community dynamics can be understood through a state and transition model with two axes (shrub/grass and native/invasive abundance), although such models also need to account for differences in plant functional traits and disturbance regimes. We use our results to develop a conceptual model that will be validated with further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Davies
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 354115, Seattle, Washington 98195-4115, USA.
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Hall SA, Maserejian NN, Link CL, Steers WD, McKinlay JB. Are commonly used psychoactive medications associated with lower urinary tract symptoms? Int Braz J Urol 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-55382011000600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SA Hall
- New England Research Institutes
| | | | - CL Link
- New England Research Institutes
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Chiu GR, Araujo AB, Travison TG, Hall SA, McKinlay JB. Relative contributions of multiple determinants to bone mineral density in men. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20:2035-47. [PMID: 19319620 PMCID: PMC2836411 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-009-0895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Focus on individual risk factors for osteoporosis could allocate disproportionate attention to trivial relationships. We tested many recognized risk factors of osteoporosis for their association with bone mineral density (BMD) in multivariate models among men. Lean mass accounted for the most variance, with substantially less accounted for by demographic, strength, and health factors. INTRODUCTION Osteoporosis in men has gained recognition as a public health problem, generating an interest in the search for risk factors. Isolation of individual risk factors could allocate disproportionate attention to relationships that may be of limited consequence. METHODS The Boston Area Community Health/Bone (BACH/Bone) Survey is a population-based study of randomly selected community-dwelling men (age, 30-79 years). BMD and lean mass were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Socioeconomic status, health history, and lifestyle factors were obtained via interview. Hormone levels and markers of bone turnover were obtained from non-fasting blood samples. Multivariate analyses measured relative contributions of covariates to femoral neck (hip), one-third distal radius (wrist), and lumbar spine BMD. RESULTS Factors positively associated with BMD in multivariate models at the three sites were black race and appendicular lean mass. Asthma was consistently negatively associated. Various other risk factors also contributed significantly to each of the individual sites. R (2) values for the hip, wrist, and spine were 41%, 30%, and 24%, respectively. Lean mass accounted for the most explained variance at all three sites. CONCLUSIONS These data emphasize the limitation of focusing on individual risk factors and highlight the importance of potentially modifiable lean mass in predicting BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Chiu
- New England Research Institutes, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, MA 02472, USA.
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Abstract
Disturbances such as fire play a key role in controlling ecosystem structure. In fire-prone forests, organic detritus comprises a large pool of carbon and can control the frequency and intensity of fire. The ponderosa pine forests of the Colorado Front Range, USA, where fire has been suppressed for a century, provide an ideal system for studying the long-term dynamics of detrital pools. Our objectives were (1) to quantify the long-term temporal dynamics of detrital pools; and (2) to determine to what extent present stand structure, topography, and soils constrain these dynamics. We collected data on downed dead wood, litter, duff (partially decomposed litter on the forest floor), stand structure, topographic position, and soils for 31 sites along a 160-year chronosequence. We developed a compartment model and parameterized it to describe the temporal trends in the detrital pools. We then developed four sets of statistical models, quantifying the hypothesized relationship between pool size and (1) stand structure, (2) topography, (3) soils variables, and (4) time since fire. We contrasted how much support each hypothesis had in the data using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). Time since fire explained 39-80% of the variability in dead wood of different size classes. Pool size increased to a peak as material killed by the fire fell, then decomposed rapidly to a minimum (61-85 years after fire for the different pools). It then increased, presumably as new detritus was produced by the regenerating stand. Litter was most strongly related to canopy cover (r2 = 77%), suggesting that litter fall, rather than decomposition, controls its dynamics. The temporal dynamics of duff were the hardest to predict. Detrital pool sizes were more strongly related to time since fire than to environmental variables. Woody debris peak-to-minimum time was 46-67 years, overlapping the range of historical fire return intervals (1 to > 100 years). Fires may therefore have burned under a wide range of fuel conditions, supporting the hypothesis that this region's fire regime was mixed severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Hall
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1472, USA.
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Hall SA. The struggle for the charter of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1844. Vet Hist 2001; 8:3-14. [PMID: 11619288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hall SA. The Bardsley plan and the early 19th century controversy on rabies. Vet Hist 2001:15-21. [PMID: 11610237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hall SA. The stimulus for the statutory control of animal diseases in Great Britain in the 19th century. Vet Hist 2001:3-12. [PMID: 11610295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Hall SA. The skeleton of Eclipse. Vet Hist 2001; 3:94-100. [PMID: 11611616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Willett DL, Hall SA, Jessen ME, Wait MA, Grayburn PA. Assessment of aortic regurgitation by transesophageal color Doppler imaging of the vena contracta: validation against an intraoperative aortic flow probe. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1450-5. [PMID: 11300460 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was performed to validate the accuracy of color flow vena contracta (VC) measurements of aortic regurgitation (AR) severity by comparing them to simultaneous intraoperative flow probe measurements of regurgitant fraction (RgF) and regurgitant volume (RgV). BACKGROUND Color Doppler imaging of the vena contracta has emerged as a simple and reliable measure of the severity of valvular regurgitation. This study evaluated the accuracy of VC imaging of AR by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). METHODS A transit-time flow probe was placed on the ascending aorta during cardiac surgery in 24 patients with AR. The flow probe was used to measure RgF and RgV simultaneously during VC imaging by TEE. Flow probe and VC imaging were interpreted separately and in blinded fashion. RESULTS A good correlation was found between VC width and RgF (r = 0.85) and RgV (r = 0.79). All six patients with VC width >6 mm had a RgF >0.50. All 18 patients with VC width <5 mm had a RgF <0.50. Vena contracta area also correlated well with both RgF (r = 0.81) and RgV (r = 0.84). All six patients with VC area >7.5 mm2 had a RgF >0.50, and all 18 patients with a VC area <7.5 mm2 had a RgF <0.50. In a subset of nine patients who underwent afterload manipulation to increase diastolic blood pressure, RgV increased significantly (34 +/- 26 ml to 41 +/- 27 ml, p = 0.042) while VC width remained unchanged (5.4 +/- 2.8 mm to 5.4 +/- 2.8 mm, p = 0.41). CONCLUSIONS Vena contracta imaging by TEE color flow mapping is an accurate marker of AR severity. Vena contracta width and VC area correlate well with RgF and RgV obtained by intraoperative flow probe. Vena contracta width appears to be less afterload-dependent than RgV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Willett
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center and Dallas VA Medical Center, Texas, USA
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Hall SA. ELISA for the diagnosis of canine sarcoptic mange. Vet Rec 2001; 148:420. [PMID: 11327660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Main ML, Escobar JF, Hall SA, Killam AL, Grayburn PA. Detection of myocardial perfusion defects by contrast echocardiography in the setting of acute myocardial ischemia with residual antegrade flow. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 1998; 11:228-35. [PMID: 9560746 DOI: 10.1016/s0894-7317(98)70084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although myocardial contrast echocardiography accurately demarcates area at risk during total coronary occlusion, the ability of MCE to delineate area at risk in the presence of residual antegrade flow is unknown. We hypothesized that perfusion defects in myocardial segments supplied by severe coronary stenoses with residual antegrade flow could be detected by MCE using intravenous FS069. We studied 13 open-chest dogs using an intravenous injection of FS069 during intermittent harmonic imaging. Images were collected at baseline, during acute ischemia with residual antegrade flow, physiologic hyperemia (release of stenosis), and total coronary occlusion. Regional myocardial blood flow was assessed using colored microspheres. MCE risk area during acute ischemia with residual antegrade flow and total occlusion was planimetered and compared with pathologic risk area (area unstained by monastral blue). Background-subtracted peak videointensity in the risk area was assessed for all flow states. Regional myocardial blood flow confirmed expected flow states, being significantly greater during physiologic hyperemia (4.16 +/- 1.22 ml/min/g) than at baseline (0.71 +/- 0.19 ml/min/g) and significantly diminished during coronary stenosis with residual antegrade flow (0.20 +/- 0.16 ml/min/g) and total occlusion (0.09 +/- 0.06 ml/min/g; p < 0.0001). Myocardial risk area by MCE during coronary stenosis with residual antegrade flow correlated well with pathologic risk area determined by monastral blue staining (r = 0.86). Peak videointensity during coronary stenosis (111 +/- 27) was significantly less than at baseline (157 +/- 50) but greater than during total occlusion (81 +/- 34; p < 0.0001). In conclusion, intravenous FS069 in conjunction with intermittent harmonic imaging delineates area at risk in ischemic myocardium supplied by a coronary stenoses with residual antegrade flow. The presence of a perfusion defect on MCE does not necessarily imply that the coronary artery is totally occluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Main
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9047, USA
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Heinle SK, Hall SA, Brickner ME, Willett DL, Grayburn PA. Comparison of vena contracta width by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography with quantitative Doppler assessment of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:175-9. [PMID: 9591901 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(97)00878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitral regurgitation (MR) severity is routinely assessed by Doppler color flow mapping, which is subject to technical and hemodynamic variables. Vena contracta width may be less influenced by hemodynamic variables and has previously been shown to correlate with angiographic estimates of MR severity. This study was performed to compare mitral vena contracta width by multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with simultaneous quantitative Doppler echocardiography in 35 patients with MR. The vena contracta width was measured at the narrowest portion of the MR jet as it emerged through the coaptation of the leaflets; it was identified in 97% of the patients. Vena contracta width correlated well with regurgitant volume (R2 = 0.81) and regurgitant orifice area (R2 = 0.81) by quantitative Doppler technique. A vena contracta width > or = 0.5 cm always predicted a regurgitant volume >60 ml and an effective regurgitant orifice area > or = 0.4 cm2 in all patients. A vena contracta width < or = 0.3 cm always predicted a regurgitant volume <45 ml and a regurgitant orifice area < or = 0.35 cm2. Thus, vena contracta width by multiplane TEE correlates well with mitral regurgitant volume and regurgitant orifice area by quantitative Doppler echocardiography and provides a simple method for the identification of patients with severe MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Heinle
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9047, USA
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Hall SA. Overriding a patient's refusal of treatment after an iatrogenic complication. N Engl J Med 1997; 337:1477. [PMID: 9380117 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199711133372017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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