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Kozisek F, Cenovic J, Armendariz S, Muthukrishnan S, Park Y, Thomas VC, Chaudhari SS. An optimized artificial blood feeding assay to study tick cuticle biology. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 168:104113. [PMID: 38527710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ticks, ectoparasitic arachnids, are prominent disease vectors impacting both humans and animals. Their unique blood-feeding phase involves significant abdominal cuticle expansion, sharing certain similarities with insects. However, vital aspects, including the mechanisms of cuticle expansion, changes in cuticular protein composition, chitin synthesis, and cuticle function, remain poorly understood. Given that the cuticle expansion is crucial for complete engorgement of the ticks, addressing these knowledge gaps is essential. Traditional tick research involving live animal hosts has inherent limitations, such as ethical concerns and host response variability. Artificial membrane feeding systems provide an alternative approach, offering controlled experimental conditions and reduced ethical dilemmas. These systems enable precise monitoring of tick attachment, feeding parameters, and pathogen acquisition. Despite the existence of various methodologies for artificial tick-feeding systems, there is a pressing need to enhance their reproducibility and effectiveness. In this context, we introduce an improved tick-feeding system that incorporates adjustments related to factors like humidity, temperature, and blood-feeding duration. These refinements markedly boost tick engorgement rates, presenting a valuable tool for in-depth investigations into tick cuticle biology and facilitating studies on molting. This refined system allows for collecting feeding ticks at specific stages, supporting research on tick cuticle biology, and evaluating chemical agents' efficacy in the engorgement process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Kozisek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Jonathon Cenovic
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Savannah Armendariz
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Yoonseong Park
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, United States
| | - Vinai C Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States
| | - Sujata S Chaudhari
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, United States.
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Panda S, Jayasinghe YP, Shinde DD, Bueno E, Stastny A, Bertrand BP, Chaudhari SS, Kielian T, Cava F, Ronning DR, Thomas VC. Staphylococcus aureus counters organic acid anion-mediated inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking through robust alanine racemase activity. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.15.575639. [PMID: 38293037 PMCID: PMC10827132 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Weak organic acids are commonly found in host niches colonized by bacteria, and they can inhibit bacterial growth as the environment becomes acidic. This inhibition is often attributed to the toxicity resulting from the accumulation of high concentrations of organic anions in the cytosol, which disrupts cellular homeostasis. However, the precise cellular targets that organic anions poison and the mechanisms used to counter organic anion intoxication in bacteria have not been elucidated. Here, we utilize acetic acid, a weak organic acid abundantly found in the gut to investigate its impact on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. We demonstrate that acetate anions bind to and inhibit d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase (Ddl) activity in S. aureus. Ddl inhibition reduces intracellular d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala) levels, compromising staphylococcal peptidoglycan cross-linking and cell wall integrity. To overcome the effects of acetate-mediated Ddl inhibition, S. aureus maintains a high intracellular d-Ala pool through alanine racemase (Alr1) activity and additionally limits the flux of d-Ala to d-glutamate by controlling d-alanine aminotransferase (Dat) activity. Surprisingly, the modus operandi of acetate intoxication in S. aureus is common to multiple biologically relevant weak organic acids indicating that Ddl is a conserved target of small organic anions. These findings suggest that S. aureus may have evolved to maintain high intracellular d-Ala concentrations, partly to counter organic anion intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Panda
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Yahani P Jayasinghe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dhananjay D Shinde
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Emilio Bueno
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umea SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Amanda Stastny
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Blake P Bertrand
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Sujata S Chaudhari
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
| | - Felipe Cava
- Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå Center for Microbial Research (UCMR), Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umea SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Vinai C Thomas
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5900, USA
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Singh RM, Chaudhari SS, Panda S, Hutfless EH, Heim CE, Shinde D, Alqarzaee AA, Sladek M, Kumar V, Zimmerman MC, Fey PD, Kielian T, Thomas VC. A critical role for staphylococcal nitric oxide synthase in controlling flavohemoglobin toxicity. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102935. [PMID: 37864875 PMCID: PMC10594633 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most coagulase-negative staphylococcal species, including the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis, struggle to maintain redox homeostasis and grow under nitrosative stress. Under these conditions, growth can only resume once nitric oxide (NO) is detoxified by the flavohemoglobin Hmp. Paradoxically, S. epidermidis produces endogenous NO through its genetically encoded nitric oxide synthase (seNOS) and heavily relies on its activity for growth. In this study, we investigate the basis of the growth advantage attributed to seNOS activity. Our findings reveal that seNOS supports growth by countering Hmp toxicity. S. epidermidis relies on Hmp activity for its survival in the host under NO stress. However, in the absence of nitrosative stress, Hmp generates significant amounts of the harmful superoxide radical (O2•-) from its heme prosthetic group which impedes growth. To limit Hmp toxicity, nitrite (NO2-) derived from seNOS promotes CymR-CysK regulatory complex activity, which typically regulates cysteine metabolism, but we now demonstrate to also repress hmp transcription. These findings reveal a critical mechanism through which the bacterial NOS-Hmp axis drives staphylococcal fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Singh
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Sujata S Chaudhari
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Sasmita Panda
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Hutfless
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Cortney E Heim
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Dhananjay Shinde
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Abdulelah A Alqarzaee
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Margaret Sladek
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Paul D Fey
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Vinai C Thomas
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA.
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Heim C, Bosch ME, Yamada KJ, Aldrich AL, Chaudhari SS, Klinkebiel D, Gries CM, Alqarzaee AA, Li Y, Thomas VC, Seto E, Kielian T. Lactate production by Staphylococcus aureus biofilm inhibits HDAC11 to reprogram the host immune response during persistent infection. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.110.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading cause of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) typified by biofilm formation. Our laboratory has identified preferential myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) recruitment as a critical mechanism for biofilm persistence, as MDSCs are a main source of IL-10. We screened the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library to identify S. aureus mutants impaired in their ability to trigger MDSC IL-10 production. Significant hits in lactate biosynthesis were identified. A S. aureus Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 mutant, defective in both D- and L-lactate production, decreased leukocyte IL-10 expression and biofilm-associated monocytes were reprogrammed to a pro-inflammatory state, resulting in reduced biofilm burden. Histone acetylation plays a central role in regulating gene expression and histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity was significantly increased in leukocytes recovered from mice infected with Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 compared to WT, resulting in decreased global histone 3 (H3) acetylation at the IL-10 promoter in MDSCs from Δddh/ldh1/ldh2-infected mice. Lactate inhibited HDAC11, resulting in unchecked activity of HDAC6, a positive regulator of Il-10 transcription, and increased IL-10 production. MDSCs and macrophages produced significantly less IL-10 when treated with HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A during co-culture with WT but not Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 biofilm. D-lactate was elevated in synovial fluid of patients with PJI compared to aseptic controls and lactate promoted IL-10 production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Collectively, S. aureus lactate-mediated inhibition of HDAC11 plays a critical role during biofilm infection, leading to epigenetic changes that reprogram the host immune response.
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Heim C, Bosch ME, Yamada KJ, Aldrich AL, Chaudhari SS, Klinkebiel D, Gries CM, Alqarzaee AA, Li Y, Seto E, Karpf AR, Kielian T. Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-derived lactate inhibits HDAC11 to augment leukocyte IL-10 production and promote infection persistence. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.227.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading cause of biofilm-associated prosthetic joint infections (PJIs), where leukocyte IL-10 production is critical for biofilm persistence. We screened a S. aureus mutant library that identified the importance of lactate biosynthetic pathways to elicit IL-10 production. A S. aureus Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 mutant, defective in both D- and L-lactate production, led to significantly decreased leukocyte IL-10 expression and re-programmed biofilm-associated monocytes to a pro-inflammatory state, resulting in reduced biofilm burden. Histone acetylation plays a central role in regulating gene expression, and we found that histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity was increased in Δddh/ldh1/ldh2-infected mice compared to WT concomitant with significant decreases in global histone 3 (H3) acetylation and H3 acetylation at the IL-10 promoter, demonstrating that S. aureus-derived lactate is a HDAC inhibitor. Lactate was found to inhibit HDAC11, which resulted in unregulated HDAC6 activity and increased IL-10 production. MDSCs and macrophages produced significantly less IL-10 in the presence of the HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A during co-culture with WT but not Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 biofilms, while HDAC11 KO MDSCs and macrophages co-cultured with Δddh/ldh1/ldh2 biofilms produced significantly more IL-10 compared to WT cells due to unchecked HDAC6 action. D-lactate was elevated in synovial fluid of patients with PJI compared to aseptic controls and lactate also promoted IL-10 production by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Collectively, S. aureus lactate-mediated inhibition of HDAC11 plays a critical role during biofilm infection, leading to epigenetic changes that reprogram the host immune response.
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Mooventhan A, Chaudhari SS, Venugopal V. Effect of cold hip bath on blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A pilot study. Diabetes Metab 2019; 46:411-412. [PMID: 31018165 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mooventhan
- Department of Naturopathy, Govt. Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - S S Chaudhari
- Division of Yoga and Life Sciences, The School of Yoga and Naturopathic Medicine, S-VYASA University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Venugopal
- Department of Yoga, Govt. Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Arumbakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zhou C, Bhinderwala F, Lehman MK, Thomas VC, Chaudhari SS, Yamada KJ, Foster KW, Powers R, Kielian T, Fey PD. Urease is an essential component of the acid response network of Staphylococcus aureus and is required for a persistent murine kidney infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007538. [PMID: 30608981 PMCID: PMC6343930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes acute and chronic infections resulting in significant morbidity. Urease, an enzyme that generates NH3 and CO2 from urea, is key to pH homeostasis in bacterial pathogens under acidic stress and nitrogen limitation. However, the function of urease in S. aureus niche colonization and nitrogen metabolism has not been extensively studied. We discovered that urease is essential for pH homeostasis and viability in urea-rich environments under weak acid stress. The regulation of urease transcription by CcpA, Agr, and CodY was identified in this study, implying a complex network that controls urease expression in response to changes in metabolic flux. In addition, it was determined that the endogenous urea derived from arginine is not a significant contributor to the intracellular nitrogen pool in non-acidic conditions. Furthermore, we found that during a murine chronic renal infection, urease facilitates S. aureus persistence by promoting bacterial fitness in the low-pH, urea-rich kidney. Overall, our study establishes that urease in S. aureus is not only a primary component of the acid response network but also an important factor required for persistent murine renal infections. Urease has been reported to be crucial to bacteria in environmental adaptation, virulence, and defense against host immunity. Although the function of urease in S. aureus is not clear, recent evidence suggests that urease is important for acid resistance in various niches. Our study deciphered a function of S. aureus urease both in laboratory conditions and during host colonization. Furthermore, we uncovered the major components of the regulatory system that fine-tunes the expression of urease. Collectively, this study established the dual function of urease which serves as a significant part of the S. aureus acid response while also serving as an enzyme required for persistent kidney infections and potential subsequent staphylococcal metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyi Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Fatema Bhinderwala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - McKenzie K. Lehman
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Vinai C. Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sujata S. Chaudhari
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kelsey J. Yamada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kirk W. Foster
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Robert Powers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Integrated Biomolecular Communication, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Tammy Kielian
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul D. Fey
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent inhibitor of diverse cellular processes in bacteria. Therefore, it was surprising to discover that several bacterial species, primarily Gram-positive organisms, harboured a gene encoding nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Recent attempts to characterize bacterial NOS (bNOS) have resulted in the discovery of structural features that may allow it to function as a NO dioxygenase and produce nitrate in addition to NO. Consistent with this characterization, investigations into the biological function of bNOS have also emphasized a role for NOS-dependent nitrate and nitrite production in aerobic and microaerobic respiration. In this review, we aim to compare, contrast, and summarize the structure, biochemistry, and biological role of bNOS with mammalian NOS and discuss how recent advances in our understanding of bNOS have enabled efforts at designing inhibitors against it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vinai C Thomas
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Shyma KP, Gupta SK, Gupta JP, Singh A, Chaudhari SS, Singh V. Restriction site detection in repetitive nuclear DNA sequences of Trypanosoma evansi for strain differentiation among different isolates. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:1087-90. [PMID: 27605842 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The differences or similarities among different isolates of Trypanosoma evansi through endonuclease profile was identified in the present study. The repetitive nuclear DNA of T. evansi isolated from infected cattle, buffalo and equine blood was initially amplified by PCR using specific primers. A panel of restriction enzymes, EcoRI, Eco91l, HindIII and PstI were for complete digestion of PCR products. Agarose gel electrophoresis of digested product did not show cleavage fragments and only single DNA band of the original size was visible in the ethidium bromide stained agarose gel. This indicated that the 227 bp PCR product from repetitive sequence had no site-specific cleavage sites for the REs used in this study. No heterogeneity in the repetitive nuclear DNA restriction endonuclease profile among the different isolates was recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Shyma
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat, India
| | - S K Gupta
- Departments of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajapat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - J P Gupta
- Department of AGB, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat, India
| | - Ajit Singh
- Department of Immunology, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajapat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - S S Chaudhari
- Department of TVCC, College of Veterinary Science, Lala Lajapat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125004 Haryana India
| | - Veer Singh
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat, India
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Chaudhari SS, Thomas VC, Sadykov MR, Bose JL, Ahn DJ, Zimmerman MC, Bayles KW. The LysR-type transcriptional regulator, CidR, regulates stationary phase cell death in Staphylococcus aureus. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:942-53. [PMID: 27253847 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus LysR-type transcriptional regulator, CidR, activates the expression of two operons including cidABC and alsSD that display pro- and anti-death functions, respectively. Although several investigations have focused on the functions of different genes associated with these operons, the collective role of the CidR regulon in staphylococcal physiology is not clearly understood. Here we reveal that the primary role of this regulon is to limit acetate-dependent potentiation of cell death in staphylococcal populations. Although both CidB and CidC promote acetate generation and cell death, the CidR-dependent co-activation of CidA and AlsSD counters the effects of CidBC by redirecting intracellular carbon flux towards acetoin formation. From a mechanistic standpoint, we demonstrate that CidB is necessary for full activation of CidC, whereas CidA limits the abundance of CidC in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata S Chaudhari
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Vinai C Thomas
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Marat R Sadykov
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Bose
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, MSN 3029, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Daniel J Ahn
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, 68198-5900, USA.
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11
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Chaudhari SS, Noh MY, Moussian B, Specht CA, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Arakane Y, Muthukrishnan S. Knickkopf and retroactive proteins are required for formation of laminar serosal procuticle during embryonic development of Tribolium castaneum. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 60:1-6. [PMID: 25747009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a homopolymer of β-1-4-linked N-acetylglucosamine synthesized by chitin synthase A (Chs-A), is organized in the procuticle of the postembryonic cuticle or exoskeleton, which is composed of laminae stacked parallel to the cell surface to give stability and integrity to the underlying insect epidermal and other tissues. Our previous work has revealed an important role for two proteins from Tribolium castaneum named Knickkopf (TcKnk) and Retroactive (TcRtv) in postembryonic cuticular chitin maintenance. TcKnk and TcRtv were shown to be required for protection and organization of newly synthesized procuticular chitin. To study the functions of TcKnk and TcRtv in serosal and larval cuticles produced during embryogenesis in T. castaneum, dsRNAs specific for these two genes were injected into two week-old adult females. The effects of dsRNA treatment on ovarial integrity, oviposition, egg hatching and adult survival were determined. Insects treated with dsRNA for chitin synthase-A (TcChs-A) and tryptophan oxygenase (TcVer) were used as positive and negative controls for these experiments, respectively. Like TcChs-A RNAi, injection of dsRNA for TcKnk or TcRtv into adult females exhibited no adult lethality and oviposition was normal. However, a vast majority of the embryos did not hatch. The remaining (∼10%) of the embryos hatched into first instar larvae that died without molting to the second instar. Chitin content analysis following TcKnk and TcRtv parental RNAi revealed approximately 50% reduction in chitin content of eggs in comparison with control TcVer RNAi, whereas TcChs-A dsRNA-treatment led to >90% loss of chitin. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis of serosal cuticle from TcChs-A, TcKnk and TcRtv dsRNA-treated insects revealed a complete absence of laminar organization of serosal (and larval) procuticle in comparison with TcVer dsRNA-treated controls, which exhibited normal laminar organization of procuticular chitin. The results of this study demonstrate that in addition to their essential roles in maintenance and organization of chitin in epidermal cuticle in larval and later stages of insect development, TcKnk and TcRtv also are required for egg hatch, chitin maintenance and laminar organization of both serosal and larval cuticle during embryonic development of T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata S Chaudhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Mi Young Noh
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Richard W Beeman
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 W. Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, 141 Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Thomas VC, Chaudhari SS, Jones J, Zimmerman MC, Bayles KW. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy to Detect Reactive Oxygen Species in Staphylococcus aureus. Bio Protoc 2015; 5:e1586. [PMID: 27182534 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) primarily metabolizes glucose to acetic acid. Although normally S. aureus is able to re-utilize acetate as a carbon source following glucose exhaustion, significantly high levels of acetate in the culture media may not only be growth inhibitory but also potentiates cell death in stationary phase cultures by a mechanism dependent on cytoplasmic acidification. One consequence of acetic acid toxicity is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present protocol describes the detection of ROS in S. aureus undergoing cell death by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Using 1-hydroxy-3-methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine (CMH) as a cell permeable spin probe, we demonstrate the detection of various oxygen radicals generated by bacteria. Although standardized for S. aureus, the methods described here should be easily adapted for other bacterial species. This protocol is adapted from Thomas et al. (2014) and Thomas et al. (2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinai Chittezham Thomas
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Sujata S Chaudhari
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Jocelyn Jones
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Matthew C Zimmerman
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Kenneth W Bayles
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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13
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Chaudhari SS, Moussian B, Specht CA, Arakane Y, Kramer KJ, Beeman RW, Muthukrishnan S. Functional specialization among members of Knickkopf family of proteins in insect cuticle organization. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004537. [PMID: 25144557 PMCID: PMC4140639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent study on the functional analysis of the Knickkopf protein from T. castaneum (TcKnk), indicated a novel role for this protein in protection of chitin from degradation by chitinases. Knk is also required for the laminar organization of chitin in the procuticle. During a bioinformatics search using this protein sequence as the query, we discovered the existence of a small family of three Knk-like genes (including the prototypical TcKnk) in the T. castaneum genome as well as in all insects with completed genome assemblies. The two additional Knk-like genes have been named TcKnk2 and TcKnk3. Further complexity arises as a result of alternative splicing and alternative polyadenylation of transcripts of TcKnk3, leading to the production of three transcripts (and by inference, three proteins) from this gene. These transcripts are named TcKnk3-Full Length (TcKnk3-FL), TcKnk3-5′ and TcKnk3-3′. All three Knk-family genes appear to have essential and non-redundant functions. RNAi for TcKnk led to developmental arrest at every molt, while down-regulation of either TcKnk2 or one of the three TcKnk3 transcripts (TcKnk3-3′) resulted in specific molting arrest only at the pharate adult stage. All three Knk genes appear to influence the total chitin content at the pharate adult stage, but to variable extents. While TcKnk contributes mostly to the stability and laminar organization of chitin in the elytral and body wall procuticles, proteins encoded by TcKnk2 and TcKnk3-3′ transcripts appear to be required for the integrity of the body wall denticles and tracheal taenidia, but not the elytral and body wall procuticles. Thus, the three members of the Knk-family of proteins perform different essential functions in cuticle formation at different developmental stages and in different parts of the insect anatomy. We have identified two additional members of the family of Knickkopf (Knk)-like proteins in the genome of the red flour beetle as well as in all insect species with completely sequenced genomes. The previously characterized member of this family, TcKnk, protects chitin in the newly forming cuticle (exoskeleton) from degradation by the chitinase enzyme present in the molting fluid. Knk is also required for the laminar organization of the chitin polymer in the cuticle. The two newly identified members of this family, TcKnk2 and TcKnk3, have distinctly different but related functions. They are essential for adult morphogenesis including specialized “Velcro-like” cuticular denticles found in the lateral body wall, as well as the proper development of the tracheal lining. The TcKnk3 gene gives rise to multiple transcripts as a result of alternative polyadenylation and/or splicing, but only one of these transcripts is essential for adult development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata S Chaudhari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Department of Animal Genetics, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles A Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Richard W Beeman
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Thomas VC, Sadykov MR, Chaudhari SS, Jones J, Endres JL, Widhelm TJ, Ahn JS, Jawa RS, Zimmerman MC, Bayles KW. A central role for carbon-overflow pathways in the modulation of bacterial cell death. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004205. [PMID: 24945831 PMCID: PMC4063974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Similar to developmental programs in eukaryotes, the death of a subpopulation of cells is thought to benefit bacterial biofilm development. However mechanisms that mediate a tight control over cell death are not clearly understood at the population level. Here we reveal that CidR dependent pyruvate oxidase (CidC) and α-acetolactate synthase/decarboxylase (AlsSD) overflow metabolic pathways, which are active during staphylococcal biofilm development, modulate cell death to achieve optimal biofilm biomass. Whereas acetate derived from CidC activity potentiates cell death in cells by a mechanism dependent on intracellular acidification and respiratory inhibition, AlsSD activity effectively counters CidC action by diverting carbon flux towards neutral rather than acidic byproducts and consuming intracellular protons in the process. Furthermore, the physiological features that accompany metabolic activation of cell death bears remarkable similarities to hallmarks of eukaryotic programmed cell death, including the generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Finally, we demonstrate that the metabolic modulation of cell death not only affects biofilm development but also biofilm-dependent disease outcomes. Given the ubiquity of such carbon overflow pathways in diverse bacterial species, we propose that the metabolic control of cell death may be a fundamental feature of prokaryotic development. Many bacterial species including the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus are capable of adhering to surfaces and forming complex communities called biofilms. This mode of growth can be particularly challenging from an infection control standpoint, as they are often refractory to antibiotics and host immune system. Although developmental processes underlying biofilm formation are not entirely clear, recent evidence suggests that cell death of a subpopulation is crucial for its maturation. In this study we provide insight regarding the metabolic pathways that control cell death and demonstrate that acetate, a by-product of glucose catabolism, potentiates a form of cell death that exhibits physiological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis in eukaryotic organisms. Finally, we demonstrate that altering the ability of metabolic pathways that regulate acetate mediated cell death in S. aureus affects the outcome of biofilm-related diseases, such as infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinai Chittezham Thomas
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Marat R. Sadykov
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Sujata S. Chaudhari
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Joselyn Jones
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Endres
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Todd J. Widhelm
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jong-Sam Ahn
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Randeep S. Jawa
- Department of Surgery, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Zimmerman
- Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kenneth W. Bayles
- Center for Staphylococcal Research, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chaudhari SS, Arakane Y, Specht CA, Moussian B, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Beeman RW. Retroactive maintains cuticle integrity by promoting the trafficking of Knickkopf into the procuticle of Tribolium castaneum. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003268. [PMID: 23382702 PMCID: PMC3561106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting, or the replacement of the old exoskeleton with a new cuticle, is a complex developmental process that all insects must undergo to allow unhindered growth and development. Prior to each molt, the developing new cuticle must resist the actions of potent chitinolytic enzymes that degrade the overlying old cuticle. We recently disproved the classical dogma that a physical barrier prevents chitinases from accessing the new cuticle and showed that the chitin-binding protein Knickkopf (Knk) protects the new cuticle from degradation. Here we demonstrate that, in Tribolium castaneum, the protein Retroactive (TcRtv) is an essential mediator of this protective effect of Knk. TcRtv localizes within epidermal cells and specifically confers protection to the new cuticle against chitinases by facilitating the trafficking of TcKnk into the procuticle. Down-regulation of TcRtv resulted in entrapment of TcKnk within the epidermal cells and caused molting defects and lethality in all stages of insect growth, consistent with the loss of TcKnk function. Given the ubiquity of Rtv and Knk orthologs in arthropods, we propose that this mechanism of new cuticle protection is conserved throughout the phylum. The outer shell of an insect serves both as protective skin and rigid exoskeleton that must be periodically replaced with a new, larger one during development. During this molting process, the inner layers of the old exoskeleton are digested and recycled, while the outer layers are discarded. Secretion of the new skin necessarily commences before the partial recycling and shedding of the old shell. This creates a problem for the insect, namely how to protect the new skin from digestive enzymes intended for the old shell that closely enwraps it. Previously we showed that such protection is afforded by the Knickkopf (Knk) protein, which is secreted from the epidermis and infiltrates the new skin, rendering it resistant to enzymatic degradation. In this work, we show that another protein, called Retroactive (Rtv), ensures the proper trafficking of Knk into the newly secreted skin. Rtv remains inside the epidermal cells, while directing the transport of Knk to the cell surface and ensuring its export into the new skin. Digestive enzymes are then secreted and target the old exoskeleton while leaving the new one intact. This dependence of Knk on Rtv function is probably true for all insects and other arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata S. Chaudhari
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSC); (RWB)
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Charles A. Specht
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karl J. Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | | | - Richard W. Beeman
- Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSC); (RWB)
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Merzendorfer H, Kim HS, Chaudhari SS, Kumari M, Specht CA, Butcher S, Brown SJ, Manak JR, Beeman RW, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S. Genomic and proteomic studies on the effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron in the model beetle species Tribolium castaneum. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 42:264-76. [PMID: 22212827 PMCID: PMC5066571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Several benzoylphenyl urea-derived insecticides such as diflubenzuron (DFB, Dimilin) are in wide use to control various insect pests. Although this class of compounds is known to disrupt molting and to affect chitin content, their precise mode of action is still not understood. To gain a broader insight into the mechanism underlying the insecticidal effects of benzoylphenyl urea compounds, we conducted a comprehensive study with the model beetle species and stored product pest Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) utilizing genomic and proteomic approaches. DFB was added to a wheat flour-based diet at various concentrations and fed to larvae and adults. We observed abortive molting, hatching defects and reduced chitin amounts in the larval cuticle, the peritrophic matrix and eggs. Electron microscopic examination of the larval cuticle revealed major structural changes and a loss of lamellate structure of the procuticle. We used a genomic tiling array for determining relative expression levels of about 11,000 genes predicted by the GLEAN algorithm. About 6% of all predicted genes were more than 2-fold up- or down-regulated in response to DFB treatment. Genes encoding enzymes involved in chitin metabolism were unexpectedly unaffected, but many genes encoding cuticle proteins were affected. In addition, several genes presumably involved in detoxification pathways were up-regulated. Comparative 2D gel electrophoresis of proteins extracted from the midgut revealed 388 protein spots, of which 7% were significantly affected in their levels by DFB treatment as determined by laser densitometry. Mass spectrometric identification revealed that UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase and glutathione synthetase were up-regulated. In summary, the red flour beetle turned out to be a good model organism for investigating the global effects of bioactive materials such as insect growth regulators and other insecticides. The results of this study recapitulate all of the different DFB-induced symptoms in a single model insect, which have been previously found in several different insect species, and further illustrate that DFB treatment causes a wide range of effects at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Merzendorfer
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Singh V, Chaudhari SS, Kumar S, Chhabra MB. Polyclonal antibody-based antigen-detection immunoassay for diagnosis of Trypanosoma evansi in buffaloes and horses. Vet Parasitol 1995; 56:261-7. [PMID: 7754603 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4017(94)00689-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the detection of Trypanosoma evansi antigens in serum samples of field cases of buffaloes and horses in northern India. In 323 naturally infected/suspected buffaloes, circulating antigenaemia was detected in 180 (55.72%), whereas parasitaemia by wet blood smear examination was found in 62 (19.19%) only. The antigen-ELISA was positive in 47 of the 62 parasitologically proven cases and in 86 of the 116 cases with anti-trypanosome antibodies detected by ELISA. Of the 80 horses examined antigen-ELISA was positive in 45 (56.75%) sera. The antigen-detection assay was positive in 14 of the 19 parasitaemic cases whereas the antibody-detection assay was positive in 18 of the 30 parasitaemic cases. In the present study, antigen-ELISA was found to be more sensitive and specific compared with antibody-ELISA and wet blood examination, and could prove a useful tool for epidemiological studies of latent trypanosomosis in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Singh
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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Joshi BB, Chaudhari SS. Dorsal relaxation incision in burst fingers. Hand 1973; 5:135-9. [PMID: 4577204 DOI: 10.1016/0072-968x(73)90055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Joshi BB, Chaudhari SS. Intravenous regional antibiotic perfusion as prophylaxis against infection in injured hands. Indian J Med Sci 1971; 25:392-4. [PMID: 4935549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Chaudhari SS, Merchant SE, Dharawadkar PM. Late Osseous Syphilis (Report of 4 Cases). Indian J Dermatol Venereol 1971; 37:64-68. [PMID: 29154326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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